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| author | Thomas Voss <mail@thomasvoss.com> | 2024-11-27 20:54:24 +0100 |
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| committer | Thomas Voss <mail@thomasvoss.com> | 2024-11-27 20:54:24 +0100 |
| commit | 4bfd864f10b68b71482b35c818559068ef8d5797 (patch) | |
| tree | e3989f47a7994642eb325063d46e8f08ffa681dc /doc/rfc/rfc8428.txt | |
| parent | ea76e11061bda059ae9f9ad130a9895cc85607db (diff) | |
doc: Add RFC documents
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diff --git a/doc/rfc/rfc8428.txt b/doc/rfc/rfc8428.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..15ca6bd --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/rfc/rfc8428.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3027 @@ + + + + + + +Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) C. Jennings +Request for Comments: 8428 Cisco +Category: Standards Track Z. Shelby +ISSN: 2070-1721 ARM + J. Arkko + A. Keranen + Ericsson + C. Bormann + Universitaet Bremen TZI + August 2018 + + + Sensor Measurement Lists (SenML) + +Abstract + + This specification defines a format for representing simple sensor + measurements and device parameters in Sensor Measurement Lists + (SenML). Representations are defined in JavaScript Object Notation + (JSON), Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR), Extensible + Markup Language (XML), and Efficient XML Interchange (EXI), which + share the common SenML data model. A simple sensor, such as a + temperature sensor, could use one of these media types in protocols + such as HTTP or the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) to + transport the measurements of the sensor or to be configured. + +Status of This Memo + + This is an Internet Standards Track document. + + This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force + (IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has + received public review and has been approved for publication by the + Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Further information on + Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of RFC 7841. + + Information about the current status of this document, any errata, + and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at + https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8428. + + + + + + + + + + + + +Jennings, et al. Standards Track [Page 1] + +RFC 8428 SenML August 2018 + + +Copyright Notice + + Copyright (c) 2018 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the + document authors. All rights reserved. + + This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal + Provisions Relating to IETF Documents + (https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of + publication of this document. Please review these documents + carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect + to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must + include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of + the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as + described in the Simplified BSD License. + +Table of Contents + + 1. Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 + 2. Requirements and Design Goals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 + 3. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 + 4. SenML Structure and Semantics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 + 4.1. Base Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 + 4.2. Regular Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 + 4.3. SenML Labels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 + 4.4. Extensibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 + 4.5. Records and Their Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 + 4.5.1. Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 + 4.5.2. Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 + 4.5.3. Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 + 4.5.4. Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 + 4.6. Resolved Records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 + 4.7. Associating Metadata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 + 4.8. Sensor Streaming Measurement Lists (SenSML) . . . . . . . 12 + 4.9. Configuration and Actuation Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 + 5. JSON Representation (application/senml+json) . . . . . . . . 13 + 5.1. Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 + 5.1.1. Single Data Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 + 5.1.2. Multiple Data Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 + 5.1.3. Multiple Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 + 5.1.4. Resolved Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 + 5.1.5. Multiple Data Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 + 5.1.6. Collection of Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 + 5.1.7. Setting an Actuator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 + 6. CBOR Representation (application/senml+cbor) . . . . . . . . 19 + 7. XML Representation (application/senml+xml) . . . . . . . . . 21 + 8. EXI Representation (application/senml-exi) . . . . . . . . . 23 + + + + + +Jennings, et al. Standards Track [Page 2] + +RFC 8428 SenML August 2018 + + + 9. Fragment Identification Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 + 9.1. Fragment Identification Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 + 9.2. Fragment Identification for XML and EXI Formats . . . . . 27 + 10. Usage Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 + 11. CDDL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 + 12. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 + 12.1. SenML Units Registry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 + 12.2. SenML Labels Registry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 + 12.3. Media Type Registrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 + 12.3.1. senml+json Media Type Registration . . . . . . . . . 37 + 12.3.2. sensml+json Media Type Registration . . . . . . . . 38 + 12.3.3. senml+cbor Media Type Registration . . . . . . . . . 39 + 12.3.4. sensml+cbor Media Type Registration . . . . . . . . 41 + 12.3.5. senml+xml Media Type Registration . . . . . . . . . 42 + 12.3.6. sensml+xml Media Type Registration . . . . . . . . . 43 + 12.3.7. senml-exi Media Type Registration . . . . . . . . . 44 + 12.3.8. sensml-exi Media Type Registration . . . . . . . . . 45 + 12.4. XML Namespace Registration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 + 12.5. CoAP Content-Format Registration . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 + 13. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 + 14. Privacy Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 + 15. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 + 15.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 + 15.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 + Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 + Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 + +1. Overview + + Connecting sensors to the Internet is not new, and there have been + many protocols designed to facilitate it. This specification defines + a format and media types for carrying simple sensor information in + protocols such as HTTP [RFC7230] or CoAP [RFC7252]. The SenML format + is designed so that processors with very limited capabilities could + easily encode a sensor measurement into the media type, while at the + same time, a server parsing the data could collect a large number of + sensor measurements in a relatively efficient manner. SenML can be + used for a variety of data flow models, most notably data feeds + pushed from a sensor to a collector, and for the web resource model + where the sensor data is requested as a resource representation + (e.g., "GET /sensor/temperature"). + + There are many types of more complex measurements and measurements + that this media type would not be suitable for. SenML strikes a + balance between having some information about the sensor carried with + the sensor data so that the data is self-describing, but it also + tries to make that a fairly minimal set of auxiliary information for + + + + +Jennings, et al. Standards Track [Page 3] + +RFC 8428 SenML August 2018 + + + efficiency reasons. Other information about the sensor can be + discovered by other methods such as using the Constrained RESTful + Environments (CoRE) Link Format [RFC6690]. + + SenML is defined by a data model for measurements and simple metadata + about measurements and devices. The data is structured as a single + array that contains a series of SenML Records that can each contain + fields such as a unique identifier for the sensor, the time the + measurement was made, the unit the measurement is in, and the current + value of the sensor. Serializations for this data model are defined + for JSON [RFC8259], CBOR [RFC7049], XML [W3C.REC-xml-20081126], and + Efficient XML Interchange (EXI) [W3C.REC-exi-20140211]. + + For example, the following shows a measurement from a temperature + gauge encoded in the JSON syntax. + + [ + {"n":"urn:dev:ow:10e2073a01080063","u":"Cel","v":23.1} + ] + + In the example above, the array has a single SenML Record with a + measurement for a sensor named "urn:dev:ow:10e2073a01080063" with a + current value of 23.1 degrees Celsius. + +2. Requirements and Design Goals + + The design goal is to be able to send simple sensor measurements in + small packets from large numbers of constrained devices. Keeping the + total size of the payload small makes it easy to also use SenML in + constrained networks, e.g., in an IPv6 over Low-Power Wireless + Personal Area Network (6LoWPAN) [RFC4944]. It is always difficult to + define what small code is, but there is a desire to be able to + implement this in roughly 1 KB of flash on an 8-bit microprocessor. + Experience with power meters and other large-scale deployments has + indicated that the solution needs to support allowing multiple + measurements to be batched into a single HTTP or CoAP request. This + "batch" upload capability allows the server side to efficiently + support a large number of devices. It also conveniently supports + batch transfers from proxies and storage devices, even in situations + where the sensor itself sends just a single data item at a time. The + multiple measurements could be from multiple related sensors or from + the same sensor but at different times. + + + + + + + + + +Jennings, et al. Standards Track [Page 4] + +RFC 8428 SenML August 2018 + + + The basic design is an array with a series of measurements. The + following example shows two measurements made at different times. + The value of a measurement is given by the "v" field, the time of a + measurement is in the "t" field, the "n" field has a unique sensor + name, and the unit of the measurement is carried in the "u" field. + + [ + {"n":"urn:dev:ow:10e2073a01080063","u":"Cel","t":1.276020076e+09, + "v":23.5}, + {"n":"urn:dev:ow:10e2073a01080063","u":"Cel","t":1.276020091e+09, + "v":23.6} + ] + + To keep the messages small, it does not make sense to repeat the "n" + field in each SenML Record, so there is a concept of a Base Name, + which is simply a string that is prepended to the Name field of all + elements in that Record and any Records that follow it. So, a more + compact form of the example above is the following. + + [ + {"bn":"urn:dev:ow:10e2073a01080063","u":"Cel","t":1.276020076e+09, + "v":23.5}, + {"u":"Cel","t":1.276020091e+09, + "v":23.6} + ] + + In the above example, the Base Name is in the "bn" field, and the "n" + fields in each Record are empty strings, so they are omitted. + + Some devices have accurate time while others do not, so SenML + supports absolute and relative times. Time is represented in + floating point as seconds. Values greater than or equal to 2**28 + represent an absolute time relative to the Unix epoch. Values less + than 2**28 represent time relative to the current time. + + A simple sensor with no absolute wall-clock time might take a + measurement every second, batch up 60 of them, and then send the + batch to a server. It would include the relative time each + measurement was made compared to the time the batch was sent in each + SenML Record. If the server has accurate time based on, e.g., the + Network Time Protocol (NTP), it may use the time it received the data + and the relative offset to replace the times in the SenML with + absolute times before saving the SenML information in a document + database. + + + + + + + +Jennings, et al. Standards Track [Page 5] + +RFC 8428 SenML August 2018 + + +3. Terminology + + The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", + "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and + "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in + BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all + capitals, as shown here. + + This document also uses the following terms: + + SenML Record: One measurement or configuration instance in time + presented using the SenML data model. + + SenML Pack: One or more SenML Records in an array structure. + + SenML Label: A short name used in SenML Records to denote different + SenML fields (e.g., "v" for "value"). + + SenML Field: A component of a record that associates a value to a + SenML Label for this record. + + SenSML: Sensor Streaming Measurement List (see Section 4.8). + + SenSML Stream: One or more SenML Records to be processed as a + stream. + + This document uses the terms "attribute" and "tag" where they occur + with the underlying technologies (XML, CBOR [RFC7049], and the CoRE + Link Format [RFC6690]); they are not used for SenML concepts, per se. + However, note that "attribute" has been widely used in the past as a + synonym for the SenML "field". + + All comparisons of text strings are performed byte by byte, which + results in the comparisons being case sensitive. + + Where arithmetic is used, this specification uses the familiar + notation of the programming language C, except that the operator "**" + stands for exponentiation. + +4. SenML Structure and Semantics + + Each SenML Pack carries a single array that represents a set of + measurements and/or parameters. This array contains a series of + SenML Records with several fields described below. There are two + kinds of fields: base and regular. Both the base and regular fields + can be included in any SenML Record. The base fields apply to the + entries in the Record and also to all Records after it up to, but not + + + + +Jennings, et al. Standards Track [Page 6] + +RFC 8428 SenML August 2018 + + + including, the next Record that has that same base field. All base + fields are optional. Regular fields can be included in any SenML + Record and apply only to that Record. + +4.1. Base Fields + + Base Name: This is a string that is prepended to the names found in + the entries. + + Base Time: A base time that is added to the time found in an entry. + + Base Unit: A base unit that is assumed for all entries, unless + otherwise indicated. If a record does not contain a Unit value, + then the Base Unit is used. Otherwise, the value found in the + Unit (if any) is used. + + Base Value: A base value is added to the value found in an entry, + similar to Base Time. + + Base Sum: A base sum is added to the sum found in an entry, similar + to Base Time. + + Base Version: Version number of the media type format. This field + is an optional positive integer and defaults to 10 if not present. + +4.2. Regular Fields + + Name: Name of the sensor or parameter. When appended to the Base + Name field, this must result in a globally unique identifier for + the resource. The name is optional, if the Base Name is present. + If the name is missing, the Base Name must uniquely identify the + resource. This can be used to represent a large array of + measurements from the same sensor without having to repeat its + identifier on every measurement. + + Unit: Unit for a measurement value. Optional. + + Value: Value of the entry. Optional if a Sum value is present; + otherwise, it's required. Values are represented using basic data + types. This specification defines floating-point numbers ("v" + field for "Value"), booleans ("vb" for "Boolean Value"), strings + ("vs" for "String Value"), and binary data ("vd" for "Data + Value"). Exactly one Value field MUST appear unless there is a + Sum field, in which case it is allowed to have no Value field. + + Sum: Integrated sum of the values over time. Optional. This field + is in the unit specified in the Unit value multiplied by seconds. + For historical reasons, it is named "sum" instead of "integral". + + + +Jennings, et al. Standards Track [Page 7] + +RFC 8428 SenML August 2018 + + + Time: Time when the value was recorded. Optional. + + Update Time: Period of time in seconds that represents the maximum + time before this sensor will provide an updated reading for a + measurement. Optional. This can be used to detect the failure of + sensors or the communications path from the sensor. + +4.3. SenML Labels + + Table 1 provides an overview of all SenML fields defined by this + document with their respective labels and data types. + + +---------------+-------+------------+------------+------------+ + | Name | Label | CBOR Label | JSON Type | XML Type | + +---------------+-------+------------+------------+------------+ + | Base Name | bn | -2 | String | string | + | Base Time | bt | -3 | Number | double | + | Base Unit | bu | -4 | String | string | + | Base Value | bv | -5 | Number | double | + | Base Sum | bs | -6 | Number | double | + | Base Version | bver | -1 | Number | int | + | Name | n | 0 | String | string | + | Unit | u | 1 | String | string | + | Value | v | 2 | Number | double | + | String Value | vs | 3 | String | string | + | Boolean Value | vb | 4 | Boolean | boolean | + | Data Value | vd | 8 | String (*) | string (*) | + | Sum | s | 5 | Number | double | + | Time | t | 6 | Number | double | + | Update Time | ut | 7 | Number | double | + +---------------+-------+------------+------------+------------+ + + Table 1: SenML Labels + + (*) Data Value is a base64-encoded string with the URL-safe alphabet + as defined in Section 5 of [RFC4648], with padding omitted. (In + CBOR, the octets in the Data Value are encoded using a definite- + length byte string, major type 2.) + + For details of the JSON representation, see Section 5; for CBOR, see + Section 6; and for XML, see Section 7. + + + + + + + + + + +Jennings, et al. Standards Track [Page 8] + +RFC 8428 SenML August 2018 + + +4.4. Extensibility + + The SenML format can be extended with further custom fields. Both + new base and regular fields are allowed. See Section 12.2 for + details. Implementations MUST ignore fields they don't recognize + unless that field has a label name that ends with the "_" character, + in which case an error MUST be generated. + + All SenML Records in a Pack MUST have the same version number. This + is typically done by adding a Base Version field to only the first + Record in the Pack or by using the default value. + + Systems reading one of the objects MUST check for the Base Version + field. If this value is a version number larger than the version + that the system understands, the system MUST NOT use this object. + This allows the version number to indicate that the object contains + structure or semantics that is different from what is defined in the + present document beyond just making use of the extension points + provided here. New version numbers can only be defined in an RFC + that updates this specification or its successors. + +4.5. Records and Their Fields + +4.5.1. Names + + The Name value is concatenated to the Base Name value to yield the + name of the sensor. The resulting concatenated name needs to + uniquely identify and differentiate the sensor from all others. The + concatenated name MUST consist only of characters out of the set "A" + to "Z", "a" to "z", and "0" to "9", as well as "-", ":", ".", "/", + and "_"; furthermore, it MUST start with a character out of the set + "A" to "Z", "a" to "z", or "0" to "9". This restricted character set + was chosen so that concatenated names can be used directly within + various URI schemes (including segments of an HTTP path with no + special encoding; note that a name that contains "/" characters maps + into multiple URI path segments) and can be used directly in many + databases and analytic systems. [RFC5952] contains advice on + encoding an IPv6 address in a name. See Section 14 for privacy + considerations that apply to the use of long-term stable unique + identifiers. + + Although it is RECOMMENDED that concatenated names be represented as + URIs [RFC3986] or URNs [RFC8141], the restricted character set + specified above puts strict limits on the URI schemes and URN + namespaces that can be used. As a result, implementers need to take + care in choosing the naming scheme for concatenated names, because + such names both need to be unique and need to conform to the + restricted character set. One approach is to include a bit string + + + +Jennings, et al. Standards Track [Page 9] + +RFC 8428 SenML August 2018 + + + that has guaranteed uniqueness (such as a 1-wire address [AN1796]). + Some of the examples within this document use the device URN + namespace as specified in [DEVICE-URN]. Universally Unique + Identifiers (UUIDs) [RFC4122] are another way to generate a unique + name. However, the restricted character set does not allow the use + of many URI schemes, such as the "tag" scheme [RFC4151] and the "ni" + scheme [RFC6920], in names as such. The use of URIs with characters + incompatible with this set and possible mapping rules between the two + are outside the scope of the present document. + +4.5.2. Units + + If the Record has no Unit, the Base Unit is used as the Unit. Having + no Unit and no Base Unit is allowed; any information that may be + required about units applicable to the value then needs to be + provided by the application context. + +4.5.3. Time + + If either the Base Time or Time value is missing, the missing field + is considered to have a value of zero. The Base Time and Time values + are added together to get a value representing the time of + measurement. + + Values less than 268,435,456 (2**28) represent time relative to the + current time. That is, a time of zero indicates that the sensor does + not know the absolute time and the measurement was made roughly + "now". A negative value indicates seconds in the past from roughly + "now". Positive values up to 2**28 indicate seconds in the future + from "now". An example for employing positive values would be + actuation use, when the desired change should happen in the future, + but the sender or the receiver does not have accurate time available. + + Values greater than or equal to 2**28 represent an absolute time + relative to the Unix epoch (1970-01-01T00:00Z in UTC time), and the + time is counted the same way as the Portable Operating System + Interface (POSIX) "seconds since the epoch" [TIME_T]. Therefore, the + smallest absolute Time value that can be expressed (2**28) is + 1978-07-04 21:24:16 UTC. + + Because Time values up to 2**28 are used for representing time + relative to "now" and Time and Base Time are added together, care + must be taken to ensure that the sum does not inadvertently reach + 2**28 (i.e., absolute time) when relative time was intended to be + used. + + + + + + +Jennings, et al. Standards Track [Page 10] + +RFC 8428 SenML August 2018 + + + Obviously, SenML Records referenced to "now" are only useful within a + specific communication context (e.g., based on information on when + the SenML Pack, or a specific Record in a SenSML Stream, was sent) or + together with some other context information that can be used for + deriving a meaning of "now"; the expectation for any archival use is + that they will be processed into UTC-referenced records before that + context would cease to be available. This specification deliberately + leaves the accuracy of "now" very vague as it is determined by the + overall systems that use SenML. In a system where a sensor without + wall-clock time sends a SenML Record with a time referenced to "now" + over a high-speed RS-485 link to an embedded system with accurate + time that resolves "now" based on the time of reception, the + resulting time uncertainty could be within 1 ms. At the other + extreme, a deployment that sends SenML wind-speed readings over a + Low-Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite link from a mountain valley might + have resulting reception Time values that are easily a dozen minutes + off the actual time of the sensor reading, with the time uncertainty + depending on satellite locations and conditions. + +4.5.4. Values + + If only one of the Base Sum or Sum value is present, the missing + field is considered to have a value of zero. The Base Sum and Sum + values are added together to get the sum of measurement. If neither + the Base Sum nor the Sum is present, then the measurement does not + have a Sum value. + + If the Base Value or Value is not present, the missing field(s) is + considered to have a value of zero. The Base Value and Value are + added together to get the value of the measurement. + + Representing the statistical characteristics of measurements, such as + accuracy, can be very complex. Future specification may add new + fields to provide better information about the statistical properties + of the measurement. + + In summary, the structure of a SenML Record is laid out to support a + single measurement per Record. If multiple data values are measured + at the same time (e.g., air pressure and altitude), they are best + kept as separate Records linked through their Time value; this is + even true when one of the data values is more "meta" than others + (e.g., describes a condition that influences other measurements at + the same time). + + + + + + + + +Jennings, et al. Standards Track [Page 11] + +RFC 8428 SenML August 2018 + + +4.6. Resolved Records + + Sometimes it is useful to be able to refer to a defined normalized + format for SenML Records. This normalized format tends to get used + for big data applications and intermediate forms when converting to + other formats. Also, if SenML Records are used outside of a SenML + Pack, they need to be resolved first to ensure applicable base values + are applied. + + A SenML Record is referred to as "resolved" if it does not contain + any base values, i.e., labels starting with the character "b", except + for Base Version fields (see below), and has no relative times. To + resolve the Records, the applicable base values of the SenML Pack (if + any) are applied to the Record. That is, for the base values in the + Record or before the Record in the Pack, Name and Base Name are + concatenated, the Base Time is added to the time of the Record, the + Base Unit is applied to the Record if it did not contain a Unit, etc. + In addition, the Records need to be in chronological order in the + Pack. An example of this is shown in Section 5.1.4. + + The Base Version field MUST NOT be present in resolved Records if the + SenML version defined in this document is used; otherwise, it MUST be + present in all the resolved SenML Records. + + A future specification that defines new base fields needs to specify + how the field is resolved. + +4.7. Associating Metadata + + SenML is designed to carry the minimum dynamic information about + measurements and, for efficiency reasons, does not carry significant + static metadata about the device, object, or sensors. Instead, it is + assumed that this metadata is carried out of band. For web resources + using SenML Packs, this metadata can be made available using the CoRE + Link Format [RFC6690]. The most obvious use of this link format is + to describe that a resource is available in a SenML format in the + first place. The relevant media type indicator is included in the + Content-Type (ct=) link attribute (which is defined for the link + format in Section 7.2.1 of [RFC7252]). + +4.8. Sensor Streaming Measurement Lists (SenSML) + + In some usage scenarios of SenML, the implementations store or + transmit SenML in a stream-like fashion, where data is collected over + time and continuously added to the object. This mode of operation is + optional, but systems or protocols using SenML in this fashion MUST + specify that they are doing this. SenML defines separate media types + to indicate Sensor Streaming Measurement Lists (SenSML) for this + + + +Jennings, et al. Standards Track [Page 12] + +RFC 8428 SenML August 2018 + + + usage (see Section 12.3.2). In this situation, the SenSML Stream can + be sent and received in a partial fashion, i.e., a measurement entry + can be read as soon as the SenML Record is received and does not have + to wait for the full SenSML Stream to be complete. + + If times relative to "now" (see Section 4.5.3) are used in SenML + Records of a SenSML Stream, their interpretation of "now" is based on + the time when the specific Record is sent in the stream. + +4.9. Configuration and Actuation Usage + + SenML can also be used for configuring parameters and controlling + actuators. When a SenML Pack is sent (e.g., using an HTTP/CoAP POST + or PUT method) and the semantics of the target are such that SenML is + interpreted as configuration/actuation, SenML Records are interpreted + as a request to change the values of given (sub)resources (given as + names) to given values at the given time(s). The semantics of the + target resource supporting this usage can be described, e.g., using + [RID-CoRE]. Examples of actuation usage are shown in Section 5.1.7. + +5. JSON Representation (application/senml+json) + + For the SenML fields shown in Table 2, the SenML Labels are used as + the JSON object member names within JSON objects representing the + JSON SenML Records. + + +---------------+-------+-----------+ + | Name | Label | JSON Type | + +---------------+-------+-----------+ + | Base Name | bn | String | + | Base Time | bt | Number | + | Base Unit | bu | String | + | Base Value | bv | Number | + | Base Sum | bs | Number | + | Base Version | bver | Number | + | Name | n | String | + | Unit | u | String | + | Value | v | Number | + | String Value | vs | String | + | Boolean Value | vb | Boolean | + | Data Value | vd | String | + | Sum | s | Number | + | Time | t | Number | + | Update Time | ut | Number | + +---------------+-------+-----------+ + + Table 2: JSON SenML Labels + + + + +Jennings, et al. Standards Track [Page 13] + +RFC 8428 SenML August 2018 + + + The root JSON value consists of an array with one JSON object for + each SenML Record. All the fields in the above table MAY occur in + the Records with member values of the type specified in the table. + + Only the UTF-8 [RFC3629] form of JSON is allowed. Characters in the + String Value are encoded using the escape sequences defined in + [RFC8259]. Octets in the Data Value are base64 encoded with the URL- + safe alphabet as defined in Section 5 of [RFC4648], with padding + omitted. + + Systems receiving measurements MUST be able to process the range of + floating-point numbers that are representable as IEEE double- + precision, floating-point numbers [IEEE.754]. This allows Time + values to have better than microsecond precision over the next 100 + years. The number of significant digits in any measurement is not + relevant, so a reading of 1.1 has exactly the same semantic meaning + as 1.10. If the value has an exponent, the "e" MUST be in lower + case. In the interest of avoiding unnecessary verbosity and speeding + up processing, the mantissa SHOULD be less than 19 characters long, + and the exponent SHOULD be less than 5 characters long. + +5.1. Examples + +5.1.1. Single Data Point + + The following shows a temperature reading taken approximately "now" + by a 1-wire sensor device that was assigned the unique 1-wire address + of 10e2073a01080063: + + [ + {"n":"urn:dev:ow:10e2073a01080063","u":"Cel","v":23.1} + ] + +5.1.2. Multiple Data Points + + The following example shows voltage and current "now", i.e., at an + unspecified time. + +[ + {"bn":"urn:dev:ow:10e2073a01080063:","n":"voltage","u":"V","v":120.1}, + {"n":"current","u":"A","v":1.2} +] + + + + + + + + + +Jennings, et al. Standards Track [Page 14] + +RFC 8428 SenML August 2018 + + + The next example is similar to the above one, but it shows current at + Tue Jun 8 18:01:16.001 UTC 2010 and at each second for the previous 5 + seconds. + + [ + {"bn":"urn:dev:ow:10e2073a0108006:","bt":1.276020076001e+09, + "bu":"A","bver":5, + "n":"voltage","u":"V","v":120.1}, + {"n":"current","t":-5,"v":1.2}, + {"n":"current","t":-4,"v":1.3}, + {"n":"current","t":-3,"v":1.4}, + {"n":"current","t":-2,"v":1.5}, + {"n":"current","t":-1,"v":1.6}, + {"n":"current","v":1.7} + ] + + As an example of SenSML, the following stream of measurements may be + sent via a long-lived HTTP POST from the producer of the stream to + its consumer, and each measurement object may be reported at the time + it was measured: + + [ + {"bn":"urn:dev:ow:10e2073a01080063","bt":1.320067464e+09, + "bu":"%RH","v":21.2}, + {"t":10,"v":21.3}, + {"t":20,"v":21.4}, + {"t":30,"v":21.4}, + {"t":40,"v":21.5}, + {"t":50,"v":21.5}, + {"t":60,"v":21.5}, + {"t":70,"v":21.6}, + {"t":80,"v":21.7}, + ... + +5.1.3. Multiple Measurements + + The following example shows humidity measurements from a mobile + device with a 1-wire address 10e2073a01080063, starting at Mon Oct 31 + 13:24:24 UTC 2011. The device also provides position data, which is + provided in the same measurement or parameter array as separate + entries. Note that time is used to correlate data that belongs + together, e.g., a measurement and a parameter associated with it. + Finally, the device also reports extra data about its battery status + at a separate time. + + + + + + + +Jennings, et al. Standards Track [Page 15] + +RFC 8428 SenML August 2018 + + + [ + {"bn":"urn:dev:ow:10e2073a01080063","bt":1.320067464e+09, + "bu":"%RH","v":20}, + {"u":"lon","v":24.30621}, + {"u":"lat","v":60.07965}, + {"t":60,"v":20.3}, + {"u":"lon","t":60,"v":24.30622}, + {"u":"lat","t":60,"v":60.07965}, + {"t":120,"v":20.7}, + {"u":"lon","t":120,"v":24.30623}, + {"u":"lat","t":120,"v":60.07966}, + {"u":"%EL","t":150,"v":98}, + {"t":180,"v":21.2}, + {"u":"lon","t":180,"v":24.30628}, + {"u":"lat","t":180,"v":60.07967} + ] + + The following table shows the size of this example in various forms, + as well as the size of each of these forms compressed with gzip. + + +----------+------+-----------------+ + | Encoding | Size | Compressed Size | + +----------+------+-----------------+ + | JSON | 573 | 206 | + | XML | 649 | 235 | + | CBOR | 254 | 196 | + | EXI | 161 | 184 | + +----------+------+-----------------+ + + Table 3: Size Comparisons + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Jennings, et al. Standards Track [Page 16] + +RFC 8428 SenML August 2018 + + +5.1.4. Resolved Data + + The following shows the example from the previous section in resolved + format. + + [ + {"n":"urn:dev:ow:10e2073a01080063","u":"%RH","t":1.320067464e+09, + "v":20}, + {"n":"urn:dev:ow:10e2073a01080063","u":"lon","t":1.320067464e+09, + "v":24.30621}, + {"n":"urn:dev:ow:10e2073a01080063","u":"lat","t":1.320067464e+09, + "v":60.07965}, + {"n":"urn:dev:ow:10e2073a01080063","u":"%RH","t":1.320067524e+09, + "v":20.3}, + {"n":"urn:dev:ow:10e2073a01080063","u":"lon","t":1.320067524e+09, + "v":24.30622}, + {"n":"urn:dev:ow:10e2073a01080063","u":"lat","t":1.320067524e+09, + "v":60.07965}, + {"n":"urn:dev:ow:10e2073a01080063","u":"%RH","t":1.320067584e+09, + "v":20.7}, + {"n":"urn:dev:ow:10e2073a01080063","u":"lon","t":1.320067584e+09, + "v":24.30623}, + {"n":"urn:dev:ow:10e2073a01080063","u":"lat","t":1.320067584e+09, + "v":60.07966}, + {"n":"urn:dev:ow:10e2073a01080063","u":"%EL","t":1.320067614e+09, + "v":98}, + {"n":"urn:dev:ow:10e2073a01080063","u":"%RH","t":1.320067644e+09, + "v":21.2}, + {"n":"urn:dev:ow:10e2073a01080063","u":"lon","t":1.320067644e+09, + "v":24.30628}, + {"n":"urn:dev:ow:10e2073a01080063","u":"lat","t":1.320067644e+09, + "v":60.07967} + ] + +5.1.5. Multiple Data Types + + The following example shows a sensor that returns different data + types. + + [ + {"bn":"urn:dev:ow:10e2073a01080063:","n":"temp","u":"Cel","v":23.1}, + {"n":"label","vs":"Machine Room"}, + {"n":"open","vb":false}, + {"n":"nfc-reader","vd":"aGkgCg"} + ] + + + + + + +Jennings, et al. Standards Track [Page 17] + +RFC 8428 SenML August 2018 + + +5.1.6. Collection of Resources + + The following example shows the results from a query to one device + that aggregates multiple measurements from other devices. The + example assumes that a client has fetched information from a device + at 2001:db8::2 by performing a GET operation on http://[2001:db8::2] + at Mon Oct 31 16:27:09 UTC 2011 and has gotten two separate values as + a result: a temperature and humidity measurement as well as the + results from another device at http://[2001:db8::1] that also had a + temperature and humidity measurement. Note that the last record + would use the Base Name from the 3rd record but the Base Time from + the first record. + + [ + {"bn":"2001:db8::2/","bt":1.320078429e+09, + "n":"temperature","u":"Cel","v":25.2}, + {"n":"humidity","u":"%RH","v":30}, + {"bn":"2001:db8::1/","n":"temperature","u":"Cel","v":12.3}, + {"n":"humidity","u":"%RH","v":67} + ] + +5.1.7. Setting an Actuator + + The following example shows the SenML that could be used to set the + current set point of a typical residential thermostat that has a + temperature set point, a switch to turn on and off the heat, and a + switch to turn on the fan override. + + [ + {"bn":"urn:dev:ow:10e2073a01080063:"}, + {"n":"temp","u":"Cel","v":23.1}, + {"n":"heat","u":"/","v":1}, + {"n":"fan","u":"/","v":0} + ] + + In the following example, two different lights are turned on. It is + assumed that the lights are on a network that can guarantee delivery + of the messages to the two lights within 15 ms (e.g., a network using + 802.1BA [IEEE802.1BA] and 802.1AS [IEEE802.1AS] for time + synchronization). The controller has set the time of the lights to + come on at 20 ms in the future from the current time. This allows + both lights to receive the message, wait till that time, then apply + the switch command so that both lights come on at the same time. + + [ + {"bt":1.320078429e+09,"bu":"/","n":"2001:db8::3","v":1}, + {"n":"2001:db8::4","v":1} + ] + + + +Jennings, et al. Standards Track [Page 18] + +RFC 8428 SenML August 2018 + + + The following shows two lights being turned off using a + non-deterministic network that has high odds of delivering a message + in less than 100 ms and uses NTP for time synchronization. The + current time is 1320078429. The user has just turned off a light + switch that is turning off two lights. Both lights are immediately + dimmed to 50% brightness to give the user instant feedback that + something is changing. However, given the network, the lights will + probably dim at somewhat different times. Then 100 ms in the future, + both lights will go off at the same time. The instant, but not + synchronized, dimming gives the user the sensation of quick + responses, and the timed-off 100 ms in the future gives the + perception of both lights going off at the same time. + + [ + {"bt":1.320078429e+09,"bu":"/","n":"2001:db8::3","v":0.5}, + {"n":"2001:db8::4","v":0.5}, + {"n":"2001:db8::3","t":0.1,"v":0}, + {"n":"2001:db8::4","t":0.1,"v":0} + ] + +6. CBOR Representation (application/senml+cbor) + + The CBOR [RFC7049] representation is equivalent to the JSON + representation, with the following changes: + + o For JSON Numbers, the CBOR representation can use integers, + floating-point numbers, or decimal fractions (CBOR Tag 4); + however, a representation SHOULD be chosen such that when the CBOR + value is converted to an IEEE double-precision, floating-point + value, it has exactly the same value as the original JSON Number + converted to that form. For the version number, only an unsigned + integer is allowed. + + o Characters in the String Value are encoded using a text string + with a definite length (major type 3). Octets in the Data Value + are encoded using a byte string with a definite length (major type + 2). + + o For compactness, the CBOR representation uses integers for the + labels, as defined in Table 4. This table is conclusive, i.e., + there is no intention to define any additional integer map keys; + any extensions will use string map keys. This allows translators + converting between CBOR and JSON representations to also convert + all future labels without needing to update implementations. Base + values are given negative CBOR labels, and others are given + non-negative labels. + + + + + +Jennings, et al. Standards Track [Page 19] + +RFC 8428 SenML August 2018 + + + +---------------+-------+------------+ + | Name | Label | CBOR Label | + +---------------+-------+------------+ + | Base Version | bver | -1 | + | Base Name | bn | -2 | + | Base Time | bt | -3 | + | Base Unit | bu | -4 | + | Base Value | bv | -5 | + | Base Sum | bs | -6 | + | Name | n | 0 | + | Unit | u | 1 | + | Value | v | 2 | + | String Value | vs | 3 | + | Boolean Value | vb | 4 | + | Sum | s | 5 | + | Time | t | 6 | + | Update Time | ut | 7 | + | Data Value | vd | 8 | + +---------------+-------+------------+ + + Table 4: CBOR Representation: Integers for Map Keys + + o For streaming SenSML in CBOR representation, the array containing + the records SHOULD be a CBOR array with an indefinite length; for + non-streaming SenML, an array with a definite length MUST be used. + + The following example shows a dump of the CBOR example for the same + sensor measurement as in Section 5.1.2. + + 0000 87 a7 21 78 1b 75 72 6e 3a 64 65 76 3a 6f 77 3a |..!x.urn:dev:ow:| + 0010 31 30 65 32 30 37 33 61 30 31 30 38 30 30 36 3a |10e2073a0108006:| + 0020 22 fb 41 d3 03 a1 5b 00 10 62 23 61 41 20 05 00 |".A...[..b#aA ..| + 0030 67 76 6f 6c 74 61 67 65 01 61 56 02 fb 40 5e 06 |gvoltage.aV..@^.| + 0040 66 66 66 66 66 a3 00 67 63 75 72 72 65 6e 74 06 |fffff..gcurrent.| + 0050 24 02 fb 3f f3 33 33 33 33 33 33 a3 00 67 63 75 |$..?.333333..gcu| + 0060 72 72 65 6e 74 06 23 02 fb 3f f4 cc cc cc cc cc |rrent.#..?......| + 0070 cd a3 00 67 63 75 72 72 65 6e 74 06 22 02 fb 3f |...gcurrent."..?| + 0080 f6 66 66 66 66 66 66 a3 00 67 63 75 72 72 65 6e |.ffffff..gcurren| + 0090 74 06 21 02 f9 3e 00 a3 00 67 63 75 72 72 65 6e |t.!..>...gcurren| + 00a0 74 06 20 02 fb 3f f9 99 99 99 99 99 9a a3 00 67 |t. ..?.........g| + 00b0 63 75 72 72 65 6e 74 06 00 02 fb 3f fb 33 33 33 |current....?.333| + 00c0 33 33 33 |333| + 00c3 + + + + + + + + +Jennings, et al. Standards Track [Page 20] + +RFC 8428 SenML August 2018 + + + In CBOR diagnostic notation (Section 6 of [RFC7049]), this is: + + [{-2: "urn:dev:ow:10e2073a0108006:", + -3: 1276020076.001, -4: "A", -1: 5, 0: "voltage", 1: "V", 2: 120.1}, + {0: "current", 6: -5, 2: 1.2}, {0: "current", 6: -4, 2: 1.3}, + {0: "current", 6: -3, 2: 1.4}, {0: "current", 6: -2, 2: 1.5}, + {0: "current", 6: -1, 2: 1.6}, {0: "current", 6: 0, 2: 1.7}] + +7. XML Representation (application/senml+xml) + + A SenML Pack or Stream can also be represented in XML format as + defined in this section. + + Only the UTF-8 form of XML is allowed. Octets in the Data Value are + base64 encoded with the URL-safe alphabet as defined in Section 5 of + [RFC4648], with padding omitted. + + The following shows an XML example for the same sensor measurement as + in Section 5.1.2. + + <sensml xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:senml"> + <senml bn="urn:dev:ow:10e2073a0108006:" bt="1.276020076001e+09" + bu="A" bver="5" n="voltage" u="V" v="120.1"></senml> + <senml n="current" t="-5" v="1.2"></senml> + <senml n="current" t="-4" v="1.3"></senml> + <senml n="current" t="-3" v="1.4"></senml> + <senml n="current" t="-2" v="1.5"></senml> + <senml n="current" t="-1" v="1.6"></senml> + <senml n="current" v="1.7"></senml> + </sensml> + + The SenML Stream is represented as a sensml element that contains a + series of senml elements for each SenML Record. The SenML fields are + represented as XML attributes. For each field defined in this + document, the following table shows the SenML Labels, which are used + for the XML attribute name, as well as the according restrictions on + the XML attribute values ("type") as used in the XML senml elements. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Jennings, et al. Standards Track [Page 21] + +RFC 8428 SenML August 2018 + + + +---------------+-------+----------+ + | Name | Label | XML Type | + +---------------+-------+----------+ + | Base Name | bn | string | + | Base Time | bt | double | + | Base Unit | bu | string | + | Base Value | bv | double | + | Base Sum | bs | double | + | Base Version | bver | int | + | Name | n | string | + | Unit | u | string | + | Value | v | double | + | String Value | vs | string | + | Data Value | vd | string | + | Boolean Value | vb | boolean | + | Sum | s | double | + | Time | t | double | + | Update Time | ut | double | + +---------------+-------+----------+ + + Table 5: XML SenML Labels + + The RelaxNG [RNC] Schema for the XML is: + + default namespace = "urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:senml" + namespace rng = "http://relaxng.org/ns/structure/1.0" + + senml = element senml { + attribute bn { xsd:string }?, + attribute bt { xsd:double }?, + attribute bv { xsd:double }?, + attribute bs { xsd:double }?, + attribute bu { xsd:string }?, + attribute bver { xsd:int }?, + + attribute n { xsd:string }?, + attribute s { xsd:double }?, + attribute t { xsd:double }?, + attribute u { xsd:string }?, + attribute ut { xsd:double }?, + + attribute v { xsd:double }?, + attribute vb { xsd:boolean }?, + attribute vs { xsd:string }?, + attribute vd { xsd:string }? + } + + + + + +Jennings, et al. Standards Track [Page 22] + +RFC 8428 SenML August 2018 + + + sensml = + element sensml { + senml+ + } + + start = sensml + +8. EXI Representation (application/senml-exi) + + For efficient transmission of SenML over, e.g., a constrained + network, EXI can be used. This encodes the XML Schema + [W3C.REC-xmlschema-1-20041028] structure of SenML into binary tags + and values rather than ASCII text. An EXI representation of SenML + SHOULD be made using the strict schema mode of EXI. However, this + mode does not allow tag extensions to the schema; therefore, any + extensions will be lost in the encoding. For uses where extensions + need to be preserved in EXI, the non-strict schema mode of EXI MAY be + used. + + The EXI header MUST include "EXI Options", as defined in + [W3C.REC-exi-20140211], with a schemaId set to the value of "a", + indicating the schema provided in this specification. Future + revisions to the schema can change the value of the schemaId to allow + for backwards compatibility. When the data will be transported over + CoAP or HTTP, an EXI Cookie SHOULD NOT be used as it simply makes + things larger and is redundant to information provided in the + Content-Type header. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Jennings, et al. Standards Track [Page 23] + +RFC 8428 SenML August 2018 + + + The following is the XSD Schema to be used for strict schema-guided + EXI processing. It is generated from the RelaxNG. + + <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> + <xs:schema xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" + elementFormDefault="qualified" + targetNamespace="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:senml" + xmlns:ns1="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:senml"> + <xs:element name="senml"> + <xs:complexType> + <xs:attribute name="bn" type="xs:string" /> + <xs:attribute name="bt" type="xs:double" /> + <xs:attribute name="bv" type="xs:double" /> + <xs:attribute name="bs" type="xs:double" /> + <xs:attribute name="bu" type="xs:string" /> + <xs:attribute name="bver" type="xs:int" /> + <xs:attribute name="n" type="xs:string" /> + <xs:attribute name="s" type="xs:double" /> + <xs:attribute name="t" type="xs:double" /> + <xs:attribute name="u" type="xs:string" /> + <xs:attribute name="ut" type="xs:double" /> + <xs:attribute name="v" type="xs:double" /> + <xs:attribute name="vb" type="xs:boolean" /> + <xs:attribute name="vs" type="xs:string" /> + <xs:attribute name="vd" type="xs:string" /> + </xs:complexType> + </xs:element> + <xs:element name="sensml"> + <xs:complexType> + <xs:sequence> + <xs:element maxOccurs="unbounded" ref="ns1:senml" /> + </xs:sequence> + </xs:complexType> + </xs:element> + </xs:schema> + + The following shows a hexdump of the EXI produced from encoding the + following XML example. Note that this example is the same + information as the first example in Section 5.1.2 but in JSON format. + + <sensml xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:senml"> + <senml bn="urn:dev:ow:10e2073a01080063:" n="voltage" u="V" + v="120.1"></senml> + <senml n="current" u="A" v="1.2"></senml> + </sensml> + + + + + + +Jennings, et al. Standards Track [Page 24] + +RFC 8428 SenML August 2018 + + + Which compresses with EXI to the following displayed in hexdump: + + 0000 a0 30 0d 84 80 f3 ab 93 71 d3 23 2b b1 d3 7b b9 |.0......q.#+..{.| + 0010 d1 89 83 29 91 81 b9 9b 09 81 89 81 c1 81 81 b1 |...)............| + 0020 99 d2 84 bb 37 b6 3a 30 b3 b2 90 1a b1 58 84 c0 |....7.:0.....X..| + 0030 33 04 b1 ba b9 39 32 b7 3a 10 1a 09 06 40 38 |3....92.:....@8| + 003f + + The above example used the bit-packed form of EXI, but it is also + possible to use a byte-packed form of EXI, which can make it easier + for a simple sensor to produce valid EXI without really implementing + EXI. Consider the example of a temperature sensor that produces a + value in tenths of degrees Celsius over a range of 0.0 to 55.0. It + would produce an XML SenML file such as: + + <sensml xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:senml"> + <senml n="urn:dev:ow:10e2073a01080063" u="Cel" v="23.1"></senml> + </sensml> + + The compressed form, using the byte-alignment option of EXI, for the + above XML is the following: + + 0000 a0 00 48 80 6c 20 01 06 1d 75 72 6e 3a 64 65 76 |..H.l ...urn:dev| + 0010 3a 6f 77 3a 31 30 65 32 30 37 33 61 30 31 30 38 |:ow:10e2073a0108| + 0020 30 30 36 33 02 05 43 65 6c 01 00 e7 01 01 00 03 |0063..Cel.......| + 0030 01 |.| + 0031 + + A small temperature sensor device that only generates this one EXI + file does not really need a full EXI implementation. It can simply + hard code the output, replacing the 1-wire device ID starting at byte + 0x14 and going to byte 0x23 with its device ID and replacing the + value "0xe7 0x01" at location 0x2b and 0x2c with the current + temperature. The EXI specification [W3C.REC-exi-20140211] contains + the full information on how floating-point numbers are represented, + but for the purpose of this sensor, the temperature can be converted + to an integer in tenths of degrees (231 in this example). EXI stores + 7 bits of the integer in each byte with the top bit set to one if + there are further bytes. So, the first byte is set to the low 7 bits + of the integer temperature in tenths of degrees plus 0x80. In this + example, 231 & 0x7F + 0x80 = 0xE7. The second byte is set to the + integer temperature in tenths of degrees right-shifted 7 bits. In + this example, 231 >> 7 = 0x01. + + + + + + + + +Jennings, et al. Standards Track [Page 25] + +RFC 8428 SenML August 2018 + + +9. Fragment Identification Methods + + A SenML Pack typically consists of multiple SenML Records, and for + some applications, it may be useful to be able to refer to a single + Record, or a set of Records, in a Pack with a fragment identifier. + The fragment identifier is only interpreted by a client and does not + impact retrieval of a representation. The SenML fragment + identification is modeled after Comma-Separated Value (CSV) fragment + identifiers [RFC7111]. + + To select a single SenML Record, the "rec" scheme followed by a + single number is used. For the purpose of numbering Records, the + first Record is at position 1. A range of records can be selected by + giving the first and the last record number separated by a "-" + character. Instead of the second number, the "*" character can be + used to indicate the last SenML Record in the Pack. A set of Records + can also be selected using a comma-separated list of Record positions + or ranges. + + (We use the term "selecting a Record" for identifying it as part of + the fragment, not in the sense of isolating it from the Pack -- the + Record still needs to be interpreted as part of the Pack, e.g., using + the base values defined in earlier Records.) + +9.1. Fragment Identification Examples + + The 3rd SenML Record from the "coap://example.com/temp" resource can + be selected with: + + coap://example.com/temp#rec=3 + + Records from 3rd to 6th can be selected with: + + coap://example.com/temp#rec=3-6 + + Records from 19th to the last can be selected with: + + coap://example.com/temp#rec=19-* + + The 3rd and 5th Records can be selected with: + + coap://example.com/temp#rec=3,5 + + To select the Records from third to fifth, the 10th Record, and all + Records from 19th to the last: + + coap://example.com/temp#rec=3-5,10,19-* + + + + +Jennings, et al. Standards Track [Page 26] + +RFC 8428 SenML August 2018 + + +9.2. Fragment Identification for XML and EXI Formats + + In addition to the SenML fragment identifiers described above, with + the XML and EXI SenML formats, the syntax defined in the XPointer + element() Scheme [XPointerElement] of the XPointer Framework + [XPointerFramework] can be used. (This is required by [RFC7303] for + media types using the syntax suffix structured with "+xml". For + consistency, SenML allows this for the EXI formats as well.) + + Note that fragment identifiers are available to the client side only; + they are not provided in transfer protocols such as CoAP or HTTP. + Thus, they cannot be used by the server in deciding which media type + to send. Where a server has multiple representations available for a + resource identified by a URI, it might send a JSON or CBOR + representation when the client was directed to use an XML/EXI + fragment identifier with it. Clients can prevent running into this + problem by explicitly requesting an XML or EXI media type (e.g., + using the CoAP Accept option) when XML-/EXI-only fragment identifier + syntax is in use in the URI. + +10. Usage Considerations + + The measurements support sending both the current value of a sensor + as well as an integrated sum. For many types of measurements, the + sum is more useful than the current value. For historical reasons, + this field is called "Sum" instead of "integral", which would more + accurately describe its function. For example, an electrical meter + that measures the energy a given computer uses will typically want to + measure the cumulative amount of energy used. This is less prone to + error than reporting the power each second and trying to have + something on the server side sum together all the power measurements. + If the network between the sensor and the meter goes down over some + period of time, when it comes back up, the cumulative sum helps + reflect what happened while the network was down. A meter like this + would typically report a measurement with the unit set to watts, but + it would put the sum of energy used in the "s" field of the + measurement. It might optionally include the current power in the + "v" field. + + While the benefit of using the integrated sum is fairly clear for + measurements like power and energy, it is less obvious for something + like temperature. Reporting the sum of the temperature makes it easy + to compute averages even when the individual temperature values are + not reported frequently enough to compute accurate averages. + Implementers are encouraged to report the cumulative sum as well as + the raw value of a given sensor. + + + + + +Jennings, et al. Standards Track [Page 27] + +RFC 8428 SenML August 2018 + + + Applications that use the cumulative Sum values need to understand + they are very loosely defined by this specification, and depending on + the particular sensor implementation, they may behave in unexpected + ways. Applications should be able to deal with the following issues: + + 1. Many sensors will allow the cumulative sums to "wrap" back to + zero after the value gets sufficiently large. + + 2. Some sensors will reset the cumulative sum back to zero when the + device is reset, loses power, or is replaced with a different + sensor. + + 3. Applications cannot make assumptions about when the device + started accumulating values into the sum. + + Typically, applications can make some assumptions about specific + sensors that will allow them to deal with these problems. A common + assumption is that for sensors whose measurement values are non- + negative, the sum should never get smaller; if the sum does get + smaller, the application will know that one of the situations listed + above has happened. + + Despite the name "Sum", the Sum field is not useful for applications + that maintain a running count of the number of times an event + happened or that keep track of a counter such as the total number of + bytes sent on an interface. Data like that can be sent directly in + the Value field. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Jennings, et al. Standards Track [Page 28] + +RFC 8428 SenML August 2018 + + +11. CDDL + + As a convenient reference, the JSON and CBOR representations can be + described with the common Concise Data Definition Language (CDDL) + specification [CDDL-CBOR] in Figure 1 (informative). + + SenML-Pack = [1* record] + + record = { + ? bn => tstr, ; Base Name + ? bt => numeric, ; Base Time + ? bu => tstr, ; Base Units + ? bv => numeric, ; Base Value + ? bs => numeric, ; Base Sum + ? bver => uint, ; Base Version + ? n => tstr, ; Name + ? u => tstr, ; Units + ? s => numeric, ; Sum + ? t => numeric, ; Time + ? ut => numeric, ; Update Time + ? ( v => numeric // ; Numeric Value + vs => tstr // ; String Value + vb => bool // ; Boolean Value + vd => binary-value ) ; Data Value + * key-value-pair + } + + ; now define the generic versions + key-value-pair = ( label => value ) + + label = non-b-label / b-label + non-b-label = tstr .regexp "[A-Zac-z0-9][-_:.A-Za-z0-9]*" / uint + b-label = tstr .regexp "b[-_:.A-Za-z0-9]+" / nint + + value = tstr / binary-value / numeric / bool + numeric = number / decfrac + + Figure 1: Common CDDL Specification for CBOR and JSON SenML + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Jennings, et al. Standards Track [Page 29] + +RFC 8428 SenML August 2018 + + + For JSON, we use text labels and base64url-encoded binary data + (Figure 2). + + bver = "bver" n = "n" s = "s" + bn = "bn" u = "u" t = "t" + bt = "bt" v = "v" ut = "ut" + bu = "bu" vs = "vs" vd = "vd" + bv = "bv" vb = "vb" + bs = "bs" + + binary-value = tstr ; base64url encoded + + Figure 2: JSON-Specific CDDL Specification for SenML + + For CBOR, we use integer labels and native binary data (Figure 3). + + bver = -1 n = 0 s = 5 + bn = -2 u = 1 t = 6 + bt = -3 v = 2 ut = 7 + bu = -4 vs = 3 vd = 8 + bv = -5 vb = 4 + bs = -6 + + binary-value = bstr + + Figure 3: CBOR-Specific CDDL Specification for SenML + +12. IANA Considerations + + IANA has created a new "Sensor Measurement Lists (SenML)" registry + that contains the subregistries defined in Sections 12.1 and 12.2. + +12.1. SenML Units Registry + + IANA has created a registry of SenML unit symbols called the "SenML + Units" registry. The primary purpose of this registry is to make + sure that symbols uniquely map to indicate a type of measurement. + Definitions for many of these units can be found in other + publications such as [NIST811] and [BIPM]. Units marked with an + asterisk are NOT RECOMMENDED to be produced by new implementations + but are in active use and SHOULD be implemented by consumers that can + use the corresponding SenML units that are closer to the unscaled SI + units. + + + + + + + + +Jennings, et al. Standards Track [Page 30] + +RFC 8428 SenML August 2018 + + + +----------+------------------------------------+-------+-----------+ + | Symbol | Description | Type | Reference | + +----------+------------------------------------+-------+-----------+ + | m | meter | float | RFC 8428 | + | kg | kilogram | float | RFC 8428 | + | g | gram* | float | RFC 8428 | + | s | second | float | RFC 8428 | + | A | ampere | float | RFC 8428 | + | K | kelvin | float | RFC 8428 | + | cd | candela | float | RFC 8428 | + | mol | mole | float | RFC 8428 | + | Hz | hertz | float | RFC 8428 | + | rad | radian | float | RFC 8428 | + | sr | steradian | float | RFC 8428 | + | N | newton | float | RFC 8428 | + | Pa | pascal | float | RFC 8428 | + | J | joule | float | RFC 8428 | + | W | watt | float | RFC 8428 | + | C | coulomb | float | RFC 8428 | + | V | volt | float | RFC 8428 | + | F | farad | float | RFC 8428 | + | Ohm | ohm | float | RFC 8428 | + | S | siemens | float | RFC 8428 | + | Wb | weber | float | RFC 8428 | + | T | tesla | float | RFC 8428 | + | H | henry | float | RFC 8428 | + | Cel | degrees Celsius | float | RFC 8428 | + | lm | lumen | float | RFC 8428 | + | lx | lux | float | RFC 8428 | + | Bq | becquerel | float | RFC 8428 | + | Gy | gray | float | RFC 8428 | + | Sv | sievert | float | RFC 8428 | + | kat | katal | float | RFC 8428 | + | m2 | square meter (area) | float | RFC 8428 | + | m3 | cubic meter (volume) | float | RFC 8428 | + | l | liter (volume)* | float | RFC 8428 | + | m/s | meter per second (velocity) | float | RFC 8428 | + | m/s2 | meter per square second | float | RFC 8428 | + | | (acceleration) | | | + | m3/s | cubic meter per second (flow rate) | float | RFC 8428 | + | l/s | liter per second (flow rate)* | float | RFC 8428 | + | W/m2 | watt per square meter (irradiance) | float | RFC 8428 | + | cd/m2 | candela per square meter | float | RFC 8428 | + | | (luminance) | | | + | bit | bit (information content) | float | RFC 8428 | + | bit/s | bit per second (data rate) | float | RFC 8428 | + | lat | degrees latitude (Note 1) | float | RFC 8428 | + | lon | degrees longitude (Note 1) | float | RFC 8428 | + + + +Jennings, et al. Standards Track [Page 31] + +RFC 8428 SenML August 2018 + + + | pH | pH value (acidity; logarithmic | float | RFC 8428 | + | | quantity) | | | + | dB | decibel (logarithmic quantity) | float | RFC 8428 | + | dBW | decibel relative to 1 W (power | float | RFC 8428 | + | | level) | | | + | Bspl | bel (sound pressure level; | float | RFC 8428 | + | | logarithmic quantity)* | | | + | count | 1 (counter value) | float | RFC 8428 | + | / | 1 (ratio, e.g., value of a switch; | float | RFC 8428 | + | | Note 2) | | | + | % | 1 (ratio, e.g., value of a switch; | float | RFC 8428 | + | | Note 2)* | | | + | %RH | percentage (relative humidity) | float | RFC 8428 | + | %EL | percentage (remaining battery | float | RFC 8428 | + | | energy level) | | | + | EL | seconds (remaining battery energy | float | RFC 8428 | + | | level) | | | + | 1/s | 1 per second (event rate) | float | RFC 8428 | + | 1/min | 1 per minute (event rate, "rpm")* | float | RFC 8428 | + | beat/min | 1 per minute (heart rate in beats | float | RFC 8428 | + | | per minute)* | | | + | beats | 1 (cumulative number of heart | float | RFC 8428 | + | | beats)* | | | + | S/m | siemens per meter (conductivity) | float | RFC 8428 | + +----------+------------------------------------+-------+-----------+ + + Table 6: IANA Registry for SenML Units + + o Note 1: Assumed to be in World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS84), + unless another reference frame is known for the sensor. + + o Note 2: A value of 0.0 indicates the switch is off, 1.0 indicates + on, and 0.5 indicates half on. The preferred name of this unit is + "/". For historical reasons, the name "%" is also provided for + the same unit, but note that while that name strongly suggests a + percentage (0..100), it is NOT a percentage but the absolute + ratio! + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Jennings, et al. Standards Track [Page 32] + +RFC 8428 SenML August 2018 + + + New entries can be added to the registration by Expert Review as + defined in [RFC8126]. Experts should exercise their own good + judgment but need to consider the following guidelines: + + 1. There needs to be a real and compelling use for any new unit to + be added. + + 2. Each unit should define the semantic information and be chosen + carefully. Implementers need to remember that the same word may + be used in different real-life contexts. For example, degrees + when measuring latitude have no semantic relation to degrees + when measuring temperature; thus, two different units are + needed. + + 3. These measurements are produced by computers for consumption by + computers. The principle is that conversion has to be easily + done when both reading and writing the media type. The value of + a single canonical representation outweighs the convenience of + easy human representations or loss of precision in a conversion. + + 4. Use of System of Units (SI) prefixes such as "k" before the unit + is not recommended. Instead, one can represent the value using + scientific notation such as 1.2e3. The "kg" unit is an + exception to this rule since it is an SI base unit; the "g" unit + is provided for legacy compatibility. + + 5. For a given type of measurement, there will only be one unit + type defined. So for length, meter is defined, and other + lengths such as mile, foot, and light year are not allowed. For + most cases, the SI unit is preferred. + + (Note that some amount of judgment will be required here, as + even SI itself is not entirely consistent in this respect. For + instance, for temperature, [ISO-80000-5] defines a quantity, + item 5-1 (thermodynamic temperature), and a corresponding unit + of 5-1.a (Kelvin); [ISO-80000-5] goes on to define another + quantity, item 5-2 ("Celsius temperature"), and the + corresponding unit of 5-2.a (degree Celsius). The latter + quantity is defined such that it gives the thermodynamic + temperature as a delta from T0 = 275.15 K. ISO 80000-5 is + defining both units side by side and not really expressing a + preference. This level of recognition of the alternative unit + degree Celsius is the reason why Celsius temperatures seem + exceptionally acceptable in the SenML units list alongside + Kelvin.) + + + + + + +Jennings, et al. Standards Track [Page 33] + +RFC 8428 SenML August 2018 + + + 6. Symbol names that could be easily confused with existing common + units or units combined with prefixes should be avoided. For + example, selecting a unit name of "mph" to indicate something + that had nothing to do with velocity would be a bad choice, as + "mph" is commonly used to mean "miles per hour". + + 7. The following should not be used because they are common SI + prefixes: Y, Z, E, P, T, G, M, k, h, da, d, c, u, n, p, f, a, z, + y, Ki, Mi, Gi, Ti, Pi, Ei, Zi, and Yi. + + 8. The following units should not be used as they are commonly used + to represent other measurements: Ky, Gal, dyn, etg, P, St, Mx, + G, Oe, Gb, sb, Lmb, mph, Ci, R, RAD, REM, gal, bbl, qt, degF, + Cal, BTU, HP, pH, B/s, psi, Torr, atm, at, bar, and kWh. + + 9. The unit names are case sensitive, and the correct case needs to + be used; however, symbols that differ only in case should not be + allocated. + + 10. A number after a unit typically indicates the previous unit + raised to that power, and "/" indicates that the units that + follow are the reciprocals. A unit should have only one "/" in + the name. + + 11. A good list of common units can be found in the Unified Code for + Units of Measure [UCUM]. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Jennings, et al. Standards Track [Page 34] + +RFC 8428 SenML August 2018 + + +12.2. SenML Labels Registry + + IANA has created a new registry for SenML Labels called the "SenML + Labels" registry. The initial contents of the registry are as + follows: + + +--------------+-------+----+-----------+----------+----+-----------+ + | Name | Label | CL | JSON Type | XML Type | EI | Reference | + +--------------+-------+----+-----------+----------+----+-----------+ + | Base Name | bn | -2 | String | string | a | RFC 8428 | + | Base Time | bt | -3 | Number | double | a | RFC 8428 | + | Base Unit | bu | -4 | String | string | a | RFC 8428 | + | Base Value | bv | -5 | Number | double | a | RFC 8428 | + | Base Sum | bs | -6 | Number | double | a | RFC 8428 | + | Base Version | bver | -1 | Number | int | a | RFC 8428 | + | Name | n | 0 | String | string | a | RFC 8428 | + | Unit | u | 1 | String | string | a | RFC 8428 | + | Value | v | 2 | Number | double | a | RFC 8428 | + | String Value | vs | 3 | String | string | a | RFC 8428 | + | Boolean | vb | 4 | Boolean | boolean | a | RFC 8428 | + | Value | | | | | | | + | Data Value | vd | 8 | String | string | a | RFC 8428 | + | Sum | s | 5 | Number | double | a | RFC 8428 | + | Time | t | 6 | Number | double | a | RFC 8428 | + | Update Time | ut | 7 | Number | double | a | RFC 8428 | + +--------------+-------+----+-----------+----------+----+-----------+ + + Note that CL = CBOR Label and EI = EXI ID. + + Table 7: IANA Registry for SenML Labels + + This is the same table as Table 1, with notes removed and columns + added for the information that is all the same for this initial set + of registrations, but it will need to be supplied with different + values for new registrations. + + All new entries must define the Name, Label, and XML Type, but the + CBOR labels SHOULD be left empty as CBOR will use the string encoding + for any new labels. The EI column contains the EXI schemaId value of + the first schema that includes this label, or it is empty if this + label was not intended for use with EXI. The Reference column SHOULD + contain information about where to find out more information about + this label. + + The JSON, CBOR, and EXI types are derived from the XML type. All XML + numeric types such as double, float, integer, and int become a JSON + Number. XML boolean and string become a JSON Boolean and String, + + + + +Jennings, et al. Standards Track [Page 35] + +RFC 8428 SenML August 2018 + + + respectively. CBOR represents numeric values with a CBOR type that + does not lose any information from the JSON value. EXI uses the XML + types. + + New entries can be added to the registration by Expert Review as + defined in [RFC8126]. Experts should exercise their own good + judgment but need to consider that shorter labels should have more + strict review. New entries should not be made that counteract the + advice at the end of Section 4.5.4. + + All new SenML Labels that have "base" semantics (see Section 4.1) + MUST start with the character "b". Regular labels MUST NOT start + with that character. All new SenML Labels with Value semantics (see + Section 4.2) MUST have "Value" in their (long-form) name. + + Extensions that add a label intended for use with XML need to create + a new RelaxNG Schema that includes all the labels in the "SenML + Labels" registry. + + Extensions that add a label that is intended for use with EXI need to + create a new XSD Schema that includes all the labels in the "SenML + Labels" registry and then allocate a new EXI schemaId value. Moving + to the next letter in the alphabet is the suggested way to create the + new value for the EXI schemaId. Any labels with previously blank ID + values SHOULD be updated in the "SenML Labels" registry to have their + ID set to this new schemaId value. + + Extensions that are mandatory to understand to correctly process the + Pack MUST have a label name that ends with the "_" character. + +12.3. Media Type Registrations + + The registrations in the subsections below follow the procedures + specified in [RFC6838] and [RFC7303]. This document registers media + types for each serialization format of SenML (JSON, CBOR, XML, and + EXI) and also a corresponding set of media types for streaming use + (SenSML; see Section 4.8). Clipboard formats are defined for the + JSON and XML forms of SenML but not for streams or non-textual + formats. + + The reason there are both SenML and the streaming SenSML formats is + that they are not the same data formats, and they require separate + negotiation to understand if they are supported and which one is + being used. The non-streaming format is required to have some sort + of end-of-pack syntax that indicates there will be no more records. + Many implementations that receive SenML wait for this end-of-pack + marker before processing any of the records. On the other hand, with + the streaming formats, it is explicitly not required to wait for this + + + +Jennings, et al. Standards Track [Page 36] + +RFC 8428 SenML August 2018 + + + end-of-pack marker. Many implementations that produce streaming + SenSML will never send this end-of-pack marker, so implementations + that receive streaming SenSML cannot wait for the end-of-pack marker + before they start processing the records. Given that SenML and + streaming SenML are different data formats, and considering the + requirement for separate negotiation, a media type for each one is + needed. + +12.3.1. senml+json Media Type Registration + + Type name: application + + Subtype name: senml+json + + Required parameters: none + + Optional parameters: none + + Encoding considerations: Must be encoded as using a subset of the + encoding allowed in [RFC8259]. See RFC 8428 for details. This + simplifies implementation of a very simple system and does not impose + any significant limitations as all this data is meant for machine-to- + machine communications and is not meant to be human readable. + + Security considerations: See Section 13 of RFC 8428. + + Interoperability considerations: Applications MUST ignore any JSON + key-value pairs that they do not understand unless the key ends with + the "_" character, in which case an error MUST be generated. This + allows backwards-compatible extensions to this specification. The + "bver" field can be used to ensure the receiver supports a minimal + level of functionality needed by the creator of the JSON object. + + Published specification: RFC 8428 + + Applications that use this media type: The type is used by systems + that report, e.g., electrical power usage and environmental + information such as temperature and humidity. It can be used for a + wide range of sensor reporting systems. + + Fragment identifier considerations: Fragment identification for + application/senml+json is supported by using fragment identifiers as + specified by RFC 8428. + + + + + + + + +Jennings, et al. Standards Track [Page 37] + +RFC 8428 SenML August 2018 + + + Additional information: + + Deprecated alias names for this type: N/A + + Magic number(s): N/A + + File extension(s): senml + + Windows Clipboard Name: "JSON Sensor Measurement List" + + Macintosh file type code(s): none + + Macintosh Universal Type Identifier code: org.ietf.senml-json + conforms to public.text + + Person & email address to contact for further information: + Cullen Jennings <fluffy@iii.ca> + + Intended usage: COMMON + + Restrictions on usage: None + + Author: Cullen Jennings <fluffy@iii.ca> + + Change controller: IESG + +12.3.2. sensml+json Media Type Registration + + Type name: application + + Subtype name: sensml+json + + Required parameters: none + + Optional parameters: none + + Encoding considerations: Must be encoded as using a subset of the + encoding allowed in [RFC8259]. See RFC 8428 for details. This + simplifies implementation of a very simple system and does not impose + any significant limitations as all this data is meant for machine-to- + machine communications and is not meant to be human readable. + + Security considerations: See Section 13 of RFC 8428. + + Interoperability considerations: Applications MUST ignore any JSON + key-value pairs that they do not understand unless the key ends with + the "_" character, in which case an error MUST be generated. This + + + + +Jennings, et al. Standards Track [Page 38] + +RFC 8428 SenML August 2018 + + + allows backwards-compatible extensions to this specification. The + "bver" field can be used to ensure the receiver supports a minimal + level of functionality needed by the creator of the JSON object. + + Published specification: RFC 8428 + + Applications that use this media type: The type is used by systems + that report, e.g., electrical power usage and environmental + information such as temperature and humidity. It can be used for a + wide range of sensor reporting systems. + + Fragment identifier considerations: Fragment identification for + application/sensml+json is supported by using fragment identifiers as + specified by RFC 8428. + + Additional information: + + Deprecated alias names for this type: N/A + + Magic number(s): N/A + + File extension(s): sensml + + Macintosh file type code(s): none + + Person & email address to contact for further information: + Cullen Jennings <fluffy@iii.ca> + + Intended usage: COMMON + + Restrictions on usage: None + + Author: Cullen Jennings <fluffy@iii.ca> + + Change controller: IESG + +12.3.3. senml+cbor Media Type Registration + + Type name: application + + Subtype name: senml+cbor + + Required parameters: none + + Optional parameters: none + + Encoding considerations: Must be encoded as using [RFC7049]. See RFC + 8428 for details. + + + +Jennings, et al. Standards Track [Page 39] + +RFC 8428 SenML August 2018 + + + Security considerations: See Section 13 of RFC 8428. + + Interoperability considerations: Applications MUST ignore any key- + value pairs that they do not understand unless the key ends with the + "_" character, in which case an error MUST be generated. This allows + backwards-compatible extensions to this specification. The "bver" + field can be used to ensure the receiver supports a minimal level of + functionality needed by the creator of the CBOR object. + + Published specification: RFC 8428 + + Applications that use this media type: The type is used by systems + that report, e.g., electrical power usage and environmental + information such as temperature and humidity. It can be used for a + wide range of sensor reporting systems. + + Fragment identifier considerations: Fragment identification for + application/senml+cbor is supported by using fragment identifiers as + specified by RFC 8428. + + Additional information: + + Deprecated alias names for this type: N/A + + Magic number(s): N/A + + File extension(s): senmlc + + Macintosh file type code(s): none + + Macintosh Universal Type Identifier code: org.ietf.senml-cbor + conforms to public.data + + Person & email address to contact for further information: + Cullen Jennings <fluffy@iii.ca> + + Intended usage: COMMON + + Restrictions on usage: None + + Author: Cullen Jennings <fluffy@iii.ca> + + Change controller: IESG + + + + + + + + +Jennings, et al. Standards Track [Page 40] + +RFC 8428 SenML August 2018 + + +12.3.4. sensml+cbor Media Type Registration + + Type name: application + + Subtype name: sensml+cbor + + Required parameters: none + + Optional parameters: none + + Encoding considerations: Must be encoded as using [RFC7049]. See RFC + 8428 for details. + + Security considerations: See Section 13 of RFC 8428. + + Interoperability considerations: Applications MUST ignore any key- + value pairs that they do not understand unless the key ends with the + "_" character, in which case an error MUST be generated. This allows + backwards-compatible extensions to this specification. The "bver" + field can be used to ensure the receiver supports a minimal level of + functionality needed by the creator of the CBOR object. + + Published specification: RFC 8428 + + Applications that use this media type: The type is used by systems + that report, e.g., electrical power usage and environmental + information such as temperature and humidity. It can be used for a + wide range of sensor reporting systems. + + Fragment identifier considerations: Fragment identification for + application/sensml+cbor is supported by using fragment identifiers as + specified by RFC 8428. + + Additional information: + + Deprecated alias names for this type: N/A + + Magic number(s): N/A + + File extension(s): sensmlc + + Macintosh file type code(s): none + + Person & email address to contact for further information: + Cullen Jennings <fluffy@iii.ca> + + Intended usage: COMMON + + + + +Jennings, et al. Standards Track [Page 41] + +RFC 8428 SenML August 2018 + + + Restrictions on usage: None + + Author: Cullen Jennings <fluffy@iii.ca> + + Change controller: IESG + +12.3.5. senml+xml Media Type Registration + + Type name: application + + Subtype name: senml+xml + + Required parameters: none + + Optional parameters: none + + Encoding considerations: Must be encoded as using + [W3C.REC-xml-20081126]. See RFC 8428 for details. + + Security considerations: See Section 13 of RFC 8428. + + Interoperability considerations: Applications MUST ignore any XML + tags or attributes that they do not understand unless the attribute + name ends with the "_" character, in which case an error MUST be + generated. This allows backwards-compatible extensions to this + specification. The "bver" attribute in the senml XML tag can be used + to ensure the receiver supports a minimal level of functionality + needed by the creator of the XML SenML Pack. + + Published specification: RFC 8428 + + Applications that use this media type: The type is used by systems + that report, e.g., electrical power usage and environmental + information such as temperature and humidity. It can be used for a + wide range of sensor reporting systems. + + Fragment identifier considerations: Fragment identification for + application/senml+xml is supported by using fragment identifiers as + specified by RFC 8428. + + Additional information: + + Deprecated alias names for this type: N/A + + Magic number(s): N/A + + File extension(s): senmlx + + + + +Jennings, et al. Standards Track [Page 42] + +RFC 8428 SenML August 2018 + + + Windows Clipboard Name: "XML Sensor Measurement List" + + Macintosh file type code(s): none + + Macintosh Universal Type Identifier code: org.ietf.senml-xml + conforms to public.xml + + Person & email address to contact for further information: + Cullen Jennings <fluffy@iii.ca> + + Intended usage: COMMON + + Restrictions on usage: None + + Author: Cullen Jennings <fluffy@iii.ca> + + Change controller: IESG + +12.3.6. sensml+xml Media Type Registration + + Type name: application + + Subtype name: sensml+xml + + Required parameters: none + + Optional parameters: none + + Encoding considerations: Must be encoded as using + [W3C.REC-xml-20081126]. See RFC 8428 for details. + + Security considerations: See Section 13 of RFC 8428. + + Interoperability considerations: Applications MUST ignore any XML + tags or attributes that they do not understand unless the attribute + name ends with the "_" character, in which case an error MUST be + generated. This allows backwards-compatible extensions to this + specification. The "bver" attribute in the senml XML tag can be used + to ensure the receiver supports a minimal level of functionality + needed by the creator of the XML SenML Pack. + + Published specification: RFC 8428 + + Applications that use this media type: The type is used by systems + that report, e.g., electrical power usage and environmental + information such as temperature and humidity. It can be used for a + wide range of sensor reporting systems. + + + + +Jennings, et al. Standards Track [Page 43] + +RFC 8428 SenML August 2018 + + + Fragment identifier considerations: Fragment identification for + application/sensml+xml is supported by using fragment identifiers as + specified by RFC 8428. + + Additional information: + + Deprecated alias names for this type: N/A + + Magic number(s): N/A + + File extension(s): sensmlx + + Macintosh file type code(s): none + + Person & email address to contact for further information: + Cullen Jennings <fluffy@iii.ca> + + Intended usage: COMMON + + Restrictions on usage: None + + Author: Cullen Jennings <fluffy@iii.ca> + + Change controller: IESG + +12.3.7. senml-exi Media Type Registration + + Type name: application + + Subtype name: senml-exi + + Required parameters: none + + Optional parameters: none + + Encoding considerations: Must be encoded as using + [W3C.REC-exi-20140211]. See RFC 8428 for details. + + Security considerations: See Section 13 of RFC 8428. + + Interoperability considerations: Applications MUST ignore any XML + tags or attributes that they do not understand unless the attribute + name ends with the "_" character, in which case an error MUST be + generated. This allows backwards-compatible extensions to this + specification. The "bver" attribute in the senml XML tag can be used + to ensure the receiver supports a minimal level of functionality + needed by the creator of the XML SenML Pack. Further information on + using schemas to guide the EXI can be found in RFC 8428. + + + +Jennings, et al. Standards Track [Page 44] + +RFC 8428 SenML August 2018 + + + Published specification: RFC 8428 + + Applications that use this media type: The type is used by systems + that report, e.g., electrical power usage and environmental + information such as temperature and humidity. It can be used for a + wide range of sensor reporting systems. + + Fragment identifier considerations: Fragment identification for + application/senml-exi is supported by using fragment identifiers as + specified by RFC 8428. + + Additional information: + + Deprecated alias names for this type: N/A + + Magic number(s): N/A + + File extension(s): senmle + + Macintosh file type code(s): none + + Macintosh Universal Type Identifier code: org.ietf.senml-exi + conforms to public.data + + Person & email address to contact for further information: + Cullen Jennings <fluffy@iii.ca> + + Intended usage: COMMON + + Restrictions on usage: None + + Author: Cullen Jennings <fluffy@iii.ca> + + Change controller: IESG + +12.3.8. sensml-exi Media Type Registration + + Type name: application + + Subtype name: sensml-exi + + Required parameters: none + + Optional parameters: none + + Encoding considerations: Must be encoded as using + [W3C.REC-exi-20140211]. See RFC 8428 for details. + + + + +Jennings, et al. Standards Track [Page 45] + +RFC 8428 SenML August 2018 + + + Security considerations: See Section 13 of RFC 8428. + + Interoperability considerations: Applications MUST ignore any XML + tags or attributes that they do not understand unless the attribute + name ends with the "_" character, in which case an error MUST be + generated. This allows backwards-compatible extensions to this + specification. The "bver" attribute in the senml XML tag can be used + to ensure the receiver supports a minimal level of functionality + needed by the creator of the XML SenML Pack. Further information on + using schemas to guide the EXI can be found in RFC 8428. + + Published specification: RFC 8428 + + Applications that use this media type: The type is used by systems + that report, e.g., electrical power usage and environmental + information such as temperature and humidity. It can be used for a + wide range of sensor reporting systems. + + Fragment identifier considerations: Fragment identification for + application/sensml-exi is supported by using fragment identifiers as + specified by RFC 8428. + + Additional information: + + Deprecated alias names for this type: N/A + + Magic number(s): N/A + + File extension(s): sensmle + + Macintosh file type code(s): none + + Person & email address to contact for further information: + Cullen Jennings <fluffy@iii.ca> + + Intended usage: COMMON + + Restrictions on usage: None + + Author: Cullen Jennings <fluffy@iii.ca> + + Change controller: IESG + + + + + + + + + +Jennings, et al. Standards Track [Page 46] + +RFC 8428 SenML August 2018 + + +12.4. XML Namespace Registration + + This document registers the following XML namespace in the "IETF XML + Registry" defined in [RFC3688]. + + URI: urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:senml + + Registrant Contact: The IESG. + + XML: N/A, the requested URIs are XML namespaces + +12.5. CoAP Content-Format Registration + + IANA has assigned CoAP Content-Format IDs for the SenML media types + in the "CoAP Content-Formats" subregistry within the "Constrained + RESTful Environments (CoRE) Parameters" registry [RFC7252]. IDs for + the JSON, CBOR, and EXI Content-Formats have been assigned in the + 0-255 range (Expert Review), and IDs for the XML Content-Formats have + been assigned in the 256-9999 range (IETF Review or IESG Approval). + The assigned IDs are shown in the table below: + + +-------------------------+----------+-----+-----------+ + | Media Type | Encoding | ID | Reference | + +-------------------------+----------+-----+-----------+ + | application/senml+json | - | 110 | RFC 8428 | + | application/sensml+json | - | 111 | RFC 8428 | + | application/senml+cbor | - | 112 | RFC 8428 | + | application/sensml+cbor | - | 113 | RFC 8428 | + | application/senml-exi | - | 114 | RFC 8428 | + | application/sensml-exi | - | 115 | RFC 8428 | + | application/senml+xml | - | 310 | RFC 8428 | + | application/sensml+xml | - | 311 | RFC 8428 | + +-------------------------+----------+-----+-----------+ + + Table 8: CoAP Content-Format IDs + +13. Security Considerations + + Sensor data presented with SenML can contain a wide array of + information that ranges from very public (such as the outside + temperature in a given city) to very private (such as patient health + information that requires integrity and confidentiality protection). + When SenML is used for configuration or actuation, it can be used to + change the state of systems and also impact the physical world, e.g., + by turning off a heater or opening a lock. Malicious use of SenML to + change system state could have severe consequences, potentially + including violation of physical security, property damage, and even + loss of life. + + + +Jennings, et al. Standards Track [Page 47] + +RFC 8428 SenML August 2018 + + + SenML formats alone do not provide any security and instead rely on + the protocol that carries them to provide security. Applications + using SenML need to look at the overall context of how these formats + will be used to decide if the security is adequate. In particular, + for sensitive sensor data and actuation use, it is important to + ensure that proper security mechanisms are used to provide, e.g., + confidentiality, data integrity, and authentication as appropriate + for the usage. + + SenML formats defined by this specification do not contain any + executable content. However, future extensions could potentially + embed application-specific executable content in the data. + + SenML Records are intended to be interpreted in the context of any + applicable base values. If Records become separated from the Record + that establishes the base values, the data will be useless or, worse, + wrong. Care needs to be taken in keeping the integrity of a Pack + that contains unresolved SenML Records (see Section 4.6). + + See also Section 14. + +14. Privacy Considerations + + Sensor data can range from information with almost no privacy + considerations, such as the current temperature in a given city, to + highly sensitive medical or location data. This specification + provides no security protection for the data but is meant to be used + inside another container or transfer protocol such as S/MIME + [RFC5751] or HTTP with TLS [RFC2818] that can provide integrity, + confidentiality, and authentication information about the source of + the data. + + The Name fields need to uniquely identify the sources or destinations + of the values in a SenML Pack. However, the use of long-term stable + and unique identifiers can be problematic for privacy reasons + [RFC6973], depending on the application and the potential of these + identifiers to be used in correlation with other information. They + should be used with care or avoided, for example, as described for + IPv6 addresses in [RFC7721]. + + + + + + + + + + + + +Jennings, et al. Standards Track [Page 48] + +RFC 8428 SenML August 2018 + + +15. References + +15.1. Normative References + + [BIPM] Bureau International des Poids et Mesures, "The + International System of Units (SI)", 8th Edition, 2006. + + [IEEE.754] IEEE, "Standard for Binary Floating-Point Arithmetic", + IEEE Standard 754. + + [NIST811] Thompson, A. and B. Taylor, "Guide for the Use of the + International System of Units (SI)", NIST Special + Publication 811, DOI 10.6028/NIST.SP.811e2008, March 2008. + + [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate + Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, + DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997, + <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>. + + [RFC3629] Yergeau, F., "UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO + 10646", STD 63, RFC 3629, DOI 10.17487/RFC3629, November + 2003, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3629>. + + [RFC3688] Mealling, M., "The IETF XML Registry", BCP 81, RFC 3688, + DOI 10.17487/RFC3688, January 2004, + <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3688>. + + [RFC4648] Josefsson, S., "The Base16, Base32, and Base64 Data + Encodings", RFC 4648, DOI 10.17487/RFC4648, October 2006, + <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4648>. + + [RFC6838] Freed, N., Klensin, J., and T. Hansen, "Media Type + Specifications and Registration Procedures", BCP 13, + RFC 6838, DOI 10.17487/RFC6838, January 2013, + <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6838>. + + [RFC7049] Bormann, C. and P. Hoffman, "Concise Binary Object + Representation (CBOR)", RFC 7049, DOI 10.17487/RFC7049, + October 2013, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7049>. + + [RFC7252] Shelby, Z., Hartke, K., and C. Bormann, "The Constrained + Application Protocol (CoAP)", RFC 7252, + DOI 10.17487/RFC7252, June 2014, + <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7252>. + + [RFC7303] Thompson, H. and C. Lilley, "XML Media Types", RFC 7303, + DOI 10.17487/RFC7303, July 2014, + <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7303>. + + + +Jennings, et al. Standards Track [Page 49] + +RFC 8428 SenML August 2018 + + + [RFC8126] Cotton, M., Leiba, B., and T. Narten, "Guidelines for + Writing an IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", BCP 26, + RFC 8126, DOI 10.17487/RFC8126, June 2017, + <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8126>. + + [RFC8174] Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC + 2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174, + May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>. + + [RFC8259] Bray, T., Ed., "The JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) Data + Interchange Format", STD 90, RFC 8259, + DOI 10.17487/RFC8259, December 2017, + <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8259>. + + [RNC] ISO/IEC, "Information technology -- Document Schema + Definition Language (DSDL) -- Part 2: Regular-grammar- + based validation -- RELAX NG", ISO/IEC 19757-2, Annex + C: RELAX NG Compact syntax, December 2008. + + [TIME_T] The Open Group Base Specifications, "Open Group Standard - + Vol. 1: Base Definitions, Issue 7", Section 4.16, "Seconds + Since the Epoch", IEEE Standard 1003.1, 2018, + <http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/basedefs/ + V1_chap04.html#tag_04_16>. + + [W3C.REC-exi-20140211] + Schneider, J., Kamiya, T., Peintner, D., and R. Kyusakov, + "Efficient XML Interchange (EXI) Format 1.0 (Second + Edition)", W3C Recommendation REC-exi-20140211, February + 2014, <http://www.w3.org/TR/2014/REC-exi-20140211>. + + [W3C.REC-xml-20081126] + Bray, T., Paoli, J., Sperberg-McQueen, M., Maler, E., and + F. Yergeau, "Extensible Markup Language (XML) 1.0 (Fifth + Edition)", W3C Recommendation REC-xml-20081126, November + 2008, <http://www.w3.org/TR/2008/REC-xml-20081126>. + + [W3C.REC-xmlschema-1-20041028] + Thompson, H., Beech, D., Maloney, M., and N. Mendelsohn, + "XML Schema Part 1: Structures Second Edition", W3C + Recommendation REC-xmlschema-1-20041028, October 2004, + <http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-xmlschema-1-20041028>. + + [XPointerElement] + Grosso, P., Maler, E., Marsh, J., and N. Walsh, "XPointer + element() Scheme", W3C Recommendation REC-xptr-element, + March 2003, + <https://www.w3.org/TR/2003/REC-xptr-element-20030325/>. + + + +Jennings, et al. Standards Track [Page 50] + +RFC 8428 SenML August 2018 + + + [XPointerFramework] + Grosso, P., Maler, E., Marsh, J., and N. Walsh, "XPointer + Framework", W3C Recommendation REC-XPointer-Framework, + March 2003, + <http://www.w3.org/TR/2003/REC-xptr-framework-20030325/>. + +15.2. Informative References + + [AN1796] Linke, B., "Overview of 1-Wire Technology and Its Use", + Maxim Integrated, Tutorial 1796, June 2008, + <http://pdfserv.maximintegrated.com/en/an/AN1796.pdf>. + + [CDDL-CBOR] + Birkholz, H., Vigano, C., and C. Bormann, "Concise data + definition language (CDDL): a notational convention to + express CBOR and JSON data structures", Work in Progress, + draft-ietf-cbor-cddl-05, August 2018. + + [DEVICE-URN] + Arkko, J., Jennings, C., and Z. Shelby, "Uniform Resource + Names for Device Identifiers", Work in Progress, + draft-ietf-core-dev-urn-02, July 2018. + + [IEEE802.1AS] + IEEE, "IEEE Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area + Networks - Timing and Synchronization for Time-Sensitive + Applications in Bridged Local Area Networks", IEEE + Standard 802.1AS. + + [IEEE802.1BA] + IEEE, "IEEE Standard for Local and metropolitan area + networks--Audio Video Bridging (AVB) Systems", IEEE + Standard 802.1BA. + + [ISO-80000-5] + ISO, "Quantities and units - Part 5: Thermodynamics", + ISO 80000-5, Edition 1.0, May 2007. + + [RFC2818] Rescorla, E., "HTTP Over TLS", RFC 2818, + DOI 10.17487/RFC2818, May 2000, + <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2818>. + + [RFC3986] Berners-Lee, T., Fielding, R., and L. Masinter, "Uniform + Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax", STD 66, + RFC 3986, DOI 10.17487/RFC3986, January 2005, + <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3986>. + + + + + +Jennings, et al. Standards Track [Page 51] + +RFC 8428 SenML August 2018 + + + [RFC4122] Leach, P., Mealling, M., and R. Salz, "A Universally + Unique IDentifier (UUID) URN Namespace", RFC 4122, + DOI 10.17487/RFC4122, July 2005, + <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4122>. + + [RFC4151] Kindberg, T. and S. Hawke, "The 'tag' URI Scheme", + RFC 4151, DOI 10.17487/RFC4151, October 2005, + <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4151>. + + [RFC4944] Montenegro, G., Kushalnagar, N., Hui, J., and D. Culler, + "Transmission of IPv6 Packets over IEEE 802.15.4 + Networks", RFC 4944, DOI 10.17487/RFC4944, September 2007, + <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4944>. + + [RFC5751] Ramsdell, B. and S. Turner, "Secure/Multipurpose Internet + Mail Extensions (S/MIME) Version 3.2 Message + Specification", RFC 5751, DOI 10.17487/RFC5751, January + 2010, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5751>. + + [RFC5952] Kawamura, S. and M. Kawashima, "A Recommendation for IPv6 + Address Text Representation", RFC 5952, + DOI 10.17487/RFC5952, August 2010, + <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5952>. + + [RFC6690] Shelby, Z., "Constrained RESTful Environments (CoRE) Link + Format", RFC 6690, DOI 10.17487/RFC6690, August 2012, + <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6690>. + + [RFC6920] Farrell, S., Kutscher, D., Dannewitz, C., Ohlman, B., + Keranen, A., and P. Hallam-Baker, "Naming Things with + Hashes", RFC 6920, DOI 10.17487/RFC6920, April 2013, + <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6920>. + + [RFC6973] Cooper, A., Tschofenig, H., Aboba, B., Peterson, J., + Morris, J., Hansen, M., and R. Smith, "Privacy + Considerations for Internet Protocols", RFC 6973, + DOI 10.17487/RFC6973, July 2013, + <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6973>. + + [RFC7111] Hausenblas, M., Wilde, E., and J. Tennison, "URI Fragment + Identifiers for the text/csv Media Type", RFC 7111, + DOI 10.17487/RFC7111, January 2014, + <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7111>. + + [RFC7230] Fielding, R., Ed. and J. Reschke, Ed., "Hypertext Transfer + Protocol (HTTP/1.1): Message Syntax and Routing", + RFC 7230, DOI 10.17487/RFC7230, June 2014, + <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7230>. + + + +Jennings, et al. Standards Track [Page 52] + +RFC 8428 SenML August 2018 + + + [RFC7721] Cooper, A., Gont, F., and D. Thaler, "Security and Privacy + Considerations for IPv6 Address Generation Mechanisms", + RFC 7721, DOI 10.17487/RFC7721, March 2016, + <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7721>. + + [RFC8141] Saint-Andre, P. and J. Klensin, "Uniform Resource Names + (URNs)", RFC 8141, DOI 10.17487/RFC8141, April 2017, + <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8141>. + + [RID-CoRE] + Shelby, Z., Vial, M., Groves, C., Zhu, J., and B. + Silverajan, Ed., "Reusable Interface Definitions for + Constrained RESTful Environments", Work in Progress, + draft-ietf-core-interfaces-12, June 2018. + + [UCUM] Schadow, G. and C. McDonald, "The Unified Code for Units + of Measure", Version 2.1, Regenstrief Institute and + the UCUM Organization, November 2017, + <http://unitsofmeasure.org/ucum.html>. + +Acknowledgements + + We would like to thank Alexander Pelov, Alexey Melnikov, Andrew + McClure, Andrew McGregor, Bjoern Hoehrmann, Christian Amsuess, + Christian Groves, Daniel Peintner, Jan-Piet Mens, Jim Schaad, Joe + Hildebrand, John Klensin, Karl Palsson, Lennart Duhrsen, Lisa + Dusseault, Lyndsay Campbell, Martin Thomson, Michael Koster, Peter + Saint-Andre, Roni Even, and Stephen Farrell, for their review + comments. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Jennings, et al. Standards Track [Page 53] + +RFC 8428 SenML August 2018 + + +Authors' Addresses + + Cullen Jennings + Cisco + 400 3rd Avenue SW + Calgary, AB T2P 4H2 + Canada + + Email: fluffy@iii.ca + + + Zach Shelby + ARM + 150 Rose Orchard + San Jose 95134 + United States of America + + Phone: +1-408-203-9434 + Email: zach.shelby@arm.com + + + Jari Arkko + Ericsson + Jorvas 02420 + Finland + + Email: jari.arkko@piuha.net + + + Ari Keranen + Ericsson + Jorvas 02420 + Finland + + Email: ari.keranen@ericsson.com + + + Carsten Bormann + Universitaet Bremen TZI + Postfach 330440 + Bremen D-28359 + Germany + + Phone: +49-421-218-63921 + Email: cabo@tzi.org + + + + + + +Jennings, et al. Standards Track [Page 54] + |