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authorThomas Voss <mail@thomasvoss.com> 2024-11-27 20:54:24 +0100
committerThomas Voss <mail@thomasvoss.com> 2024-11-27 20:54:24 +0100
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+Network Working Group R. Moskowitz
+Request for Comments: 5201 ICSAlabs
+Category: Experimental P. Nikander
+ P. Jokela, Ed.
+ Ericsson Research NomadicLab
+ T. Henderson
+ The Boeing Company
+ April 2008
+
+
+ Host Identity Protocol
+
+Status of This Memo
+
+ This memo defines an Experimental Protocol for the Internet
+ community. It does not specify an Internet standard of any kind.
+ Discussion and suggestions for improvement are requested.
+ Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
+
+IESG Note
+
+ The following issues describe IESG concerns about this document. The
+ IESG expects that these issues will be addressed when future versions
+ of HIP are designed.
+
+ This document doesn't currently define support for parameterized
+ (randomized) hashing in signatures, support for negotiation of a key
+ derivation function, or support for combined encryption modes.
+
+ HIP defines the usage of RSA in signing and encrypting data. Current
+ recommendations propose usage of, for example, RSA OAEP/PSS for these
+ operations in new protocols. Changing the algorithms to more current
+ best practice should be considered.
+
+ The current specification is currently using HMAC for message
+ authentication. This is considered to be acceptable for an
+ experimental RFC, but future versions must define a more generic
+ method for message authentication, including the ability for other
+ MAC algorithms to be used.
+
+ SHA-1 is no longer a preferred hashing algorithm. This is noted also
+ by the authors, and it is understood that future, non-experimental
+ versions must consider more secure hashing algorithms.
+
+ HIP requires that an incoming packet's IP address be ignored. In
+ simple cases this can be done, but when there are security policies
+ based on incoming interface or IP address rules, the situation
+
+
+
+
+Moskowitz, et al. Experimental [Page 1]
+
+RFC 5201 Host Identity Protocol April 2008
+
+
+ changes. The handling of data needs to be enhanced to cover
+ different types of network and security configurations, as well as to
+ meet local security policies.
+
+Abstract
+
+ This memo specifies the details of the Host Identity Protocol (HIP).
+ HIP allows consenting hosts to securely establish and maintain shared
+ IP-layer state, allowing separation of the identifier and locator
+ roles of IP addresses, thereby enabling continuity of communications
+ across IP address changes. HIP is based on a Sigma-compliant Diffie-
+ Hellman key exchange, using public key identifiers from a new Host
+ Identity namespace for mutual peer authentication. The protocol is
+ designed to be resistant to denial-of-service (DoS) and man-in-the-
+ middle (MitM) attacks. When used together with another suitable
+ security protocol, such as the Encapsulated Security Payload (ESP),
+ it provides integrity protection and optional encryption for upper-
+ layer protocols, such as TCP and UDP.
+
+Table of Contents
+
+ 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
+ 1.1. A New Namespace and Identifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
+ 1.2. The HIP Base Exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
+ 1.3. Memo Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
+ 2. Terms and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
+ 2.1. Requirements Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
+ 2.2. Notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
+ 2.3. Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
+ 3. Host Identifier (HI) and Its Representations . . . . . . . . 8
+ 3.1. Host Identity Tag (HIT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
+ 3.2. Generating a HIT from an HI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
+ 4. Protocol Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
+ 4.1. Creating a HIP Association . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
+ 4.1.1. HIP Puzzle Mechanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
+ 4.1.2. Puzzle Exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
+ 4.1.3. Authenticated Diffie-Hellman Protocol . . . . . . . . 14
+ 4.1.4. HIP Replay Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
+ 4.1.5. Refusing a HIP Exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
+ 4.1.6. HIP Opportunistic Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
+ 4.2. Updating a HIP Association . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
+ 4.3. Error Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
+ 4.4. HIP State Machine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
+ 4.4.1. HIP States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
+ 4.4.2. HIP State Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
+ 4.4.3. Simplified HIP State Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
+ 4.5. User Data Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
+ 4.5.1. TCP and UDP Pseudo-Header Computation for User Data . 30
+
+
+
+Moskowitz, et al. Experimental [Page 2]
+
+RFC 5201 Host Identity Protocol April 2008
+
+
+ 4.5.2. Sending Data on HIP Packets . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
+ 4.5.3. Transport Formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
+ 4.5.4. Reboot and SA Timeout Restart of HIP . . . . . . . . 30
+ 4.6. Certificate Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
+ 5. Packet Formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
+ 5.1. Payload Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
+ 5.1.1. Checksum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
+ 5.1.2. HIP Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
+ 5.1.3. HIP Fragmentation Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
+ 5.2. HIP Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
+ 5.2.1. TLV Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
+ 5.2.2. Defining New Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
+ 5.2.3. R1_COUNTER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
+ 5.2.4. PUZZLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
+ 5.2.5. SOLUTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
+ 5.2.6. DIFFIE_HELLMAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
+ 5.2.7. HIP_TRANSFORM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
+ 5.2.8. HOST_ID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
+ 5.2.9. HMAC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
+ 5.2.10. HMAC_2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
+ 5.2.11. HIP_SIGNATURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
+ 5.2.12. HIP_SIGNATURE_2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
+ 5.2.13. SEQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
+ 5.2.14. ACK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
+ 5.2.15. ENCRYPTED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
+ 5.2.16. NOTIFICATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
+ 5.2.17. ECHO_REQUEST_SIGNED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
+ 5.2.18. ECHO_REQUEST_UNSIGNED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
+ 5.2.19. ECHO_RESPONSE_SIGNED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
+ 5.2.20. ECHO_RESPONSE_UNSIGNED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
+ 5.3. HIP Packets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
+ 5.3.1. I1 - the HIP Initiator Packet . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
+ 5.3.2. R1 - the HIP Responder Packet . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
+ 5.3.3. I2 - the Second HIP Initiator Packet . . . . . . . . 61
+ 5.3.4. R2 - the Second HIP Responder Packet . . . . . . . . 62
+ 5.3.5. UPDATE - the HIP Update Packet . . . . . . . . . . . 62
+ 5.3.6. NOTIFY - the HIP Notify Packet . . . . . . . . . . . 63
+ 5.3.7. CLOSE - the HIP Association Closing Packet . . . . . 64
+ 5.3.8. CLOSE_ACK - the HIP Closing Acknowledgment Packet . . 64
+ 5.4. ICMP Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
+ 5.4.1. Invalid Version . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
+ 5.4.2. Other Problems with the HIP Header and Packet
+ Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
+ 5.4.3. Invalid Puzzle Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
+ 5.4.4. Non-Existing HIP Association . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
+ 6. Packet Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
+ 6.1. Processing Outgoing Application Data . . . . . . . . . . 66
+ 6.2. Processing Incoming Application Data . . . . . . . . . . 67
+
+
+
+Moskowitz, et al. Experimental [Page 3]
+
+RFC 5201 Host Identity Protocol April 2008
+
+
+ 6.3. Solving the Puzzle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
+ 6.4. HMAC and SIGNATURE Calculation and Verification . . . . . 70
+ 6.4.1. HMAC Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
+ 6.4.2. Signature Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
+ 6.5. HIP KEYMAT Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
+ 6.6. Initiation of a HIP Exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
+ 6.6.1. Sending Multiple I1s in Parallel . . . . . . . . . . 76
+ 6.6.2. Processing Incoming ICMP Protocol Unreachable
+ Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
+ 6.7. Processing Incoming I1 Packets . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
+ 6.7.1. R1 Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
+ 6.7.2. Handling Malformed Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
+ 6.8. Processing Incoming R1 Packets . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
+ 6.8.1. Handling Malformed Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
+ 6.9. Processing Incoming I2 Packets . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
+ 6.9.1. Handling Malformed Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
+ 6.10. Processing Incoming R2 Packets . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
+ 6.11. Sending UPDATE Packets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
+ 6.12. Receiving UPDATE Packets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
+ 6.12.1. Handling a SEQ Parameter in a Received UPDATE
+ Message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
+ 6.12.2. Handling an ACK Parameter in a Received UPDATE
+ Packet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
+ 6.13. Processing NOTIFY Packets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
+ 6.14. Processing CLOSE Packets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
+ 6.15. Processing CLOSE_ACK Packets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
+ 6.16. Handling State Loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
+ 7. HIP Policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
+ 8. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
+ 9. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
+ 10. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
+ 11. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
+ 11.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
+ 11.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
+ Appendix A. Using Responder Puzzles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
+ Appendix B. Generating a Public Key Encoding from an HI . . . . 99
+ Appendix C. Example Checksums for HIP Packets . . . . . . . . . 100
+ C.1. IPv6 HIP Example (I1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
+ C.2. IPv4 HIP Packet (I1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
+ C.3. TCP Segment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
+ Appendix D. 384-Bit Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
+ Appendix E. OAKLEY Well-Known Group 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Moskowitz, et al. Experimental [Page 4]
+
+RFC 5201 Host Identity Protocol April 2008
+
+
+1. Introduction
+
+ This memo specifies the details of the Host Identity Protocol (HIP).
+ A high-level description of the protocol and the underlying
+ architectural thinking is available in the separate HIP architecture
+ description [RFC4423]. Briefly, the HIP architecture proposes an
+ alternative to the dual use of IP addresses as "locators" (routing
+ labels) and "identifiers" (endpoint, or host, identifiers). In HIP,
+ public cryptographic keys, of a public/private key pair, are used as
+ Host Identifiers, to which higher layer protocols are bound instead
+ of an IP address. By using public keys (and their representations)
+ as host identifiers, dynamic changes to IP address sets can be
+ directly authenticated between hosts, and if desired, strong
+ authentication between hosts at the TCP/IP stack level can be
+ obtained.
+
+ This memo specifies the base HIP protocol ("base exchange") used
+ between hosts to establish an IP-layer communications context, called
+ HIP association, prior to communications. It also defines a packet
+ format and procedures for updating an active HIP association. Other
+ elements of the HIP architecture are specified in other documents,
+ such as.
+
+ o "Using the Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) Transport Format
+ with the Host Identity Protocol (HIP)" [RFC5202]: how to use the
+ Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) for integrity protection and
+ optional encryption
+
+ o "End-Host Mobility and Multihoming with the Host Identity
+ Protocol" [RFC5206]: how to support mobility and multihoming in
+ HIP
+
+ o "Host Identity Protocol (HIP) Domain Name System (DNS) Extensions"
+ [RFC5205]: how to extend DNS to contain Host Identity information
+
+ o "Host Identity Protocol (HIP) Rendezvous Extension" [RFC5204]:
+ using a rendezvous mechanism to contact mobile HIP hosts
+
+1.1. A New Namespace and Identifiers
+
+ The Host Identity Protocol introduces a new namespace, the Host
+ Identity namespace. Some ramifications of this new namespace are
+ explained in the HIP architecture description [RFC4423].
+
+ There are two main representations of the Host Identity, the full
+ Host Identifier (HI) and the Host Identity Tag (HIT). The HI is a
+ public key and directly represents the Identity. Since there are
+ different public key algorithms that can be used with different key
+
+
+
+Moskowitz, et al. Experimental [Page 5]
+
+RFC 5201 Host Identity Protocol April 2008
+
+
+ lengths, the HI is not good for use as a packet identifier, or as an
+ index into the various operational tables needed to support HIP.
+ Consequently, a hash of the HI, the Host Identity Tag (HIT), becomes
+ the operational representation. It is 128 bits long and is used in
+ the HIP payloads and to index the corresponding state in the end
+ hosts. The HIT has an important security property in that it is
+ self-certifying (see Section 3).
+
+1.2. The HIP Base Exchange
+
+ The HIP base exchange is a two-party cryptographic protocol used to
+ establish communications context between hosts. The base exchange is
+ a Sigma-compliant [KRA03] four-packet exchange. The first party is
+ called the Initiator and the second party the Responder. The four-
+ packet design helps to make HIP DoS resilient. The protocol
+ exchanges Diffie-Hellman keys in the 2nd and 3rd packets, and
+ authenticates the parties in the 3rd and 4th packets. Additionally,
+ the Responder starts a puzzle exchange in the 2nd packet, with the
+ Initiator completing it in the 3rd packet before the Responder stores
+ any state from the exchange.
+
+ The exchange can use the Diffie-Hellman output to encrypt the Host
+ Identity of the Initiator in the 3rd packet (although Aura, et al.,
+ [AUR03] notes that such operation may interfere with packet-
+ inspecting middleboxes), or the Host Identity may instead be sent
+ unencrypted. The Responder's Host Identity is not protected. It
+ should be noted, however, that both the Initiator's and the
+ Responder's HITs are transported as such (in cleartext) in the
+ packets, allowing an eavesdropper with a priori knowledge about the
+ parties to verify their identities.
+
+ Data packets start to flow after the 4th packet. The 3rd and 4th HIP
+ packets may carry a data payload in the future. However, the details
+ of this are to be defined later as more implementation experience is
+ gained.
+
+ An existing HIP association can be updated using the update mechanism
+ defined in this document, and when the association is no longer
+ needed, it can be closed using the defined closing mechanism.
+
+ Finally, HIP is designed as an end-to-end authentication and key
+ establishment protocol, to be used with Encapsulated Security Payload
+ (ESP) [RFC5202] and other end-to-end security protocols. The base
+ protocol does not cover all the fine-grained policy control found in
+ Internet Key Exchange (IKE) [RFC4306] that allows IKE to support
+ complex gateway policies. Thus, HIP is not a replacement for IKE.
+
+
+
+
+
+Moskowitz, et al. Experimental [Page 6]
+
+RFC 5201 Host Identity Protocol April 2008
+
+
+1.3. Memo Structure
+
+ The rest of this memo is structured as follows. Section 2 defines
+ the central keywords, notation, and terms used throughout the rest of
+ the document. Section 3 defines the structure of the Host Identity
+ and its various representations. Section 4 gives an overview of the
+ HIP base exchange protocol. Sections 5 and 6 define the detail
+ packet formats and rules for packet processing. Finally, Sections 7,
+ 8, and 9 discuss policy, security, and IANA considerations,
+ respectively.
+
+2. Terms and Definitions
+
+2.1. Requirements Terminology
+
+ The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
+ "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
+ document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119].
+
+2.2. Notation
+
+ [x] indicates that x is optional.
+
+ {x} indicates that x is encrypted.
+
+ X(y) indicates that y is a parameter of X.
+
+ <x>i indicates that x exists i times.
+
+ --> signifies "Initiator to Responder" communication (requests).
+
+ <-- signifies "Responder to Initiator" communication (replies).
+
+ | signifies concatenation of information-- e.g., X | Y is the
+ concatenation of X with Y.
+
+ Ltrunc (SHA-1(), K) denotes the lowest order K bits of the SHA-1
+ result.
+
+2.3. Definitions
+
+ Unused Association Lifetime (UAL): Implementation-specific time for
+ which, if no packet is sent or received for this time interval, a
+ host MAY begin to tear down an active association.
+
+ Maximum Segment Lifetime (MSL): Maximum time that a TCP segment is
+ expected to spend in the network.
+
+
+
+
+Moskowitz, et al. Experimental [Page 7]
+
+RFC 5201 Host Identity Protocol April 2008
+
+
+ Exchange Complete (EC): Time that the host spends at the R2-SENT
+ before it moves to ESTABLISHED state. The time is n * I2
+ retransmission timeout, where n is about I2_RETRIES_MAX.
+
+ HIT Hash Algorithm: Hash algorithm used to generate a Host Identity
+ Tag (HIT) from the Host Identity public key. Currently SHA-1
+ [FIPS95] is used.
+
+ Responder's HIT Hash Algorithm (RHASH): Hash algorithm used for
+ various hash calculations in this document. The algorithm is the
+ same as is used to generate the Responder's HIT. RHASH is defined
+ by the Orchid Context ID. For HIP, the present RHASH algorithm is
+ defined in Section 3.2. A future version of HIP may define a new
+ RHASH algorithm by defining a new Context ID.
+
+ Opportunistic mode: HIP base exchange where the Responder's HIT is
+ not known a priori to the Initiator.
+
+3. Host Identifier (HI) and Its Representations
+
+ In this section, the properties of the Host Identifier and Host
+ Identifier Tag are discussed, and the exact format for them is
+ defined. In HIP, the public key of an asymmetric key pair is used as
+ the Host Identifier (HI). Correspondingly, the host itself is
+ defined as the entity that holds the private key from the key pair.
+ See the HIP architecture specification [RFC4423] for more details
+ about the difference between an identity and the corresponding
+ identifier.
+
+ HIP implementations MUST support the Rivest Shamir Adelman (RSA/SHA1)
+ [RFC3110] public key algorithm, and SHOULD support the Digital
+ Signature Algorithm (DSA) [RFC2536] algorithm; other algorithms MAY
+ be supported.
+
+ A hashed encoding of the HI, the Host Identity Tag (HIT), is used in
+ protocols to represent the Host Identity. The HIT is 128 bits long
+ and has the following three key properties: i) it is the same length
+ as an IPv6 address and can be used in address-sized fields in APIs
+ and protocols, ii) it is self-certifying (i.e., given a HIT, it is
+ computationally hard to find a Host Identity key that matches the
+ HIT), and iii) the probability of HIT collision between two hosts is
+ very low.
+
+ Carrying HIs and HITs in the header of user data packets would
+ increase the overhead of packets. Thus, it is not expected that they
+ are carried in every packet, but other methods are used to map the
+ data packets to the corresponding HIs. In some cases, this makes it
+ possible to use HIP without any additional headers in the user data
+
+
+
+Moskowitz, et al. Experimental [Page 8]
+
+RFC 5201 Host Identity Protocol April 2008
+
+
+ packets. For example, if ESP is used to protect data traffic, the
+ Security Parameter Index (SPI) carried in the ESP header can be used
+ to map the encrypted data packet to the correct HIP association.
+
+3.1. Host Identity Tag (HIT)
+
+ The Host Identity Tag is a 128-bit value -- a hashed encoding of the
+ Host Identifier. There are two advantages of using a hashed encoding
+ over the actual Host Identity public key in protocols. Firstly, its
+ fixed length makes for easier protocol coding and also better manages
+ the packet size cost of this technology. Secondly, it presents a
+ consistent format to the protocol whatever underlying identity
+ technology is used.
+
+ RFC 4843 [RFC4843] specifies 128-bit hash-based identifiers, called
+ Overlay Routable Cryptographic Hash Identifiers (ORCHIDs). Their
+ prefix, allocated from the IPv6 address block, is defined in
+ [RFC4843]. The Host Identity Tag is a type of ORCHID, based on a
+ SHA-1 hash of the Host Identity, as defined in Section 2 of
+ [RFC4843].
+
+3.2. Generating a HIT from an HI
+
+ The HIT MUST be generated according to the ORCHID generation method
+ described in [RFC4843] using a context ID value of 0xF0EF F02F BFF4
+ 3D0F E793 0C3C 6E61 74EA (this tag value has been generated randomly
+ by the editor of this specification), and an input that encodes the
+ Host Identity field (see Section 5.2.8) present in a HIP payload
+ packet. The hash algorithm SHA-1 has to be used when generating HITs
+ with this context ID. If a new ORCHID hash algorithm is needed in
+ the future for HIT generation, a new version of HIP has to be
+ specified with a new ORCHID context ID associated with the new hash
+ algorithm.
+
+ For Identities that are either RSA or Digital Signature Algorithm
+ (DSA) public keys, this input consists of the public key encoding as
+ specified in the corresponding DNSSEC document, taking the algorithm-
+ specific portion of the RDATA part of the KEY RR. There are
+ currently only two defined public key algorithms: RSA/SHA1 and DSA.
+ Hence, either of the following applies:
+
+ The RSA public key is encoded as defined in [RFC3110] Section 2,
+ taking the exponent length (e_len), exponent (e), and modulus (n)
+ fields concatenated. The length (n_len) of the modulus (n) can be
+ determined from the total HI Length and the preceding HI fields
+ including the exponent (e). Thus, the data to be hashed has the
+ same length as the HI. The fields MUST be encoded in network byte
+ order, as defined in [RFC3110].
+
+
+
+Moskowitz, et al. Experimental [Page 9]
+
+RFC 5201 Host Identity Protocol April 2008
+
+
+ The DSA public key is encoded as defined in [RFC2536] Section 2,
+ taking the fields T, Q, P, G, and Y, concatenated. Thus, the data
+ to be hashed is 1 + 20 + 3 * 64 + 3 * 8 * T octets long, where T
+ is the size parameter as defined in [RFC2536]. The size parameter
+ T, affecting the field lengths, MUST be selected as the minimum
+ value that is long enough to accommodate P, G, and Y. The fields
+ MUST be encoded in network byte order, as defined in [RFC2536].
+
+ In Appendix B, the public key encoding process is illustrated using
+ pseudo-code.
+
+4. Protocol Overview
+
+ The following material is an overview of the HIP protocol operation,
+ and does not contain all details of the packet formats or the packet
+ processing steps. Sections 5 and 6 describe in more detail the
+ packet formats and packet processing steps, respectively, and are
+ normative in case of any conflicts with this section.
+
+ The protocol number 139 has been assigned by IANA to the Host
+ Identity Protocol.
+
+ The HIP payload (Section 5.1) header could be carried in every IP
+ datagram. However, since HIP headers are relatively large (40
+ bytes), it is desirable to 'compress' the HIP header so that the HIP
+ header only occurs in control packets used to establish or change HIP
+ association state. The actual method for header 'compression' and
+ for matching data packets with existing HIP associations (if any) is
+ defined in separate documents, describing transport formats and
+ methods. All HIP implementations MUST implement, at minimum, the ESP
+ transport format for HIP [RFC5202].
+
+4.1. Creating a HIP Association
+
+ By definition, the system initiating a HIP exchange is the Initiator,
+ and the peer is the Responder. This distinction is forgotten once
+ the base exchange completes, and either party can become the
+ Initiator in future communications.
+
+ The HIP base exchange serves to manage the establishment of state
+ between an Initiator and a Responder. The first packet, I1,
+ initiates the exchange, and the last three packets, R1, I2, and R2,
+ constitute an authenticated Diffie-Hellman [DIF76] key exchange for
+ session key generation. During the Diffie-Hellman key exchange, a
+ piece of keying material is generated. The HIP association keys are
+ drawn from this keying material. If other cryptographic keys are
+ needed, e.g., to be used with ESP, they are expected to be drawn from
+ the same keying material.
+
+
+
+Moskowitz, et al. Experimental [Page 10]
+
+RFC 5201 Host Identity Protocol April 2008
+
+
+ The Initiator first sends a trigger packet, I1, to the Responder.
+ The packet contains only the HIT of the Initiator and possibly the
+ HIT of the Responder, if it is known. Note that in some cases it may
+ be possible to replace this trigger packet by some other form of a
+ trigger, in which case the protocol starts with the Responder sending
+ the R1 packet.
+
+ The second packet, R1, starts the actual exchange. It contains a
+ puzzle -- a cryptographic challenge that the Initiator must solve
+ before continuing the exchange. The level of difficulty of the
+ puzzle can be adjusted based on level of trust with the Initiator,
+ current load, or other factors. In addition, the R1 contains the
+ initial Diffie-Hellman parameters and a signature, covering part of
+ the message. Some fields are left outside the signature to support
+ pre-created R1s.
+
+ In the I2 packet, the Initiator must display the solution to the
+ received puzzle. Without a correct solution, the I2 message is
+ discarded. The I2 also contains a Diffie-Hellman parameter that
+ carries needed information for the Responder. The packet is signed
+ by the sender.
+
+ The R2 packet finalizes the base exchange. The packet is signed.
+
+ The base exchange is illustrated below. The term "key" refers to the
+ Host Identity public key, and "sig" represents a signature using such
+ a key. The packets contain other parameters not shown in this
+ figure.
+
+ Initiator Responder
+
+ I1: trigger exchange
+ -------------------------->
+ select precomputed R1
+ R1: puzzle, D-H, key, sig
+ <-------------------------
+ check sig remain stateless
+ solve puzzle
+ I2: solution, D-H, {key}, sig
+ -------------------------->
+ compute D-H check puzzle
+ check sig
+ R2: sig
+ <--------------------------
+ check sig compute D-H
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Moskowitz, et al. Experimental [Page 11]
+
+RFC 5201 Host Identity Protocol April 2008
+
+
+4.1.1. HIP Puzzle Mechanism
+
+ The purpose of the HIP puzzle mechanism is to protect the Responder
+ from a number of denial-of-service threats. It allows the Responder
+ to delay state creation until receiving I2. Furthermore, the puzzle
+ allows the Responder to use a fairly cheap calculation to check that
+ the Initiator is "sincere" in the sense that it has churned CPU
+ cycles in solving the puzzle.
+
+ The puzzle mechanism has been explicitly designed to give space for
+ various implementation options. It allows a Responder implementation
+ to completely delay session-specific state creation until a valid I2
+ is received. In such a case, a correctly formatted I2 can be
+ rejected only once the Responder has checked its validity by
+ computing one hash function. On the other hand, the design also
+ allows a Responder implementation to keep state about received I1s,
+ and match the received I2s against the state, thereby allowing the
+ implementation to avoid the computational cost of the hash function.
+ The drawback of this latter approach is the requirement of creating
+ state. Finally, it also allows an implementation to use other
+ combinations of the space-saving and computation-saving mechanisms.
+
+ The Responder can remain stateless and drop most spoofed I2s because
+ puzzle calculation is based on the Initiator's Host Identity Tag.
+ The idea is that the Responder has a (perhaps varying) number of pre-
+ calculated R1 packets, and it selects one of these based on the
+ information carried in I1. When the Responder then later receives
+ I2, it can verify that the puzzle has been solved using the
+ Initiator's HIT. This makes it impractical for the attacker to first
+ exchange one I1/R1, and then generate a large number of spoofed I2s
+ that seemingly come from different HITs. The method does not protect
+ from an attacker that uses fixed HITs, though. Against such an
+ attacker a viable approach may be to create a piece of local state,
+ and remember that the puzzle check has previously failed. See
+ Appendix A for one possible implementation. Implementations SHOULD
+ include sufficient randomness to the algorithm so that algorithmic
+ complexity attacks become impossible [CRO03].
+
+ The Responder can set the puzzle difficulty for Initiator, based on
+ its level of trust of the Initiator. Because the puzzle is not
+ included in the signature calculation, the Responder can use pre-
+ calculated R1 packets and include the puzzle just before sending the
+ R1 to the Initiator. The Responder SHOULD use heuristics to
+ determine when it is under a denial-of-service attack, and set the
+ puzzle difficulty value K appropriately; see below.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Moskowitz, et al. Experimental [Page 12]
+
+RFC 5201 Host Identity Protocol April 2008
+
+
+4.1.2. Puzzle Exchange
+
+ The Responder starts the puzzle exchange when it receives an I1. The
+ Responder supplies a random number I, and requires the Initiator to
+ find a number J. To select a proper J, the Initiator must create the
+ concatenation of I, the HITs of the parties, and J, and take a hash
+ over this concatenation using the RHASH algorithm. The lowest order
+ K bits of the result MUST be zeros. The value K sets the difficulty
+ of the puzzle.
+
+ To generate a proper number J, the Initiator will have to generate a
+ number of Js until one produces the hash target of zeros. The
+ Initiator SHOULD give up after exceeding the puzzle lifetime in the
+ PUZZLE parameter (Section 5.2.4). The Responder needs to re-create
+ the concatenation of I, the HITs, and the provided J, and compute the
+ hash once to prove that the Initiator did its assigned task.
+
+ To prevent precomputation attacks, the Responder MUST select the
+ number I in such a way that the Initiator cannot guess it.
+ Furthermore, the construction MUST allow the Responder to verify that
+ the value was indeed selected by it and not by the Initiator. See
+ Appendix A for an example on how to implement this.
+
+ Using the Opaque data field in an ECHO_REQUEST_SIGNED
+ (Section 5.2.17) or in an ECHO_REQUEST_UNSIGNED parameter
+ (Section 5.2.18), the Responder can include some data in R1 that the
+ Initiator must copy unmodified in the corresponding I2 packet. The
+ Responder can generate the Opaque data in various ways; e.g., using
+ some secret, the sent I, and possibly other related data. Using the
+ same secret, the received I (from the I2), and the other related data
+ (if any), the Receiver can verify that it has itself sent the I to
+ the Initiator. The Responder MUST periodically change such a used
+ secret.
+
+ It is RECOMMENDED that the Responder generates a new puzzle and a new
+ R1 once every few minutes. Furthermore, it is RECOMMENDED that the
+ Responder remembers an old puzzle at least 2*Lifetime seconds after
+ the puzzle has been deprecated. These time values allow a slower
+ Initiator to solve the puzzle while limiting the usability that an
+ old, solved puzzle has to an attacker.
+
+ NOTE: The protocol developers explicitly considered whether R1 should
+ include a timestamp in order to protect the Initiator from replay
+ attacks. The decision was to NOT include a timestamp.
+
+ NOTE: The protocol developers explicitly considered whether a memory
+ bound function should be used for the puzzle instead of a CPU-bound
+ function. The decision was not to use memory-bound functions. At
+
+
+
+Moskowitz, et al. Experimental [Page 13]
+
+RFC 5201 Host Identity Protocol April 2008
+
+
+ the time of the decision, the idea of memory-bound functions was
+ relatively new and their IPR status were unknown. Once there is more
+ experience about memory-bound functions and once their IPR status is
+ better known, it may be reasonable to reconsider this decision.
+
+4.1.3. Authenticated Diffie-Hellman Protocol
+
+ The packets R1, I2, and R2 implement a standard authenticated Diffie-
+ Hellman exchange. The Responder sends one or two public Diffie-
+ Hellman keys and its public authentication key, i.e., its Host
+ Identity, in R1. The signature in R1 allows the Initiator to verify
+ that the R1 has been once generated by the Responder. However, since
+ it is precomputed and therefore does not cover all of the packet, it
+ does not protect from replay attacks.
+
+ When the Initiator receives an R1, it gets one or two public Diffie-
+ Hellman values from the Responder. If there are two values, it
+ selects the value corresponding to the strongest supported Group ID
+ and computes the Diffie-Hellman session key (Kij). It creates a HIP
+ association using keying material from the session key (see
+ Section 6.5), and may use the association to encrypt its public
+ authentication key, i.e., Host Identity. The resulting I2 contains
+ the Initiator's Diffie-Hellman key and its (optionally encrypted)
+ public authentication key. The signature in I2 covers all of the
+ packet.
+
+ The Responder extracts the Initiator Diffie-Hellman public key from
+ the I2, computes the Diffie-Hellman session key, creates a
+ corresponding HIP association, and decrypts the Initiator's public
+ authentication key. It can then verify the signature using the
+ authentication key.
+
+ The final message, R2, is needed to protect the Initiator from replay
+ attacks.
+
+4.1.4. HIP Replay Protection
+
+ The HIP protocol includes the following mechanisms to protect against
+ malicious replays. Responders are protected against replays of I1
+ packets by virtue of the stateless response to I1s with presigned R1
+ messages. Initiators are protected against R1 replays by a
+ monotonically increasing "R1 generation counter" included in the R1.
+ Responders are protected against replays or false I2s by the puzzle
+ mechanism (Section 4.1.1 above), and optional use of opaque data.
+ Hosts are protected against replays to R2s and UPDATEs by use of a
+ less expensive HMAC verification preceding HIP signature
+ verification.
+
+
+
+
+Moskowitz, et al. Experimental [Page 14]
+
+RFC 5201 Host Identity Protocol April 2008
+
+
+ The R1 generation counter is a monotonically increasing 64-bit
+ counter that may be initialized to any value. The scope of the
+ counter MAY be system-wide but SHOULD be per Host Identity, if there
+ is more than one local host identity. The value of this counter
+ SHOULD be kept across system reboots and invocations of the HIP base
+ exchange. This counter indicates the current generation of puzzles.
+ Implementations MUST accept puzzles from the current generation and
+ MAY accept puzzles from earlier generations. A system's local
+ counter MUST be incremented at least as often as every time old R1s
+ cease to be valid, and SHOULD never be decremented, lest the host
+ expose its peers to the replay of previously generated, higher
+ numbered R1s. The R1 counter SHOULD NOT roll over.
+
+ A host may receive more than one R1, either due to sending multiple
+ I1s (Section 6.6.1) or due to a replay of an old R1. When sending
+ multiple I1s, an Initiator SHOULD wait for a small amount of time (a
+ reasonable time may be 2 * expected RTT) after the first R1 reception
+ to allow possibly multiple R1s to arrive, and it SHOULD respond to an
+ R1 among the set with the largest R1 generation counter. If an
+ Initiator is processing an R1 or has already sent an I2 (still
+ waiting for R2) and it receives another R1 with a larger R1
+ generation counter, it MAY elect to restart R1 processing with the
+ fresher R1, as if it were the first R1 to arrive.
+
+ Upon conclusion of an active HIP association with another host, the
+ R1 generation counter associated with the peer host SHOULD be
+ flushed. A local policy MAY override the default flushing of R1
+ counters on a per-HIT basis. The reason for recommending the
+ flushing of this counter is that there may be hosts where the R1
+ generation counter (occasionally) decreases; e.g., due to hardware
+ failure.
+
+4.1.5. Refusing a HIP Exchange
+
+ A HIP-aware host may choose not to accept a HIP exchange. If the
+ host's policy is to only be an Initiator, it should begin its own HIP
+ exchange. A host MAY choose to have such a policy since only the
+ Initiator's HI is protected in the exchange. There is a risk of a
+ race condition if each host's policy is to only be an Initiator, at
+ which point the HIP exchange will fail.
+
+ If the host's policy does not permit it to enter into a HIP exchange
+ with the Initiator, it should send an ICMP 'Destination Unreachable,
+ Administratively Prohibited' message. A more complex HIP packet is
+ not used here as it actually opens up more potential DoS attacks than
+ a simple ICMP message.
+
+
+
+
+
+Moskowitz, et al. Experimental [Page 15]
+
+RFC 5201 Host Identity Protocol April 2008
+
+
+4.1.6. HIP Opportunistic Mode
+
+ It is possible to initiate a HIP negotiation even if the Responder's
+ HI (and HIT) is unknown. In this case, the connection initializing
+ I1 packet contains NULL (all zeros) as the destination HIT. This
+ kind of connection setup is called opportunistic mode.
+
+ There are both security and API issues involved with the
+ opportunistic mode.
+
+ Given that the Responder's HI is not known by the Initiator, there
+ must be suitable API calls that allow the Initiator to request,
+ directly or indirectly, that the underlying kernel initiate the HIP
+ base exchange solely based on locators. The Responder's HI will be
+ tentatively available in the R1 packet, and in an authenticated form
+ once the R2 packet has been received and verified. Hence, it could
+ be communicated to the application via new API mechanisms. However,
+ with a backwards-compatible API the application sees only the
+ locators used for the initial contact. Depending on the desired
+ semantics of the API, this can raise the following issues:
+
+ o The actual locators may later change if an UPDATE message is used,
+ even if from the API perspective the session still appears to be
+ between specific locators. The locator update is still secure,
+ however, and the session is still between the same nodes.
+
+ o Different sessions between the same locators may result in
+ connections to different nodes, if the implementation no longer
+ remembers which identifier the peer had in another session. This
+ is possible when the peer's locator has changed for legitimate
+ reasons or when an attacker pretends to be a node that has the
+ peer's locator. Therefore, when using opportunistic mode, HIP
+ MUST NOT place any expectation that the peer's HI returned in the
+ R1 message matches any HI previously seen from that address.
+
+ If the HIP implementation and application do not have the same
+ understanding of what constitutes a session, this may even happen
+ within the same session. For instance, an implementation may not
+ know when HIP state can be purged for UDP-based applications.
+
+ o As with all HIP exchanges, the handling of locator-based or
+ interface-based policy is unclear for opportunistic mode HIP. An
+ application may make a connection to a specific locator because
+ the application has knowledge of the security properties along the
+ network to that locator. If one of the nodes moves and the
+ locators are updated, these security properties may not be
+ maintained. Depending on the security policy of the application,
+ this may be a problem. This is an area of ongoing study. As an
+
+
+
+Moskowitz, et al. Experimental [Page 16]
+
+RFC 5201 Host Identity Protocol April 2008
+
+
+ example, there is work to create an API that applications can use
+ to specify their security requirements in a similar context
+ [IPsec-APIs].
+
+ In addition, the following security considerations apply. The
+ generation counter mechanism will be less efficient in protecting
+ against replays of the R1 packet, given that the Responder can choose
+ a replay that uses any HI, not just the one given in the I1 packet.
+
+ More importantly, the opportunistic exchange is vulnerable to man-in-
+ the-middle attacks, because the Initiator does not have any public
+ key information about the peer. To assess the impacts of this
+ vulnerability, we compare it to vulnerabilities in current, non-HIP-
+ capable communications.
+
+ An attacker on the path between the two peers can insert itself as a
+ man-in-the-middle by providing its own identifier to the Initiator
+ and then initiating another HIP session towards the Responder. For
+ this to be possible, the Initiator must employ opportunistic mode,
+ and the Responder must be configured to accept a connection from any
+ HIP-enabled node.
+
+ An attacker outside the path will be unable to do so, given that it
+ cannot respond to the messages in the base exchange.
+
+ These properties are characteristic also of communications in the
+ current Internet. A client contacting a server without employing
+ end-to-end security may find itself talking to the server via a man-
+ in-the-middle, assuming again that the server is willing to talk to
+ anyone.
+
+ If end-to-end security is in place, then the worst that can happen in
+ both the opportunistic HIP and normal IP cases is denial-of-service;
+ an entity on the path can disrupt communications, but will be unable
+ to insert itself as a man-in-the-middle.
+
+ However, once the opportunistic exchange has successfully completed,
+ HIP provides integrity protection and confidentiality for the
+ communications, and can securely change the locators of the
+ endpoints.
+
+ As a result, it is believed that the HIP opportunistic mode is at
+ least as secure as current IP.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Moskowitz, et al. Experimental [Page 17]
+
+RFC 5201 Host Identity Protocol April 2008
+
+
+4.2. Updating a HIP Association
+
+ A HIP association between two hosts may need to be updated over time.
+ Examples include the need to rekey expiring user data security
+ associations, add new security associations, or change IP addresses
+ associated with hosts. The UPDATE packet is used for those and other
+ similar purposes. This document only specifies the UPDATE packet
+ format and basic processing rules, with mandatory parameters. The
+ actual usage is defined in separate specifications.
+
+ HIP provides a general purpose UPDATE packet, which can carry
+ multiple HIP parameters, for updating the HIP state between two
+ peers. The UPDATE mechanism has the following properties:
+
+ UPDATE messages carry a monotonically increasing sequence number
+ and are explicitly acknowledged by the peer. Lost UPDATEs or
+ acknowledgments may be recovered via retransmission. Multiple
+ UPDATE messages may be outstanding under certain circumstances.
+
+ UPDATE is protected by both HMAC and HIP_SIGNATURE parameters,
+ since processing UPDATE signatures alone is a potential DoS attack
+ against intermediate systems.
+
+ UPDATE packets are explicitly acknowledged by the use of an
+ acknowledgment parameter that echoes an individual sequence number
+ received from the peer. A single UPDATE packet may contain both a
+ sequence number and one or more acknowledgment numbers (i.e.,
+ piggybacked acknowledgment(s) for the peer's UPDATE).
+
+ The UPDATE packet is defined in Section 5.3.5.
+
+4.3. Error Processing
+
+ HIP error processing behavior depends on whether or not there exists
+ an active HIP association. In general, if a HIP association exists
+ between the sender and receiver of a packet causing an error
+ condition, the receiver SHOULD respond with a NOTIFY packet. On the
+ other hand, if there are no existing HIP associations between the
+ sender and receiver, or the receiver cannot reasonably determine the
+ identity of the sender, the receiver MAY respond with a suitable ICMP
+ message; see Section 5.4 for more details.
+
+ The HIP protocol and state machine is designed to recover from one of
+ the parties crashing and losing its state. The following scenarios
+ describe the main use cases covered by the design.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Moskowitz, et al. Experimental [Page 18]
+
+RFC 5201 Host Identity Protocol April 2008
+
+
+ No prior state between the two systems.
+
+ The system with data to send is the Initiator. The process
+ follows the standard four-packet base exchange, establishing
+ the HIP association.
+
+ The system with data to send has no state with the receiver, but
+ the receiver has a residual HIP association.
+
+ The system with data to send is the Initiator. The Initiator
+ acts as in no prior state, sending I1 and getting R1. When the
+ Responder receives a valid I2, the old association is
+ 'discovered' and deleted, and the new association is
+ established.
+
+ The system with data to send has a HIP association, but the
+ receiver does not.
+
+ The system sends data on the outbound user data security
+ association. The receiver 'detects' the situation when it
+ receives a user data packet that it cannot match to any HIP
+ association. The receiving host MUST discard this packet.
+
+ Optionally, the receiving host MAY send an ICMP packet, with
+ the type Parameter Problem, to inform the sender that the HIP
+ association does not exist (see Section 5.4), and it MAY
+ initiate a new HIP negotiation. However, responding with these
+ optional mechanisms is implementation or policy dependent.
+
+4.4. HIP State Machine
+
+ The HIP protocol itself has little state. In the HIP base exchange,
+ there is an Initiator and a Responder. Once the security
+ associations (SAs) are established, this distinction is lost. If the
+ HIP state needs to be re-established, the controlling parameters are
+ which peer still has state and which has a datagram to send to its
+ peer. The following state machine attempts to capture these
+ processes.
+
+ The state machine is presented in a single system view, representing
+ either an Initiator or a Responder. There is not a complete overlap
+ of processing logic here and in the packet definitions. Both are
+ needed to completely implement HIP.
+
+ Implementors must understand that the state machine, as described
+ here, is informational. Specific implementations are free to
+ implement the actual functions differently. Section 6 describes the
+ packet processing rules in more detail. This state machine focuses
+
+
+
+Moskowitz, et al. Experimental [Page 19]
+
+RFC 5201 Host Identity Protocol April 2008
+
+
+ on the HIP I1, R1, I2, and R2 packets only. Other states may be
+ introduced by mechanisms in other specifications (such as mobility
+ and multihoming).
+
+4.4.1. HIP States
+
+ +---------------------+---------------------------------------------+
+ | State | Explanation |
+ +---------------------+---------------------------------------------+
+ | UNASSOCIATED | State machine start |
+ | | |
+ | I1-SENT | Initiating base exchange |
+ | | |
+ | I2-SENT | Waiting to complete base exchange |
+ | | |
+ | R2-SENT | Waiting to complete base exchange |
+ | | |
+ | ESTABLISHED | HIP association established |
+ | | |
+ | CLOSING | HIP association closing, no data can be |
+ | | sent |
+ | | |
+ | CLOSED | HIP association closed, no data can be sent |
+ | | |
+ | E-FAILED | HIP exchange failed |
+ +---------------------+---------------------------------------------+
+
+ Table 1: HIP States
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Moskowitz, et al. Experimental [Page 20]
+
+RFC 5201 Host Identity Protocol April 2008
+
+
+4.4.2. HIP State Processes
+
+ System behavior in state UNASSOCIATED, Table 2.
+
+ +---------------------+---------------------------------------------+
+ | Trigger | Action |
+ +---------------------+---------------------------------------------+
+ | User data to send, | Send I1 and go to I1-SENT |
+ | requiring a new HIP | |
+ | association | |
+ | | |
+ | Receive I1 | Send R1 and stay at UNASSOCIATED |
+ | | |
+ | Receive I2, process | If successful, send R2 and go to R2-SENT |
+ | | |
+ | | If fail, stay at UNASSOCIATED |
+ | | |
+ | Receive user data | Optionally send ICMP as defined in |
+ | for unknown HIP | Section 5.4 and stay at UNASSOCIATED |
+ | association | |
+ | | |
+ | Receive CLOSE | Optionally send ICMP Parameter Problem and |
+ | | stay at UNASSOCIATED |
+ | | |
+ | Receive ANYOTHER | Drop and stay at UNASSOCIATED |
+ +---------------------+---------------------------------------------+
+
+ Table 2: UNASSOCIATED - Start state
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Moskowitz, et al. Experimental [Page 21]
+
+RFC 5201 Host Identity Protocol April 2008
+
+
+ System behavior in state I1-SENT, Table 3.
+
+ +---------------------+---------------------------------------------+
+ | Trigger | Action |
+ +---------------------+---------------------------------------------+
+ | Receive I1 | If the local HIT is smaller than the peer |
+ | | HIT, drop I1 and stay at I1-SENT |
+ | | |
+ | | If the local HIT is greater than the peer |
+ | | HIT, send R1 and stay at I1_SENT |
+ | | |
+ | Receive I2, process | If successful, send R2 and go to R2-SENT |
+ | | |
+ | | If fail, stay at I1-SENT |
+ | | |
+ | Receive R1, process | If successful, send I2 and go to I2-SENT |
+ | | |
+ | | If fail, stay at I1-SENT |
+ | | |
+ | Receive ANYOTHER | Drop and stay at I1-SENT |
+ | | |
+ | Timeout, increment | If counter is less than I1_RETRIES_MAX, |
+ | timeout counter | send I1 and stay at I1-SENT |
+ | | |
+ | | If counter is greater than I1_RETRIES_MAX, |
+ | | go to E-FAILED |
+ +---------------------+---------------------------------------------+
+
+ Table 3: I1-SENT - Initiating HIP
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Moskowitz, et al. Experimental [Page 22]
+
+RFC 5201 Host Identity Protocol April 2008
+
+
+ System behavior in state I2-SENT, Table 4.
+
+ +---------------------+---------------------------------------------+
+ | Trigger | Action |
+ +---------------------+---------------------------------------------+
+ | Receive I1 | Send R1 and stay at I2-SENT |
+ | | |
+ | Receive R1, process | If successful, send I2 and cycle at I2-SENT |
+ | | |
+ | | If fail, stay at I2-SENT |
+ | | |
+ | Receive I2, process | If successful and local HIT is smaller than |
+ | | the peer HIT, drop I2 and stay at I2-SENT |
+ | | |
+ | | If successful and local HIT is greater than |
+ | | the peer HIT, send R2 and go to R2-SENT |
+ | | |
+ | | If fail, stay at I2-SENT |
+ | | |
+ | Receive R2, process | If successful, go to ESTABLISHED |
+ | | |
+ | | If fail, stay at I2-SENT |
+ | | |
+ | Receive ANYOTHER | Drop and stay at I2-SENT |
+ | | |
+ | Timeout, increment | If counter is less than I2_RETRIES_MAX, |
+ | timeout counter | send I2 and stay at I2-SENT |
+ | | |
+ | | If counter is greater than I2_RETRIES_MAX, |
+ | | go to E-FAILED |
+ +---------------------+---------------------------------------------+
+
+ Table 4: I2-SENT - Waiting to finish HIP
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Moskowitz, et al. Experimental [Page 23]
+
+RFC 5201 Host Identity Protocol April 2008
+
+
+ System behavior in state R2-SENT, Table 5.
+
+ +---------------------+---------------------------------------------+
+ | Trigger | Action |
+ +---------------------+---------------------------------------------+
+ | Receive I1 | Send R1 and stay at R2-SENT |
+ | | |
+ | Receive I2, process | If successful, send R2 and cycle at R2-SENT |
+ | | |
+ | | If fail, stay at R2-SENT |
+ | | |
+ | Receive R1 | Drop and stay at R2-SENT |
+ | | |
+ | Receive R2 | Drop and stay at R2-SENT |
+ | | |
+ | Receive data or | Move to ESTABLISHED |
+ | UPDATE | |
+ | | |
+ | Exchange Complete | Move to ESTABLISHED |
+ | Timeout | |
+ +---------------------+---------------------------------------------+
+
+ Table 5: R2-SENT - Waiting to finish HIP
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Moskowitz, et al. Experimental [Page 24]
+
+RFC 5201 Host Identity Protocol April 2008
+
+
+ System behavior in state ESTABLISHED, Table 6.
+
+ +---------------------+---------------------------------------------+
+ | Trigger | Action |
+ +---------------------+---------------------------------------------+
+ | Receive I1 | Send R1 and stay at ESTABLISHED |
+ | | |
+ | Receive I2, process | If successful, send R2, drop old HIP |
+ | with puzzle and | association, establish a new HIP |
+ | possible Opaque | association, go to R2-SENT |
+ | data verification | |
+ | | |
+ | | If fail, stay at ESTABLISHED |
+ | | |
+ | Receive R1 | Drop and stay at ESTABLISHED |
+ | | |
+ | Receive R2 | Drop and stay at ESTABLISHED |
+ | | |
+ | Receive user data | Process and stay at ESTABLISHED |
+ | for HIP association | |
+ | | |
+ | No packet | Send CLOSE and go to CLOSING |
+ | sent/received | |
+ | during UAL minutes | |
+ | | |
+ | Receive CLOSE, | If successful, send CLOSE_ACK and go to |
+ | process | CLOSED |
+ | | |
+ | | If fail, stay at ESTABLISHED |
+ +---------------------+---------------------------------------------+
+
+ Table 6: ESTABLISHED - HIP association established
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Moskowitz, et al. Experimental [Page 25]
+
+RFC 5201 Host Identity Protocol April 2008
+
+
+ System behavior in state CLOSING, Table 7.
+
+ +---------------------+---------------------------------------------+
+ | Trigger | Action |
+ +---------------------+---------------------------------------------+
+ | User data to send, | Send I1 and stay at CLOSING |
+ | requires the | |
+ | creation of another | |
+ | incarnation of the | |
+ | HIP association | |
+ | | |
+ | Receive I1 | Send R1 and stay at CLOSING |
+ | | |
+ | Receive I2, process | If successful, send R2 and go to R2-SENT |
+ | | |
+ | | If fail, stay at CLOSING |
+ | | |
+ | Receive R1, process | If successful, send I2 and go to I2-SENT |
+ | | |
+ | | If fail, stay at CLOSING |
+ | | |
+ | Receive CLOSE, | If successful, send CLOSE_ACK, discard |
+ | process | state and go to CLOSED |
+ | | |
+ | | If fail, stay at CLOSING |
+ | | |
+ | Receive CLOSE_ACK, | If successful, discard state and go to |
+ | process | UNASSOCIATED |
+ | | |
+ | | If fail, stay at CLOSING |
+ | | |
+ | Receive ANYOTHER | Drop and stay at CLOSING |
+ | | |
+ | Timeout, increment | If timeout sum is less than UAL+MSL |
+ | timeout sum, reset | minutes, retransmit CLOSE and stay at |
+ | timer | CLOSING |
+ | | |
+ | | If timeout sum is greater than UAL+MSL |
+ | | minutes, go to UNASSOCIATED |
+ +---------------------+---------------------------------------------+
+
+ Table 7: CLOSING - HIP association has not been used for UAL minutes
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Moskowitz, et al. Experimental [Page 26]
+
+RFC 5201 Host Identity Protocol April 2008
+
+
+ System behavior in state CLOSED, Table 8.
+
+ +---------------------+---------------------------------------------+
+ | Trigger | Action |
+ +---------------------+---------------------------------------------+
+ | Datagram to send, | Send I1, and stay at CLOSED |
+ | requires the | |
+ | creation of another | |
+ | incarnation of the | |
+ | HIP association | |
+ | | |
+ | Receive I1 | Send R1 and stay at CLOSED |
+ | | |
+ | Receive I2, process | If successful, send R2 and go to R2-SENT |
+ | | |
+ | | If fail, stay at CLOSED |
+ | | |
+ | Receive R1, process | If successful, send I2 and go to I2-SENT |
+ | | |
+ | | If fail, stay at CLOSED |
+ | | |
+ | Receive CLOSE, | If successful, send CLOSE_ACK, stay at |
+ | process | CLOSED |
+ | | |
+ | | If fail, stay at CLOSED |
+ | | |
+ | Receive CLOSE_ACK, | If successful, discard state and go to |
+ | process | UNASSOCIATED |
+ | | |
+ | | If fail, stay at CLOSED |
+ | | |
+ | Receive ANYOTHER | Drop and stay at CLOSED |
+ | | |
+ | Timeout (UAL+2MSL) | Discard state, and go to UNASSOCIATED |
+ +---------------------+---------------------------------------------+
+
+ Table 8: CLOSED - CLOSE_ACK sent, resending CLOSE_ACK if necessary
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Moskowitz, et al. Experimental [Page 27]
+
+RFC 5201 Host Identity Protocol April 2008
+
+
+ System behavior in state E-FAILED, Table 9.
+
+ +-------------------------+-----------------------------------------+
+ | Trigger | Action |
+ +-------------------------+-----------------------------------------+
+ | Wait for | Go to UNASSOCIATED. Re-negotiation is |
+ | implementation-specific | possible after moving to UNASSOCIATED |
+ | time | state. |
+ +-------------------------+-----------------------------------------+
+
+ Table 9: E-FAILED - HIP failed to establish association with peer
+
+4.4.3. Simplified HIP State Diagram
+
+ The following diagram shows the major state transitions. Transitions
+ based on received packets implicitly assume that the packets are
+ successfully authenticated or processed.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Moskowitz, et al. Experimental [Page 28]
+
+RFC 5201 Host Identity Protocol April 2008
+
+
+ +-+ +---------------------------+
+ I1 received, send R1 | | | |
+ | v v |
+ Datagram to send +--------------+ I2 received, send R2 |
+ +---------------| UNASSOCIATED |---------------+ |
+ Send I1 | +--------------+ | |
+ v | |
+ +---------+ I2 received, send R2 | |
+ +---->| I1-SENT |---------------------------------------+ | |
+ | +---------+ | | |
+ | | +------------------------+ | | |
+ | | R1 received, | I2 received, send R2 | | | |
+ | v send I2 | v v v |
+ | +---------+ | +---------+ |
+ | +->| I2-SENT |------------+ | R2-SENT |<----+ |
+ | | +---------+ +---------+ | |
+ | | | | | |
+ | | | data| | |
+ | |receive | or| | |
+ | |R1, send | EC timeout| receive I2,| |
+ | |I2 |R2 received +--------------+ | send R2| |
+ | | +----------->| ESTABLISHED |<-------+| | |
+ | | +--------------+ | |
+ | | | | | receive I2, send R2 | |
+ | | recv+------------+ | +------------------------+ |
+ | | CLOSE,| | | |
+ | | send| No packet sent| | |
+ | | CLOSE_ACK| /received for | timeout | |
+ | | | UAL min, send | +---------+<-+ (UAL+MSL) | |
+ | | | CLOSE +--->| CLOSING |--+ retransmit | |
+ | | | +---------+ CLOSE | |
+ +--|------------|----------------------+ | | | | | |
+ +------------|------------------------+ | | +----------------+ |
+ | | +-----------+ +------------------|--+
+ | +------------+ | receive CLOSE, CLOSE_ACK | |
+ | | | send CLOSE_ACK received or | |
+ | | | timeout | |
+ | | | (UAL+MSL) | |
+ | v v | |
+ | +--------+ receive I2, send R2 | |
+ +------------------------| CLOSED |---------------------------+ |
+ +--------+ /----------------------+
+ ^ | \-------/ timeout (UAL+2MSL),
+ +-+ move to UNASSOCIATED
+ CLOSE received, send CLOSE_ACK
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Moskowitz, et al. Experimental [Page 29]
+
+RFC 5201 Host Identity Protocol April 2008
+
+
+4.5. User Data Considerations
+
+4.5.1. TCP and UDP Pseudo-Header Computation for User Data
+
+ When computing TCP and UDP checksums on user data packets that flow
+ through sockets bound to HITs, the IPv6 pseudo-header format
+ [RFC2460] MUST be used, even if the actual addresses on the packet
+ are IPv4 addresses. Additionally, the HITs MUST be used in the place
+ of the IPv6 addresses in the IPv6 pseudo-header. Note that the
+ pseudo-header for actual HIP payloads is computed differently; see
+ Section 5.1.1.
+
+4.5.2. Sending Data on HIP Packets
+
+ A future version of this document may define how to include user data
+ on various HIP packets. However, currently the HIP header is a
+ terminal header, and not followed by any other headers.
+
+4.5.3. Transport Formats
+
+ The actual data transmission format, used for user data after the HIP
+ base exchange, is not defined in this document. Such transport
+ formats and methods are described in separate specifications. All
+ HIP implementations MUST implement, at minimum, the ESP transport
+ format for HIP [RFC5202].
+
+ When new transport formats are defined, they get the type value from
+ the HIP Transform type value space 2048-4095. The order in which the
+ transport formats are presented in the R1 packet, is the preferred
+ order. The last of the transport formats MUST be ESP transport
+ format, represented by the ESP_TRANSFORM parameter.
+
+4.5.4. Reboot and SA Timeout Restart of HIP
+
+ Simulating a loss of state is a potential DoS attack. The following
+ process has been crafted to manage state recovery without presenting
+ a DoS opportunity.
+
+ If a host reboots or the HIP association times out, it has lost its
+ HIP state. If the host that lost state has a datagram to send to the
+ peer, it simply restarts the HIP base exchange. After the base
+ exchange has completed, the Initiator can create a new SA and start
+ sending data. The peer does not reset its state until it receives a
+ valid I2 HIP packet.
+
+ If a system receives a user data packet that cannot be matched to any
+ existing HIP association, it is possible that it has lost the state
+ and its peer has not. It MAY send an ICMP packet with the Parameter
+
+
+
+Moskowitz, et al. Experimental [Page 30]
+
+RFC 5201 Host Identity Protocol April 2008
+
+
+ Problem type, and with the pointer pointing to the referred HIP-
+ related association information. Reacting to such traffic depends on
+ the implementation and the environment where the implementation is
+ used.
+
+ If the host, that apparently has lost its state, decides to restart
+ the HIP base exchange, it sends an I1 packet to the peer. After the
+ base exchange has been completed successfully, the Initiator can
+ create a new HIP association and the peer drops its old SA and
+ creates a new one.
+
+4.6. Certificate Distribution
+
+ This document does not define how to use certificates or how to
+ transfer them between hosts. These functions are expected to be
+ defined in a future specification. A parameter type value, meant to
+ be used for carrying certificates, is reserved, though: CERT, Type
+ 768; see Section 5.2.
+
+5. Packet Formats
+
+5.1. Payload Format
+
+ All HIP packets start with a fixed header.
+
+ 0 1 2 3
+ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ | Next Header | Header Length |0| Packet Type | VER. | RES.|1|
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ | Checksum | Controls |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ | Sender's Host Identity Tag (HIT) |
+ | |
+ | |
+ | |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ | Receiver's Host Identity Tag (HIT) |
+ | |
+ | |
+ | |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ | |
+ / HIP Parameters /
+ / /
+ | |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+
+
+
+
+Moskowitz, et al. Experimental [Page 31]
+
+RFC 5201 Host Identity Protocol April 2008
+
+
+ The HIP header is logically an IPv6 extension header. However, this
+ document does not describe processing for Next Header values other
+ than decimal 59, IPPROTO_NONE, the IPv6 'no next header' value.
+ Future documents MAY do so. However, current implementations MUST
+ ignore trailing data if an unimplemented Next Header value is
+ received.
+
+ The Header Length field contains the length of the HIP Header and HIP
+ parameters in 8-byte units, excluding the first 8 bytes. Since all
+ HIP headers MUST contain the sender's and receiver's HIT fields, the
+ minimum value for this field is 4, and conversely, the maximum length
+ of the HIP Parameters field is (255*8)-32 = 2008 bytes. Note: this
+ sets an additional limit for sizes of parameters included in the
+ Parameters field, independent of the individual parameter maximum
+ lengths.
+
+ The Packet Type indicates the HIP packet type. The individual packet
+ types are defined in the relevant sections. If a HIP host receives a
+ HIP packet that contains an unknown packet type, it MUST drop the
+ packet.
+
+ The HIP Version is four bits. The current version is 1. The version
+ number is expected to be incremented only if there are incompatible
+ changes to the protocol. Most extensions can be handled by defining
+ new packet types, new parameter types, or new controls.
+
+ The following three bits are reserved for future use. They MUST be
+ zero when sent, and they SHOULD be ignored when handling a received
+ packet.
+
+ The two fixed bits in the header are reserved for potential SHIM6
+ compatibility [SHIM6-PROTO]. For implementations adhering (only) to
+ this specification, they MUST be set as shown when sending and MUST
+ be ignored when receiving. This is to ensure optimal forward
+ compatibility. Note that for implementations that implement other
+ compatible specifications in addition to this specification, the
+ corresponding rules may well be different. For example, in the case
+ that the forthcoming SHIM6 protocol happens to be compatible with
+ this specification, an implementation that implements both this
+ specification and the SHIM6 protocol may need to check these bits in
+ order to determine how to handle the packet.
+
+ The HIT fields are always 128 bits (16 bytes) long.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Moskowitz, et al. Experimental [Page 32]
+
+RFC 5201 Host Identity Protocol April 2008
+
+
+5.1.1. Checksum
+
+ Since the checksum covers the source and destination addresses in the
+ IP header, it must be recomputed on HIP-aware NAT devices.
+
+ If IPv6 is used to carry the HIP packet, the pseudo-header [RFC2460]
+ contains the source and destination IPv6 addresses, HIP packet length
+ in the pseudo-header length field, a zero field, and the HIP protocol
+ number (see Section 4) in the Next Header field. The length field is
+ in bytes and can be calculated from the HIP header length field: (HIP
+ Header Length + 1) * 8.
+
+ In case of using IPv4, the IPv4 UDP pseudo-header format [RFC0768] is
+ used. In the pseudo-header, the source and destination addresses are
+ those used in the IP header, the zero field is obviously zero, the
+ protocol is the HIP protocol number (see Section 4), and the length
+ is calculated as in the IPv6 case.
+
+5.1.2. HIP Controls
+
+ The HIP Controls section conveys information about the structure of
+ the packet and capabilities of the host.
+
+ The following fields have been defined:
+
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A|
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+
+ A - Anonymous: If this is set, the sender's HI in this packet is
+ anonymous, i.e., one not listed in a directory. Anonymous HIs
+ SHOULD NOT be stored. This control is set in packets R1 and/or
+ I2. The peer receiving an anonymous HI may choose to refuse it.
+
+ The rest of the fields are reserved for future use and MUST be set to
+ zero on sent packets and ignored on received packets.
+
+5.1.3. HIP Fragmentation Support
+
+ A HIP implementation must support IP fragmentation/reassembly.
+ Fragment reassembly MUST be implemented in both IPv4 and IPv6, but
+ fragment generation is REQUIRED to be implemented in IPv4 (IPv4
+ stacks and networks will usually do this by default) and RECOMMENDED
+ to be implemented in IPv6. In IPv6 networks, the minimum MTU is
+ larger, 1280 bytes, than in IPv4 networks. The larger MTU size is
+ usually sufficient for most HIP packets, and therefore fragment
+
+
+
+
+
+Moskowitz, et al. Experimental [Page 33]
+
+RFC 5201 Host Identity Protocol April 2008
+
+
+ generation may not be needed. If a host expects to send HIP packets
+ that are larger than the minimum IPv6 MTU, it MUST implement fragment
+ generation even for IPv6.
+
+ In IPv4 networks, HIP packets may encounter low MTUs along their
+ routed path. Since HIP does not provide a mechanism to use multiple
+ IP datagrams for a single HIP packet, support for path MTU discovery
+ does not bring any value to HIP in IPv4 networks. HIP-aware NAT
+ devices MUST perform any IPv4 reassembly/fragmentation.
+
+ All HIP implementations have to be careful while employing a
+ reassembly algorithm so that the algorithm is sufficiently resistant
+ to DoS attacks.
+
+ Because certificate chains can cause the packet to be fragmented and
+ fragmentation can open implementation to denial-of-service attacks
+ [KAU03], it is strongly recommended that the separate document
+ specifying the certificate usage in the HIP Base Exchange defines the
+ usage of "Hash and URL" formats rather than including certificates in
+ exchanges. With this, most problems related to DoS attacks with
+ fragmentation can be avoided.
+
+5.2. HIP Parameters
+
+ The HIP Parameters are used to carry the public key associated with
+ the sender's HIT, together with related security and other
+ information. They consist of ordered parameters, encoded in TLV
+ format.
+
+ The following parameter types are currently defined.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Moskowitz, et al. Experimental [Page 34]
+
+RFC 5201 Host Identity Protocol April 2008
+
+
+ +------------------------+-------+----------+-----------------------+
+ | TLV | Type | Length | Data |
+ +------------------------+-------+----------+-----------------------+
+ | R1_COUNTER | 128 | 12 | System Boot Counter |
+ | | | | |
+ | PUZZLE | 257 | 12 | K and Random #I |
+ | | | | |
+ | SOLUTION | 321 | 20 | K, Random #I and |
+ | | | | puzzle solution J |
+ | | | | |
+ | SEQ | 385 | 4 | Update packet ID |
+ | | | | number |
+ | | | | |
+ | ACK | 449 | variable | Update packet ID |
+ | | | | number |
+ | | | | |
+ | DIFFIE_HELLMAN | 513 | variable | public key |
+ | | | | |
+ | HIP_TRANSFORM | 577 | variable | HIP Encryption and |
+ | | | | Integrity Transform |
+ | | | | |
+ | ENCRYPTED | 641 | variable | Encrypted part of I2 |
+ | | | | packet |
+ | | | | |
+ | HOST_ID | 705 | variable | Host Identity with |
+ | | | | Fully-Qualified |
+ | | | | Domain FQDN (Name) or |
+ | | | | Network Access |
+ | | | | Identifier (NAI) |
+ | | | | |
+ | CERT | 768 | variable | HI Certificate; used |
+ | | | | to transfer |
+ | | | | certificates. Usage |
+ | | | | is not currently |
+ | | | | defined, but it will |
+ | | | | be specified in a |
+ | | | | separate document |
+ | | | | once needed. |
+ | | | | |
+ | NOTIFICATION | 832 | variable | Informational data |
+ | | | | |
+ | ECHO_REQUEST_SIGNED | 897 | variable | Opaque data to be |
+ | | | | echoed back; under |
+ | | | | signature |
+ | | | | |
+ | ECHO_RESPONSE_SIGNED | 961 | variable | Opaque data echoed |
+ | | | | back; under signature |
+ | | | | |
+
+
+
+Moskowitz, et al. Experimental [Page 35]
+
+RFC 5201 Host Identity Protocol April 2008
+
+
+ | HMAC | 61505 | variable | HMAC-based message |
+ | | | | authentication code, |
+ | | | | with key material |
+ | | | | from HIP_TRANSFORM |
+ | | | | |
+ | HMAC_2 | 61569 | variable | HMAC based message |
+ | | | | authentication code, |
+ | | | | with key material |
+ | | | | from HIP_TRANSFORM. |
+ | | | | Compared to HMAC, the |
+ | | | | HOST_ID parameter is |
+ | | | | included in HMAC_2 |
+ | | | | calculation. |
+ | | | | |
+ | HIP_SIGNATURE_2 | 61633 | variable | Signature of the R1 |
+ | | | | packet |
+ | | | | |
+ | HIP_SIGNATURE | 61697 | variable | Signature of the |
+ | | | | packet |
+ | | | | |
+ | ECHO_REQUEST_UNSIGNED | 63661 | variable | Opaque data to be |
+ | | | | echoed back; after |
+ | | | | signature |
+ | | | | |
+ | ECHO_RESPONSE_UNSIGNED | 63425 | variable | Opaque data echoed |
+ | | | | back; after signature |
+ +------------------------+-------+----------+-----------------------+
+
+ Because the ordering (from lowest to highest) of HIP parameters is
+ strictly enforced (see Section 5.2.1), the parameter type values for
+ existing parameters have been spaced to allow for future protocol
+ extensions. Parameters numbered between 0-1023 are used in HIP
+ handshake and update procedures and are covered by signatures.
+ Parameters numbered between 1024-2047 are reserved. Parameters
+ numbered between 2048-4095 are used for parameters related to HIP
+ transform types. Parameters numbered between 4096 and (2^16 - 2^12)
+ 61439 are reserved. Parameters numbered between 61440-62463 are used
+ for signatures and signed MACs. Parameters numbered between 62464-
+ 63487 are used for parameters that fall outside of the signed area of
+ the packet. Parameters numbered between 63488-64511 are used for
+ rendezvous and other relaying services. Parameters numbered between
+ 64512-65535 are reserved.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Moskowitz, et al. Experimental [Page 36]
+
+RFC 5201 Host Identity Protocol April 2008
+
+
+5.2.1. TLV Format
+
+ The TLV-encoded parameters are described in the following
+ subsections. The type-field value also describes the order of these
+ fields in the packet, except for type values from 2048 to 4095 which
+ are reserved for new transport forms. The parameters MUST be
+ included in the packet such that their types form an increasing
+ order. If the parameter can exist multiple times in the packet, the
+ type value may be the same in consecutive parameters. If the order
+ does not follow this rule, the packet is considered to be malformed
+ and it MUST be discarded.
+
+ Parameters using type values from 2048 up to 4095 are transport
+ formats. Currently, one transport format is defined: the ESP
+ transport format [RFC5202]. The order of these parameters does not
+ follow the order of their type value, but they are put in the packet
+ in order of preference. The first of the transport formats it the
+ most preferred, and so on.
+
+ All of the TLV parameters have a length (including Type and Length
+ fields), which is a multiple of 8 bytes. When needed, padding MUST
+ be added to the end of the parameter so that the total length becomes
+ a multiple of 8 bytes. This rule ensures proper alignment of data.
+ Any added padding bytes MUST be zeroed by the sender, and their
+ values SHOULD NOT be checked by the receiver.
+
+ Consequently, the Length field indicates the length of the Contents
+ field (in bytes). The total length of the TLV parameter (including
+ Type, Length, Contents, and Padding) is related to the Length field
+ according to the following formula:
+
+ Total Length = 11 + Length - (Length + 3) % 8;
+
+ where % is the modulo operator
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Moskowitz, et al. Experimental [Page 37]
+
+RFC 5201 Host Identity Protocol April 2008
+
+
+ 0 1 2 3
+ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ | Type |C| Length |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ | |
+ / Contents /
+ / +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ | | Padding |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+
+ Type Type code for the parameter. 16 bits long, C-bit
+ being part of the Type code.
+ C Critical. One if this parameter is critical, and
+ MUST be recognized by the recipient, zero otherwise.
+ The C bit is considered to be a part of the Type
+ field. Consequently, critical parameters are always
+ odd and non-critical ones have an even value.
+ Length Length of the Contents, in bytes.
+ Contents Parameter specific, defined by Type
+ Padding Padding, 0-7 bytes, added if needed
+
+ Critical parameters MUST be recognized by the recipient. If a
+ recipient encounters a critical parameter that it does not recognize,
+ it MUST NOT process the packet any further. It MAY send an ICMP or
+ NOTIFY, as defined in Section 4.3.
+
+ Non-critical parameters MAY be safely ignored. If a recipient
+ encounters a non-critical parameter that it does not recognize, it
+ SHOULD proceed as if the parameter was not present in the received
+ packet.
+
+5.2.2. Defining New Parameters
+
+ Future specifications may define new parameters as needed. When
+ defining new parameters, care must be taken to ensure that the
+ parameter type values are appropriate and leave suitable space for
+ other future extensions. One must remember that the parameters MUST
+ always be arranged in increasing order by Type code, thereby limiting
+ the order of parameters (see Section 5.2.1).
+
+ The following rules must be followed when defining new parameters.
+
+ 1. The low-order bit C of the Type code is used to distinguish
+ between critical and non-critical parameters.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Moskowitz, et al. Experimental [Page 38]
+
+RFC 5201 Host Identity Protocol April 2008
+
+
+ 2. A new parameter may be critical only if an old recipient ignoring
+ it would cause security problems. In general, new parameters
+ SHOULD be defined as non-critical, and expect a reply from the
+ recipient.
+
+ 3. If a system implements a new critical parameter, it MUST provide
+ the ability to set the associated feature off, such that the
+ critical parameter is not sent at all. The configuration option
+ must be well documented. Implementations operating in a mode
+ adhering to this specification MUST disable the sending of new
+ critical parameters. In other words, the management interface
+ MUST allow vanilla standards-only mode as a default configuration
+ setting, and MAY allow new critical payloads to be configured on
+ (and off).
+
+ 4. See Section 9 for allocation rules regarding Type codes.
+
+5.2.3. R1_COUNTER
+
+ 0 1 2 3
+ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ | Type | Length |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ | Reserved, 4 bytes |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ | R1 generation counter, 8 bytes |
+ | |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+
+ Type 128
+ Length 12
+ R1 generation
+ counter The current generation of valid puzzles
+
+
+ The R1_COUNTER parameter contains a 64-bit unsigned integer in
+ network-byte order, indicating the current generation of valid
+ puzzles. The sender is supposed to increment this counter
+ periodically. It is RECOMMENDED that the counter value is
+ incremented at least as often as old PUZZLE values are deprecated so
+ that SOLUTIONs to them are no longer accepted.
+
+ The R1_COUNTER parameter is optional. It SHOULD be included in the
+ R1 (in which case, it is covered by the signature), and if present in
+ the R1, it MAY be echoed (including the Reserved field verbatim) by
+ the Initiator in the I2.
+
+
+
+
+Moskowitz, et al. Experimental [Page 39]
+
+RFC 5201 Host Identity Protocol April 2008
+
+
+5.2.4. PUZZLE
+
+ 0 1 2 3
+ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ | Type | Length |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ | K, 1 byte | Lifetime | Opaque, 2 bytes |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ | Random #I, 8 bytes |
+ | |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+
+ Type 257
+ Length 12
+ K K is the number of verified bits
+ Lifetime puzzle lifetime 2^(value-32) seconds
+ Opaque data set by the Responder, indexing the puzzle
+ Random #I random number
+
+
+ Random #I is represented as a 64-bit integer, K and Lifetime as 8-bit
+ integers, all in network byte order.
+
+ The PUZZLE parameter contains the puzzle difficulty K and a 64-bit
+ puzzle random integer #I. The Puzzle Lifetime indicates the time
+ during which the puzzle solution is valid, and sets a time limit that
+ should not be exceeded by the Initiator while it attempts to solve
+ the puzzle. The lifetime is indicated as a power of 2 using the
+ formula 2^(Lifetime-32) seconds. A puzzle MAY be augmented with an
+ ECHO_REQUEST_SIGNED or an ECHO_REQUEST_UNSIGNED parameter included in
+ the R1; the contents of the echo request are then echoed back in the
+ ECHO_RESPONSE_SIGNED or in the ECHO_RESPONSE_UNSIGNED, allowing the
+ Responder to use the included information as a part of its puzzle
+ processing.
+
+ The Opaque and Random #I field are not covered by the HIP_SIGNATURE_2
+ parameter.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Moskowitz, et al. Experimental [Page 40]
+
+RFC 5201 Host Identity Protocol April 2008
+
+
+5.2.5. SOLUTION
+
+ 0 1 2 3
+ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ | Type | Length |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ | K, 1 byte | Reserved | Opaque, 2 bytes |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ | Random #I, 8 bytes |
+ | |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ | Puzzle solution #J, 8 bytes |
+ | |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+
+ Type 321
+ Length 20
+ K K is the number of verified bits
+ Reserved zero when sent, ignored when received
+ Opaque copied unmodified from the received PUZZLE
+ parameter
+ Random #I random number
+ Puzzle solution #J random number
+
+ Random #I and Random #J are represented as 64-bit integers, K as an
+ 8-bit integer, all in network byte order.
+
+ The SOLUTION parameter contains a solution to a puzzle. It also
+ echoes back the random difficulty K, the Opaque field, and the puzzle
+ integer #I.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Moskowitz, et al. Experimental [Page 41]
+
+RFC 5201 Host Identity Protocol April 2008
+
+
+5.2.6. DIFFIE_HELLMAN
+
+ 0 1 2 3
+ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ | Type | Length |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ | Group ID | Public Value Length | Public Value /
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ / |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ | Group ID | Public Value Length | Public Value /
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ / | padding |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+
+ Type 513
+ Length length in octets, excluding Type, Length, and
+ padding
+ Group ID defines values for p and g
+ Public Value length of the following Public Value in octets
+ Length
+ Public Value the sender's public Diffie-Hellman key
+
+ The following Group IDs have been defined:
+
+ Group Value
+ Reserved 0
+ 384-bit group 1
+ OAKLEY well-known group 1 2
+ 1536-bit MODP group 3
+ 3072-bit MODP group 4
+ 6144-bit MODP group 5
+ 8192-bit MODP group 6
+
+ The MODP Diffie-Hellman groups are defined in [RFC3526]. The OAKLEY
+ well-known group 1 is defined in Appendix E.
+
+ The sender can include at most two different Diffie-Hellman public
+ values in the DIFFIE_HELLMAN parameter. This gives the possibility,
+ e.g., for a server to provide a weaker encryption possibility for a
+ PDA host that is not powerful enough. It is RECOMMENDED that the
+ Initiator, receiving more than one public value, selects the stronger
+ one, if it supports it.
+
+ A HIP implementation MUST implement Group IDs 1 and 3. The 384-bit
+ group can be used when lower security is enough (e.g., web surfing)
+ and when the equipment is not powerful enough (e.g., some PDAs). It
+
+
+
+Moskowitz, et al. Experimental [Page 42]
+
+RFC 5201 Host Identity Protocol April 2008
+
+
+ is REQUIRED that the default configuration allows Group ID 1 usage,
+ but it is RECOMMENDED that applications that need stronger security
+ turn Group ID 1 support off. Equipment powerful enough SHOULD
+ implement also Group ID 5. The 384-bit group is defined in
+ Appendix D.
+
+ To avoid unnecessary failures during the base exchange, the rest of
+ the groups SHOULD be implemented in hosts where resources are
+ adequate.
+
+5.2.7. HIP_TRANSFORM
+
+ 0 1 2 3
+ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ | Type | Length |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ | Suite ID #1 | Suite ID #2 |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ | Suite ID #n | Padding |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+
+ Type 577
+ Length length in octets, excluding Type, Length, and
+ padding
+ Suite ID defines the HIP Suite to be used
+
+ The following Suite IDs are defined ([RFC4307],[RFC2451]):
+
+ Suite ID Value
+
+ RESERVED 0
+ AES-CBC with HMAC-SHA1 1
+ 3DES-CBC with HMAC-SHA1 2
+ 3DES-CBC with HMAC-MD5 3
+ BLOWFISH-CBC with HMAC-SHA1 4
+ NULL-ENCRYPT with HMAC-SHA1 5
+ NULL-ENCRYPT with HMAC-MD5 6
+
+ The sender of a HIP_TRANSFORM parameter MUST make sure that there are
+ no more than six (6) HIP Suite IDs in one HIP_TRANSFORM parameter.
+ Conversely, a recipient MUST be prepared to handle received transport
+ parameters that contain more than six Suite IDs by accepting the
+ first six Suite IDs and dropping the rest. The limited number of
+ transforms sets the maximum size of HIP_TRANSFORM parameter. As the
+ default configuration, the HIP_TRANSFORM parameter MUST contain at
+ least one of the mandatory Suite IDs. There MAY be a configuration
+ option that allows the administrator to override this default.
+
+
+
+Moskowitz, et al. Experimental [Page 43]
+
+RFC 5201 Host Identity Protocol April 2008
+
+
+ The Responder lists supported and desired Suite IDs in order of
+ preference in the R1, up to the maximum of six Suite IDs. The
+ Initiator MUST choose only one of the corresponding Suite IDs. That
+ Suite ID will be used for generating the I2.
+
+ Mandatory implementations: AES-CBC with HMAC-SHA1 and NULL-ENCRYPTION
+ with HMAC-SHA1.
+
+5.2.8. HOST_ID
+
+ 0 1 2 3
+ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ | Type | Length |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ | HI Length |DI-type| DI Length |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ | Host Identity /
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ / | Domain Identifier /
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ / | Padding |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+
+ Type 705
+ Length length in octets, excluding Type, Length, and
+ Padding
+ HI Length length of the Host Identity in octets
+ DI-type type of the following Domain Identifier field
+ DI Length length of the FQDN or NAI in octets
+ Host Identity actual Host Identity
+ Domain Identifier the identifier of the sender
+
+ The Host Identity is represented in RFC 4034 [RFC4034] format. The
+ algorithms used in RDATA format are the following:
+
+ Algorithms Values
+
+ RESERVED 0
+ DSA 3 [RFC2536] (RECOMMENDED)
+ RSA/SHA1 5 [RFC3110] (REQUIRED)
+
+ The following DI-types have been defined:
+
+ Type Value
+ none included 0
+ FQDN 1
+ NAI 2
+
+
+
+Moskowitz, et al. Experimental [Page 44]
+
+RFC 5201 Host Identity Protocol April 2008
+
+
+ FQDN Fully Qualified Domain Name, in binary format.
+ NAI Network Access Identifier
+
+ The format for the FQDN is defined in RFC 1035 [RFC1035] Section 3.1.
+ The format for NAI is defined in [RFC4282]
+
+ If there is no Domain Identifier, i.e., the DI-type field is zero,
+ the DI Length field is set to zero as well.
+
+5.2.9. HMAC
+
+ 0 1 2 3
+ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ | Type | Length |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ | |
+ | HMAC |
+ / /
+ / +-------------------------------+
+ | | Padding |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+
+ Type 61505
+ Length length in octets, excluding Type, Length, and
+ Padding
+ HMAC HMAC computed over the HIP packet, excluding the
+ HMAC parameter and any following parameters, such
+ as HIP_SIGNATURE, HIP_SIGNATURE_2,
+ ECHO_REQUEST_UNSIGNED, or ECHO_RESPONSE_UNSIGNED.
+ The checksum field MUST be set to zero and the HIP
+ header length in the HIP common header MUST be
+ calculated not to cover any excluded parameters
+ when the HMAC is calculated. The size of the
+ HMAC is the natural size of the hash computation
+ output depending on the used hash function.
+
+ The HMAC calculation and verification process is presented in
+ Section 6.4.1.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Moskowitz, et al. Experimental [Page 45]
+
+RFC 5201 Host Identity Protocol April 2008
+
+
+5.2.10. HMAC_2
+
+ The parameter structure is the same as in Section 5.2.9. The fields
+ are:
+
+ Type 61569
+ Length length in octets, excluding Type, Length, and
+ Padding
+ HMAC HMAC computed over the HIP packet, excluding the
+ HMAC parameter and any following parameters such
+ as HIP_SIGNATURE, HIP_SIGNATURE_2,
+ ECHO_REQUEST_UNSIGNED, or ECHO_RESPONSE_UNSIGNED,
+ and including an additional sender's HOST_ID
+ parameter during the HMAC calculation. The
+ checksum field MUST be set to zero and the HIP
+ header length in the HIP common header MUST be
+ calculated not to cover any excluded parameters
+ when the HMAC is calculated. The size of the
+ HMAC is the natural size of the hash computation
+ output depending on the used hash function.
+
+ The HMAC calculation and verification process is presented in
+ Section 6.4.1.
+
+5.2.11. HIP_SIGNATURE
+
+ 0 1 2 3
+ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ | Type | Length |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ | SIG alg | Signature /
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ / | Padding |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+
+ Type 61697
+ Length length in octets, excluding Type, Length, and
+ Padding
+ SIG alg signature algorithm
+ Signature the signature is calculated over the HIP packet,
+ excluding the HIP_SIGNATURE parameter and any
+ parameters that follow the HIP_SIGNATURE parameter.
+ The checksum field MUST be set to zero, and the HIP
+ header length in the HIP common header MUST be
+ calculated only to the beginning of the
+ HIP_SIGNATURE parameter when the signature is
+ calculated.
+
+
+
+Moskowitz, et al. Experimental [Page 46]
+
+RFC 5201 Host Identity Protocol April 2008
+
+
+ The signature algorithms are defined in Section 5.2.8. The signature
+ in the Signature field is encoded using the proper method depending
+ on the signature algorithm (e.g., according to [RFC3110] in case of
+ RSA/SHA1, or according to [RFC2536] in case of DSA).
+
+ The HIP_SIGNATURE calculation and verification process is presented
+ in Section 6.4.2.
+
+5.2.12. HIP_SIGNATURE_2
+
+ The parameter structure is the same as in Section 5.2.11. The fields
+ are:
+
+ Type 61633
+ Length length in octets, excluding Type, Length, and
+ Padding
+ SIG alg signature algorithm
+ Signature Within the R1 packet that contains the HIP_SIGNATURE_2
+ parameter, the Initiator's HIT, the checksum
+ field, and the Opaque and Random #I fields in the
+ PUZZLE parameter MUST be set to zero while
+ computing the HIP_SIGNATURE_2 signature. Further,
+ the HIP packet length in the HIP header MUST be
+ adjusted as if the HIP_SIGNATURE_2 was not in the
+ packet during the signature calculation, i.e., the
+ HIP packet length points to the beginning of
+ the HIP_SIGNATURE_2 parameter during signing and
+ verification.
+
+ Zeroing the Initiator's HIT makes it possible to create R1 packets
+ beforehand, to minimize the effects of possible DoS attacks. Zeroing
+ the Random #I and Opaque fields within the PUZZLE parameter allows
+ these fields to be populated dynamically on precomputed R1s.
+
+ Signature calculation and verification follows the process in
+ Section 6.4.2.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Moskowitz, et al. Experimental [Page 47]
+
+RFC 5201 Host Identity Protocol April 2008
+
+
+5.2.13. SEQ
+
+ 0 1 2 3
+ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ | Type | Length |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ | Update ID |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+
+ Type 385
+ Length 4
+ Update ID 32-bit sequence number
+
+ The Update ID is an unsigned quantity, initialized by a host to zero
+ upon moving to ESTABLISHED state. The Update ID has scope within a
+ single HIP association, and not across multiple associations or
+ multiple hosts. The Update ID is incremented by one before each new
+ UPDATE that is sent by the host; the first UPDATE packet originated
+ by a host has an Update ID of 0.
+
+5.2.14. ACK
+
+ 0 1 2 3
+ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ | Type | Length |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ | peer Update ID |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+
+ Type 449
+ Length variable (multiple of 4)
+ peer Update ID 32-bit sequence number corresponding to the
+ Update ID being ACKed.
+
+
+ The ACK parameter includes one or more Update IDs that have been
+ received from the peer. The Length field identifies the number of
+ peer Update IDs that are present in the parameter.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Moskowitz, et al. Experimental [Page 48]
+
+RFC 5201 Host Identity Protocol April 2008
+
+
+5.2.15. ENCRYPTED
+
+ 0 1 2 3
+ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ | Type | Length |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ | Reserved |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ | IV /
+ / /
+ / +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ /
+ / Encrypted data /
+ / /
+ / +-------------------------------+
+ / | Padding |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+
+ Type 641
+ Length length in octets, excluding Type, Length, and
+ Padding
+ Reserved zero when sent, ignored when received
+ IV Initialization vector, if needed, otherwise
+ nonexistent. The length of the IV is inferred from
+ the HIP transform.
+ Encrypted The data is encrypted using an encryption algorithm
+ data as defined in HIP transform.
+
+ The ENCRYPTED parameter encapsulates another parameter, the encrypted
+ data, which holds one or more HIP parameters in block encrypted form.
+
+ Consequently, the first fields in the encapsulated parameter(s) are
+ Type and Length of the first such parameter, allowing the contents to
+ be easily parsed after decryption.
+
+ The field labelled "Encrypted data" consists of the output of one or
+ more HIP parameters concatenated together that have been passed
+ through an encryption algorithm. Each of these inner parameters is
+ padded according to the rules of Section 5.2.1 for padding individual
+ parameters. As a result, the concatenated parameters will be a block
+ of data that is 8-byte aligned.
+
+ Some encryption algorithms require that the data to be encrypted must
+ be a multiple of the cipher algorithm block size. In this case, the
+ above block of data MUST include additional padding, as specified by
+ the encryption algorithm. The size of the extra padding is selected
+ so that the length of the unencrypted data block is a multiple of the
+
+
+
+Moskowitz, et al. Experimental [Page 49]
+
+RFC 5201 Host Identity Protocol April 2008
+
+
+ cipher block size. The encryption algorithm may specify padding
+ bytes other than zero; for example, AES [FIPS01] uses the PKCS5
+ padding scheme (see section 6.1.1 of [RFC2898]) where the remaining n
+ bytes to fill the block each have the value n. This yields an
+ "unencrypted data" block that is transformed to an "encrypted data"
+ block by the cipher suite. This extra padding added to the set of
+ parameters to satisfy the cipher block alignment rules is not counted
+ in HIP TLV length fields, and this extra padding should be removed by
+ the cipher suite upon decryption.
+
+ Note that the length of the cipher suite output may be smaller or
+ larger than the length of the set of parameters to be encrypted,
+ since the encryption process may compress the data or add additional
+ padding to the data.
+
+ Once this encryption process is completed, the Encrypted data field
+ is ready for inclusion in the Parameter. If necessary, additional
+ Padding for 8-byte alignment is then added according to the rules of
+ Section 5.2.1.
+
+5.2.16. NOTIFICATION
+
+ The NOTIFICATION parameter is used to transmit informational data,
+ such as error conditions and state transitions, to a HIP peer. A
+ NOTIFICATION parameter may appear in the NOTIFY packet type. The use
+ of the NOTIFICATION parameter in other packet types is for further
+ study.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Moskowitz, et al. Experimental [Page 50]
+
+RFC 5201 Host Identity Protocol April 2008
+
+
+ 0 1 2 3
+ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ | Type | Length |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ | Reserved | Notify Message Type |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ | /
+ / Notification Data /
+ / +---------------+
+ / | Padding |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+
+ Type 832
+ Length length in octets, excluding Type, Length, and
+ Padding
+ Reserved zero when sent, ignored when received
+ Notify Message specifies the type of notification
+ Type
+ Notification informational or error data transmitted in addition
+ Data to the Notify Message Type. Values for this field
+ are type specific (see below).
+ Padding any Padding, if necessary, to make the parameter a
+ multiple of 8 bytes.
+
+ Notification information can be error messages specifying why an SA
+ could not be established. It can also be status data that a process
+ managing an SA database wishes to communicate with a peer process.
+ The table below lists the Notification messages and their
+ corresponding values.
+
+ To avoid certain types of attacks, a Responder SHOULD avoid sending a
+ NOTIFICATION to any host with which it has not successfully verified
+ a puzzle solution.
+
+ Types in the range 0-16383 are intended for reporting errors and in
+ the range 16384-65535 for other status information. An
+ implementation that receives a NOTIFY packet with a NOTIFICATION
+ error parameter in response to a request packet (e.g., I1, I2,
+ UPDATE) SHOULD assume that the corresponding request has failed
+ entirely. Unrecognized error types MUST be ignored except that they
+ SHOULD be logged.
+
+ Notify payloads with status types MUST be ignored if not recognized.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Moskowitz, et al. Experimental [Page 51]
+
+RFC 5201 Host Identity Protocol April 2008
+
+
+ NOTIFICATION PARAMETER - ERROR TYPES Value
+ ------------------------------------ -----
+
+ UNSUPPORTED_CRITICAL_PARAMETER_TYPE 1
+
+ Sent if the parameter type has the "critical" bit set and the
+ parameter type is not recognized. Notification Data contains
+ the two-octet parameter type.
+
+ INVALID_SYNTAX 7
+
+ Indicates that the HIP message received was invalid because
+ some type, length, or value was out of range or because the
+ request was rejected for policy reasons. To avoid a denial-
+ of-service attack using forged messages, this status may only be
+ returned for packets whose HMAC (if present) and SIGNATURE have
+ been verified. This status MUST be sent in response to any
+ error not covered by one of the other status types, and should
+ not contain details to avoid leaking information to someone
+ probing a node. To aid debugging, more detailed error
+ information SHOULD be written to a console or log.
+
+ NO_DH_PROPOSAL_CHOSEN 14
+
+ None of the proposed group IDs was acceptable.
+
+ INVALID_DH_CHOSEN 15
+
+ The D-H Group ID field does not correspond to one offered
+ by the Responder.
+
+ NO_HIP_PROPOSAL_CHOSEN 16
+
+ None of the proposed HIP Transform crypto suites was
+ acceptable.
+
+ INVALID_HIP_TRANSFORM_CHOSEN 17
+
+ The HIP Transform crypto suite does not correspond to
+ one offered by the Responder.
+
+ AUTHENTICATION_FAILED 24
+
+ Sent in response to a HIP signature failure, except when
+ the signature verification fails in a NOTIFY message.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Moskowitz, et al. Experimental [Page 52]
+
+RFC 5201 Host Identity Protocol April 2008
+
+
+ CHECKSUM_FAILED 26
+
+ Sent in response to a HIP checksum failure.
+
+ HMAC_FAILED 28
+
+ Sent in response to a HIP HMAC failure.
+
+ ENCRYPTION_FAILED 32
+
+ The Responder could not successfully decrypt the
+ ENCRYPTED parameter.
+
+ INVALID_HIT 40
+
+ Sent in response to a failure to validate the peer's
+ HIT from the corresponding HI.
+
+ BLOCKED_BY_POLICY 42
+
+ The Responder is unwilling to set up an association
+ for some policy reason (e.g., received HIT is NULL
+ and policy does not allow opportunistic mode).
+
+ SERVER_BUSY_PLEASE_RETRY 44
+
+ The Responder is unwilling to set up an association as it is
+ suffering under some kind of overload and has chosen to shed load
+ by rejecting the Initiator's request. The Initiator may retry;
+ however, the Initiator MUST find another (different) puzzle
+ solution for any such retries. Note that the Initiator may need
+ to obtain a new puzzle with a new I1/R1 exchange.
+
+ NOTIFY MESSAGES - STATUS TYPES Value
+ ------------------------------ -----
+
+ I2_ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 16384
+
+ The Responder has an I2 from the Initiator but had to queue the I2
+ for processing. The puzzle was correctly solved and the Responder
+ is willing to set up an association but currently has a number of
+ I2s in the processing queue. R2 will be sent after the I2 has
+ been processed.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Moskowitz, et al. Experimental [Page 53]
+
+RFC 5201 Host Identity Protocol April 2008
+
+
+5.2.17. ECHO_REQUEST_SIGNED
+
+ 0 1 2 3
+ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ | Type | Length |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ | Opaque data (variable length) |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+
+ Type 897
+ Length variable
+ Opaque data opaque data, supposed to be meaningful only to the
+ node that sends ECHO_REQUEST_SIGNED and receives a
+ corresponding ECHO_RESPONSE_SIGNED or
+ ECHO_RESPONSE_UNSIGNED.
+
+ The ECHO_REQUEST_SIGNED parameter contains an opaque blob of data
+ that the sender wants to get echoed back in the corresponding reply
+ packet.
+
+ The ECHO_REQUEST_SIGNED and corresponding echo response parameters
+ MAY be used for any purpose where a node wants to carry some state in
+ a request packet and get it back in a response packet. The
+ ECHO_REQUEST_SIGNED is covered by the HMAC and SIGNATURE. A HIP
+ packet can contain only one ECHO_REQUEST_SIGNED or
+ ECHO_REQUEST_UNSIGNED parameter. The ECHO_REQUEST_SIGNED parameter
+ MUST be responded to with a corresponding echo response.
+ ECHO_RESPONSE_SIGNED SHOULD be used, but if it is not possible, e.g.,
+ due to a middlebox-provided response, it MAY be responded to with an
+ ECHO_RESPONSE_UNSIGNED.
+
+5.2.18. ECHO_REQUEST_UNSIGNED
+
+ 0 1 2 3
+ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ | Type | Length |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ | Opaque data (variable length) |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+
+ Type 63661
+ Length variable
+ Opaque data opaque data, supposed to be meaningful only to the
+ node that sends ECHO_REQUEST_UNSIGNED and receives a
+ corresponding ECHO_RESPONSE_UNSIGNED.
+
+
+
+
+Moskowitz, et al. Experimental [Page 54]
+
+RFC 5201 Host Identity Protocol April 2008
+
+
+ The ECHO_REQUEST_UNSIGNED parameter contains an opaque blob of data
+ that the sender wants to get echoed back in the corresponding reply
+ packet.
+
+ The ECHO_REQUEST_UNSIGNED and corresponding echo response parameters
+ MAY be used for any purpose where a node wants to carry some state in
+ a request packet and get it back in a response packet. The
+ ECHO_REQUEST_UNSIGNED is not covered by the HMAC and SIGNATURE. A
+ HIP packet can contain one or more ECHO_REQUEST_UNSIGNED parameters.
+ It is possible that middleboxes add ECHO_REQUEST_UNSIGNED parameters
+ in HIP packets passing by. The sender has to create the Opaque field
+ so that it can later identify and remove the corresponding
+ ECHO_RESPONSE_UNSIGNED parameter.
+
+ The ECHO_REQUEST_UNSIGNED parameter MUST be responded to with an
+ ECHO_RESPONSE_UNSIGNED parameter.
+
+5.2.19. ECHO_RESPONSE_SIGNED
+
+ 0 1 2 3
+ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ | Type | Length |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ | Opaque data (variable length) |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+
+ Type 961
+ Length variable
+ Opaque data opaque data, copied unmodified from the
+ ECHO_REQUEST_SIGNED or ECHO_REQUEST_UNSIGNED
+ parameter that triggered this response.
+
+ The ECHO_RESPONSE_SIGNED parameter contains an opaque blob of data
+ that the sender of the ECHO_REQUEST_SIGNED wants to get echoed back.
+ The opaque data is copied unmodified from the ECHO_REQUEST_SIGNED
+ parameter.
+
+ The ECHO_REQUEST_SIGNED and ECHO_RESPONSE_SIGNED parameters MAY be
+ used for any purpose where a node wants to carry some state in a
+ request packet and get it back in a response packet. The
+ ECHO_RESPONSE_SIGNED is covered by the HMAC and SIGNATURE.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Moskowitz, et al. Experimental [Page 55]
+
+RFC 5201 Host Identity Protocol April 2008
+
+
+5.2.20. ECHO_RESPONSE_UNSIGNED
+
+ 0 1 2 3
+ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ | Type | Length |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ | Opaque data (variable length) |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+
+ Type 63425
+ Length variable
+ Opaque data opaque data, copied unmodified from the
+ ECHO_REQUEST_SIGNED or ECHO_REQUEST_UNSIGNED
+ parameter that triggered this response.
+
+ The ECHO_RESPONSE_UNSIGNED parameter contains an opaque blob of data
+ that the sender of the ECHO_REQUEST_SIGNED or ECHO_REQUEST_UNSIGNED
+ wants to get echoed back. The opaque data is copied unmodified from
+ the corresponding echo request parameter.
+
+ The echo request and ECHO_RESPONSE_UNSIGNED parameters MAY be used
+ for any purpose where a node wants to carry some state in a request
+ packet and get it back in a response packet. The
+ ECHO_RESPONSE_UNSIGNED is not covered by the HMAC and SIGNATURE.
+
+5.3. HIP Packets
+
+ There are eight basic HIP packets (see Table 10). Four are for the
+ HIP base exchange, one is for updating, one is for sending
+ notifications, and two are for closing a HIP association.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Moskowitz, et al. Experimental [Page 56]
+
+RFC 5201 Host Identity Protocol April 2008
+
+
+ +------------------+------------------------------------------------+
+ | Packet type | Packet name |
+ +------------------+------------------------------------------------+
+ | 1 | I1 - the HIP Initiator Packet |
+ | | |
+ | 2 | R1 - the HIP Responder Packet |
+ | | |
+ | 3 | I2 - the Second HIP Initiator Packet |
+ | | |
+ | 4 | R2 - the Second HIP Responder Packet |
+ | | |
+ | 16 | UPDATE - the HIP Update Packet |
+ | | |
+ | 17 | NOTIFY - the HIP Notify Packet |
+ | | |
+ | 18 | CLOSE - the HIP Association Closing Packet |
+ | | |
+ | 19 | CLOSE_ACK - the HIP Closing Acknowledgment |
+ | | Packet |
+ +------------------+------------------------------------------------+
+
+ Table 10: HIP packets and packet type numbers
+
+ Packets consist of the fixed header as described in Section 5.1,
+ followed by the parameters. The parameter part, in turn, consists of
+ zero or more TLV-coded parameters.
+
+ In addition to the base packets, other packet types will be defined
+ later in separate specifications. For example, support for mobility
+ and multi-homing is not included in this specification.
+
+ See Notation (Section 2.2) for used operations.
+
+ In the future, an OPTIONAL upper-layer payload MAY follow the HIP
+ header. The Next Header field in the header indicates if there is
+ additional data following the HIP header. The HIP packet, however,
+ MUST NOT be fragmented. This limits the size of the possible
+ additional data in the packet.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Moskowitz, et al. Experimental [Page 57]
+
+RFC 5201 Host Identity Protocol April 2008
+
+
+5.3.1. I1 - the HIP Initiator Packet
+
+ The HIP header values for the I1 packet:
+
+ Header:
+ Packet Type = 1
+ SRC HIT = Initiator's HIT
+ DST HIT = Responder's HIT, or NULL
+
+ IP ( HIP () )
+
+ The I1 packet contains only the fixed HIP header.
+
+ Valid control bits: none
+
+ The Initiator gets the Responder's HIT either from a DNS lookup of
+ the Responder's FQDN, from some other repository, or from a local
+ table. If the Initiator does not know the Responder's HIT, it may
+ attempt to use opportunistic mode by using NULL (all zeros) as the
+ Responder's HIT. See also "HIP Opportunistic Mode" (Section 4.1.6).
+
+ Since this packet is so easy to spoof even if it were signed, no
+ attempt is made to add to its generation or processing cost.
+
+ Implementations MUST be able to handle a storm of received I1
+ packets, discarding those with common content that arrive within a
+ small time delta.
+
+5.3.2. R1 - the HIP Responder Packet
+
+ The HIP header values for the R1 packet:
+
+ Header:
+ Packet Type = 2
+ SRC HIT = Responder's HIT
+ DST HIT = Initiator's HIT
+
+ IP ( HIP ( [ R1_COUNTER, ]
+ PUZZLE,
+ DIFFIE_HELLMAN,
+ HIP_TRANSFORM,
+ HOST_ID,
+ [ ECHO_REQUEST_SIGNED, ]
+ HIP_SIGNATURE_2 )
+ <, ECHO_REQUEST_UNSIGNED >i)
+
+ Valid control bits: A
+
+
+
+
+Moskowitz, et al. Experimental [Page 58]
+
+RFC 5201 Host Identity Protocol April 2008
+
+
+ If the Responder's HI is an anonymous one, the A control MUST be set.
+
+ The Initiator's HIT MUST match the one received in I1. If the
+ Responder has multiple HIs, the Responder's HIT used MUST match
+ Initiator's request. If the Initiator used opportunistic mode, the
+ Responder may select freely among its HIs. See also "HIP
+ Opportunistic Mode" (Section 4.1.6).
+
+ The R1 generation counter is used to determine the currently valid
+ generation of puzzles. The value is increased periodically, and it
+ is RECOMMENDED that it is increased at least as often as solutions to
+ old puzzles are no longer accepted.
+
+ The Puzzle contains a Random #I and the difficulty K. The difficulty
+ K indicates the number of lower-order bits, in the puzzle hash
+ result, that must be zeros; see Section 4.1.2. The Random #I is not
+ covered by the signature and must be zeroed during the signature
+ calculation, allowing the sender to select and set the #I into a
+ precomputed R1 just prior sending it to the peer.
+
+ The Diffie-Hellman value is ephemeral, and one value SHOULD be used
+ only for one connection. Once the Responder has received a valid
+ response to an R1 packet, that Diffie-Hellman value SHOULD be
+ deprecated. Because it is possible that the Responder has sent the
+ same Diffie-Hellman value to different hosts simultaneously in
+ corresponding R1 packets, those responses should also be accepted.
+ However, as a defense against I1 storms, an implementation MAY
+ propose, and re-use if not avoidable, the same Diffie-Hellman value
+ for a period of time, for example, 15 minutes. By using a small
+ number of different puzzles for a given Diffie-Hellman value, the R1
+ packets can be precomputed and delivered as quickly as I1 packets
+ arrive. A scavenger process should clean up unused Diffie-Hellman
+ values and puzzles.
+
+ Re-using Diffie-Hellman public keys opens up the potential security
+ risk of more than one Initiator ending up with the same keying
+ material (due to faulty random number generators). Also, more than
+ one Initiator using the same Responder public key half may lead to
+ potentially easier cryptographic attacks and to imperfect forward
+ security.
+
+ However, these risks involved in re-using the same key are
+ statistical; that is, the authors are not aware of any mechanism that
+ would allow manipulation of the protocol so that the risk of the re-
+ use of any given Responder Diffie-Hellman public key would differ
+ from the base probability. Consequently, it is RECOMMENDED that
+ implementations avoid re-using the same D-H key with multiple
+ Initiators, but because the risk is considered statistical and not
+
+
+
+Moskowitz, et al. Experimental [Page 59]
+
+RFC 5201 Host Identity Protocol April 2008
+
+
+ known to be manipulable, the implementations MAY re-use a key in
+ order to ease resource-constrained implementations and to increase
+ the probability of successful communication with legitimate clients
+ even under an I1 storm. In particular, when it is too expensive to
+ generate enough precomputed R1 packets to supply each potential
+ Initiator with a different D-H key, the Responder MAY send the same
+ D-H key to several Initiators, thereby creating the possibility of
+ multiple legitimate Initiators ending up using the same Responder-
+ side public key. However, as soon as the Responder knows that it
+ will use a particular D-H key, it SHOULD stop offering it. This
+ design is aimed to allow resource-constrained Responders to offer
+ services under I1 storms and to simultaneously make the probability
+ of D-H key re-use both statistical and as low as possible.
+
+ If a future version of this protocol is considered, we strongly
+ recommend that these issues be studied again. Especially, the
+ current design allows hosts to become potentially more vulnerable to
+ a statistical, low-probability problem during I1 storm attacks than
+ what they are if no attack is taking place; whether this is
+ acceptable or not should be reconsidered in the light of any new
+ experience gained.
+
+ The HIP_TRANSFORM contains the encryption and integrity algorithms
+ supported by the Responder to protect the HI exchange, in the order
+ of preference. All implementations MUST support the AES [RFC3602]
+ with HMAC-SHA-1-96 [RFC2404].
+
+ The ECHO_REQUEST_SIGNED and ECHO_REQUEST_UNSIGNED contains data that
+ the sender wants to receive unmodified in the corresponding response
+ packet in the ECHO_RESPONSE_SIGNED or ECHO_RESPONSE_UNSIGNED
+ parameter.
+
+ The signature is calculated over the whole HIP envelope, after
+ setting the Initiator's HIT, header checksum, as well as the Opaque
+ field and the Random #I in the PUZZLE parameter temporarily to zero,
+ and excluding any parameters that follow the signature, as described
+ in Section 5.2.12. This allows the Responder to use precomputed R1s.
+ The Initiator SHOULD validate this signature. It SHOULD check that
+ the Responder's HI received matches with the one expected, if any.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Moskowitz, et al. Experimental [Page 60]
+
+RFC 5201 Host Identity Protocol April 2008
+
+
+5.3.3. I2 - the Second HIP Initiator Packet
+
+ The HIP header values for the I2 packet:
+
+ Header:
+ Type = 3
+ SRC HIT = Initiator's HIT
+ DST HIT = Responder's HIT
+
+ IP ( HIP ( [R1_COUNTER,]
+ SOLUTION,
+ DIFFIE_HELLMAN,
+ HIP_TRANSFORM,
+ ENCRYPTED { HOST_ID } or HOST_ID,
+ [ ECHO_RESPONSE_SIGNED ,]
+ HMAC,
+ HIP_SIGNATURE
+ <, ECHO_RESPONSE_UNSIGNED>i ) )
+
+ Valid control bits: A
+
+ The HITs used MUST match the ones used previously.
+
+ If the Initiator's HI is an anonymous one, the A control MUST be set.
+
+ The Initiator MAY include an unmodified copy of the R1_COUNTER
+ parameter received in the corresponding R1 packet into the I2 packet.
+
+ The Solution contains the Random #I from R1 and the computed #J. The
+ low-order K bits of the RHASH(I | ... | J) MUST be zero.
+
+ The Diffie-Hellman value is ephemeral. If precomputed, a scavenger
+ process should clean up unused Diffie-Hellman values. The Responder
+ may re-use Diffie-Hellman values under some conditions as specified
+ in Section 5.3.2.
+
+ The HIP_TRANSFORM contains the single encryption and integrity
+ transform selected by the Initiator, that will be used to protect the
+ HI exchange. The chosen transform MUST correspond to one offered by
+ the Responder in the R1. All implementations MUST support the AES
+ transform [RFC3602].
+
+ The Initiator's HI MAY be encrypted using the HIP_TRANSFORM
+ encryption algorithm. The keying material is derived from the
+ Diffie-Hellman exchanged as defined in Section 6.5.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Moskowitz, et al. Experimental [Page 61]
+
+RFC 5201 Host Identity Protocol April 2008
+
+
+ The ECHO_RESPONSE_SIGNED and ECHO_RESPONSE_UNSIGNED contain the
+ unmodified Opaque data copied from the corresponding echo request
+ parameter.
+
+ The HMAC is calculated over the whole HIP envelope, excluding any
+ parameters after the HMAC, as described in Section 6.4.1. The
+ Responder MUST validate the HMAC.
+
+ The signature is calculated over the whole HIP envelope, excluding
+ any parameters after the HIP_SIGNATURE, as described in
+ Section 5.2.11. The Responder MUST validate this signature. It MAY
+ use either the HI in the packet or the HI acquired by some other
+ means.
+
+5.3.4. R2 - the Second HIP Responder Packet
+
+ The HIP header values for the R2 packet:
+
+ Header:
+ Packet Type = 4
+ SRC HIT = Responder's HIT
+ DST HIT = Initiator's HIT
+
+ IP ( HIP ( HMAC_2, HIP_SIGNATURE ) )
+
+ Valid control bits: none
+
+ The HMAC_2 is calculated over the whole HIP envelope, with
+ Responder's HOST_ID parameter concatenated with the HIP envelope.
+ The HOST_ID parameter is removed after the HMAC calculation. The
+ procedure is described in Section 6.4.1.
+
+ The signature is calculated over the whole HIP envelope.
+
+ The Initiator MUST validate both the HMAC and the signature.
+
+5.3.5. UPDATE - the HIP Update Packet
+
+ Support for the UPDATE packet is MANDATORY.
+
+ The HIP header values for the UPDATE packet:
+
+ Header:
+ Packet Type = 16
+ SRC HIT = Sender's HIT
+ DST HIT = Recipient's HIT
+
+ IP ( HIP ( [SEQ, ACK, ] HMAC, HIP_SIGNATURE ) )
+
+
+
+Moskowitz, et al. Experimental [Page 62]
+
+RFC 5201 Host Identity Protocol April 2008
+
+
+ Valid control bits: None
+
+ The UPDATE packet contains mandatory HMAC and HIP_SIGNATURE
+ parameters, and other optional parameters.
+
+ The UPDATE packet contains zero or one SEQ parameter. The presence
+ of a SEQ parameter indicates that the receiver MUST ACK the UPDATE.
+ An UPDATE that does not contain a SEQ parameter is simply an ACK of a
+ previous UPDATE and itself MUST NOT be ACKed.
+
+ An UPDATE packet contains zero or one ACK parameters. The ACK
+ parameter echoes the SEQ sequence number of the UPDATE packet being
+ ACKed. A host MAY choose to ACK more than one UPDATE packet at a
+ time; e.g., the ACK may contain the last two SEQ values received, for
+ robustness to ACK loss. ACK values are not cumulative; each received
+ unique SEQ value requires at least one corresponding ACK value in
+ reply. Received ACKs that are redundant are ignored.
+
+ The UPDATE packet may contain both a SEQ and an ACK parameter. In
+ this case, the ACK is being piggybacked on an outgoing UPDATE. In
+ general, UPDATEs carrying SEQ SHOULD be ACKed upon completion of the
+ processing of the UPDATE. A host MAY choose to hold the UPDATE
+ carrying ACK for a short period of time to allow for the possibility
+ of piggybacking the ACK parameter, in a manner similar to TCP delayed
+ acknowledgments.
+
+ A sender MAY choose to forgo reliable transmission of a particular
+ UPDATE (e.g., it becomes overcome by events). The semantics are such
+ that the receiver MUST acknowledge the UPDATE, but the sender MAY
+ choose to not care about receiving the ACK.
+
+ UPDATEs MAY be retransmitted without incrementing SEQ. If the same
+ subset of parameters is included in multiple UPDATEs with different
+ SEQs, the host MUST ensure that the receiver's processing of the
+ parameters multiple times will not result in a protocol error.
+
+5.3.6. NOTIFY - the HIP Notify Packet
+
+ The NOTIFY packet is OPTIONAL. The NOTIFY packet MAY be used to
+ provide information to a peer. Typically, NOTIFY is used to indicate
+ some type of protocol error or negotiation failure. NOTIFY packets
+ are unacknowledged. The receiver can handle the packet only as
+ informational, and SHOULD NOT change its HIP state (Section 4.4.1)
+ based purely on a received NOTIFY packet.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Moskowitz, et al. Experimental [Page 63]
+
+RFC 5201 Host Identity Protocol April 2008
+
+
+ The HIP header values for the NOTIFY packet:
+
+ Header:
+ Packet Type = 17
+ SRC HIT = Sender's HIT
+ DST HIT = Recipient's HIT, or zero if unknown
+
+ IP ( HIP (<NOTIFICATION>i, [HOST_ID, ] HIP_SIGNATURE) )
+
+ Valid control bits: None
+
+ The NOTIFY packet is used to carry one or more NOTIFICATION
+ parameters.
+
+5.3.7. CLOSE - the HIP Association Closing Packet
+
+ The HIP header values for the CLOSE packet:
+
+ Header:
+ Packet Type = 18
+ SRC HIT = Sender's HIT
+ DST HIT = Recipient's HIT
+
+ IP ( HIP ( ECHO_REQUEST_SIGNED, HMAC, HIP_SIGNATURE ) )
+
+ Valid control bits: none
+
+ The sender MUST include an ECHO_REQUEST_SIGNED used to validate
+ CLOSE_ACK received in response, and both an HMAC and a signature
+ (calculated over the whole HIP envelope).
+
+ The receiver peer MUST validate both the HMAC and the signature if it
+ has a HIP association state, and MUST reply with a CLOSE_ACK
+ containing an ECHO_RESPONSE_SIGNED corresponding to the received
+ ECHO_REQUEST_SIGNED.
+
+5.3.8. CLOSE_ACK - the HIP Closing Acknowledgment Packet
+
+ The HIP header values for the CLOSE_ACK packet:
+
+ Header:
+ Packet Type = 19
+ SRC HIT = Sender's HIT
+ DST HIT = Recipient's HIT
+
+ IP ( HIP ( ECHO_RESPONSE_SIGNED, HMAC, HIP_SIGNATURE ) )
+
+ Valid control bits: none
+
+
+
+Moskowitz, et al. Experimental [Page 64]
+
+RFC 5201 Host Identity Protocol April 2008
+
+
+ The sender MUST include both an HMAC and signature (calculated over
+ the whole HIP envelope).
+
+ The receiver peer MUST validate both the HMAC and the signature.
+
+5.4. ICMP Messages
+
+ When a HIP implementation detects a problem with an incoming packet,
+ and it either cannot determine the identity of the sender of the
+ packet or does not have any existing HIP association with the sender
+ of the packet, it MAY respond with an ICMP packet. Any such replies
+ MUST be rate-limited as described in [RFC2463]. In most cases, the
+ ICMP packet will have the Parameter Problem type (12 for ICMPv4, 4
+ for ICMPv6), with the Pointer field pointing to the field that caused
+ the ICMP message to be generated.
+
+5.4.1. Invalid Version
+
+ If a HIP implementation receives a HIP packet that has an
+ unrecognized HIP version number, it SHOULD respond, rate-limited,
+ with an ICMP packet with type Parameter Problem, the Pointer pointing
+ to the VER./RES. byte in the HIP header.
+
+5.4.2. Other Problems with the HIP Header and Packet Structure
+
+ If a HIP implementation receives a HIP packet that has other
+ unrecoverable problems in the header or packet format, it MAY
+ respond, rate-limited, with an ICMP packet with type Parameter
+ Problem, the Pointer pointing to the field that failed to pass the
+ format checks. However, an implementation MUST NOT send an ICMP
+ message if the checksum fails; instead, it MUST silently drop the
+ packet.
+
+5.4.3. Invalid Puzzle Solution
+
+ If a HIP implementation receives an I2 packet that has an invalid
+ puzzle solution, the behavior depends on the underlying version of
+ IP. If IPv6 is used, the implementation SHOULD respond with an ICMP
+ packet with type Parameter Problem, the Pointer pointing to the
+ beginning of the Puzzle solution #J field in the SOLUTION payload in
+ the HIP message.
+
+ If IPv4 is used, the implementation MAY respond with an ICMP packet
+ with the type Parameter Problem, copying enough of bytes from the I2
+ message so that the SOLUTION parameter fits into the ICMP message,
+ the Pointer pointing to the beginning of the Puzzle solution #J
+
+
+
+
+
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+
+RFC 5201 Host Identity Protocol April 2008
+
+
+ field, as in the IPv6 case. Note, however, that the resulting ICMPv4
+ message exceeds the typical ICMPv4 message size as defined in
+ [RFC0792].
+
+5.4.4. Non-Existing HIP Association
+
+ If a HIP implementation receives a CLOSE or UPDATE packet, or any
+ other packet whose handling requires an existing association, that
+ has either a Receiver or Sender HIT that does not match with any
+ existing HIP association, the implementation MAY respond, rate-
+ limited, with an ICMP packet with the type Parameter Problem, and
+ with the Pointer pointing to the beginning of the first HIT that does
+ not match.
+
+ A host MUST NOT reply with such an ICMP if it receives any of the
+ following messages: I1, R2, I2, R2, and NOTIFY. When introducing new
+ packet types, a specification SHOULD define the appropriate rules for
+ sending or not sending this kind of ICMP reply.
+
+6. Packet Processing
+
+ Each host is assumed to have a single HIP protocol implementation
+ that manages the host's HIP associations and handles requests for new
+ ones. Each HIP association is governed by a conceptual state
+ machine, with states defined above in Section 4.4. The HIP
+ implementation can simultaneously maintain HIP associations with more
+ than one host. Furthermore, the HIP implementation may have more
+ than one active HIP association with another host; in this case, HIP
+ associations are distinguished by their respective HITs. It is not
+ possible to have more than one HIP association between any given pair
+ of HITs. Consequently, the only way for two hosts to have more than
+ one parallel association is to use different HITs, at least at one
+ end.
+
+ The processing of packets depends on the state of the HIP
+ association(s) with respect to the authenticated or apparent
+ originator of the packet. A HIP implementation determines whether it
+ has an active association with the originator of the packet based on
+ the HITs. In the case of user data carried in a specific transport
+ format, the transport format document specifies how the incoming
+ packets are matched with the active associations.
+
+6.1. Processing Outgoing Application Data
+
+ In a HIP host, an application can send application-level data using
+ an identifier specified via the underlying API. The API can be a
+ backwards-compatible API (see [HIP-APP]), using identifiers that look
+ similar to IP addresses, or a completely new API, providing enhanced
+
+
+
+Moskowitz, et al. Experimental [Page 66]
+
+RFC 5201 Host Identity Protocol April 2008
+
+
+ services related to Host Identities. Depending on the HIP
+ implementation, the identifier provided to the application may be
+ different; for example, it can be a HIT or an IP address.
+
+ The exact format and method for transferring the data from the source
+ HIP host to the destination HIP host is defined in the corresponding
+ transport format document. The actual data is transferred in the
+ network using the appropriate source and destination IP addresses.
+
+ In this document, conceptual processing rules are defined only for
+ the base case where both hosts have only single usable IP addresses;
+ the multi-address multi-homing case will be specified separately.
+
+ The following conceptual algorithm describes the steps that are
+ required for handling outgoing datagrams destined to a HIT.
+
+ 1. If the datagram has a specified source address, it MUST be a HIT.
+ If it is not, the implementation MAY replace the source address
+ with a HIT. Otherwise, it MUST drop the packet.
+
+ 2. If the datagram has an unspecified source address, the
+ implementation must choose a suitable source HIT for the
+ datagram.
+
+ 3. If there is no active HIP association with the given <source,
+ destination> HIT pair, one must be created by running the base
+ exchange. While waiting for the base exchange to complete, the
+ implementation SHOULD queue at least one packet per HIP
+ association to be formed, and it MAY queue more than one.
+
+ 4. Once there is an active HIP association for the given <source,
+ destination> HIT pair, the outgoing datagram is passed to
+ transport handling. The possible transport formats are defined
+ in separate documents, of which the ESP transport format for HIP
+ is mandatory for all HIP implementations.
+
+ 5. Before sending the packet, the HITs in the datagram are replaced
+ with suitable IP addresses. For IPv6, the rules defined in
+ [RFC3484] SHOULD be followed. Note that this HIT-to-IP-address
+ conversion step MAY also be performed at some other point in the
+ stack, e.g., before wrapping the packet into the output format.
+
+6.2. Processing Incoming Application Data
+
+ The following conceptual algorithm describes the incoming datagram
+ handling when HITs are used at the receiving host as application-
+ level identifiers. More detailed steps for processing packets are
+ defined in corresponding transport format documents.
+
+
+
+Moskowitz, et al. Experimental [Page 67]
+
+RFC 5201 Host Identity Protocol April 2008
+
+
+ 1. The incoming datagram is mapped to an existing HIP association,
+ typically using some information from the packet. For example,
+ such mapping may be based on the ESP Security Parameter Index
+ (SPI).
+
+ 2. The specific transport format is unwrapped, in a way depending on
+ the transport format, yielding a packet that looks like a
+ standard (unencrypted) IP packet. If possible, this step SHOULD
+ also verify that the packet was indeed (once) sent by the remote
+ HIP host, as identified by the HIP association.
+
+ Depending on the used transport mode, the verification method can
+ vary. While the HI (as well as HIT) is used as the higher-layer
+ identifier, the verification method has to verify that the data
+ packet was sent by a node identity and that the actual identity
+ maps to this particular HIT. When using ESP transport format
+ [RFC5202], the verification is done using the SPI value in the
+ data packet to find the corresponding SA with associated HIT and
+ key, and decrypting the packet with that associated key.
+
+ 3. The IP addresses in the datagram are replaced with the HITs
+ associated with the HIP association. Note that this IP-address-
+ to-HIT conversion step MAY also be performed at some other point
+ in the stack.
+
+ 4. The datagram is delivered to the upper layer. When
+ demultiplexing the datagram, the right upper-layer socket is
+ based on the HITs.
+
+6.3. Solving the Puzzle
+
+ This subsection describes the puzzle-solving details.
+
+ In R1, the values I and K are sent in network byte order. Similarly,
+ in I2, the values I and J are sent in network byte order. The hash
+ is created by concatenating, in network byte order, the following
+ data, in the following order and using the RHASH algorithm:
+
+ 64-bit random value I, in network byte order, as appearing in R1
+ and I2.
+
+ 128-bit Initiator's HIT, in network byte order, as appearing in
+ the HIP Payload in R1 and I2.
+
+ 128-bit Responder's HIT, in network byte order, as appearing in
+ the HIP Payload in R1 and I2.
+
+ 64-bit random value J, in network byte order, as appearing in I2.
+
+
+
+Moskowitz, et al. Experimental [Page 68]
+
+RFC 5201 Host Identity Protocol April 2008
+
+
+ In order to be a valid response puzzle, the K low-order bits of the
+ resulting RHASH digest must be zero.
+
+ Notes:
+
+ i) The length of the data to be hashed is 48 bytes.
+
+ ii) All the data in the hash input MUST be in network byte order.
+
+ iii) The order of the Initiator's and Responder's HITs are
+ different in the R1 and I2 packets; see Section 5.1. Care must be
+ taken to copy the values in the right order to the hash input.
+
+ The following procedure describes the processing steps involved,
+ assuming that the Responder chooses to precompute the R1 packets:
+
+ Precomputation by the Responder:
+ Sets up the puzzle difficulty K.
+ Creates a signed R1 and caches it.
+
+ Responder:
+ Selects a suitable cached R1.
+ Generates a random number I.
+ Sends I and K in an R1.
+ Saves I and K for a Delta time.
+
+ Initiator:
+ Generates repeated attempts to solve the puzzle until a matching J
+ is found:
+ Ltrunc( RHASH( I | HIT-I | HIT-R | J ), K ) == 0
+ Sends I and J in an I2.
+
+
+ Responder:
+ Verifies that the received I is a saved one.
+ Finds the right K based on I.
+ Computes V := Ltrunc( RHASH( I | HIT-I | HIT-R | J ), K )
+ Rejects if V != 0
+ Accept if V == 0
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Moskowitz, et al. Experimental [Page 69]
+
+RFC 5201 Host Identity Protocol April 2008
+
+
+6.4. HMAC and SIGNATURE Calculation and Verification
+
+ The following subsections define the actions for processing HMAC,
+ HIP_SIGNATURE and HIP_SIGNATURE_2 parameters.
+
+6.4.1. HMAC Calculation
+
+ The following process applies both to the HMAC and HMAC_2 parameters.
+ When processing HMAC_2, the difference is that the HMAC calculation
+ includes a pseudo HOST_ID field containing the Responder's
+ information as sent in the R1 packet earlier.
+
+ Both the Initiator and the Responder should take some care when
+ verifying or calculating the HMAC_2. Specifically, the Responder
+ should preserve other parameters than the HOST_ID when sending the
+ R2. Also, the Initiator has to preserve the HOST_ID exactly as it
+ was received in the R1 packet.
+
+ The scope of the calculation for HMAC and HMAC_2 is:
+
+ HMAC: { HIP header | [ Parameters ] }
+
+ where Parameters include all HIP parameters of the packet that is
+ being calculated with Type values from 1 to (HMAC's Type value - 1)
+ and exclude parameters with Type values greater or equal to HMAC's
+ Type value.
+
+ During HMAC calculation, the following applies:
+
+ o In the HIP header, the Checksum field is set to zero.
+
+ o In the HIP header, the Header Length field value is calculated to
+ the beginning of the HMAC parameter.
+
+ Parameter order is described in Section 5.2.1.
+
+ HMAC_2: { HIP header | [ Parameters ] | HOST_ID }
+
+ where Parameters include all HIP parameters for the packet that is
+ being calculated with Type values from 1 to (HMAC_2's Type value - 1)
+ and exclude parameters with Type values greater or equal to HMAC_2's
+ Type value.
+
+ During HMAC_2 calculation, the following applies:
+
+ o In the HIP header, the Checksum field is set to zero.
+
+
+
+
+
+Moskowitz, et al. Experimental [Page 70]
+
+RFC 5201 Host Identity Protocol April 2008
+
+
+ o In the HIP header, the Header Length field value is calculated to
+ the beginning of the HMAC_2 parameter and added to the length of
+ the concatenated HOST_ID parameter length.
+
+ o HOST_ID parameter is exactly in the form it was received in the R1
+ packet from the Responder.
+
+ Parameter order is described in Section 5.2.1, except that the
+ HOST_ID parameter in this calculation is added to the end.
+
+ The HMAC parameter is defined in Section 5.2.9 and the HMAC_2
+ parameter in Section 5.2.10. The HMAC calculation and verification
+ process (the process applies both to HMAC and HMAC_2 except where
+ HMAC_2 is mentioned separately) is as follows:
+
+ Packet sender:
+
+ 1. Create the HIP packet, without the HMAC, HIP_SIGNATURE,
+ HIP_SIGNATURE_2, or any other parameter with greater Type value
+ than the HMAC parameter has.
+
+ 2. In case of HMAC_2 calculation, add a HOST_ID (Responder)
+ parameter to the end of the packet.
+
+ 3. Calculate the Header Length field in the HIP header including the
+ added HOST_ID parameter in case of HMAC_2.
+
+ 4. Compute the HMAC using either HIP-gl or HIP-lg integrity key
+ retrieved from KEYMAT as defined in Section 6.5.
+
+ 5. In case of HMAC_2, remove the HOST_ID parameter from the packet.
+
+ 6. Add the HMAC parameter to the packet and any parameter with
+ greater Type value than the HMAC's (HMAC_2's) that may follow,
+ including possible HIP_SIGNATURE or HIP_SIGNATURE_2 parameters
+
+ 7. Recalculate the Length field in the HIP header.
+
+ Packet receiver:
+
+ 1. Verify the HIP header Length field.
+
+ 2. Remove the HMAC or HMAC_2 parameter, as well as all other
+ parameters that follow it with greater Type value including
+ possible HIP_SIGNATURE or HIP_SIGNATURE_2 fields, saving the
+ contents if they will be needed later.
+
+
+
+
+
+Moskowitz, et al. Experimental [Page 71]
+
+RFC 5201 Host Identity Protocol April 2008
+
+
+ 3. In case of HMAC_2, build and add a HOST_ID parameter (with
+ Responder information) to the packet. The HOST_ID parameter
+ should be identical to the one previously received from the
+ Responder.
+
+ 4. Recalculate the HIP packet length in the HIP header and clear the
+ Checksum field (set it to all zeros). In case of HMAC_2, the
+ length is calculated with the added HOST_ID parameter.
+
+ 5. Compute the HMAC using either HIP-gl or HIP-lg integrity key as
+ defined in Section 6.5 and verify it against the received HMAC.
+
+ 6. Set Checksum and Header Length field in the HIP header to
+ original values.
+
+ 7. In case of HMAC_2, remove the HOST_ID parameter from the packet
+ before further processing.
+
+6.4.2. Signature Calculation
+
+ The following process applies both to the HIP_SIGNATURE and
+ HIP_SIGNATURE_2 parameters. When processing HIP_SIGNATURE_2, the
+ only difference is that instead of HIP_SIGNATURE parameter, the
+ HIP_SIGNATURE_2 parameter is used, and the Initiator's HIT and PUZZLE
+ Opaque and Random #I fields are cleared (set to all zeros) before
+ computing the signature. The HIP_SIGNATURE parameter is defined in
+ Section 5.2.11 and the HIP_SIGNATURE_2 parameter in Section 5.2.12.
+
+ The scope of the calculation for HIP_SIGNATURE and HIP_SIGNATURE_2
+ is:
+
+ HIP_SIGNATURE: { HIP header | [ Parameters ] }
+
+ where Parameters include all HIP parameters for the packet that is
+ being calculated with Type values from 1 to (HIP_SIGNATURE's Type
+ value - 1).
+
+ During signature calculation, the following apply:
+
+ o In the HIP header, the Checksum field is set to zero.
+
+ o In the HIP header, the Header Length field value is calculated to
+ the beginning of the HIP_SIGNATURE parameter.
+
+ Parameter order is described in Section 5.2.1.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Moskowitz, et al. Experimental [Page 72]
+
+RFC 5201 Host Identity Protocol April 2008
+
+
+ HIP_SIGNATURE_2: { HIP header | [ Parameters ] }
+
+ where Parameters include all HIP parameters for the packet that is
+ being calculated with Type values from 1 to (HIP_SIGNATURE_2's Type
+ value - 1).
+
+ During signature calculation, the following apply:
+
+ o In the HIP header, the Initiator's HIT field and Checksum fields
+ are set to zero.
+
+ o In the HIP header, the Header Length field value is calculated to
+ the beginning of the HIP_SIGNATURE_2 parameter.
+
+ o PUZZLE parameter's Opaque and Random #I fields are set to zero.
+
+ Parameter order is described in Section 5.2.1.
+
+ Signature calculation and verification process (the process applies
+ both to HIP_SIGNATURE and HIP_SIGNATURE_2 except in the case where
+ HIP_SIGNATURE_2 is separately mentioned):
+
+ Packet sender:
+
+ 1. Create the HIP packet without the HIP_SIGNATURE parameter or any
+ parameters that follow the HIP_SIGNATURE parameter.
+
+ 2. Calculate the Length field and zero the Checksum field in the HIP
+ header. In case of HIP_SIGNATURE_2, set Initiator's HIT field in
+ the HIP header as well as PUZZLE parameter's Opaque and Random #I
+ fields to zero.
+
+ 3. Compute the signature using the private key corresponding to the
+ Host Identifier (public key).
+
+ 4. Add the HIP_SIGNATURE parameter to the packet.
+
+ 5. Add any parameters that follow the HIP_SIGNATURE parameter.
+
+ 6. Recalculate the Length field in the HIP header, and calculate the
+ Checksum field.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Moskowitz, et al. Experimental [Page 73]
+
+RFC 5201 Host Identity Protocol April 2008
+
+
+ Packet receiver:
+
+ 1. Verify the HIP header Length field.
+
+ 2. Save the contents of the HIP_SIGNATURE parameter and any
+ parameters following the HIP_SIGNATURE parameter and remove them
+ from the packet.
+
+ 3. Recalculate the HIP packet Length in the HIP header and clear the
+ Checksum field (set it to all zeros). In case of
+ HIP_SIGNATURE_2, set Initiator's HIT field in HIP header as well
+ as PUZZLE parameter's Opaque and Random #I fields to zero.
+
+ 4. Compute the signature and verify it against the received
+ signature using the packet sender's Host Identifier (public key).
+
+ 5. Restore the original packet by adding removed parameters (in step
+ 2) and resetting the values that were set to zero (in step 3).
+
+ The verification can use either the HI received from a HIP packet,
+ the HI from a DNS query, if the FQDN has been received in the HOST_ID
+ packet, or one received by some other means.
+
+6.5. HIP KEYMAT Generation
+
+ HIP keying material is derived from the Diffie-Hellman session key,
+ Kij, produced during the HIP base exchange (Section 4.1.3). The
+ Initiator has Kij during the creation of the I2 packet, and the
+ Responder has Kij once it receives the I2 packet. This is why I2 can
+ already contain encrypted information.
+
+ The KEYMAT is derived by feeding Kij and the HITs into the following
+ operation; the | operation denotes concatenation.
+
+ KEYMAT = K1 | K2 | K3 | ...
+ where
+
+ K1 = RHASH( Kij | sort(HIT-I | HIT-R) | I | J | 0x01 )
+ K2 = RHASH( Kij | K1 | 0x02 )
+ K3 = RHASH( Kij | K2 | 0x03 )
+ ...
+ K255 = RHASH( Kij | K254 | 0xff )
+ K256 = RHASH( Kij | K255 | 0x00 )
+ etc.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Moskowitz, et al. Experimental [Page 74]
+
+RFC 5201 Host Identity Protocol April 2008
+
+
+ Sort(HIT-I | HIT-R) is defined as the network byte order
+ concatenation of the two HITs, with the smaller HIT preceding the
+ larger HIT, resulting from the numeric comparison of the two HITs
+ interpreted as positive (unsigned) 128-bit integers in network byte
+ order.
+
+ I and J values are from the puzzle and its solution that were
+ exchanged in R1 and I2 messages when this HIP association was set up.
+ Both hosts have to store I and J values for the HIP association for
+ future use.
+
+ The initial keys are drawn sequentially in the order that is
+ determined by the numeric comparison of the two HITs, with comparison
+ method described in the previous paragraph. HOST_g denotes the host
+ with the greater HIT value, and HOST_l the host with the lower HIT
+ value.
+
+ The drawing order for initial keys:
+
+ HIP-gl encryption key for HOST_g's outgoing HIP packets
+
+ HIP-gl integrity (HMAC) key for HOST_g's outgoing HIP packets
+
+ HIP-lg encryption key (currently unused) for HOST_l's outgoing HIP
+ packets
+
+ HIP-lg integrity (HMAC) key for HOST_l's outgoing HIP packets
+
+ The number of bits drawn for a given algorithm is the "natural" size
+ of the keys. For the mandatory algorithms, the following sizes
+ apply:
+
+ AES 128 bits
+
+ SHA-1 160 bits
+
+ NULL 0 bits
+
+ If other key sizes are used, they must be treated as different
+ encryption algorithms and defined separately.
+
+6.6. Initiation of a HIP Exchange
+
+ An implementation may originate a HIP exchange to another host based
+ on a local policy decision, usually triggered by an application
+ datagram, in much the same way that an IPsec IKE key exchange can
+
+
+
+
+
+Moskowitz, et al. Experimental [Page 75]
+
+RFC 5201 Host Identity Protocol April 2008
+
+
+ dynamically create a Security Association. Alternatively, a system
+ may initiate a HIP exchange if it has rebooted or timed out, or
+ otherwise lost its HIP state, as described in Section 4.5.4.
+
+ The implementation prepares an I1 packet and sends it to the IP
+ address that corresponds to the peer host. The IP address of the
+ peer host may be obtained via conventional mechanisms, such as DNS
+ lookup. The I1 contents are specified in Section 5.3.1. The
+ selection of which Host Identity to use, if a host has more than one
+ to choose from, is typically a policy decision.
+
+ The following steps define the conceptual processing rules for
+ initiating a HIP exchange:
+
+ 1. The Initiator gets the Responder's HIT and one or more addresses
+ either from a DNS lookup of the Responder's FQDN, from some other
+ repository, or from a local table. If the Initiator does not
+ know the Responder's HIT, it may attempt opportunistic mode by
+ using NULL (all zeros) as the Responder's HIT. See also "HIP
+ Opportunistic Mode" (Section 4.1.6).
+
+ 2. The Initiator sends an I1 to one of the Responder's addresses.
+ The selection of which address to use is a local policy decision.
+
+ 3. Upon sending an I1, the sender shall transition to state I1-SENT,
+ start a timer whose timeout value should be larger than the
+ worst-case anticipated RTT, and shall increment a timeout counter
+ associated with the I1.
+
+ 4. Upon timeout, the sender SHOULD retransmit the I1 and restart the
+ timer, up to a maximum of I1_RETRIES_MAX tries.
+
+6.6.1. Sending Multiple I1s in Parallel
+
+ For the sake of minimizing the session establishment latency, an
+ implementation MAY send the same I1 to more than one of the
+ Responder's addresses. However, it MUST NOT send to more than three
+ (3) addresses in parallel. Furthermore, upon timeout, the
+ implementation MUST refrain from sending the same I1 packet to
+ multiple addresses. That is, if it retries to initialize the
+ connection after timeout, it MUST NOT send the I1 packet to more than
+ one destination address. These limitations are placed in order to
+ avoid congestion of the network, and potential DoS attacks that might
+ happen, e.g., because someone's claim to have hundreds or thousands
+ of addresses could generate a huge number of I1 messages from the
+ Initiator.
+
+
+
+
+
+Moskowitz, et al. Experimental [Page 76]
+
+RFC 5201 Host Identity Protocol April 2008
+
+
+ As the Responder is not guaranteed to distinguish the duplicate I1s
+ it receives at several of its addresses (because it avoids storing
+ states when it answers back an R1), the Initiator may receive several
+ duplicate R1s.
+
+ The Initiator SHOULD then select the initial preferred destination
+ address using the source address of the selected received R1, and use
+ the preferred address as a source address for the I2. Processing
+ rules for received R1s are discussed in Section 6.8.
+
+6.6.2. Processing Incoming ICMP Protocol Unreachable Messages
+
+ A host may receive an ICMP 'Destination Protocol Unreachable' message
+ as a response to sending a HIP I1 packet. Such a packet may be an
+ indication that the peer does not support HIP, or it may be an
+ attempt to launch an attack by making the Initiator believe that the
+ Responder does not support HIP.
+
+ When a system receives an ICMP 'Destination Protocol Unreachable'
+ message while it is waiting for an R1, it MUST NOT terminate the
+ wait. It MAY continue as if it had not received the ICMP message,
+ and send a few more I1s. Alternatively, it MAY take the ICMP message
+ as a hint that the peer most probably does not support HIP, and
+ return to state UNASSOCIATED earlier than otherwise. However, at
+ minimum, it MUST continue waiting for an R1 for a reasonable time
+ before returning to UNASSOCIATED.
+
+6.7. Processing Incoming I1 Packets
+
+ An implementation SHOULD reply to an I1 with an R1 packet, unless the
+ implementation is unable or unwilling to set up a HIP association.
+ If the implementation is unable to set up a HIP association, the host
+ SHOULD send an ICMP Destination Protocol Unreachable,
+ Administratively Prohibited, message to the I1 source address. If
+ the implementation is unwilling to set up a HIP association, the host
+ MAY ignore the I1. This latter case may occur during a DoS attack
+ such as an I1 flood.
+
+ The implementation MUST be able to handle a storm of received I1
+ packets, discarding those with common content that arrive within a
+ small time delta.
+
+ A spoofed I1 can result in an R1 attack on a system. An R1 sender
+ MUST have a mechanism to rate-limit R1s to an address.
+
+ It is RECOMMENDED that the HIP state machine does not transition upon
+ sending an R1.
+
+
+
+
+Moskowitz, et al. Experimental [Page 77]
+
+RFC 5201 Host Identity Protocol April 2008
+
+
+ The following steps define the conceptual processing rules for
+ responding to an I1 packet:
+
+ 1. The Responder MUST check that the Responder's HIT in the received
+ I1 is either one of its own HITs or NULL.
+
+ 2. If the Responder is in ESTABLISHED state, the Responder MAY
+ respond to this with an R1 packet, prepare to drop existing SAs,
+ and stay at ESTABLISHED state.
+
+ 3. If the Responder is in I1-SENT state, it must make a comparison
+ between the sender's HIT and its own (i.e., the receiver's) HIT.
+ If the sender's HIT is greater than its own HIT, it should drop
+ the I1 and stay at I1-SENT. If the sender's HIT is smaller than
+ its own HIT, it should send R1 and stay at I1-SENT. The HIT
+ comparison goes similarly as in Section 6.5.
+
+ 4. If the implementation chooses to respond to the I1 with an R1
+ packet, it creates a new R1 or selects a precomputed R1 according
+ to the format described in Section 5.3.2.
+
+ 5. The R1 MUST contain the received Responder's HIT, unless the
+ received HIT is NULL, in which case the Responder SHOULD select a
+ HIT that is constructed with the MUST algorithm in Section 3,
+ which is currently RSA. Other than that, selecting the HIT is a
+ local policy matter.
+
+ 6. The Responder sends the R1 to the source IP address of the I1
+ packet.
+
+6.7.1. R1 Management
+
+ All compliant implementations MUST produce R1 packets. An R1 packet
+ MAY be precomputed. An R1 packet MAY be reused for time Delta T,
+ which is implementation dependent, and SHOULD be deprecated and not
+ used once a valid response I2 packet has been received from an
+ Initiator. During an I1 message storm, an R1 packet may be re-used
+ beyond this limit. R1 information MUST NOT be discarded until Delta
+ S after T. Time S is the delay needed for the last I2 to arrive back
+ to the Responder.
+
+ An implementation MAY keep state about received I1s and match the
+ received I2s against the state, as discussed in Section 4.1.1.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
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+
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+
+
+6.7.2. Handling Malformed Messages
+
+ If an implementation receives a malformed I1 message, it SHOULD NOT
+ respond with a NOTIFY message, as such practice could open up a
+ potential denial-of-service danger. Instead, it MAY respond with an
+ ICMP packet, as defined in Section 5.4.
+
+6.8. Processing Incoming R1 Packets
+
+ A system receiving an R1 MUST first check to see if it has sent an I1
+ to the originator of the R1 (i.e., it is in state I1-SENT). If so,
+ it SHOULD process the R1 as described below, send an I2, and go to
+ state I2-SENT, setting a timer to protect the I2. If the system is
+ in state I2-SENT, it MAY respond to an R1 if the R1 has a larger R1
+ generation counter; if so, it should drop its state due to processing
+ the previous R1 and start over from state I1-SENT. If the system is
+ in any other state with respect to that host, it SHOULD silently drop
+ the R1.
+
+ When sending multiple I1s, an Initiator SHOULD wait for a small
+ amount of time after the first R1 reception to allow possibly
+ multiple R1s to arrive, and it SHOULD respond to an R1 among the set
+ with the largest R1 generation counter.
+
+ The following steps define the conceptual processing rules for
+ responding to an R1 packet:
+
+ 1. A system receiving an R1 MUST first check to see if it has sent
+ an I1 to the originator of the R1 (i.e., it has a HIP
+ association that is in state I1-SENT and that is associated with
+ the HITs in the R1). Unless the I1 was sent in opportunistic
+ mode (see Section 4.1.6), the IP addresses in the received R1
+ packet SHOULD be ignored and, when looking up the right HIP
+ association, the received R1 SHOULD be matched against the
+ associations using only the HITs. If a match exists, the system
+ should process the R1 as described below.
+
+ 2. Otherwise, if the system is in any other state than I1-SENT or
+ I2-SENT with respect to the HITs included in the R1, it SHOULD
+ silently drop the R1 and remain in the current state.
+
+ 3. If the HIP association state is I1-SENT or I2-SENT, the received
+ Initiator's HIT MUST correspond to the HIT used in the original,
+ and the I1 and the Responder's HIT MUST correspond to the one
+ used, unless the I1 contained a NULL HIT.
+
+ 4. The system SHOULD validate the R1 signature before applying
+ further packet processing, according to Section 5.2.12.
+
+
+
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+
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+
+
+ 5. If the HIP association state is I1-SENT, and multiple valid R1s
+ are present, the system SHOULD select from among the R1s with
+ the largest R1 generation counter.
+
+ 6. If the HIP association state is I2-SENT, the system MAY reenter
+ state I1-SENT and process the received R1 if it has a larger R1
+ generation counter than the R1 responded to previously.
+
+ 7. The R1 packet may have the A bit set -- in this case, the system
+ MAY choose to refuse it by dropping the R1 and returning to
+ state UNASSOCIATED. The system SHOULD consider dropping the R1
+ only if it used a NULL HIT in I1. If the A bit is set, the
+ Responder's HIT is anonymous and should not be stored.
+
+ 8. The system SHOULD attempt to validate the HIT against the
+ received Host Identity by using the received Host Identity to
+ construct a HIT and verify that it matches the Sender's HIT.
+
+ 9. The system MUST store the received R1 generation counter for
+ future reference.
+
+ 10. The system attempts to solve the puzzle in R1. The system MUST
+ terminate the search after exceeding the remaining lifetime of
+ the puzzle. If the puzzle is not successfully solved, the
+ implementation may either resend I1 within the retry bounds or
+ abandon the HIP exchange.
+
+ 11. The system computes standard Diffie-Hellman keying material
+ according to the public value and Group ID provided in the
+ DIFFIE_HELLMAN parameter. The Diffie-Hellman keying material
+ Kij is used for key extraction as specified in Section 6.5. If
+ the received Diffie-Hellman Group ID is not supported, the
+ implementation may either resend I1 within the retry bounds or
+ abandon the HIP exchange.
+
+ 12. The system selects the HIP transform from the choices presented
+ in the R1 packet and uses the selected values subsequently when
+ generating and using encryption keys, and when sending the I2.
+ If the proposed alternatives are not acceptable to the system,
+ it may either resend I1 within the retry bounds or abandon the
+ HIP exchange.
+
+ 13. The system initializes the remaining variables in the associated
+ state, including Update ID counters.
+
+ 14. The system prepares and sends an I2, as described in
+ Section 5.3.3.
+
+
+
+
+Moskowitz, et al. Experimental [Page 80]
+
+RFC 5201 Host Identity Protocol April 2008
+
+
+ 15. The system SHOULD start a timer whose timeout value should be
+ larger than the worst-case anticipated RTT, and MUST increment a
+ timeout counter associated with the I2. The sender SHOULD
+ retransmit the I2 upon a timeout and restart the timer, up to a
+ maximum of I2_RETRIES_MAX tries.
+
+ 16. If the system is in state I1-SENT, it shall transition to state
+ I2-SENT. If the system is in any other state, it remains in the
+ current state.
+
+6.8.1. Handling Malformed Messages
+
+ If an implementation receives a malformed R1 message, it MUST
+ silently drop the packet. Sending a NOTIFY or ICMP would not help,
+ as the sender of the R1 typically doesn't have any state. An
+ implementation SHOULD wait for some more time for a possibly good R1,
+ after which it MAY try again by sending a new I1 packet.
+
+6.9. Processing Incoming I2 Packets
+
+ Upon receipt of an I2, the system MAY perform initial checks to
+ determine whether the I2 corresponds to a recent R1 that has been
+ sent out, if the Responder keeps such state. For example, the sender
+ could check whether the I2 is from an address or HIT that has
+ recently received an R1 from it. The R1 may have had Opaque data
+ included that was echoed back in the I2. If the I2 is considered to
+ be suspect, it MAY be silently discarded by the system.
+
+ Otherwise, the HIP implementation SHOULD process the I2. This
+ includes validation of the puzzle solution, generating the Diffie-
+ Hellman key, decrypting the Initiator's Host Identity, verifying the
+ signature, creating state, and finally sending an R2.
+
+ The following steps define the conceptual processing rules for
+ responding to an I2 packet:
+
+ 1. The system MAY perform checks to verify that the I2 corresponds
+ to a recently sent R1. Such checks are implementation
+ dependent. See Appendix A for a description of an example
+ implementation.
+
+ 2. The system MUST check that the Responder's HIT corresponds to
+ one of its own HITs.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
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+
+RFC 5201 Host Identity Protocol April 2008
+
+
+ 3. If the system's state machine is in the R2-SENT state, the
+ system MAY check if the newly received I2 is similar to the one
+ that triggered moving to R2-SENT. If so, it MAY retransmit a
+ previously sent R2, reset the R2-SENT timer, and the state
+ machine stays in R2-SENT.
+
+ 4. If the system's state machine is in the I2-SENT state, the
+ system makes a comparison between its local and sender's HITs
+ (similarly as in Section 6.5). If the local HIT is smaller than
+ the sender's HIT, it should drop the I2 packet, use the peer
+ Diffie-Hellman key and nonce I from the R1 packet received
+ earlier, and get the local Diffie-Hellman key and nonce J from
+ the I2 packet sent to the peer earlier. Otherwise, the system
+ should process the received I2 packet and drop any previously
+ derived Diffie-Hellman keying material Kij it might have formed
+ upon sending the I2 previously. The peer Diffie-Hellman key and
+ the nonce J are taken from the just arrived I2 packet. The
+ local Diffie-Hellman key and the nonce I are the ones that were
+ earlier sent in the R1 packet.
+
+ 5. If the system's state machine is in the I1-SENT state, and the
+ HITs in the I2 match those used in the previously sent I1, the
+ system uses this received I2 as the basis for the HIP
+ association it was trying to form, and stops retransmitting I1
+ (provided that the I2 passes the below additional checks).
+
+ 6. If the system's state machine is in any other state than R2-
+ SENT, the system SHOULD check that the echoed R1 generation
+ counter in I2 is within the acceptable range. Implementations
+ MUST accept puzzles from the current generation and MAY accept
+ puzzles from earlier generations. If the newly received I2 is
+ outside the accepted range, the I2 is stale (perhaps replayed)
+ and SHOULD be dropped.
+
+ 7. The system MUST validate the solution to the puzzle by computing
+ the hash described in Section 5.3.3 using the same RHASH
+ algorithm.
+
+ 8. The I2 MUST have a single value in the HIP_TRANSFORM parameter,
+ which MUST match one of the values offered to the Initiator in
+ the R1 packet.
+
+ 9. The system must derive Diffie-Hellman keying material Kij based
+ on the public value and Group ID in the DIFFIE_HELLMAN
+ parameter. This key is used to derive the HIP association keys,
+ as described in Section 6.5. If the Diffie-Hellman Group ID is
+ unsupported, the I2 packet is silently dropped.
+
+
+
+
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+
+RFC 5201 Host Identity Protocol April 2008
+
+
+ 10. The encrypted HOST_ID is decrypted by the Initiator encryption
+ key defined in Section 6.5. If the decrypted data is not a
+ HOST_ID parameter, the I2 packet is silently dropped.
+
+ 11. The implementation SHOULD also verify that the Initiator's HIT
+ in the I2 corresponds to the Host Identity sent in the I2.
+ (Note: some middleboxes may not able to make this verification.)
+
+ 12. The system MUST verify the HMAC according to the procedures in
+ Section 5.2.9.
+
+ 13. The system MUST verify the HIP_SIGNATURE according to
+ Section 5.2.11 and Section 5.3.3.
+
+ 14. If the checks above are valid, then the system proceeds with
+ further I2 processing; otherwise, it discards the I2 and its
+ state machine remains in the same state.
+
+ 15. The I2 packet may have the A bit set -- in this case, the system
+ MAY choose to refuse it by dropping the I2 and the state machine
+ returns to state UNASSOCIATED. If the A bit is set, the
+ Initiator's HIT is anonymous and should not be stored.
+
+ 16. The system initializes the remaining variables in the associated
+ state, including Update ID counters.
+
+ 17. Upon successful processing of an I2 when the system's state
+ machine is in state UNASSOCIATED, I1-SENT, I2-SENT, or R2-SENT,
+ an R2 is sent and the system's state machine transitions to
+ state R2-SENT.
+
+ 18. Upon successful processing of an I2 when the system's state
+ machine is in state ESTABLISHED, the old HIP association is
+ dropped and a new one is installed, an R2 is sent, and the
+ system's state machine transitions to R2-SENT.
+
+ 19. Upon the system's state machine transitioning to R2-SENT, the
+ system starts a timer. The state machine transitions to
+ ESTABLISHED if some data has been received on the incoming HIP
+ association, or an UPDATE packet has been received (or some
+ other packet that indicates that the peer system's state machine
+ has moved to ESTABLISHED). If the timer expires (allowing for
+ maximal retransmissions of I2s), the state machine transitions
+ to ESTABLISHED.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
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+
+RFC 5201 Host Identity Protocol April 2008
+
+
+6.9.1. Handling Malformed Messages
+
+ If an implementation receives a malformed I2 message, the behavior
+ SHOULD depend on how many checks the message has already passed. If
+ the puzzle solution in the message has already been checked, the
+ implementation SHOULD report the error by responding with a NOTIFY
+ packet. Otherwise, the implementation MAY respond with an ICMP
+ message as defined in Section 5.4.
+
+6.10. Processing Incoming R2 Packets
+
+ An R2 received in states UNASSOCIATED, I1-SENT, or ESTABLISHED
+ results in the R2 being dropped and the state machine staying in the
+ same state. If an R2 is received in state I2-SENT, it SHOULD be
+ processed.
+
+ The following steps define the conceptual processing rules for an
+ incoming R2 packet:
+
+ 1. The system MUST verify that the HITs in use correspond to the
+ HITs that were received in the R1.
+
+ 2. The system MUST verify the HMAC_2 according to the procedures in
+ Section 5.2.10.
+
+ 3. The system MUST verify the HIP signature according to the
+ procedures in Section 5.2.11.
+
+ 4. If any of the checks above fail, there is a high probability of
+ an ongoing man-in-the-middle or other security attack. The
+ system SHOULD act accordingly, based on its local policy.
+
+ 5. If the system is in any other state than I2-SENT, the R2 is
+ silently dropped.
+
+ 6. Upon successful processing of the R2, the state machine moves to
+ state ESTABLISHED.
+
+6.11. Sending UPDATE Packets
+
+ A host sends an UPDATE packet when it wants to update some
+ information related to a HIP association. There are a number of
+ likely situations, e.g., mobility management and rekeying of an
+ existing ESP Security Association. The following paragraphs define
+ the conceptual rules for sending an UPDATE packet to the peer.
+ Additional steps can be defined in other documents where the UPDATE
+ packet is used.
+
+
+
+
+Moskowitz, et al. Experimental [Page 84]
+
+RFC 5201 Host Identity Protocol April 2008
+
+
+ The system first determines whether there are any outstanding UPDATE
+ messages that may conflict with the new UPDATE message under
+ consideration. When multiple UPDATEs are outstanding (not yet
+ acknowledged), the sender must assume that such UPDATEs may be
+ processed in an arbitrary order. Therefore, any new UPDATEs that
+ depend on a previous outstanding UPDATE being successfully received
+ and acknowledged MUST be postponed until reception of the necessary
+ ACK(s) occurs. One way to prevent any conflicts is to only allow one
+ outstanding UPDATE at a time. However, allowing multiple UPDATEs may
+ improve the performance of mobility and multihoming protocols.
+
+ The following steps define the conceptual processing rules for
+ sending UPDATE packets.
+
+ 1. The first UPDATE packet is sent with Update ID of zero.
+ Otherwise, the system increments its own Update ID value by one
+ before continuing the below steps.
+
+ 2. The system creates an UPDATE packet that contains a SEQ parameter
+ with the current value of Update ID. The UPDATE packet may also
+ include an ACK of the peer's Update ID found in a received UPDATE
+ SEQ parameter, if any.
+
+ 3. The system sends the created UPDATE packet and starts an UPDATE
+ timer. The default value for the timer is 2 * RTT estimate. If
+ multiple UPDATEs are outstanding, multiple timers are in effect.
+
+ 4. If the UPDATE timer expires, the UPDATE is resent. The UPDATE
+ can be resent UPDATE_RETRY_MAX times. The UPDATE timer SHOULD be
+ exponentially backed off for subsequent retransmissions. If no
+ acknowledgment is received from the peer after UPDATE_RETRY_MAX
+ times, the HIP association is considered to be broken and the
+ state machine should move from state ESTABLISHED to state CLOSING
+ as depicted in Section 4.4.3. The UPDATE timer is cancelled upon
+ receiving an ACK from the peer that acknowledges receipt of the
+ UPDATE.
+
+6.12. Receiving UPDATE Packets
+
+ When a system receives an UPDATE packet, its processing depends on
+ the state of the HIP association and the presence and values of the
+ SEQ and ACK parameters. Typically, an UPDATE message also carries
+ optional parameters whose handling is defined in separate documents.
+
+ For each association, the peer's next expected in-sequence Update ID
+ ("peer Update ID") is stored. Initially, this value is zero. Update
+ ID comparisons of "less than" and "greater than" are performed with
+ respect to a circular sequence number space.
+
+
+
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+
+RFC 5201 Host Identity Protocol April 2008
+
+
+ The sender may send multiple outstanding UPDATE messages. These
+ messages are processed in the order in which they are received at the
+ receiver (i.e., no resequencing is performed). When processing
+ UPDATEs out-of-order, the receiver MUST keep track of which UPDATEs
+ were previously processed, so that duplicates or retransmissions are
+ ACKed and not reprocessed. A receiver MAY choose to define a receive
+ window of Update IDs that it is willing to process at any given time,
+ and discard received UPDATEs falling outside of that window.
+
+ The following steps define the conceptual processing rules for
+ receiving UPDATE packets.
+
+ 1. If there is no corresponding HIP association, the implementation
+ MAY reply with an ICMP Parameter Problem, as specified in
+ Section 5.4.4.
+
+ 2. If the association is in the ESTABLISHED state and the SEQ (but
+ not ACK) parameter is present, the UPDATE is processed and
+ replied to as described in Section 6.12.1.
+
+ 3. If the association is in the ESTABLISHED state and the ACK (but
+ not SEQ) parameter is present, the UPDATE is processed as
+ described in Section 6.12.2.
+
+ 4. If the association is in the ESTABLISHED state and there is both
+ an ACK and SEQ in the UPDATE, the ACK is first processed as
+ described in Section 6.12.2, and then the rest of the UPDATE is
+ processed as described in Section 6.12.1.
+
+6.12.1. Handling a SEQ Parameter in a Received UPDATE Message
+
+ The following steps define the conceptual processing rules for
+ handling a SEQ parameter in a received UPDATE packet.
+
+ 1. If the Update ID in the received SEQ is not the next in the
+ sequence of Update IDs and is greater than the receiver's window
+ for new UPDATEs, the packet MUST be dropped.
+
+ 2. If the Update ID in the received SEQ corresponds to an UPDATE
+ that has recently been processed, the packet is treated as a
+ retransmission. The HMAC verification (next step) MUST NOT be
+ skipped. (A byte-by-byte comparison of the received and a stored
+ packet would be OK, though.) It is recommended that a host cache
+ UPDATE packets sent with ACKs to avoid the cost of generating a
+ new ACK packet to respond to a replayed UPDATE. The system MUST
+ acknowledge, again, such (apparent) UPDATE message
+ retransmissions but SHOULD also consider rate-limiting such
+ retransmission responses to guard against replay attacks.
+
+
+
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+
+RFC 5201 Host Identity Protocol April 2008
+
+
+ 3. The system MUST verify the HMAC in the UPDATE packet. If the
+ verification fails, the packet MUST be dropped.
+
+ 4. The system MAY verify the SIGNATURE in the UPDATE packet. If the
+ verification fails, the packet SHOULD be dropped and an error
+ message logged.
+
+ 5. If a new SEQ parameter is being processed, the parameters in the
+ UPDATE are then processed. The system MUST record the Update ID
+ in the received SEQ parameter, for replay protection.
+
+ 6. An UPDATE acknowledgment packet with ACK parameter is prepared
+ and sent to the peer. This ACK parameter may be included in a
+ separate UPDATE or piggybacked in an UPDATE with SEQ parameter,
+ as described in Section 5.3.5. The ACK parameter MAY acknowledge
+ more than one of the peer's Update IDs.
+
+6.12.2. Handling an ACK Parameter in a Received UPDATE Packet
+
+ The following steps define the conceptual processing rules for
+ handling an ACK parameter in a received UPDATE packet.
+
+ 1. The sequence number reported in the ACK must match with an
+ earlier sent UPDATE packet that has not already been
+ acknowledged. If no match is found or if the ACK does not
+ acknowledge a new UPDATE, the packet MUST either be dropped if no
+ SEQ parameter is present, or the processing steps in
+ Section 6.12.1 are followed.
+
+ 2. The system MUST verify the HMAC in the UPDATE packet. If the
+ verification fails, the packet MUST be dropped.
+
+ 3. The system MAY verify the SIGNATURE in the UPDATE packet. If the
+ verification fails, the packet SHOULD be dropped and an error
+ message logged.
+
+ 4. The corresponding UPDATE timer is stopped (see Section 6.11) so
+ that the now acknowledged UPDATE is no longer retransmitted. If
+ multiple UPDATEs are newly acknowledged, multiple timers are
+ stopped.
+
+6.13. Processing NOTIFY Packets
+
+ Processing NOTIFY packets is OPTIONAL. If processed, any errors in a
+ received NOTIFICATION parameter SHOULD be logged. Received errors
+ MUST be considered only as informational, and the receiver SHOULD NOT
+ change its HIP state (Section 4.4.1) purely based on the received
+ NOTIFY message.
+
+
+
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+
+RFC 5201 Host Identity Protocol April 2008
+
+
+6.14. Processing CLOSE Packets
+
+ When the host receives a CLOSE message, it responds with a CLOSE_ACK
+ message and moves to CLOSED state. (The authenticity of the CLOSE
+ message is verified using both HMAC and SIGNATURE). This processing
+ applies whether or not the HIP association state is CLOSING in order
+ to handle CLOSE messages from both ends that cross in flight.
+
+ The HIP association is not discarded before the host moves from the
+ UNASSOCIATED state.
+
+ Once the closing process has started, any need to send data packets
+ will trigger creating and establishing of a new HIP association,
+ starting with sending an I1.
+
+ If there is no corresponding HIP association, the CLOSE packet is
+ dropped.
+
+6.15. Processing CLOSE_ACK Packets
+
+ When a host receives a CLOSE_ACK message, it verifies that it is in
+ CLOSING or CLOSED state and that the CLOSE_ACK was in response to the
+ CLOSE (using the included ECHO_RESPONSE_SIGNED in response to the
+ sent ECHO_REQUEST_SIGNED).
+
+ The CLOSE_ACK uses HMAC and SIGNATURE for verification. The state is
+ discarded when the state changes to UNASSOCIATED and, after that, the
+ host MAY respond with an ICMP Parameter Problem to an incoming CLOSE
+ message (see Section 5.4.4).
+
+6.16. Handling State Loss
+
+ In the case of system crash and unanticipated state loss, the system
+ SHOULD delete the corresponding HIP state, including the keying
+ material. That is, the state SHOULD NOT be stored on stable storage.
+ If the implementation does drop the state (as RECOMMENDED), it MUST
+ also drop the peer's R1 generation counter value, unless a local
+ policy explicitly defines that the value of that particular host is
+ stored. An implementation MUST NOT store R1 generation counters by
+ default, but storing R1 generation counter values, if done, MUST be
+ configured by explicit HITs.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Moskowitz, et al. Experimental [Page 88]
+
+RFC 5201 Host Identity Protocol April 2008
+
+
+7. HIP Policies
+
+ There are a number of variables that will influence the HIP exchanges
+ that each host must support. All HIP implementations MUST support
+ more than one simultaneous HI, at least one of which SHOULD be
+ reserved for anonymous usage. Although anonymous HIs will be rarely
+ used as Responders' HIs, they will be common for Initiators. Support
+ for more than two HIs is RECOMMENDED.
+
+ Many Initiators would want to use a different HI for different
+ Responders. The implementations SHOULD provide for an ACL of
+ Initiator's HIT to Responder's HIT. This ACL SHOULD also include
+ preferred transform and local lifetimes.
+
+ The value of K used in the HIP R1 packet can also vary by policy. K
+ should never be greater than 20, but for trusted partners it could be
+ as low as 0.
+
+ Responders would need a similar ACL, representing which hosts they
+ accept HIP exchanges, and the preferred transform and local
+ lifetimes. Wildcarding SHOULD be supported for this ACL also.
+
+8. Security Considerations
+
+ HIP is designed to provide secure authentication of hosts. HIP also
+ attempts to limit the exposure of the host to various denial-of-
+ service and man-in-the-middle (MitM) attacks. In so doing, HIP
+ itself is subject to its own DoS and MitM attacks that potentially
+ could be more damaging to a host's ability to conduct business as
+ usual.
+
+ The 384-bit Diffie-Hellman Group is targeted to be used in hosts that
+ either do not require or are not powerful enough for handling strong
+ cryptography. Although there is a risk that with suitable equipment
+ the encryption can be broken in real time, the 384-bit group can
+ provide some protection for end-hosts that are not able to handle any
+ stronger cryptography. When the security provided by the 384-bit
+ group is not enough for applications on a host, the support for this
+ group should be turned off in the configuration.
+
+ Denial-of-service attacks often take advantage of the cost of start
+ of state for a protocol on the Responder compared to the 'cheapness'
+ on the Initiator. HIP makes no attempt to increase the cost of the
+ start of state on the Initiator, but makes an effort to reduce the
+ cost to the Responder. This is done by having the Responder start
+ the 3-way exchange instead of the Initiator, making the HIP protocol
+ 4 packets long. In doing this, packet 2 becomes a 'stock' packet
+ that the Responder MAY use many times, until some Initiator has
+
+
+
+Moskowitz, et al. Experimental [Page 89]
+
+RFC 5201 Host Identity Protocol April 2008
+
+
+ provided a valid response to such an R1 packet. During an I1 storm,
+ the host may reuse the same D-H value also even if some Initiator has
+ provided a valid response using that particular D-H value. However,
+ such behavior is discouraged and should be avoided. Using the same
+ Diffie-Hellman values and random puzzle #I value has some risks.
+ This risk needs to be balanced against a potential storm of HIP I1
+ packets.
+
+ This shifting of the start of state cost to the Initiator in creating
+ the I2 HIP packet, presents another DoS attack. The attacker spoofs
+ the I1 HIP packet and the Responder sends out the R1 HIP packet.
+ This could conceivably tie up the 'Initiator' with evaluating the R1
+ HIP packet, and creating the I2 HIP packet. The defense against this
+ attack is to simply ignore any R1 packet where a corresponding I1 was
+ not sent.
+
+ A second form of DoS attack arrives in the I2 HIP packet. Once the
+ attacking Initiator has solved the puzzle, it can send packets with
+ spoofed IP source addresses with either an invalid encrypted HIP
+ payload component or a bad HIP signature. This would take resources
+ in the Responder's part to reach the point to discover that the I2
+ packet cannot be completely processed. The defense against this
+ attack is after N bad I2 packets, the Responder would discard any I2s
+ that contain the given Initiator HIT. This will shut down the
+ attack. The attacker would have to request another R1 and use that
+ to launch a new attack. The Responder could up the value of K while
+ under attack. On the downside, valid I2s might get dropped too.
+
+ A third form of DoS attack is emulating the restart of state after a
+ reboot of one of the partners. A restarting host would send an I1 to
+ a peer, which would respond with an R1 even if it were in the
+ ESTABLISHED state. If the I1 were spoofed, the resulting R1 would be
+ received unexpectedly by the spoofed host and would be dropped, as in
+ the first case above.
+
+ A fourth form of DoS attack is emulating the end of state. HIP
+ relies on timers plus a CLOSE/CLOSE_ACK handshake to explicitly
+ signal the end of a HIP association. Because both CLOSE and
+ CLOSE_ACK messages contain an HMAC, an outsider cannot close a
+ connection. The presence of an additional SIGNATURE allows
+ middleboxes to inspect these messages and discard the associated
+ state (for e.g., firewalling, SPI-based NATing, etc.). However, the
+ optional behavior of replying to CLOSE with an ICMP Parameter Problem
+ packet (as described in Section 5.4.4) might allow an IP spoofer
+ sending CLOSE messages to launch reflection attacks.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Moskowitz, et al. Experimental [Page 90]
+
+RFC 5201 Host Identity Protocol April 2008
+
+
+ A fifth form of DoS attack is replaying R1s to cause the Initiator to
+ solve stale puzzles and become out of synchronization with the
+ Responder. The R1 generation counter is a monotonically increasing
+ counter designed to protect against this attack, as described in
+ Section 4.1.4.
+
+ Man-in-the-middle attacks are difficult to defend against, without
+ third-party authentication. A skillful MitM could easily handle all
+ parts of HIP, but HIP indirectly provides the following protection
+ from a MitM attack. If the Responder's HI is retrieved from a signed
+ DNS zone, a certificate, or through some other secure means, the
+ Initiator can use this to validate the R1 HIP packet.
+
+ Likewise, if the Initiator's HI is in a secure DNS zone, a trusted
+ certificate, or otherwise securely available, the Responder can
+ retrieve the HI (after having got the I2 HIP packet) and verify that
+ the HI indeed can be trusted. However, since an Initiator may choose
+ to use an anonymous HI, it knowingly risks a MitM attack. The
+ Responder may choose not to accept a HIP exchange with an anonymous
+ Initiator.
+
+ The HIP Opportunistic Mode concept has been introduced in this
+ document, but this document does not specify what the semantics of
+ such a connection setup are for applications. There are certain
+ concerns with opportunistic mode, as discussed in Section 4.1.6.
+
+ NOTIFY messages are used only for informational purposes and they are
+ unacknowledged. A HIP implementation cannot rely solely on the
+ information received in a NOTIFY message because the packet may have
+ been replayed. It SHOULD NOT change any state information based
+ purely on a received NOTIFY message.
+
+ Since not all hosts will ever support HIP, ICMP 'Destination Protocol
+ Unreachable' messages are to be expected and present a DoS attack.
+ Against an Initiator, the attack would look like the Responder does
+ not support HIP, but shortly after receiving the ICMP message, the
+ Initiator would receive a valid R1 HIP packet. Thus, to protect from
+ this attack, an Initiator should not react to an ICMP message until a
+ reasonable delta time to get the real Responder's R1 HIP packet. A
+ similar attack against the Responder is more involved. Normally, if
+ an I1 message received by a Responder was a bogus one sent by an
+ attacker, the Responder may receive an ICMP message from the IP
+ address the R1 message was sent to. However, a sophisticated
+ attacker can try to take advantage of such a behavior and try to
+ break up the HIP exchange by sending such an ICMP message to the
+ Responder before the Initiator has a chance to send a valid I2
+ message. Hence, the Responder SHOULD NOT act on such an ICMP
+ message. Especially, it SHOULD NOT remove any minimal state created
+
+
+
+Moskowitz, et al. Experimental [Page 91]
+
+RFC 5201 Host Identity Protocol April 2008
+
+
+ when it sent the R1 HIP packet (if it did create one), but wait for
+ either a valid I2 HIP packet or the natural timeout (that is, if R1
+ packets are tracked at all). Likewise, the Initiator should ignore
+ any ICMP message while waiting for an R2 HIP packet, and should
+ delete any pending state only after a natural timeout.
+
+9. IANA Considerations
+
+ IANA has reserved protocol number 139 for the Host Identity Protocol.
+
+ This document defines a new 128-bit value under the CGA Message Type
+ namespace [RFC3972], 0xF0EF F02F BFF4 3D0F E793 0C3C 6E61 74EA, to be
+ used for HIT generation as specified in ORCHID [RFC4843].
+
+ This document also creates a set of new namespaces. These are
+ described below.
+
+ Packet Type
+
+ The 7-bit Packet Type field in a HIP protocol packet describes the
+ type of a HIP protocol message. It is defined in Section 5.1.
+ The current values are defined in Sections 5.3.1 through 5.3.8.
+
+ New values are assigned through IETF Consensus [RFC2434].
+
+ HIP Version
+
+ The four-bit Version field in a HIP protocol packet describes the
+ version of the HIP protocol. It is defined in Section 5.1. The
+ only currently defined value is 1. New values are assigned
+ through IETF Consensus.
+
+ Parameter Type
+
+ The 16-bit Type field in a HIP parameter describes the type of the
+ parameter. It is defined in Section 5.2.1. The current values
+ are defined in Sections 5.2.3 through 5.2.20.
+
+ With the exception of the assigned Type codes, the Type codes 0
+ through 1023 and 61440 through 65535 are reserved for future base
+ protocol extensions, and are assigned through IETF Consensus.
+
+ The Type codes 32768 through 49141 are reserved for
+ experimentation. Types SHOULD be selected in a random fashion
+ from this range, thereby reducing the probability of collisions.
+ A method employing genuine randomness (such as flipping a coin)
+ SHOULD be used.
+
+
+
+
+Moskowitz, et al. Experimental [Page 92]
+
+RFC 5201 Host Identity Protocol April 2008
+
+
+ All other Type codes are assigned through First Come First Served,
+ with Specification Required [RFC2434].
+
+ Group ID
+
+ The eight-bit Group ID values appear in the DIFFIE_HELLMAN
+ parameter and are defined in Section 5.2.6. New values either
+ from the reserved or unassigned space are assigned through IETF
+ Consensus.
+
+ Suite ID
+
+ The 16-bit Suite ID values in a HIP_TRANSFORM parameter are
+ defined in Section 5.2.7. New values either from the reserved or
+ unassigned space are assigned through IETF Consensus.
+
+ DI-Type
+
+ The four-bit DI-Type values in a HOST_ID parameter are defined in
+ Section 5.2.8. New values are assigned through IETF Consensus.
+
+ Notify Message Type
+
+ The 16-bit Notify Message Type values in a NOTIFICATION parameter
+ are defined in Section 5.2.16.
+
+ Notify Message Type values 1-10 are used for informing about
+ errors in packet structures, values 11-20 for informing about
+ problems in parameters containing cryptographic related material,
+ values 21-30 for informing about problems in authentication or
+ packet integrity verification. Parameter numbers above 30 can be
+ used for informing about other types of errors or events. Values
+ 51-8191 are error types reserved to be allocated by IANA. Values
+ 8192-16383 are error types for experimentation. Values 16385-
+ 40959 are status types to be allocated by IANA, and values 40960-
+ 65535 are status types for experimentation. New values in ranges
+ 51-8191 and 16385-40959 are assigned through First Come First
+ Served, with Specification Required.
+
+10. Acknowledgments
+
+ The drive to create HIP came to being after attending the MALLOC
+ meeting at the 43rd IETF meeting. Baiju Patel and Hilarie Orman
+ really gave the original author, Bob Moskowitz, the assist to get HIP
+ beyond 5 paragraphs of ideas. It has matured considerably since the
+ early versions thanks to extensive input from IETFers. Most
+ importantly, its design goals are articulated and are different from
+ other efforts in this direction. Particular mention goes to the
+
+
+
+Moskowitz, et al. Experimental [Page 93]
+
+RFC 5201 Host Identity Protocol April 2008
+
+
+ members of the NameSpace Research Group of the IRTF. Noel Chiappa
+ provided valuable input at early stages of discussions about
+ identifier handling and Keith Moore the impetus to provide
+ resolvability. Steve Deering provided encouragement to keep working,
+ as a solid proposal can act as a proof of ideas for a research group.
+
+ Many others contributed; extensive security tips were provided by
+ Steve Bellovin. Rob Austein kept the DNS parts on track. Paul
+ Kocher taught Bob Moskowitz how to make the puzzle exchange expensive
+ for the Initiator to respond, but easy for the Responder to validate.
+ Bill Sommerfeld supplied the Birthday concept, which later evolved
+ into the R1 generation counter, to simplify reboot management. Erik
+ Nordmark supplied the CLOSE-mechanism for closing connections.
+ Rodney Thayer and Hugh Daniels provided extensive feedback. In the
+ early times of this document, John Gilmore kept Bob Moskowitz
+ challenged to provide something of value.
+
+ During the later stages of this document, when the editing baton was
+ transferred to Pekka Nikander, the input from the early implementors
+ was invaluable. Without having actual implementations, this document
+ would not be on the level it is now.
+
+ In the usual IETF fashion, a large number of people have contributed
+ to the actual text or ideas. The list of these people include Jeff
+ Ahrenholz, Francis Dupont, Derek Fawcus, George Gross, Andrew
+ McGregor, Julien Laganier, Miika Komu, Mika Kousa, Jan Melen, Henrik
+ Petander, Michael Richardson, Tim Shepard, Jorma Wall, and Jukka
+ Ylitalo. Our apologies to anyone whose name is missing.
+
+ Once the HIP Working Group was founded in early 2004, a number of
+ changes were introduced through the working group process. Most
+ notably, the original document was split in two, one containing the
+ base exchange and the other one defining how to use ESP. Some
+ modifications to the protocol proposed by Aura, et al., [AUR03] were
+ added at a later stage.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Moskowitz, et al. Experimental [Page 94]
+
+RFC 5201 Host Identity Protocol April 2008
+
+
+11. References
+
+11.1. Normative References
+
+ [FIPS95] NIST, "FIPS PUB 180-1: Secure Hash Standard",
+ April 1995.
+
+ [RFC0768] Postel, J., "User Datagram Protocol", STD 6, RFC 768,
+ August 1980.
+
+ [RFC1035] Mockapetris, P., "Domain names - implementation and
+ specification", STD 13, RFC 1035, November 1987.
+
+ [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
+ Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
+
+ [RFC2404] Madson, C. and R. Glenn, "The Use of HMAC-SHA-1-96
+ within ESP and AH", RFC 2404, November 1998.
+
+ [RFC2451] Pereira, R. and R. Adams, "The ESP CBC-Mode Cipher
+ Algorithms", RFC 2451, November 1998.
+
+ [RFC2460] Deering, S. and R. Hinden, "Internet Protocol, Version
+ 6 (IPv6) Specification", RFC 2460, December 1998.
+
+ [RFC2463] Conta, A. and S. Deering, "Internet Control Message
+ Protocol (ICMPv6) for the Internet Protocol Version 6
+ (IPv6) Specification", RFC 2463, December 1998.
+
+ [RFC2536] Eastlake, D., "DSA KEYs and SIGs in the Domain Name
+ System (DNS)", RFC 2536, March 1999.
+
+ [RFC2898] Kaliski, B., "PKCS #5: Password-Based Cryptography
+ Specification Version 2.0", RFC 2898, September 2000.
+
+ [RFC3110] Eastlake, D., "RSA/SHA-1 SIGs and RSA KEYs in the
+ Domain Name System (DNS)", RFC 3110, May 2001.
+
+ [RFC3484] Draves, R., "Default Address Selection for Internet
+ Protocol version 6 (IPv6)", RFC 3484, February 2003.
+
+ [RFC3526] Kivinen, T. and M. Kojo, "More Modular Exponential
+ (MODP) Diffie-Hellman groups for Internet Key Exchange
+ (IKE)", RFC 3526, May 2003.
+
+ [RFC3602] Frankel, S., Glenn, R., and S. Kelly, "The AES-CBC
+ Cipher Algorithm and Its Use with IPsec", RFC 3602,
+ September 2003.
+
+
+
+Moskowitz, et al. Experimental [Page 95]
+
+RFC 5201 Host Identity Protocol April 2008
+
+
+ [RFC3972] Aura, T., "Cryptographically Generated Addresses
+ (CGA)", RFC 3972, March 2005.
+
+ [RFC4034] Arends, R., Austein, R., Larson, M., Massey, D., and
+ S. Rose, "Resource Records for the DNS Security
+ Extensions", RFC 4034, March 2005.
+
+ [RFC4282] Aboba, B., Beadles, M., Arkko, J., and P. Eronen, "The
+ Network Access Identifier", RFC 4282, December 2005.
+
+ [RFC4307] Schiller, J., "Cryptographic Algorithms for Use in the
+ Internet Key Exchange Version 2 (IKEv2)", RFC 4307,
+ December 2005.
+
+ [RFC4843] Nikander, P., Laganier, J., and F. Dupont, "An IPv6
+ Prefix for Overlay Routable Cryptographic Hash
+ Identifiers (ORCHID)", RFC 4843, April 2007.
+
+ [RFC5202] Jokela, P., Moskowitz, R., and P. Nikander, "Using the
+ Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) Transport Format
+ with the Host Identity Protocol (HIP)", RFC 5202,
+ April 2008.
+
+11.2. Informative References
+
+ [AUR03] Aura, T., Nagarajan, A., and A. Gurtov, "Analysis of
+ the HIP Base Exchange Protocol", in Proceedings
+ of 10th Australasian Conference on Information
+ Security and Privacy, July 2003.
+
+ [CRO03] Crosby, SA. and DS. Wallach, "Denial of Service via
+ Algorithmic Complexity Attacks", in Proceedings
+ of Usenix Security Symposium 2003, Washington, DC.,
+ August 2003.
+
+ [DIF76] Diffie, W. and M. Hellman, "New Directions in
+ Cryptography", IEEE Transactions on Information
+ Theory vol. IT-22, number 6, pages 644-654, Nov 1976.
+
+ [FIPS01] NIST, "FIPS PUB 197: Advanced Encryption Standard",
+ Nov 2001.
+
+ [HIP-APP] Henderson, T., Nikander, P., and M. Komu, "Using the
+ Host Identity Protocol with Legacy Applications", Work
+ in Progress, November 2007.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Moskowitz, et al. Experimental [Page 96]
+
+RFC 5201 Host Identity Protocol April 2008
+
+
+ [IPsec-APIs] Richardson, M., Williams, N., Komu, M., and S.
+ Tarkoma, "IPsec Application Programming Interfaces",
+ Work in Progress, February 2008.
+
+ [KAU03] Kaufman, C., Perlman, R., and B. Sommerfeld, "DoS
+ protection for UDP-based protocols", ACM Conference on
+ Computer and Communications Security , Oct 2003.
+
+ [KRA03] Krawczyk, H., "SIGMA: The 'SIGn-and-MAc' Approach to
+ Authenticated Diffie-Hellman and Its Use in the IKE-
+ Protocols", in Proceedings of CRYPTO 2003, pages 400-
+ 425, August 2003.
+
+ [RFC0792] Postel, J., "Internet Control Message Protocol",
+ STD 5, RFC 792, September 1981.
+
+ [RFC2412] Orman, H., "The OAKLEY Key Determination Protocol",
+ RFC 2412, November 1998.
+
+ [RFC2434] Narten, T. and H. Alvestrand, "Guidelines for Writing
+ an IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", BCP 26,
+ RFC 2434, October 1998.
+
+ [RFC4306] Kaufman, C., "Internet Key Exchange (IKEv2) Protocol",
+ RFC 4306, December 2005.
+
+ [RFC4423] Moskowitz, R. and P. Nikander, "Host Identity Protocol
+ (HIP) Architecture", RFC 4423, May 2006.
+
+ [RFC5204] Laganier, J. and L. Eggert, "Host Identity Protocol
+ (HIP) Rendezvous Extension", RFC 5204, April 2008.
+
+ [RFC5205] Nikander, P. and J. Laganier, "Host Identity Protocol
+ (HIP) Domain Name System (DNS) Extensions", RFC 5205,
+ April 2008.
+
+ [RFC5206] Henderson, T., Ed., "End-Host Mobility and Multihoming
+ with the Host Identity Protocol", RFC 5206,
+ April 2008.
+
+ [SHIM6-PROTO] Nordmark, E. and M. Bagnulo, "Shim6: Level 3
+ Multihoming Shim Protocol for IPv6", Work in Progress,
+ February 2008.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Moskowitz, et al. Experimental [Page 97]
+
+RFC 5201 Host Identity Protocol April 2008
+
+
+Appendix A. Using Responder Puzzles
+
+ As mentioned in Section 4.1.1, the Responder may delay state creation
+ and still reject most spoofed I2s by using a number of pre-calculated
+ R1s and a local selection function. This appendix defines one
+ possible implementation in detail. The purpose of this appendix is
+ to give the implementors an idea on how to implement the mechanism.
+ If the implementation is based on this appendix, it MAY contain some
+ local modification that makes an attacker's task harder.
+
+ The Responder creates a secret value S, that it regenerates
+ periodically. The Responder needs to remember the two latest values
+ of S. Each time the S is regenerated, the R1 generation counter
+ value is incremented by one.
+
+ The Responder generates a pre-signed R1 packet. The signature for
+ pre-generated R1s must be recalculated when the Diffie-Hellman key is
+ recomputed or when the R1_COUNTER value changes due to S value
+ regeneration.
+
+ When the Initiator sends the I1 packet for initializing a connection,
+ the Responder gets the HIT and IP address from the packet, and
+ generates an I value for the puzzle. The I value is set to the pre-
+ signed R1 packet.
+
+ I value calculation:
+ I = Ltrunc( RHASH ( S | HIT-I | HIT-R | IP-I | IP-R ), 64)
+
+ The RHASH algorithm is the same that is used to generate the
+ Responder's HIT value.
+
+ From an incoming I2 packet, the Responder gets the required
+ information to validate the puzzle: HITs, IP addresses, and the
+ information of the used S value from the R1_COUNTER. Using these
+ values, the Responder can regenerate the I, and verify it against the
+ I received in the I2 packet. If the I values match, it can verify
+ the solution using I, J, and difficulty K. If the I values do not
+ match, the I2 is dropped.
+
+ puzzle_check:
+ V := Ltrunc( RHASH( I2.I | I2.hit_i | I2.hit_r | I2.J ), K )
+ if V != 0, drop the packet
+
+ If the puzzle solution is correct, the I and J values are stored for
+ later use. They are used as input material when keying material is
+ generated.
+
+
+
+
+
+Moskowitz, et al. Experimental [Page 98]
+
+RFC 5201 Host Identity Protocol April 2008
+
+
+ Keeping state about failed puzzle solutions depends on the
+ implementation. Although it is possible for the Responder not to
+ keep any state information, it still may do so to protect itself
+ against certain attacks (see Section 4.1.1).
+
+Appendix B. Generating a Public Key Encoding from an HI
+
+ The following pseudo-code illustrates the process to generate a
+ public key encoding from an HI for both RSA and DSA.
+
+ The symbol := denotes assignment; the symbol += denotes appending.
+ The pseudo-function encode_in_network_byte_order takes two
+ parameters, an integer (bignum) and a length in bytes, and returns
+ the integer encoded into a byte string of the given length.
+
+ switch ( HI.algorithm )
+ {
+
+ case RSA:
+ buffer := encode_in_network_byte_order ( HI.RSA.e_len,
+ ( HI.RSA.e_len > 255 ) ? 3 : 1 )
+ buffer += encode_in_network_byte_order ( HI.RSA.e, HI.RSA.e_len )
+ buffer += encode_in_network_byte_order ( HI.RSA.n, HI.RSA.n_len )
+ break;
+
+ case DSA:
+ buffer := encode_in_network_byte_order ( HI.DSA.T , 1 )
+ buffer += encode_in_network_byte_order ( HI.DSA.Q , 20 )
+ buffer += encode_in_network_byte_order ( HI.DSA.P , 64 +
+ 8 * HI.DSA.T )
+ buffer += encode_in_network_byte_order ( HI.DSA.G , 64 +
+ 8 * HI.DSA.T )
+ buffer += encode_in_network_byte_order ( HI.DSA.Y , 64 +
+ 8 * HI.DSA.T )
+ break;
+
+ }
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Moskowitz, et al. Experimental [Page 99]
+
+RFC 5201 Host Identity Protocol April 2008
+
+
+Appendix C. Example Checksums for HIP Packets
+
+ The HIP checksum for HIP packets is specified in Section 5.1.1.
+ Checksums for TCP and UDP packets running over HIP-enabled security
+ associations are specified in Section 3.5. The examples below use IP
+ addresses of 192.168.0.1 and 192.168.0.2 (and their respective IPv4-
+ compatible IPv6 formats), and HITs with the prefix of 2001:10
+ followed by zeros, followed by a decimal 1 or 2, respectively.
+
+ The following example is defined only for testing a checksum
+ calculation. The address format for the IPv4-compatible IPv6 address
+ is not a valid one, but using these IPv6 addresses when testing an
+ IPv6 implementation gives the same checksum output as an IPv4
+ implementation with the corresponding IPv4 addresses.
+
+C.1. IPv6 HIP Example (I1)
+
+ Source Address: ::192.168.0.1
+ Destination Address: ::192.168.0.2
+ Upper-Layer Packet Length: 40 0x28
+ Next Header: 139 0x8b
+ Payload Protocol: 59 0x3b
+ Header Length: 4 0x4
+ Packet Type: 1 0x1
+ Version: 1 0x1
+ Reserved: 1 0x1
+ Control: 0 0x0
+ Checksum: 446 0x1be
+ Sender's HIT : 2001:10::1
+ Receiver's HIT: 2001:10::2
+
+C.2. IPv4 HIP Packet (I1)
+
+ The IPv4 checksum value for the same example I1 packet is the same as
+ the IPv6 checksum (since the checksums due to the IPv4 and IPv6
+ pseudo-header components are the same).
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Moskowitz, et al. Experimental [Page 100]
+
+RFC 5201 Host Identity Protocol April 2008
+
+
+C.3. TCP Segment
+
+ Regardless of whether IPv6 or IPv4 is used, the TCP and UDP sockets
+ use the IPv6 pseudo-header format [RFC2460], with the HITs used in
+ place of the IPv6 addresses.
+
+ Sender's HIT: 2001:10::1
+ Receiver's HIT: 2001:10::2
+ Upper-Layer Packet Length: 20 0x14
+ Next Header: 6 0x06
+ Source port: 65500 0xffdc
+ Destination port: 22 0x0016
+ Sequence number: 1 0x00000001
+ Acknowledgment number: 0 0x00000000
+ Header length: 20 0x14
+ Flags: SYN 0x02
+ Window size: 65535 0xffff
+ Checksum: 28618 0x6fca
+ Urgent pointer: 0 0x0000
+
+
+ 0x0000: 6000 0000 0014 0640 2001 0010 0000 0000
+ 0x0010: 0000 0000 0000 0001 2001 0010 0000 0000
+ 0x0020: 0000 0000 0000 0002 ffdc 0016 0000 0001
+ 0x0030: 0000 0000 5002 ffff 6fca 0000
+
+Appendix D. 384-Bit Group
+
+ This 384-bit group is defined only to be used with HIP. NOTE: The
+ security level of this group is very low! The encryption may be
+ broken in a very short time, even real-time. It should be used only
+ when the host is not powerful enough (e.g., some PDAs) and when
+ security requirements are low (e.g., during normal web surfing).
+
+ This prime is: 2^384 - 2^320 - 1 + 2^64 * { [ 2^254 pi] + 5857 }
+
+ Its hexadecimal value is:
+
+ FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF C90FDAA2 2168C234 C4C6628B 80DC1CD1
+ 29024E08 8A67CC74 020BBEA6 3B13B202 FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF
+
+ The generator is: 2.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Moskowitz, et al. Experimental [Page 101]
+
+RFC 5201 Host Identity Protocol April 2008
+
+
+Appendix E. OAKLEY Well-Known Group 1
+
+ See also [RFC2412] for definition of OAKLEY well-known group 1.
+
+ OAKLEY Well-Known Group 1: A 768-bit prime
+
+ The prime is 2^768 - 2^704 - 1 + 2^64 * { [2^638 pi] + 149686 }.
+
+ The hexadecimal value is:
+
+ FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF C90FDAA2 2168C234 C4C6628B 80DC1CD1
+ 29024E08 8A67CC74 020BBEA6 3B139B22 514A0879 8E3404DD
+ EF9519B3 CD3A431B 302B0A6D F25F1437 4FE1356D 6D51C245
+ E485B576 625E7EC6 F44C42E9 A63A3620 FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF
+
+ This has been rigorously verified as a prime.
+
+ The generator is: 22 (decimal)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
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+Moskowitz, et al. Experimental [Page 102]
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+RFC 5201 Host Identity Protocol April 2008
+
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+Authors' Addresses
+
+ Robert Moskowitz
+ ICSAlabs, An Independent Division of Verizon Business Systems
+ 1000 Bent Creek Blvd, Suite 200
+ Mechanicsburg, PA
+ USA
+
+ EMail: rgm@icsalabs.com
+
+
+ Pekka Nikander
+ Ericsson Research NomadicLab
+ JORVAS FIN-02420
+ FINLAND
+
+ Phone: +358 9 299 1
+ EMail: pekka.nikander@nomadiclab.com
+
+
+ Petri Jokela (editor)
+ Ericsson Research NomadicLab
+ JORVAS FIN-02420
+ FINLAND
+
+ Phone: +358 9 299 1
+ EMail: petri.jokela@nomadiclab.com
+
+
+ Thomas R. Henderson
+ The Boeing Company
+ P.O. Box 3707
+ Seattle, WA
+ USA
+
+ EMail: thomas.r.henderson@boeing.com
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+Moskowitz, et al. Experimental [Page 103]
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+RFC 5201 Host Identity Protocol April 2008
+
+
+Full Copyright Statement
+
+ Copyright (C) The IETF Trust (2008).
+
+ This document is subject to the rights, licenses and restrictions
+ contained in BCP 78, and except as set forth therein, the authors
+ retain all their rights.
+
+ This document and the information contained herein are provided on an
+ "AS IS" basis and THE CONTRIBUTOR, THE ORGANIZATION HE/SHE REPRESENTS
+ OR IS SPONSORED BY (IF ANY), THE INTERNET SOCIETY, THE IETF TRUST AND
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+ WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
+
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+
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+
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+
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+Moskowitz, et al. Experimental [Page 104]
+