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+Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)                         A. Morton
+Request for Comments: 7799                                     AT&T Labs
+Category: Informational                                         May 2016
+ISSN: 2070-1721
+
+
+                 Active and Passive Metrics and Methods
+                     (with Hybrid Types In-Between)
+
+Abstract
+
+   This memo provides clear definitions for Active and Passive
+   performance assessment.  The construction of Metrics and Methods can
+   be described as either "Active" or "Passive".  Some methods may use a
+   subset of both Active and Passive attributes, and we refer to these
+   as "Hybrid Methods".  This memo also describes multiple dimensions to
+   help evaluate new methods as they emerge.
+
+Status of This Memo
+
+   This document is not an Internet Standards Track specification; it is
+   published for informational purposes.
+
+   This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force
+   (IETF).  It represents the consensus of the IETF community.  It has
+   received public review and has been approved for publication by the
+   Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG).  Not all documents
+   approved by the IESG are a candidate for any level of Internet
+   Standard; see Section 2 of RFC 5741.
+
+   Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
+   and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
+   http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7799.
+
+Copyright Notice
+
+   Copyright (c) 2016 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
+   document authors.  All rights reserved.
+
+   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
+   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
+   (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
+   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
+   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
+   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
+   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
+   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
+   described in the Simplified BSD License.
+
+
+
+Morton                        Informational                     [Page 1]
+
+RFC 7799               Active, Passive and Hybrid               May 2016
+
+
+Table of Contents
+
+   1. Introduction ....................................................2
+      1.1. Requirements Language ......................................3
+   2. Purpose and Scope ...............................................3
+   3. Terms and Definitions ...........................................3
+      3.1. Performance Metric .........................................3
+      3.2. Method of Measurement ......................................4
+      3.3. Observation Point ..........................................4
+      3.4. Active Methods .............................................4
+      3.5. Active Metric ..............................................5
+      3.6. Passive Methods ............................................5
+      3.7. Passive Metric .............................................6
+      3.8. Hybrid Methods and Metrics .................................6
+   4. Discussion ......................................................8
+      4.1. Graphical Representation ...................................8
+      4.2. Discussion of PDM .........................................10
+      4.3. Discussion of "Coloring" Method ...........................11
+      4.4. Brief Discussion of OAM Methods ...........................11
+   5. Security Considerations ........................................12
+   6. References .....................................................12
+      6.1. Normative References ......................................12
+      6.2. Informative References ....................................13
+   Acknowledgements ..................................................14
+   Author's Address ..................................................14
+
+1.  Introduction
+
+   The adjectives "Active" and "Passive" have been used for many years
+   to distinguish between two different classes of Internet performance
+   assessment.  The first Passive and Active Measurement (PAM)
+   Conference was held in 2000, but the earliest proceedings available
+   online are from the second PAM conference in 2001
+   <https://www.ripe.net/ripe/meetings/pam-2001>.
+
+   The notions of "Active" and "Passive" are well-established.  In
+   general:
+
+   o  An Active Metric or Method depends on a dedicated measurement
+      packet stream and observations of the stream.
+
+   o  A Passive Metric or Method depends *solely* on observation of one
+      or more existing packet streams.  The streams only serve
+      measurement when they are observed for that purpose, and are
+      present whether or not measurements take place.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Morton                        Informational                     [Page 2]
+
+RFC 7799               Active, Passive and Hybrid               May 2016
+
+
+   As new techniques for assessment emerge, it is helpful to have clear
+   definitions of these notions.  This memo provides more-detailed
+   definitions, defines a new category for combinations of traditional
+   Active and Passive techniques, and discusses dimensions to evaluate
+   new techniques as they emerge.
+
+   This memo provides definitions for Active and Passive Metrics and
+   Methods based on long usage in the Internet measurement community,
+   and especially the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF).  This memo
+   also describes the combination of fundamental Active and Passive
+   categories that are called Hybrid Methods and Metrics.
+
+1.1.  Requirements Language
+
+   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
+   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
+   document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].
+
+2.  Purpose and Scope
+
+   The scope of this memo is to define and describe Active and Passive
+   versions of metrics and methods that are consistent with the long-
+   time usage of these adjectives in the Internet measurement community
+   and especially the IETF.  Since the science of measurement is
+   expanding, we provide a category for combinations of the traditional
+   extremes, treating Active and Passive as a continuum and designating
+   combinations of their attributes as Hybrid Methods.
+
+   Further, this memo's purpose includes describing multiple dimensions
+   to evaluate new methods as they emerge.
+
+3.  Terms and Definitions
+
+   This section defines the key terms of the memo.  Some definitions use
+   the notion of "stream of interest", which is synonymous with
+   "population of interest" defined in clause 6.1.1 of ITU-T
+   Recommendation Y.1540 [Y.1540].  These definitions will be useful for
+   any work in progress, such as [PASSIVE] (with which there is already
+   good consistency).
+
+3.1.  Performance Metric
+
+   The standard definition of a quantity, produced in an assessment of
+   performance and/or reliability of the network, which has an intended
+   utility and is carefully specified to convey the exact meaning of a
+   measured value.  (This definition is consistent with that of
+   Performance Metric in [RFC2330] and [RFC6390]).
+
+
+
+
+Morton                        Informational                     [Page 3]
+
+RFC 7799               Active, Passive and Hybrid               May 2016
+
+
+3.2.  Method of Measurement
+
+   The procedure or set of operations having the object of determining a
+   Measured Value or Measurement Result.
+
+3.3.  Observation Point
+
+   See Section 2 of [RFC7011] for the definition of Observation Point (a
+   location in the network where packets can be observed), and related
+   definitions.  The comparable term defined in IETF literature on
+   Active measurement is "Measurement Point" (see Section 4.1 of
+   [RFC5835]).  Both of these terms have come into use describing
+   similar actions at the identified point in the network path.
+
+3.4.  Active Methods
+
+   Active Methods of Measurement have the following attributes:
+
+   o  Active Methods generate packet streams.  Commonly, the packet
+      stream of interest is generated as the basis of measurement.
+      Sometimes, the adjective "synthetic" is used to categorize Active
+      measurement streams [Y.1731].  An accompanying packet stream or
+      streams may be generated to increase overall traffic load, though
+      the loading stream(s) may not be measured.
+
+   o  The packets in the stream of interest have fields or field values
+      (or are augmented or modified to include fields or field values)
+      that are dedicated to measurement.  Since measurement usually
+      requires determining the corresponding packets at multiple
+      measurement points, a sequence number is the most common
+      information dedicated to measurement, and it is often combined
+      with a timestamp.
+
+   o  The Source and Destination of the packet stream of interest are
+      usually known a priori.
+
+   o  The characteristics of the packet stream of interest are known at
+      the Source (at least), and may be communicated to the Destination
+      as part of the method.  Note that some packet characteristics will
+      normally change during packet forwarding.  Other changes along the
+      path are possible, see [STDFORM].
+
+   When adding traffic to the network for measurement, Active Methods
+   influence the quantities measured to some degree, and those
+   performing tests should take steps to quantify the effect(s) and/or
+   minimize such effects.
+
+
+
+
+
+Morton                        Informational                     [Page 4]
+
+RFC 7799               Active, Passive and Hybrid               May 2016
+
+
+3.5.  Active Metric
+
+   An Active Metric incorporates one or more of the aspects of Active
+   Methods in the metric definition.
+
+   For example, IETF metrics for IP performance (developed according to
+   the framework described in [RFC2330]) include the Source-packet
+   stream characteristics as metric-input parameters, and also specify
+   the packet characteristics (Type-P) and Source and Destination IP
+   addresses (with their implications on both stream treatment and
+   interfaces associated with measurement points).
+
+3.6.  Passive Methods
+
+   Passive Methods of Measurement are:
+
+   o  based solely on observations of an undisturbed and unmodified
+      packet stream of interest (in other words, the method of
+      measurement MUST NOT add, change, or remove packets or fields or
+      change field values anywhere along the path).
+
+   o  dependent on the existence of one or more packet streams to supply
+      the stream of interest.
+
+   o  dependent on the presence of the packet stream of interest at one
+      or more designated Observation Points.
+
+   Some Passive Methods simply observe and collect information on all
+   packets that pass Observation Point(s), while others filter the
+   packets as a first step and only collect information on packets that
+   match the filter criteria, and thereby narrow the stream of interest.
+
+   It is common that Passive Methods are conducted at one or more
+   Observation Points.  Passive Methods to assess Performance Metrics
+   often require multiple Observation Points, e.g., to assess the
+   latency of packet transfer across a network path between two
+   Observation Points.  In this case, the observed packets must include
+   enough information to determine the corresponding packets at
+   different Observation Points.
+
+   Communication of the observations (in some form) to a collector is an
+   essential aspect of Passive Methods.  In some configurations, the
+   traffic load generated when communicating (or exporting) the Passive
+   Method results to a collector may itself influence the measured
+   network's performance.  However, the collection of results is not
+   unique to Passive Methods, and the load from management and
+   operations of measurement systems must always be considered for
+   potential effects on the measured values.
+
+
+
+Morton                        Informational                     [Page 5]
+
+RFC 7799               Active, Passive and Hybrid               May 2016
+
+
+3.7.  Passive Metric
+
+   Passive Metrics apply to observations of packet traffic (traffic
+   flows in [RFC7011]).
+
+   Passive performance metrics are assessed independently of the packets
+   or traffic flows, and solely through observation.  Some refer to such
+   assessments as "out of band".
+
+   One example of Passive Performance Metrics for IP packet transfer can
+   be found in ITU-T Recommendation Y.1540 [Y.1540], where the metrics
+   are defined on the basis of reference events generated as packets
+   pass reference points.  The metrics are agnostic to the distinction
+   between Active and Passive when the necessary packet correspondence
+   can be derived from the observed stream of interest as required.
+
+3.8.  Hybrid Methods and Metrics
+
+   Hybrid Methods are Methods of Measurement that use a combination of
+   Active Methods and Passive Methods, to assess Active Metrics, Passive
+   Metrics, or new metrics derived from the a priori knowledge and
+   observations of the stream of interest.  ITU-T Recommendation Y.1540
+   [Y.1540] defines metrics that are also applicable to the hybrid
+   categories, since packet correspondence at different observation/
+   reference points could be derived from "fields or field values which
+   are dedicated to measurement", but otherwise the methods are Passive.
+
+   There are several types of Hybrid Methods, as categorized below.
+
+   With respect to a *single* stream of interest, Hybrid Type I methods
+   fit in the continuum as follows, in terms of what happens at the
+   Source (or Observation Point nearby):
+
+   o  Generation of the stream of interest => Active
+
+   o  Augmentation or modification of the stream of interest, or
+      employment of methods that modify the treatment of the stream =>
+      Hybrid Type I
+
+   o  Observation of a stream of interest => Passive
+
+   As an example, consider the case where the method generates traffic
+   load stream(s), and observes an existing stream of interest according
+   to the criteria for Passive Methods.  Since loading streams are an
+   aspect of Active Methods, the stream of interest is not "solely
+   observed", and the measurements involve a single stream of interest
+   whose treatment has been modified by the presence of the load.
+   Therefore, this is a Hybrid Type I method.
+
+
+
+Morton                        Informational                     [Page 6]
+
+RFC 7799               Active, Passive and Hybrid               May 2016
+
+
+   We define Hybrid Type II as follows: Methods that employ two or more
+   different streams of interest with some degree of mutual coordination
+   (e.g., one or more Active streams and one or more undisturbed and
+   unmodified packet streams) to collect both Active and Passive Metrics
+   and enable enhanced characterization from additional joint analysis.
+   [HYBRID] presents a problem statement for Hybrid Type II Methods and
+   Metrics.  Note that one or more Hybrid Type I streams could be
+   substituted for the Active streams or undisturbed streams in the
+   mutually coordinated set.  It is the Type II Methods where unique
+   Hybrid Metrics are anticipated to emerge.
+
+   Methods based on a combination of a single (generated) Active stream
+   and Passive observations applied to the stream of interest at
+   intermediate Observation Points are also Hybrid Methods.  However,
+   [RFC5644] already defines these as Spatial Metrics and Methods.  It
+   is possible to replace the Active stream of [RFC5644] with a Hybrid
+   Type I stream and measure Spatial Metrics (but this was unanticipated
+   when [RFC5644] was developed).
+
+   The table below illustrates the categorization of methods (where
+   "Synthesis" refers to a combination of Active and Passive Method
+   attributes).
+
+                       | Single Stream          | Multiple Simultaneous
+                       | of Interest            | Streams of Interest
+                       |                        | from Different Methods
+   ====================================================================
+   Single Fundamental  | Active or Passive      |
+   Method              |                        |
+
+   Synthesis of        | Hybrid Type I          |
+   Fundamental Methods |                        |
+
+   Multiple Methods    | Spatial Metrics        | Hybrid Type II
+                       | [RFC5644]              |
+
+   There may be circumstances where results measured with Hybrid Methods
+   can be considered equivalent to those measured with Passive Methods.
+   This notion references the possibility of a "class C" where packets
+   of different Type-P are treated equally in network implementation, as
+   described in Section 13 of [RFC2330] and using the terminology for
+   paths from Section 5 of [RFC2330]:
+
+      Hybrid Methods of measurement that augment or modify packets of a
+      "class C" in a host should produce results equivalent to Passive
+      Methods of Measurement when hosts accessing and links transporting
+      these packets along the path (other than those performing
+      augmentation/modification) treat packets from both categories of
+
+
+
+Morton                        Informational                     [Page 7]
+
+RFC 7799               Active, Passive and Hybrid               May 2016
+
+
+      methods (with and without the augmentation/modification) as the
+      same "class C".  The Passive Methods of Measurement represent the
+      Ground Truth when comparing results between Passive and Hybrid
+      Methods, and this comparison should be conducted to confirm the
+      "class C" treatment.
+
+4.  Discussion
+
+   This section illustrates the definitions and presents some examples.
+
+4.1.  Graphical Representation
+
+   If we compare the Active and Passive Methods, there are at least two
+   dimensions on which methods can be evaluated.  This evaluation space
+   may be useful when a method is a combination of the two alternative
+   methods.
+
+   The two dimensions (initially chosen) are:
+
+   Y-Axis:  "Effect of the measured stream on network conditions".  The
+      degree to which the stream of interest biases overall network
+      conditions experienced by that stream and other streams.  This is
+      a key dimension for Active measurement error analysis.  (Comment:
+      There is also the notion of time averages -- a measurement stream
+      may have significant effect while it is present, but the stream is
+      only generated 0.1% of the time.  On the other hand, observations
+      alone have no effect on network performance.  To keep these
+      dimensions simple, we consider the stream effect only when it is
+      present, but note that reactive networks defined in [RFC7312] may
+      exhibit bias for some time beyond the life of a stream.)
+
+   X-Axis:  "a priori Stream Knowledge".  The degree to which stream
+      characteristics are known a priori.  There are methodological
+      advantages of knowing the source stream characteristics, and
+      having complete control of the stream characteristics.  For
+      example, knowing the number of packets in a stream allows more-
+      efficient operation of the measurement receiver, and so is an
+      asset for Active Methods of Measurement.  Passive Methods (with no
+      sample filter) have few clues available to anticipate what
+      protocol the first packet observed will use or how many packets
+      will comprise the flow; once the standard protocol of a flow is
+      known, the possibilities narrow (for some compliant flows).
+      Therefore, this is a key dimension for Passive measurement error
+      analysis.
+
+   There are a few examples we can plot on a two-dimensional space.  We
+   can anchor the dimensions with reference point descriptions.
+
+
+
+
+Morton                        Informational                     [Page 8]
+
+RFC 7799               Active, Passive and Hybrid               May 2016
+
+
+   Y-Axis:Effect of the measured stream on network conditions
+   ^ Max
+   |* Active using max capacity stream
+   |
+   |
+   |
+   |
+   |* Active using stream with load of typical user
+   |
+   |
+   |
+   |* Active using extremely sparse, randomized stream
+   |                             * PDM                        Passive
+   | Min                                                            *
+   +----------------------------------------------------------------|
+   |                                                                |
+   Stream          X-Axis: a priori Stream Knowledge        No Stream
+   Characteristics                                    Characteristics
+   Completely                                                   Known
+   Known
+
+   (In the graph above, "PDM" refers to [PDMOPTION], an IPv6 Option
+   Header for Performance and Diagnostic Measurements, described in
+   Section 4.2.)
+
+   We recognize that method categorization could be based on additional
+   dimensions, but this would require a different graphical approach.
+
+   For example, "effect of stream of interest on network conditions"
+   could easily be further qualified into:
+
+   1.  effect on the performance of the stream of interest itself: for
+       example, choosing a packet marking or Differentiated Services
+       Code Point (DSCP) resulting in domain treatment as a real-time
+       stream (as opposed to default/best-effort marking).
+
+   2.  effect on unmeasured streams that share the path and/or
+       bottlenecks: for example, an extremely sparse measured stream of
+       minimal size packets typically has little effect on other flows
+       (and itself), while a stream designed to characterize path
+       capacity may affect all other flows passing through the capacity
+       bottleneck (including itself).
+
+   3.  effect on network conditions resulting in network adaptation: for
+       example, a network monitoring load and congestion conditions
+       might change routing, placing some flows on alternate paths to
+       mitigate the congestion.
+
+
+
+
+Morton                        Informational                     [Page 9]
+
+RFC 7799               Active, Passive and Hybrid               May 2016
+
+
+   We have combined 1 and 2 on the Y-axis, as examination of examples
+   indicates strong correlation of the effects in this pair, and network
+   adaptation is not addressed.
+
+   It is apparent that different methods of IP network measurement can
+   produce different results, even when measuring the same path at the
+   same time.  The two dimensions of the graph help us to understand how
+   the results might change with the method chosen.  For example, an
+   Active Method to assess throughput adds some amount of traffic to the
+   network, which might result in lower throughput for all streams.
+   However, a Passive Method to assess throughput can also err on the
+   low side due to unknown limitations of the hosts providing traffic,
+   competition for host resources, limitations of the network interface,
+   or private sub-networks that are not an intentional part of the path,
+   etc.  Hybrid Methods could easily suffer from both forms of error.
+   Another example of potential errors stems from the pitfalls of using
+   an Active stream with known a bias, such as a periodic stream defined
+   in [RFC3432].  The strength of modeling periodic streams (like Voice
+   over IP (VoIP)) is a potential weakness when extending the measured
+   results to other application whose streams are non-periodic.  The
+   solutions are to model the application streams more exactly with an
+   Active Method or to accept the risks and potential errors with the
+   Passive Method discussed above.
+
+4.2.  Discussion of PDM
+
+   In [PDMOPTION], an IPv6 Option Header for Performance and Diagnostic
+   Measurements (PDM) is described which, when added to the stream of
+   interest at strategic interfaces, supports performance measurements.
+   This method processes a user traffic stream and adds "fields which
+   are dedicated to measurement" (the measurement intent is made clear
+   in the title of this option).  Thus:
+
+   o  The method intends to have a minor effect on the measured stream
+      and other streams in the network.  There are conditions where this
+      intent may not be realized.
+
+   o  The measured stream has unknown characteristics until it is
+      processed to add the PDM Option header.  Note that if the packet
+      MTU is exceeded after adding the header, the intent to have a
+      minor effect will not be realized.
+
+   We conclude that this is a Hybrid Type I method, having at least one
+   characteristic of both Active and Passive Methods for a single stream
+   of interest.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Morton                        Informational                    [Page 10]
+
+RFC 7799               Active, Passive and Hybrid               May 2016
+
+
+4.3.  Discussion of "Coloring" Method
+
+   [OPSAWG], proposed to color packets by re-writing a field of the
+   stream at strategic interfaces to support performance measurements
+   (noting that this is a difficult operation at an intermediate point
+   on an encrypted Virtual Private Network).  This method processes a
+   user traffic stream and inserts "fields or values which are dedicated
+   to measurement".  Thus:
+
+   o  The method intends to have a minor effect on the measured stream
+      and other streams in the network (less than PDM above).  There are
+      conditions where this intent may not be realized.
+
+   o  The measured stream has unknown characteristics until it is
+      processed to add the coloring in the header, and the stream could
+      be measured and time-stamped during that process.
+
+   We note that [COLORING] proposes a method similar to [OPSAWG], as
+   discussion on the IPPM mailing list revealed.
+
+   We conclude that this is a Hybrid Type I method, having at least one
+   characteristic of both Active and Passive Methods for a single stream
+   of interest.
+
+4.4.  Brief Discussion of OAM Methods
+
+   Many Operations, Administration, and Management (OAM) methods exist
+   beyond the IP layer.  For example, [Y.1731] defines several different
+   measurement methods that we would classify as follows:
+
+   o  Loss Measurement (LM) occasionally injects frames with a count of
+      previous frames since the last LM message.  We conclude LM is
+      Hybrid Type I, because this method processes a user traffic stream
+      and augments the stream of interest with frames having "fields
+      which are dedicated to measurement".
+
+   o  Synthetic Loss Measurement (SLM) and Delay Measurement (DM)
+      methods both inject dedicated measurement frames, so the "stream
+      of interest is generated as the basis of measurement".  We
+      conclude that SLM and DM methods are Active Methods.
+
+   We also recognize the existence of alternate terminology used in OAM
+   at layers other than IP.  Readers are encouraged to consult [RFC6374]
+   for MPLS Loss and Delay measurement terminology, for example.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Morton                        Informational                    [Page 11]
+
+RFC 7799               Active, Passive and Hybrid               May 2016
+
+
+5.  Security Considerations
+
+   When considering the security and privacy of those involved in
+   measurement or those whose traffic is measured, there is sensitive
+   information communicated and observed at observation and measurement
+   points described above, and protocol issues to consider.  We refer
+   the reader to the security and privacy considerations described in
+   the Large-Scale Measurement of Broadband Performance (LMAP) Framework
+   [RFC7594], which covers Active and Passive measurement techniques and
+   supporting material on measurement context.
+
+6.  References
+
+6.1.  Normative References
+
+   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
+              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
+              DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
+              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.
+
+   [RFC2330]  Paxson, V., Almes, G., Mahdavi, J., and M. Mathis,
+              "Framework for IP Performance Metrics", RFC 2330,
+              DOI 10.17487/RFC2330, May 1998,
+              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2330>.
+
+   [RFC3432]  Raisanen, V., Grotefeld, G., and A. Morton, "Network
+              performance measurement with periodic streams", RFC 3432,
+              DOI 10.17487/RFC3432, November 2002,
+              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3432>.
+
+   [RFC5644]  Stephan, E., Liang, L., and A. Morton, "IP Performance
+              Metrics (IPPM): Spatial and Multicast", RFC 5644,
+              DOI 10.17487/RFC5644, October 2009,
+              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5644>.
+
+   [RFC5835]  Morton, A., Ed. and S. Van den Berghe, Ed., "Framework for
+              Metric Composition", RFC 5835, DOI 10.17487/RFC5835, April
+              2010, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5835>.
+
+   [RFC6390]  Clark, A. and B. Claise, "Guidelines for Considering New
+              Performance Metric Development", BCP 170, RFC 6390,
+              DOI 10.17487/RFC6390, October 2011,
+              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6390>.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Morton                        Informational                    [Page 12]
+
+RFC 7799               Active, Passive and Hybrid               May 2016
+
+
+   [RFC7011]  Claise, B., Ed., Trammell, B., Ed., and P. Aitken,
+              "Specification of the IP Flow Information Export (IPFIX)
+              Protocol for the Exchange of Flow Information", STD 77,
+              RFC 7011, DOI 10.17487/RFC7011, September 2013,
+              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7011>.
+
+   [RFC7312]  Fabini, J. and A. Morton, "Advanced Stream and Sampling
+              Framework for IP Performance Metrics (IPPM)", RFC 7312,
+              DOI 10.17487/RFC7312, August 2014,
+              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7312>.
+
+   [RFC7594]  Eardley, P., Morton, A., Bagnulo, M., Burbridge, T.,
+              Aitken, P., and A. Akhter, "A Framework for Large-Scale
+              Measurement of Broadband Performance (LMAP)", RFC 7594,
+              DOI 10.17487/RFC7594, September 2015,
+              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7594>.
+
+6.2.  Informative References
+
+   [COLORING]
+              Chen, M., Ed., Zheng, L., Ed., Mirsky, G., Ed., Fioccola,
+              G., Ed., and T. Mizrahi, Ed., "IP Flow Performance
+              Measurement Framework", Work in Progress, draft-chen-ippm-
+              coloring-based-ipfpm-framework-06, March 2016.
+
+   [HYBRID]   Trammell, B., Zheng, L., Berenguer, S., and M. Bagnulo,
+              "Hybrid Measurement using IPPM Metrics", Work in Progress,
+              draft-trammell-ippm-hybrid-ps-01, February 2014.
+
+   [OPSAWG]   Capello, A., Cociglio, M., Castaldelli, L., and A. Bonda,
+              "A packet based method for passive performance
+              monitoring", Work in Progress, draft-tempia-opsawg-p3m-04,
+              February 2014.
+
+   [PASSIVE]  Zheng, L., Elkins, N., Lingli, D., Ackermann, M., and G.
+              Mirsky, "Framework for IP Passive Performance
+              Measurements", Work in Progress, draft-zheng-ippm-
+              framework-passive-03, February 2015.
+
+   [PDMOPTION]
+              Elkins, N. and M. Ackermann, "IPv6 Performance and
+              Diagnostic Metrics (PDM) Destination Option", Work in
+              Progress, draft-ietf-ippm-6man-pdm-option-02, April 2016.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Morton                        Informational                    [Page 13]
+
+RFC 7799               Active, Passive and Hybrid               May 2016
+
+
+   [RFC6374]  Frost, D. and S. Bryant, "Packet Loss and Delay
+              Measurement for MPLS Networks", RFC 6374,
+              DOI 10.17487/RFC6374, September 2011,
+              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6374>.
+
+   [STDFORM]  Morton, A., Fabini, J., Elkins, N., Ackermann, M., and V.
+              Hegde, "Updates for IPPM's Active Metric Framework:
+              Packets of Type-P and Standard-Formed Packets", Work in
+              Progress, draft-morton-ippm-2330-stdform-typep-02,
+              December 2015.
+
+   [Y.1540]   ITU-T, "Internet protocol data communication service - IP
+              packet transfer and availability performance parameters",
+              March 2011,
+              <https://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-Y.1540-201103-I/en>.
+
+   [Y.1731]   ITU-T, "Operation, administration and management (OAM)
+              functions and mechanisms for Ethernet-based networks",
+              August 2015,
+              <https://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-G.8013-201508-I/en>.
+
+Acknowledgements
+
+   Thanks to Mike Ackermann for asking the right question, and for
+   several suggestions on terminology.  Brian Trammell provided key
+   terms and references for the Passive category, and suggested ways to
+   expand the Hybrid description and types.  Phil Eardley suggested some
+   hybrid scenarios for categorization as part of his review.  Tiziano
+   Ionta reviewed the document and suggested the classification for the
+   "coloring" Method of Measurement.  Nalini Elkins identified several
+   areas for clarification following her review.  Bill Jouris, Stenio
+   Fernandes, and Spencer Dawkins suggested several editorial
+   improvements.  Tal Mizrahi, Joachim Fabini, Greg Mirsky, and Mike
+   Ackermann raised many key considerations in their Working Group Last
+   Call (WGLC) reviews, based on their broad measurement experience.
+
+Author's Address
+
+   Al Morton
+   AT&T Labs
+   200 Laurel Avenue South
+   Middletown, NJ
+   United States
+
+   Email: acmorton@att.com
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Morton                        Informational                    [Page 14]
+