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+Network Working Group                                        D. Connolly
+Request for Comments: 2854               World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)
+Obsoletes: 2070, 1980, 1942, 1867, 1866                      L. Masinter
+Category: Informational                                             AT&T
+                                                               June 2000
+
+
+                       The 'text/html' Media Type
+
+Status of this Memo
+
+   This memo provides information for the Internet community.  It does
+   not specify an Internet standard of any kind.  Distribution of this
+   memo is unlimited.
+
+Copyright Notice
+
+   Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2000).  All Rights Reserved.
+
+Abstract
+
+   This document summarizes the history of HTML development, and defines
+   the "text/html" MIME type by pointing to the relevant W3C
+   recommendations; it is intended to obsolete the previous IETF
+   documents defining HTML, including RFC 1866, RFC 1867, RFC 1980, RFC
+   1942 and RFC 2070, and to remove HTML from IETF Standards Track.
+
+   This document was prepared at the request of the W3C HTML working
+   group. Please send comments to www-html@w3.org, a public mailing list
+   with archive at <http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-html/>.
+
+1. Introduction and background
+
+   HTML has been in use in the World Wide Web information infrastructure
+   since 1990, and specified in various informal documents.  The
+   text/html media type was first officially defined by the IETF HTML
+   working group in 1995 in [HTML20]. Extensions to HTML were proposed
+   in [HTML30], [UPLOAD], [TABLES], [CLIMAPS], and [I18N].
+
+   The IETF HTML working group closed Sep 1996, and work on defining
+   HTML moved to the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). The proposed
+   extensions were incorporated to some extent in [HTML32], and to a
+   larger extent in [HTML40]. The definition of multipart/form-data from
+   [UPLOAD] was described in [FORMDATA]. In addition, a reformulation of
+   HTML 4.0 in XML 1.0[XHTML1] was developed.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Connolly & Masinter          Informational                      [Page 1]
+
+RFC 2854               The 'text/html' Media Type              June 2000
+
+
+   [HTML32] notes "This specification defines HTML version 3.2. HTML 3.2
+   aims to capture recommended practice as of early '96 and as such to
+   be used as a replacement for HTML 2.0 (RFC 1866)."  Subsequent
+   specifications for HTML describe the differences in each version.
+
+   In addition to the development of standards, a wide variety of
+   additional extensions, restrictions, and modifications to HTML were
+   popularized by NCSA's Mosaic system and subsequently by the
+   competitive implementations of Netscape Navigator and Microsoft
+   Internet Explorer; these extensions are documented in numerous books
+   and online guides.
+
+2. Registration of MIME media type text/html
+
+   MIME media type name:      text
+   MIME subtype name:         html
+   Required parameters:       none
+   Optional parameters:
+
+      charset
+         The optional parameter "charset" refers to the character
+         encoding used to represent the HTML document as a sequence of
+         bytes. Any registered IANA charset may be used, but UTF-8 is
+         preferred.  Although this parameter is optional, it is strongly
+         recommended that it always be present. See Section 6 below for
+         a discussion of charset default rules.
+
+      Note that [HTML20] included an optional "level" parameter; in
+      practice, this parameter was never used and has been removed from
+      this specification.  [HTML30] also suggested a "version"
+      parameter; in practice, this parameter also was never used and has
+      been removed from this specification.
+
+   Encoding considerations:
+      See Section 4 of this document.
+
+   Security considerations:
+      See Section 7 of this document.
+
+   Interoperability considerations:
+      HTML is designed to be interoperable across the widest possible
+      range of platforms and devices of varying capabilities.  However,
+      there are contexts (platforms of limited display capability, for
+      example) where not all of the capabilities of the full HTML
+      definition are feasible. There is ongoing work to develop both a
+      modularization of HTML and a set of profiling capabilities to
+      identify and negotiate restricted (and extended) capabilities.
+
+
+
+
+Connolly & Masinter          Informational                      [Page 2]
+
+RFC 2854               The 'text/html' Media Type              June 2000
+
+
+      Due to the long and distributed development of HTML, current
+      practice on the Internet includes a wide variety of HTML variants.
+      Implementors of text/html interpreters must be prepared to be
+      "bug-compatible" with popular browsers in order to work with many
+      HTML documents available the Internet.
+
+      Typically, different versions are distinguishable by the DOCTYPE
+      declaration contained within them, although the DOCTYPE
+      declaration itself is sometimes omitted or incorrect.
+
+   Published specification:
+      The text/html media type is now defined by W3C Recommendations;
+      the latest published version is [HTML401].  In addition, [XHTML1]
+      defines a profile of use of XHTML which is compatible with HTML
+      4.01 and which may also be labeled as text/html.
+
+   Applications which use this media type:
+      The first and most common application of HTML is the World Wide
+      Web; commonly, HTML documents contain URI references [URI] to
+      other documents and media to be retrieved using the HTTP protocol
+      [HTTP]. Many gateway applications provide HTML-based interfaces to
+      other underlying complex services. Numerous other applications now
+      also use HTML as a convenient platform-independent multimedia
+      document representation.
+
+   Additional information:
+
+      Magic number:
+         There is no single initial string that is always present for
+         HTML files. However, Section 5 below gives some guidelines for
+         recognizing HTML files.
+
+      File extension:
+         The file extensions 'html' or 'htm' are commonly used, but
+         other extensions denoting file formats for preprocessing are
+         also common.
+
+      Macintosh File Type code: TEXT
+
+   Person & email address to contact for further information:
+      Dan Connolly <connolly@w3.org>
+      Larry Masinter <lmm@acm.org>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Connolly & Masinter          Informational                      [Page 3]
+
+RFC 2854               The 'text/html' Media Type              June 2000
+
+
+   Intended usage: COMMON
+
+   Author/Change controller:
+      The HTML specification is a work product of the World Wide Web
+      Consortium's HTML Working Group.  The W3C has change control over
+      the HTML specification.
+
+   Further information:
+      HTML has a means of including, by reference via URI, additional
+      resources (image, video clip, applet) within the base document. In
+      order to transfer a complete HTML object and the included
+      resources in a single MIME object, the mechanisms of [MHTML] may
+      be used.
+
+3. Fragment Identifiers
+
+   The URI specification [URI] notes that the semantics of a fragment
+   identifier (part of a URI after a "#") is a property of the data
+   resulting from a retrieval action, and that the format and
+   interpretation of fragment identifiers is dependent on the media type
+   of the retrieval result.
+
+   For documents labeled as text/html, the fragment identifier
+   designates the correspondingly named element; any element may be
+   named with the "id" attribute, and A, APPLET, FRAME, IFRAME, IMG and
+   MAP elements may be named with a "name" attribute.  This is described
+   in detail in [HTML40] section 12.
+
+4. Encoding considerations
+
+   Because of the availability within HTML itself for using character
+   entity references, documents that use a wide repertoire of characters
+   may still be represented using the US-ASCII charset and transported
+   without encoding.  However, transport of text/html using a charset
+   other than US-ASCII may require base64 or quoted-printable encoding
+   for 7-bit channels.
+
+   As with all MIME text subtypes, the canonical form of "text/html"
+   must always represent a line break as a sequence of a CR byte value
+   (0x0D) followed by an LF (0x0A) byte value.  Similarly, any
+   occurrence of such a CRLF sequence in "text/html" must represent a
+   line break.  Use of CR byte values and LF byte values outside of line
+   break sequences is also forbidden. This rule applies regardless of
+   the character encoding ('charset') involved.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Connolly & Masinter          Informational                      [Page 4]
+
+RFC 2854               The 'text/html' Media Type              June 2000
+
+
+   Note, however, that the HTTP protocol allows the transport of data
+   not in canonical form, and, in particular, with other end-of-line
+   conventions; see [HTTP] section 3.7.1. This exception is commonly
+   used for HTML.
+
+   HTML sent via email is still subject to the MIME restrictions; this
+   is discussed fully in [MHTML] Section 10.
+
+5. Recognizing HTML files
+
+   Almost all HTML files have the string "<html" or "<HTML" near the
+   beginning of the file.
+
+   Documents conformant to HTML 2.0, HTML 3.2 and HTML 4.0 will start
+   with a DOCTYPE declaration "<!DOCTYPE HTML" near the beginning,
+   before the "<html". These dialects are case insensitive.  Files may
+   start with white space, comments (introduced by "<!--" ), or
+   processing instructions (introduced by "<?") prior to the DOCTYPE
+   declaration.
+
+   XHTML documents (optionally) start with an XML declaration which
+   begins with "<?xml" and are required to have a DOCTYPE declaration
+   "<!DOCTYPE html".
+
+6. Charset default rules
+
+   The use of an explicit charset parameter is strongly recommended.
+   While [MIME] specifies "The default character set, which must be
+   assumed in the absence of a charset parameter, is US-ASCII."  [HTTP]
+   Section 3.7.1, defines that "media subtypes of the 'text' type are
+   defined to have a default charset value of 'ISO-8859-1'".  Section
+   19.3 of [HTTP] gives additional guidelines.  Using an explicit
+   charset parameter will help avoid confusion.
+
+   Using an explicit charset parameter also takes into account that the
+   overwhelming majority of deployed browsers are set to use something
+   else than 'ISO-8859-1' as the default; the actual default is either a
+   corporate character encoding or character encodings widely deployed
+   in a certain national or regional community. For further
+   considerations, please also see Section 5.2 of [HTML40].
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Connolly & Masinter          Informational                      [Page 5]
+
+RFC 2854               The 'text/html' Media Type              June 2000
+
+
+7. Security Considerations
+
+   [HTML401], section B.10, notes various security issues with
+   interpreting anchors and forms in HTML documents.
+
+   In addition, the introduction of scripting languages and interactive
+   capabilities in HTML 4.0 introduced a number of security risks
+   associated with the automatic execution of programs written by the
+   sender but interpreted by the recipient.  User agents executing such
+   scripts or programs must be extremely careful to insure that
+   untrusted software is executed in a protected environment.
+
+8. Authors' Addresses
+
+   Daniel W. Connolly
+   World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)
+   MIT Laboratory for Computer Science
+   545 Technology Square
+   Cambridge, MA 02139, U.S.A.
+
+   EMail: connolly@w3.org
+   http://www.w3.org/People/Connolly/
+
+
+   Larry Masinter
+   AT&T
+   75 Willow Road
+   Menlo Park, CA 94025
+
+   EMail: LM@att.com
+   http://larry.masinter.net
+
+9. References
+
+   [CLIMAPS]  Seidman, J., "A Proposed Extension to HTML: Client-Side
+              Image Maps", RFC 1980, August 1996.
+
+   [FORMDATA] Masinter, L., "Returning Values from Forms:
+              multipart/form-data", RFC 2388, August 1998.
+
+   [HTML20]   Berners-Lee, T. and D. Connolly, "Hypertext Markup
+              Language - 2.0", RFC 1866, November 1995.
+
+   [HTML30]   Raggett, D., "HyperText Markup Language Specification
+              Version 3.0", September 1995.  (Available at
+              <http://www.w3.org/MarkUp/html3/CoverPage>).
+
+
+
+
+
+Connolly & Masinter          Informational                      [Page 6]
+
+RFC 2854               The 'text/html' Media Type              June 2000
+
+
+   [HTML32]   Raggett, D., "HTML 3.2 Reference Specification", W3C
+              Recomendation, January 1997.
+              Available at <http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html32>.
+
+   [HTML40]   Raggett, D., et al., "HTML 4.0 Specification", W3C
+              Recommendation, December 1997.
+              Available at <http://www.w3.org/TR/1998/REC-html40-
+              19980424>
+
+   [HTML401]  Raggett, D., et al., "HTML 4.01 Specification", W3C
+              Recommendation, December 1999.
+              Available at <http://www.w3.org/TR/html401>.
+
+   [HTTP]     Gettys, J., Fielding, R., Mogul, J., Frystyk, H.,
+              Masinter, L., Leach, P. and T. Berners-Lee, "Hypertext
+              Transfer Protocol -- HTTP/1.1", RFC 2616, June 1999.
+
+   [I18N]     Yergeau, F., Nicol, G. and M. Duerst,
+              "Internationalization of the Hypertext Markup Language",
+              RFC 2070, January 1997.
+
+   [MHTML]    Palme, J., Hotmann, A. and N. Shelness, "MIME
+              Encapsulation of Aggregate Documents, such as HTML
+              (MHTML)", RFC 2557, March 1999.
+
+   [MIME]     Freed, N. and N. Borenstein, "Multipurpose Internet Mail
+              Extensions (MIME) Part Two: Media Types", RFC 2046,
+              November 1996.
+
+   [TABLES]   Raggett, D., "HTML Tables", RFC 1942, May 1996.
+
+   [UPLOAD]   Nebel, E. and L. Masinter, "Form-based File Upload in
+              HTML", RFC 1867, November 1995.
+
+   [URI]      Berners-Lee, T., Fielding, R. and L. Masinter, "Uniform
+              Resource Identifiers (URI): Generic Syntax", RFC 2396,
+              August 1998.
+
+   [XHTML1]   "XHTML 1.0: The Extensible HyperText Markup Language: A
+              Reformulation of HTML 4 in XML 1.0", W3C Recommendation,
+              January 2000. Available at <http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1>.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Connolly & Masinter          Informational                      [Page 7]
+
+RFC 2854               The 'text/html' Media Type              June 2000
+
+
+10. Full Copyright Statement
+
+   Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2000).  All Rights Reserved.
+
+   This document and translations of it may be copied and furnished to
+   others, and derivative works that comment on or otherwise explain it
+   or assist in its implementation may be prepared, copied, published
+   and distributed, in whole or in part, without restriction of any
+   kind, provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are
+   included on all such copies and derivative works.  However, this
+   document itself may not be modified in any way, such as by removing
+   the copyright notice or references to the Internet Society or other
+   Internet organizations, except as needed for the purpose of
+   developing Internet standards in which case the procedures for
+   copyrights defined in the Internet Standards process must be
+   followed, or as required to translate it into languages other than
+   English.
+
+   The limited permissions granted above are perpetual and will not be
+   revoked by the Internet Society or its successors or assigns.
+
+   This document and the information contained herein is provided on an
+   "AS IS" basis and THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING
+   TASK FORCE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING
+   BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION
+   HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
+   MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
+
+Acknowledgement
+
+   Funding for the RFC Editor function is currently provided by the
+   Internet Society.
+
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+Connolly & Masinter          Informational                      [Page 8]
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