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authorThomas Voss <mail@thomasvoss.com> 2024-11-27 20:54:24 +0100
committerThomas Voss <mail@thomasvoss.com> 2024-11-27 20:54:24 +0100
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+Internet Architecture Board (IAB) H. Flanagan, Ed.
+Request for Comments: 7997 RFC Editor
+Updates: 7322 December 2016
+Category: Informational
+ISSN: 2070-1721
+
+
+ The Use of Non-ASCII Characters in RFCs
+
+Abstract
+
+ In order to support the internationalization of protocols and a more
+ diverse Internet community, the RFC Series must evolve to allow for
+ the use of non-ASCII characters in RFCs. While English remains the
+ required language of the Series, the encoding of future RFCs will be
+ in UTF-8, allowing for a broader range of characters than typically
+ used in the English language. This document describes the RFC Editor
+ requirements and gives guidance regarding the use of non-ASCII
+ characters in RFCs.
+
+ This document updates RFC 7322. Please view this document in PDF
+ form to see the full text.
+
+Status of This Memo
+
+ This document is not an Internet Standards Track specification; it is
+ published for informational purposes.
+
+ This document is a product of the Internet Architecture Board (IAB)
+ and represents information that the IAB has deemed valuable to
+ provide for permanent record. It represents the consensus of the
+ Internet Architecture Board (IAB). Documents approved for
+ publication by the IAB are not a candidate for any level of Internet
+ Standard; see Section 2 of RFC 7841.
+
+ Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
+ and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
+ http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7997.
+
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+Flanagan Informational [Page 1]
+
+RFC 7997 Non-ASCII in RFCs December 2016
+
+
+Copyright Notice
+
+ Copyright (c) 2016 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
+ document authors. All rights reserved.
+
+ This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
+ Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
+ (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
+ publication of this document. Please review these documents
+ carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
+ to this document.
+
+Table of Contents
+
+ 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
+ 2. Basic Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
+ 3. Rules for the Use of Non-ASCII Characters . . . . . . . . . . 4
+ 3.1. General Usage throughout a Document . . . . . . . . . . . 4
+ 3.2. Person Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
+ 3.3. Company Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
+ 3.4. Body of the Document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
+ 3.5. Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
+ 3.6. Code Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
+ 3.7. Bibliographic Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
+ 3.8. Keywords and Citation Tags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
+ 3.9. Address Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
+ 4. Normalization Forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
+ 5. XML Markup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
+ 6. Internationalization Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
+ 7. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
+ 8. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
+ IAB Members at the Time of Approval . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
+ Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
+ Author's Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
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+Flanagan Informational [Page 2]
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+RFC 7997 Non-ASCII in RFCs December 2016
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+
+1. Introduction
+
+ Please review the PDF version of this draft.
+
+ For much of the history of the RFC Series, the character encoding
+ used for RFCs has been ASCII [RFC20]. This was a sensible choice at
+ the time: the language of the Series has always been English, a
+ language that primarily uses ASCII-encoded characters (ignoring for a
+ moment words borrowed from more richly decorated alphabets); and,
+ ASCII is the "lowest common denominator" for character encoding,
+ making cross-platform viewing trivial.
+
+ There are limits to ASCII, however, that hinder its continued use as
+ the exclusive character encoding for the Series. The increasing need
+ for easily readable, internationalized content suggests it is time to
+ allow non-ASCII characters in RFCs where necessary. To support this
+ move away from ASCII, RFCs will switch to supporting UTF-8 as the
+ default character encoding and will allow support for a broad range
+ of Unicode characters [UnicodeCurrent]. Note that the RFC Editor may
+ reject any code point that does not render adequately across all
+ formats or in enough rendering engines using the v3 tooling.
+
+ Given the continuing goal of maximum readability across platforms,
+ the use of non-ASCII characters should be limited to only where
+ necessary within the text. This document describes the rules under
+ which non-ASCII characters may be used in an RFC. These rules will
+ be applied as the necessary changes are made to submission checking
+ and editorial tools.
+
+ This document updates the RFC Style Guide [RFC7322].
+
+ The details included in this document are expected to change based on
+ experience gained in implementing the new publication toolsets.
+ Revised documents will be published capturing those changes as the
+ toolsets are completed. Other implementers must not expect those
+ changes to remain backwards compatible with the details included in
+ this document.
+
+2. Basic Requirements
+
+ Two fundamental requirements inform the guidance and examples
+ provided in this document. They are:
+
+ o Searches against RFC indexes and database tables need to return
+ expected results and support appropriate Unicode string matching
+ behaviors;
+
+
+
+
+
+Flanagan Informational [Page 3]
+
+RFC 7997 Non-ASCII in RFCs December 2016
+
+
+ o RFCs must be able to be displayed correctly across a wide range of
+ readers and browsers. People whose systems do not have the fonts
+ needed to display a particular RFC need to be able to read the
+ various publication formats and the XML correctly in order to
+ understand and implement the information described in the
+ document.
+
+3. Rules for the Use of Non-ASCII Characters
+
+ This section describes the guidelines for the use of non-ASCII
+ characters in an RFC. If the RFC Editor identifies areas where the
+ use of non-ASCII characters negatively impacts the readability of the
+ text, they will request alternate text.
+
+ The RFC Editor may, in cases of entire words represented in non-ASCII
+ characters, ask for a set of reviewers to verify the meaning,
+ spelling, characters, and grammar of the text.
+
+3.1. General Usage throughout a Document
+
+ Where the use of non-ASCII characters is purely part of an example
+ and not otherwise required for correct protocol operation, escaping
+ the non-ASCII character is not required. Note, however, that as the
+ language of the RFC Series is English, the use of non-ASCII
+ characters is based on the spelling of words commonly used in the
+ English language following the guidance in the Merriam-Webster
+ dictionary [MerrWeb].
+
+ The RFC Editor will use the primary spelling listed in that
+ dictionary by default.
+
+ Example of non-ASCII characters that do not require escaping (example
+ from Section 3.1.1.12 of RFC 4475 [RFC4475], with a hex dump replaced
+ by the actual character glyphs):
+
+ This particular response contains unreserved and non-ASCII
+ UTF-8 characters.
+ This response is well formed. A parser must accept this message.
+
+ Message Details : unreason
+
+ SIP/2.0 200 = 2**3 * 5**2 (See PDF for non-ASCII character string)
+ Via: SIP/2.0/UDP 192.0.2.198;branch=z9hG4bK1324923
+ Call-ID: unreason.1234ksdfak3j2erwedfsASdf
+ CSeq: 35 INVITE
+ From: sip:user@example.com;tag=11141343
+ To: sip:user@example.edu;tag=2229 Content-Length: 154
+ Content-Type: application/sdp
+
+
+
+Flanagan Informational [Page 4]
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+RFC 7997 Non-ASCII in RFCs December 2016
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+
+3.2. Person Names
+
+ Person names may appear in several places within an RFC (e.g., the
+ header, Acknowledgements, and References). When a script outside the
+ Unicode Latin blocks [UNICODE-CHART] is used for an individual name,
+ an author-provided, ASCII-only identifier will appear immediately
+ after the non-Latin characters, surrounded by parentheses. This will
+ improve general readability of the text.
+
+ Example header:
+
+ OLD:
+
+
+ Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) J. Tong
+ Request for Comments: 7380 C. Bi, Ed.
+ Category: Standards Track China Telecom
+ ISSN: 2070-1721 R. Even
+ Q. Wu, Ed.
+ R. Huang
+ Huawei
+ November 2014
+
+ PROPOSED/NEW:
+
+
+ Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) J. Tong
+ Request for Comments: 7380 C. Bi, Ed.
+ Category: Standards Track China Telecom
+ ISSN: 2070-1721 (See PDF for non-ASCII character string) (R. Even)
+ (See PDF for non-ASCII character string) (Q. Wu), Ed.
+ R. Huang
+ Huawei
+ November 2014
+
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+Flanagan Informational [Page 5]
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+ Example Acknowledgements section:
+
+ OLD:
+
+ The following people contributed significant text to early versions
+ of this draft: Patrik Faltstrom, William Chan, and Fred Baker.
+
+ PROPOSED/NEW:
+
+ The following people contributed significant text to early versions
+ of this draft: Patrik (See PDF for non-ASCII character string)
+ (Faltstrom), (See PDF for non-ASCII character string) (William Chan),
+ and Fred Baker.
+
+ Example reference entry:
+
+ OLD:
+
+ [RFC6630] Cao, Z., Deng, H., Wu, Q., and G. Zorn, Ed., "EAP
+ Re-authentication Protocol Extensions for Authenticated
+ Anticipatory Keying (ERP/AAK)", RFC 6630, June 2012.
+
+ NEW
+
+ [RFC6630] Cao, Z., Deng, H., (See PDF for non-ASCII character
+ string) (Wu, Q.), and G. Zorn, Ed., "EAP
+ Re-authentication Protocol Extensions for Authenticated
+ Anticipatory Keying (ERP/AAK)", RFC 6630, June 2012.
+
+3.3. Company Names
+
+ Company names may appear in several places within an RFC. In all
+ cases, valid Unicode is required. For names that include characters
+ outside of the Unicode Latin and Latin Extended scripts, an author-
+ provided, ASCII-only identifier is required to assist in searching
+ and indexing of the document.
+
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+Flanagan Informational [Page 6]
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+RFC 7997 Non-ASCII in RFCs December 2016
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+3.4. Body of the Document
+
+ When the mention of non-ASCII characters is required for correct
+ protocol operation and understanding, the characters' Unicode code
+ points must be used in the text. The addition of each character name
+ is encouraged.
+
+ o Non-ASCII characters will require identifying the Unicode code
+ point.
+
+ o Use of the actual UTF-8 character (e.g., (See PDF for non-ASCII
+ character string)) is encouraged so that a reader can more easily
+ see what the character is, if their device can render the text.
+
+ o The use of the Unicode character names like "INCREMENT" in
+ addition to the use of Unicode code points is also encouraged.
+ When used, Unicode character names should be in all capital
+ letters.
+
+ Examples:
+
+ OLD [RFC7564]:
+
+ However, the problem is made more serious by introducing the full
+ range of Unicode code points into protocol strings. For example,
+ the characters U+13DA U+13A2 U+13B5 U+13AC U+13A2 U+13AC U+13D2 from
+ the Cherokee block look similar to the ASCII characters
+ "STPETER" as they might appear when presented using a "creative"
+ font family.
+
+ NEW/ALLOWED:
+
+ However, the problem is made more serious by introducing the full
+ range of Unicode code points into protocol strings. For example,
+ the characters U+13DA U+13A2 U+13B5 U+13AC U+13A2 U+13AC U+13D2
+ ((See PDF for non-ASCII character string)) from the Cherokee
+ block look similar to the ASCII characters "STPETER" as they might
+ appear when presented using a "creative" font family.
+
+ ALSO ACCEPTABLE:
+
+ However, the problem is made more serious by introducing the full
+ range of Unicode code points into protocol strings. For example,
+ the characters "(See PDF for non-ASCII character string)" (U+13DA
+ U+13A2 U+13B5 U+13AC U+13A2 U+13AC U+13D2) from the Cherokee block
+ look similar to the ASCII characters "STPETER" as they might
+ appear when presented using a "creative" font family.
+
+
+
+
+Flanagan Informational [Page 7]
+
+RFC 7997 Non-ASCII in RFCs December 2016
+
+
+ Example of proper identification of Unicode characters in an RFC:
+
+ Acceptable:
+
+ o Temperature changes in the Temperature Control Protocol are
+ indicated by the U+2206 character.
+
+ Preferred:
+
+ 1. Temperature changes in the Temperature Control Protocol are
+ indicated by the U+2206 character ("(See PDF for non-ASCII
+ character string)").
+
+ 2. Temperature changes in the Temperature Control Protocol are
+ indicated by the U+2206 character (INCREMENT).
+
+ 3. Temperature changes in the Temperature Control Protocol are
+ indicated by the U+2206 character ("(See PDF for non-ASCII
+ character string)", INCREMENT).
+
+ 4. Temperature changes in the Temperature Control Protocol are
+ indicated by the U+2206 character (INCREMENT, "(See PDF for non-
+ ASCII character string)").
+
+ 5. Temperature changes in the Temperature Control Protocol are
+ indicated by the "Delta" character "(See PDF for non-ASCII
+ character string)" (U+2206).
+
+ 6. Temperature changes in the Temperature Control Protocol are
+ indicated by the character "(See PDF for non-ASCII character
+ string)" (INCREMENT, U+2206).
+
+ Which option of (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), or (6) is preferred may
+ depend on context and the specific character(s) in question. All are
+ acceptable within an RFC. "US-ASCII Escaping of Unicode Character"
+ [BCP137] describes the pros and cons of different options for
+ identifying Unicode characters and may help authors decide how to
+ represent the non-ASCII characters in their documents.
+
+
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+Flanagan Informational [Page 8]
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+RFC 7997 Non-ASCII in RFCs December 2016
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+
+3.5. Tables
+
+ Tables follow the same rules for identifiers and characters as in
+ "Body of the Document" (Section 3.4). If it is sensible (i.e., more
+ understandable for a reader) for a given document to have two tables,
+ -- one including the identifiers and non-ASCII characters and a
+ second with just the non-ASCII characters -- then that will be
+ allowed at the discretion of the authors.
+
+ Original text from "Preparation, Enforcement, and Comparison of
+ Internationalized Strings Representing Usernames and Passwords"
+ [RFC7613].
+
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+ Table 3: A sample of legal passwords
+
+ +------------------------------------+------------------------------+
+ | # | Password | Notes |
+ +------------------------------------+------------------------------+
+ | 12| <correct horse battery staple> | ASCII space is allowed |
+ +------------------------------------+------------------------------+
+ | 13| <Correct Horse Battery Staple> | Different from example 12 |
+ +------------------------------------+------------------------------+
+ | 14| <&#x3C0;&#xDF;&#xE5;> | Non-ASCII letters are OK |
+ | | | (e.g., GREEK SMALL LETTER |
+ | | | PI, U+03C0) |
+ +------------------------------------+------------------------------+
+ | 15| <Jack of &#x2666;s> | Symbols are OK (e.g., BLACK |
+ | | | DIAMOND SUIT, U+2666) |
+ +------------------------------------+------------------------------+
+ | 16| <foo&#x1680;bar> | OGHAM SPACE MARK, U+1680, is |
+ | | | mapped to U+0020 and thus |
+ | | | the full string is mapped to |
+ | | | <foo bar> |
+ +------------------------------------+------------------------------+
+
+ Preferred text:
+
+ Table 3: A sample of legal passwords
+
+ +------------------------------------+------------------------------+
+ | # | Password | Notes |
+ +------------------------------------+------------------------------+
+ | 12| <correct horse battery staple> | ASCII space is allowed |
+ +------------------------------------+------------------------------+
+ | 13| <Correct Horse Battery Staple> | Different from example 12 |
+ +------------------------------------+------------------------------+
+ | 14| <(See PDF for non-ASCII | Non-ASCII letters are OK |
+ | | character string)> | (e.g., GREEK SMALL LETTER |
+ | | | PI, U+03C0; LATIN SMALL |
+ | | | LETTER SHARP S, U+00DF; THAI |
+ | | | DIGIT SEVEN, U+0E57) |
+ +------------------------------------+------------------------------+
+ | 15| <Jack of (See PDF for non- | Symbols are OK (e.g., BLACK |
+ | | ASCII character string)s> | DIAMOND SUIT, U+2666) |
+ +------------------------------------+------------------------------+
+ | 16| <foo(See PDF for non-ASCII | OGHAM SPACE MARK, U+1680, is |
+ | | character string)bar> | mapped to U+0020 and thus |
+ | | | the full string is mapped to |
+ | | | <foo bar> |
+ +------------------------------------+------------------------------+
+
+
+
+
+Flanagan Informational [Page 10]
+
+RFC 7997 Non-ASCII in RFCs December 2016
+
+
+3.6. Code Components
+
+ The RFC Editor encourages the use of the U+ notation except within a
+ code component where one must follow the rules of the programming
+ language in which the code is being written.
+
+ Code components are generally expected to use fixed-width fonts.
+ Where such fonts are not available for a particular script, the best
+ script-appropriate font will be used for that part of the code
+ component.
+
+3.7. Bibliographic Text
+
+ The reference entry must be in English; whatever subfields are
+ present must be available in ASCII-encoded characters. For
+ references to RFCs and Internet-Drafts, the author's name will be
+ formatted in the reference as per current RFC Style Guide
+ recommendations. As long as good sense is used, the reference entry
+ may also include non-ASCII characters at the author's discretion and
+ as provided by the author. The RFC Editor may request that a third
+ party, such as a language specialist or subject matter expert, review
+ of any non-ASCII reference. This applies to both normative and
+ informative references.
+
+ Example:
+
+ [GOST3410] "Information technology. Cryptographic data security.
+ Signature and verification processes of [electronic]
+ digital signature.", GOST R 34.10-2001, Gosudarstvennyi
+ Standard of Russian Federation, Government Committee of
+ Russia for Standards, 2001. (In Russian)
+
+ Allowable addition to the above citation:
+ (See PDF for non-ASCII character strings)
+
+ Alternatively:
+ [GOST3410] "Information technology. Cryptographic data security.
+ Signature and verification processes of [electronic]
+ digital signature.", GOST R 34.10-2001, Gosudarstvennyi
+ Standard of Russian Federation, (See PDF for non-ASCII
+ character strings) (Government Committee of
+ Russia for Standards), 2001. (In Russian)
+
+3.8. Keywords and Citation Tags
+
+ Keywords (as tagged with the <keyword> element in XML) and citation
+ tags (as defined in the anchor attributes of <reference> elements)
+ must contain only ASCII characters.
+
+
+
+Flanagan Informational [Page 11]
+
+RFC 7997 Non-ASCII in RFCs December 2016
+
+
+3.9. Address Information
+
+ The purpose of providing address information, either postal or email,
+ is to assist readers of an RFC in contacting the author or authors.
+ Authors may include the official postal address as recognized by
+ their company or local postal service without additional non-ASCII
+ character escapes. If the email address includes non-ASCII
+ characters and is a valid email address at the time of publication,
+ non-ASCII character escapes are not required.
+
+ Example:
+
+ Qin Wu (editor)
+ Huawei
+ 101 Software Avenue, Yuhua District
+ Nanjing, Jiangsu 210012
+ China
+
+ Additional contact information:
+ (See PDF for non-ASCII character strings)
+
+ ------
+
+ Roni Even
+ Huawei
+ 14 David Hamelech
+ Tel Aviv 64953
+ Israel
+
+ Additional contact information:
+ (See PDF for non-ASCII character strings)
+
+4. Normalization Forms
+
+ Authors should not expect normalization forms [UNICODE-NORM]to be
+ preserved. If a particular normalization form is expected, note that
+ in the text of the RFC.
+
+5. XML Markup
+
+ As described above, use of non-ASCII characters in areas such as
+ email, company name, address, and name is allowed. In order to make
+ it easier for code to identify the appropriate ASCII alternatives,
+ authors must include an "ascii" attribute to their XML markup when an
+ ASCII alternative is required. See [RFC7991] for more detail on how
+ to tag ASCII alternatives.
+
+
+
+
+
+Flanagan Informational [Page 12]
+
+RFC 7997 Non-ASCII in RFCs December 2016
+
+
+6. Internationalization Considerations
+
+ The ability to use non-ASCII characters in RFCs in a clear and
+ consistent manner will improve the ability to describe
+ internationalized protocols and will recognize the diversity of
+ authors. However, the goal of readability will override the use of
+ non-ASCII characters within the text.
+
+7. Security Considerations
+
+ Valid Unicode that matches the expected text must be verified in
+ order to preserve expected behavior and protocol information.
+
+8. Informative References
+
+ [BCP137] Klensin, J., "ASCII Escaping of Unicode Characters",
+ BCP 137, RFC 5137, February 2008,
+ <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/bcp137>.
+
+ [MerrWeb] Merriam-Webster, Inc., "Merriam-Webster's Collegiate
+ Dictionary, 11th Edition", 2009.
+
+ [RFC20] Cerf, V., "ASCII format for network interchange", STD 80,
+ RFC 20, DOI 10.17487/RFC0020, October 1969,
+ <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc20>.
+
+ [RFC4475] Sparks, R., Ed., Hawrylyshen, A., Johnston, A., Rosenberg,
+ J., and H. Schulzrinne, "Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)
+ Torture Test Messages", RFC 4475, DOI 10.17487/RFC4475,
+ May 2006, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4475>.
+
+ [RFC7322] Flanagan, H. and S. Ginoza, "RFC Style Guide", RFC 7322,
+ DOI 10.17487/RFC7322, September 2014,
+ <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7322>.
+
+ [RFC7564] Saint-Andre, P. and M. Blanchet, "PRECIS Framework:
+ Preparation, Enforcement, and Comparison of
+ Internationalized Strings in Application Protocols",
+ RFC 7564, DOI 10.17487/RFC7564, May 2015,
+ <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7564>.
+
+ [RFC7613] Saint-Andre, P. and A. Melnikov, "Preparation,
+ Enforcement, and Comparison of Internationalized Strings
+ Representing Usernames and Passwords", RFC 7613,
+ DOI 10.17487/RFC7613, August 2015,
+ <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7613>.
+
+
+
+
+
+Flanagan Informational [Page 13]
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+RFC 7997 Non-ASCII in RFCs December 2016
+
+
+ [RFC7991] Hoffman, P., "The "xml2rfc" Version 3 Vocabulary",
+ RFC 7991, DOI 10.17487/RFC7991, December 2016,
+ <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7991>.
+
+ [UNICODE-CHART]
+ The Unicode Consortium, "The Unicode Standard",
+ <http://www.unicode.org/charts>.
+
+ [UNICODE-NORM]
+ The Unicode Consortium, "Unicode Standard Annex #15:
+ Unicode Normalization Forms", 2016,
+ <http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr15/>.
+
+ [UnicodeCurrent]
+ The Unicode Consortium, "The Unicode Standard",
+ <http://www.unicode.org/versions/latest/>.
+
+IAB Members at the Time of Approval
+
+ The IAB members at the time this memo was approved were (in
+ alphabetical order):
+
+ Jari Arkko
+ Ralph Droms
+ Ted Hardie
+ Joe Hildebrand
+ Russ Housley
+ Lee Howard
+ Erik Nordmark
+ Robert Sparks
+ Andrew Sullivan
+ Dave Thaler
+ Martin Thomson
+ Brian Trammell
+ Suzanne Woolf
+
+Acknowledgements
+
+ With many thanks to the members of the IAB i18n program. Also, many
+ thanks to the RFC Format Design Team for their efforts in making this
+ transition successful: Nevil Brownlee (ISE), Tony Hansen, Joe
+ Hildebrand, Paul Hoffman, Ted Lemon, Julian Reschke, Adam Roach,
+ Alice Russo, Robert Sparks (Tools Team liaison), and Dave Thaler.
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+Flanagan Informational [Page 14]
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+RFC 7997 Non-ASCII in RFCs December 2016
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+Author's Address
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+ Heather Flanagan (editor)
+ RFC Editor
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+ Email: rse@rfc-editor.org
+ URI: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2647-2220
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+Flanagan Informational [Page 15]
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