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+Network Working Group                                         T. Mallory
+Request for Comments: 1141                                   A. Kullberg
+Obsoletes: RFC 1071                                   BBN Communications
+                                                            January 1990
+
+
+             Incremental Updating of the Internet Checksum
+
+Status of this Memo
+
+   This memo correctly describes the incremental update procedure for
+   use with the standard Internet checksum.  It is intended to replace
+   the description of Incremental Update in RFC 1071.  This is not a
+   standard but rather, an implementation technique.  Distribution of
+   this memo is unlimited.
+
+Description
+
+   In RFC 1071 on pages 4 and 5, there is a description of a method to
+   update the IP checksum in the IP header without having to completely
+   recompute the checksum.  In particular, the RFC recommends the
+   following equation for computing the update checksum C' from the
+   original checksum C, and the old and new values of byte m:
+
+         C' = C + (-m) + m' = C + (m' - m)
+
+   While the equation above is correct, it is not very useful for
+   incremental updates since the equation above updates the checksum C,
+   rather than the 1's complement of the checksum, ~C, which is the
+   value stored in the checksum field.  In addition, it suffers because
+   the notation does not clearly specify that all arithmetic, including
+   the unary negation, must be performed one's complement, and so is
+   difficult to use to build working code.  The useful calculation for
+   2's complement machines is:
+
+         ~C' = ~(C + (-m) + m') = ~C + (m - m') = ~C + m + ~m'
+
+   In the oft-mentioned case of updating the IP TTL field, subtracting
+   one from the TTL means ADDING 1 or 256 as appropriate to the checksum
+   field in the packet, using one's complement addition.  One big-endian
+   non-portable implementation in C looks like:
+
+      unsigned long sum;
+      ipptr->ttl--;                  /* decrement ttl */
+      sum = ipptr->Checksum + 0x100;  /* increment checksum high byte*/
+      ipptr->Checksum = (sum + (sum>>16)) /* add carry */
+
+   This special case can be optimized in many ways: for instance, you
+
+
+
+Mallory & Kullberg                                              [Page 1]
+
+RFC 1141                  Incremental Updating              January 1990
+
+
+   can bundle updating and checking the ttl.  Compiler mileage may vary.
+   Here is a more general and possibly more helpful example which
+   updates the ttl by n seconds:
+
+      UpdateTTL(iph,n)
+      struct ip_hdr *ipptr;
+      unsigned char n;
+      {
+          unsigned long sum;
+          unsigned short old;
+
+          old = ntohs(*(unsigned short *)&ipptr->ttl);
+          ipptr->ttl -= n;
+          sum = old + (~ntohs(*(unsigned short *)&ipptr->ttl) & 0xffff);
+          sum += ntohs(ipptr->Checksum);
+          sum = (sum & 0xffff) + (sum>>16);
+          ipptr->Checksum = htons(sum + (sum>>16));
+      }
+
+Security Considerations
+
+   Security issues are not addressed in this memo.
+
+Authors' Addresses
+
+   Tracy Mallory
+   BBN Communications Corporation
+   50 Moulton Street
+   Cambridge, MA 02238
+
+   Phone: (617) 873-3193
+
+   EMail: tmallory@CCV.BBN.COM
+
+
+   A. Kullberg
+   BBN Communications Corporation
+   50 Moulton Street
+   Cambridge, MA 02238
+
+   Phone: (617) 873-4000
+
+   EMail:  akullberg@BBN.COM
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Mallory & Kullberg                                              [Page 2]
+
+\ No newline at end of file