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diff --git a/doc/rfc/rfc1594.txt b/doc/rfc/rfc1594.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..727f2bf --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/rfc/rfc1594.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2467 @@ + + + + + + +Network Working Group A. Marine +Request for Comments: 1594 NASA NAIC +FYI: 4 J. Reynolds +Obsoletes: 1325 ISI +Category: Informational G. Malkin + Xylogics + March 1994 + + + FYI on Questions and Answers + Answers to Commonly asked "New Internet User" Questions + +Status of this Memo + + This memo provides information for the Internet community. This memo + does not specify an Internet standard of any kind. Distribution of + this memo is unlimited. + +Abstract + + This FYI RFC is one of two FYI's called, "Questions and Answers" + (Q/A), produced by the User Services Working Group of the Internet + Engineering Task Force (IETF). The goal is to document the most + commonly asked questions and answers in the Internet. + +New Questions and Answers + + In addition to updating information contained in the previous version + of this FYI RFC, the following new questions have been added: + + Questions about Internet Organizations and Contacts: + + What is the InterNIC? + + Questions About Internet Services: + + What is gopher? + What is the World Wide Web? What is Mosaic? + How do I find out about other Internet resource discovery tools? + + + + + + + + + + + + +User Services Working Group [Page 1] + +RFC 1594 FYI Q/A - for New Internet Users March 1994 + + +Table of Contents + + 1. Introduction................................................. 2 + 2. Acknowledgements............................................. 2 + 3. Questions About the Internet................................. 3 + 4. Questions About TCP/IP....................................... 5 + 5. Questions About the Domain Name System....................... 5 + 6. Questions About Internet Documentation....................... 6 + 7. Questions about Internet Organizations and Contacts.......... 13 + 8. Questions About Services..................................... 18 + 9. Mailing Lists and Sending Mail............................... 24 + 10. Miscellaneous "Internet lore" questions..................... 26 + 11. Suggested Reading........................................... 28 + 12. References.................................................. 29 + 13. Condensed Glossary.......................................... 31 + 14. Security Considerations..................................... 44 + 15. Authors' Addresses.......................................... 44 + +1. Introduction + + New users joining the Internet community have the same questions as + did everyone else who has ever joined. Our quest is to provide the + Internet community with up to date, basic Internet knowledge and + experience. + + Future updates of this memo will be produced as User Services members + become aware of additional questions that should be included, and of + deficiencies or inaccuracies that should be amended in this document. + Although the RFC number of this document will change with each + update, it will always have the designation of FYI 4. An additional + FYI Q/A, FYI 7, is published that deals with intermediate and + advanced Q/A topics [11]. + +2. Acknowledgements + + The following people deserve thanks for their help and contributions + to this FYI Q/A: Matti Aarnio (FUNET), Susan Calcari (InterNIC), + Corinne Carroll (BBN), Vint Cerf (MCI), Peter Deutsch (Bunyip), Alan + Emtage (Bunyip), John Klensin (UNU), Thomas Lenggenhager (Switch), + Doug Mildram (Xylogics), Tracy LaQuey Parker (Cisco), Craig Partridge + (BBN), Jon Postel (ISI), Matt Power (MIT), Karen Roubicek (BBN), + Patricia Smith (Merit), Gene Spafford (Purdue), and Carol Ward + (Sterling Software/NASA NAIC). + + + + + + + + +User Services Working Group [Page 2] + +RFC 1594 FYI Q/A - for New Internet Users March 1994 + + +3. Questions About the Internet + + 3.1 What is the Internet? + + The Internet is a collection of thousands of networks linked by a + common set of technical protocols which make it possible for users + of any one of the networks to communicate with or use the services + located on any of the other networks. These protocols are + referred to as TCP/IP or the TCP/IP protocol suite. The Internet + started with the ARPANET, but now includes such networks as the + National Science Foundation Network (NSFNET), the Australian + Academic and Research Network (AARNet), the NASA Science Internet + (NSI), the Swiss Academic and Research Network (SWITCH), and about + 10,000 other large and small, commercial and research, networks. + There are other major wide area networks that are not based on the + TCP/IP protocols and are thus often not considered part of the + Internet. However, it is possible to communicate between them and + the Internet via electronic mail because of mail gateways that act + as "translators" between the different network protocols involved. + + Note: You will often see "internet" with a small "i". This could + refer to any network built based on TCP/IP, or might refer to + networks using other protocol families that are composites built + of smaller networks. + + See FYI 20 (RFC 1462), "FYI on 'What is the Internet?'" for a + lengthier description of the Internet [13]. + + 3.2 I just got on the Internet. What can I do now? + + You now have access to all the resources you are authorized to use + on your own Internet host, on any other Internet host on which you + have an account, and on any other Internet host that offers + publicly accessible information. The Internet gives you the + ability to move information between these hosts via file + transfers. Once you are logged into one host, you can use the + Internet to open a connection to another, login, and use its + services interactively (this is known as remote login or + "TELNETing"). In addition, you can send electronic mail to users + at any Internet site and to users on many non-Internet sites that + are accessible via electronic mail. + + There are various other services you can use. For example, some + hosts provide access to specialized databases or to archives of + information. The Internet Resource Guide provides information + regarding some of these sites. The Internet Resource Guide lists + facilities on the Internet that are available to users. Such + facilities include supercomputer centers, library catalogs and + + + +User Services Working Group [Page 3] + +RFC 1594 FYI Q/A - for New Internet Users March 1994 + + + specialized data collections. The guide is maintained by the + Directory Services portion of the InterNIC and is available online + in a number of ways. It is available for anonymous FTP from the + host ds.internic.net in the resource-guide directory. It is also + readable via the InterNIC gopher (gopher internic.net). For more + information, contact admin@ds.internic.net or call the InterNIC at + (800) 444-4345 or (908) 668-6587. + + Today the trend for Internet information services is to strive to + present the users with a friendly interface to a variety of + services. The goal is to reduce the traditional needs for a user + to know the source host of a service and the different command + interfaces for different types of services. The Internet Gopher + (discussed more in the "Questions about Internet Services" + section) is one such service to which you have access when you + join the Internet. + + 3.3 How do I find out if a site has a computer on the Internet? + + Frankly, it's almost impossible to find out if a site has a + computer on the Internet by querying some Internet service itself. + The most reliable way is to ask someone at the site you are + interested in contacting. + + It is sometimes possible to find whether or not a site has been + assigned an IP network number, which is a prerequisite for + connecting an IP network to the Internet (which is only one type + of Internet access). To do so, query the WHOIS database, + maintained by the Registration Services portion of the InterNIC. + You have several options about how to do such a query. The most + common currently are to TELNET to the host rs.internic.net and + invoke one of the search interfaces provided, or to run a WHOIS + client locally on your machine and use it to make a query across + the network. + + The RIPE Network Coordination Center (RIPE NCC) also maintains a + large database of sites to whom they have assigned IP network + numbers. You can query it by TELNETing to info.ripe.net and + stepping through the interactive interface they provide. + + 3.4 How do I get a list of all the hosts on the Internet? + + You really don't want that. The list includes more than 1.5 + million hosts. Almost all of them require that you have access + permission to actually use them. You may really want to know + which of these hosts provide services to the Internet community. + Investigate using some of the network resource discovery tools, + such as gopher, to gain easier access to Internet information. + + + +User Services Working Group [Page 4] + +RFC 1594 FYI Q/A - for New Internet Users March 1994 + + +4. Questions About TCP/IP + + 4.1 What is TCP/IP? + + TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) [4,5,6] + is the common name for a family of over 100 data-communications + protocols used to organize computers and data-communications + equipment into computer networks. TCP/IP was developed to + interconnect hosts on ARPANET, PRNET (packet radio), and SATNET + (packet satellite). All three of these networks have since been + retired; but TCP/IP lives on. It is currently used on a large + international network of networks called the Internet, whose + members include universities, other research institutions, + government facilities, and many corporations. TCP/IP is also + sometimes used for other networks, particularly local area + networks that tie together numerous different kinds of computers + or tie together engineering workstations. + + 4.2 What are the other well-known standard protocols in the TCP/IP + family? + + Other than TCP and IP, the three main protocols in the TCP/IP + suite are the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) [8], the File + Transfer Protocol (FTP) [3], and the TELNET Protocol [9]. There + are many other protocols in use on the Internet. The Internet + Architecture Board (IAB) regularly publishes an RFC [2] that + describes the state of standardization of the various Internet + protocols. This document is the best guide to the current status + of Internet protocols and their recommended usage. + +5. Questions About the Domain Name System + + 5.1 What is the Domain Name System? + + The Domain Name System (DNS) is a hierarchical, distributed method + of organizing the name space of the Internet. The DNS + administratively groups hosts into a hierarchy of authority that + allows addressing and other information to be widely distributed + and maintained. A big advantage to the DNS is that using it + eliminates dependence on a centrally-maintained file that maps + host names to addresses. + + 5.2 What is a Fully Qualified Domain Name? + + A Fully Qualified Domain Name (FQDN) is a domain name that + includes all higher level domains relevant to the entity named. + If you think of the DNS as a tree-structure with each node having + its own label, a Fully Qualified Domain Name for a specific node + + + +User Services Working Group [Page 5] + +RFC 1594 FYI Q/A - for New Internet Users March 1994 + + + would be its label followed by the labels of all the other nodes + between it and the root of the tree. For example, for a host, a + FQDN would include the string that identifies the particular host, + plus all domains of which the host is a part up to and including + the top-level domain (the root domain is always null). For + example, atlas.arc.nasa.gov is a Fully Qualified Domain Name for + the host at 128.102.128.50. In addition, arc.nasa.gov is the FQDN + for the Ames Research Center (ARC) domain under nasa.gov. + +6. Questions About Internet Documentation + + 6.1 What is an RFC? + + The Request for Comments documents (RFCs) are working notes of the + Internet research and development community. A document in this + series may be on essentially any topic related to computer + communication, and may be anything from a meeting report to the + specification of a standard. Submissions for Requests for + Comments may be sent to the RFC Editor (RFC-EDITOR@ISI.EDU). The + RFC Editor is Jon Postel. + + Most RFCs are the descriptions of network protocols or services, + often giving detailed procedures and formats for their + implementation. Other RFCs report on the results of policy + studies or summarize the work of technical committees or + workshops. All RFCs are considered public domain unless + explicitly marked otherwise. + + While RFCs are not refereed publications, they do receive + technical review from either the task forces, individual technical + experts, or the RFC Editor, as appropriate. Currently, most + standards are published as RFCs, but not all RFCs specify + standards. + + Anyone can submit a document for publication as an RFC. + Submissions must be made via electronic mail to the RFC Editor. + Please consult RFC 1543, "Instructions to RFC Authors" [10], for + further information. RFCs are accessible online in public access + files, and a short message is sent to a notification distribution + list indicating the availability of the memo. Requests to be + added to this distribution list should be sent to RFC- + REQUEST@NIC.DDN.MIL. + + The online files are copied by interested people and printed or + displayed at their sites on their equipment. (An RFC may also be + returned via electronic mail in response to an electronic mail + query.) This means that the format of the online files must meet + the constraints of a wide variety of printing and display + + + +User Services Working Group [Page 6] + +RFC 1594 FYI Q/A - for New Internet Users March 1994 + + + equipment. + + Once a document is assigned an RFC number and published, that RFC + is never revised or re-issued with the same number. There is + never a question of having the most recent version of a particular + RFC. However, a protocol (such as File Transfer Protocol (FTP)) + may be improved and re-documented many times in several different + RFCs. It is important to verify that you have the most recent RFC + on a particular protocol. The "Internet Official Protocol + Standards" [2] memo is the reference for determining the correct + RFC to refer to for the current specification of each protocol. + + 6.2 How do I obtain RFCs? + + RFCs are available online at several repositories around the + world. For a list of repositories and instructions about how to + obtain RFCs from each of the major U.S. ones, send a message to + rfc-info@isi.edu. As the text of the message, type + "help: ways_to_get_rfcs" (without the quotes). + + An example of obtaining RFCs online follows. + + RFCs can be obtained via FTP from ds.internic.net with the + pathname rfc/rfcNNNN.txt (where "NNNN" refers to the number of the + RFC). Login using FTP, username "anonymous" and your email + address as password. The Directory Services portion of the + InterNIC also makes RFCs available via electronic mail, WAIS, and + gopher. + + To obtain RFCs via electronic mail, send a mail message to + mailserv@ds.internic.net and include any of the following commands + in the message body: + + document-by-name rfcnnnn where 'nnnn' is the RFC number + The text version is sent. + + file /ftp/rfc/rfcnnnn.yyy where 'nnnn' is the RFC number. + and 'yyy' is 'txt' or 'ps'. + + help to get information on how to use + the mailserver. + + 6.3 How do I obtain a list of RFCs? + + Several sites make an index of RFCs available. These sites are + indicated in the ways_to_get_rfcs file mentioned above and in the + next question. + + + + +User Services Working Group [Page 7] + +RFC 1594 FYI Q/A - for New Internet Users March 1994 + + + 6.4 What is the RFC-INFO service? + + The Information Sciences Institute, University of Southern + California (ISI) has a service called RFC-INFO. Even though this + is a service, rather than a document, we'll discuss it in this + section because it is so closely tied to RFC information. + + RFC-INFO is an email based service to help in locating and + retrieval of RFCs, FYIs, STDs, and IMRs. Users can ask for + "lists" of all RFCs and FYIs having certain attributes ("filters") + such as their ID, keywords, title, author, issuing organization, + and date. Once an RFC is uniquely identified (e.g., by its RFC + number) it may also be retrieved. + + To use the service, send email to: RFC-INFO@ISI.EDU with your + requests as the text of the message. Feel free to put anything in + the SUBJECT, the system ignores it. All input is case + independent. Report problems to: RFC-MANAGER@ISI.EDU. + + To get started, you may send a message to RFC-INFO@ISI.EDU with + requests such as in the following examples (without the + explanations between brackets): + + Help: Help [to get this information] + + List: FYI [list the FYI notes] + List: RFC [list RFCs with window as keyword or + in title] + keywords: window + List: FYI [list FYIs about windows] + Keywords: window + List: * [list both RFCs and FYIs about windows] + Keywords: window + List: RFC [list RFCs about ARPANET, ARPA NETWORK, + etc.] + title: ARPA*NET + List: RFC [list RFCs issued by MITRE, dated + 1989-1991] + Organization: MITRE + Dated-after: Jan-01-1989 + Dated-before: Dec-31-1991 + List: RFC [list RFCs obsoleting a given RFC] + Obsoletes: RFC0010 + List: RFC [list RFCs by authors starting with + "Bracken"] + Author: Bracken* [* is a wild card] + List: RFC [list RFCs by both Postel and Gillman] + Authors: J. Postel [note, the "filters" are ANDed] + + + +User Services Working Group [Page 8] + +RFC 1594 FYI Q/A - for New Internet Users March 1994 + + + Authors: R. Gillman + List: RFC [list RFCs by any Crocker] + Authors: Crocker + List: RFC [list only RFCs by S.D. Crocker] + Authors: S.D. Crocker + List: RFC [list only RFCs by D. Crocker] + Authors: D. Crocker + + Retrieve: RFC [retrieve RFC-822] + Doc-ID: RFC0822 [note, always 4 digits in RFC#] + + Help: Manual [to retrieve the long user manual, + 30+ pages] + Help: List [how to use the LIST request] + Help: Retrieve [how to use the RETRIEVE request] + Help: Topics [list topics for which help is available] + Help: Dates ["Dates" is such a topic] + List: keywords [list the keywords in use] + List: organizations [list the organizations known to the + system] + + 6.5 Which RFCs are Standards? + + See "Internet Official Protocol Standards" (currently RFC 1540) + [2]. This RFC documents the status of each RFC on the Internet + standards track, as well as the status of RFCs of other types. It + is updated periodically; make sure you are referring to the most + recent version. In addition, the RFC Index maintained at the + ds.internic.net repository notes the status of each RFC listed. + + 6.6 What is an FYI? + + FYI stands for For Your Information. FYIs are a subset of the RFC + series of online documents. + + FYI 1 states, "The FYI series of notes is designed to provide + Internet users with a central repository of information about any + topics which relate to the Internet. FYI topics may range from + historical memos on 'Why it was was done this way' to answers to + commonly asked operational questions. The FYIs are intended for a + wide audience. Some FYIs will cater to beginners, while others + will discuss more advanced topics." + + In general, then, FYI documents tend to be more information + oriented, while RFCs are usually (but not always) more technically + oriented. + + FYI documents are assigned both an FYI number and an RFC number. + + + +User Services Working Group [Page 9] + +RFC 1594 FYI Q/A - for New Internet Users March 1994 + + + As RFCs, if an FYI is ever updated, it is issued again with a new + RFC number; however, its FYI number remains unchanged. This can + be a little confusing at first, but the aim is to help users + identify which FYIs are about which topics. For example, FYI 4 + will always be FYI 4, even though it may be updated several times + and during that process receive different RFC numbers. Thus, you + need only to remember the FYI number to find the proper document. + Of course, remembering titles often works as well. + + FYIs can be obtained in the same way RFCs can and from the same + repositories. In general, their pathnames are fyi/fyiNN.txt or + fyi/fyiNN.ps, where NN is the number of the FYI without leading + zeroes. + + 6.7 What is an STD? + + The newest subseries of RFCs are the STDs (Standards). RFC 1311 + [12], which introduces this subseries, states that the intent of + STDs is to identify clearly those RFCs that document Internet + standards. An STD number will be assigned only to those + specifications that have completed the full process of + standardization in the Internet. Existing Internet standards have + been assigned STD numbers; a list of them can be found both in RFC + 1311 and in the, "Internet Official Protocol Standards" RFC. + + Like FYIs, once a standard has been assigned an STD number, that + number will not change, even if the standard is reworked and re- + specified and later issued with a new RFC number. + + It is important to differentiate between a "standard" and + "document". Different RFC documents will always have different + RFC numbers. However, sometimes the complete specification for a + standard will be contained in more than one RFC document. When + this happens, each of the RFC documents that is part of the + specification for that standard will carry the same STD number. + For example, the Domain Name System (DNS) is specified by the + combination of RFC 1034 and RFC 1035; therefore, both of those + RFCs are labeled STD 13. + + 6.8 What is the Internet Monthly Report? + + The Internet Monthly Report (IMR) communicates online to the + Internet community the accomplishments, milestones reached, or + problems discovered by the participating organizations. Many + organizations involved in the Internet provide monthly updates of + their activities for inclusion in this report. The IMR is for + Internet information purposes only. + + + + +User Services Working Group [Page 10] + +RFC 1594 FYI Q/A - for New Internet Users March 1994 + + + You can receive the report online by joining the mailing list that + distributes the report. Requests to be added or deleted from the + Internet Monthly Report list should be sent to "imr- + request@isi.edu". + + In addition, back issues of the Report are available for anonymous + FTP from the host ftp.isi.edu in the in-notes/imr directory, with + the file names in the form imryymm.txt, where yy is the last two + digits of the year and mm two digits for the month. For example, + the July 1992 Report is in the file imr9207.txt. + + 6.9 What is an Internet Draft? Are there any guidelines available + for writing one? + + Internet Drafts (I-Ds) are the current working documents of the + IETF. Internet Drafts are generally in the format of an RFC with + some key differences: + + - The Internet Drafts are not RFCs and are not a numbered + document series. + + - The words INTERNET-DRAFT appear in place of RFC XXXX + in the upper left-hand corner. + + - The document does not refer to itself as an RFC or as a + Draft RFC. + + - An Internet Draft does not state nor imply that it is a + proposed standard. To do so conflicts with the role of + the IAB, the RFC Editor, and the Internet Engineering + Steering Group (IESG). + + An Internet Drafts directory has been installed to make draft + documents available for review and comment by the IETF members. + These draft documents that will ultimately be submitted to the IAB + and the RFC Editor to be considered for publishing as RFCs. The + Internet Drafts Directories are maintained on several Internet + sites. There are several "shadow" machines which contain the IETF + and Internet Drafts Directories. They are: + + West Coast (US) Address: ftp.isi.edu (128.9.0.32) + East Coast (US) Address: ds.internic.net (198.49.45.10) + Europe Address: nic.nordu.net (192.36.148.17) + Pacific Rim Address: munnari.oz.au (128.250.1.21) + + To access these directories, use anonymous FTP. Login with + username "anonymous" and your email address as password (or + "guest" if that fails). Once logged in, change to the desired + + + +User Services Working Group [Page 11] + +RFC 1594 FYI Q/A - for New Internet Users March 1994 + + + directory with "cd internet-drafts". Internet Draft files can + then be retrieved. Once logged in, if you change to the directory + "ietf", you can retrieve a file called "1id-guidelines.txt", which + explains how to write and submit an Internet Draft. + + 6.10 How do I obtain OSI Standards documents? + + OSI Standards documents are NOT available from the Internet via + anonymous FTP due to copyright restrictions. These are available + from: + + Omnicom Information Service + 501 Church Street NE + Suite 304 + Vienna, VA 22180 USA + Telephone: (800) 666-4266 or (703) 281-1135 + Fax: (703) 281-1505 + + American National Standards Institute + 11 West 42nd Street + New York, NY 10036 USA + Telephone: (212) 642-4900 + + However, the GOSIP specification which covers the use of OSI + protocols within the U.S. Government is available from the + National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). The final + text of GOSIP Version 2 is now available from both sites. + + Online sources: + + Available through anonymous FTP from osi.ncsl.nist.gov + (129.6.48.100) as: + + ./pub/gosip/gosip_v2.txt -- ascii + ./pub/gosip/gosip_v2.txt.Z -- ascii compressed + ./pub/gosip/gosip_v2.ps -- PostScript + ./pub/gosip/gosip_v2.ps.Z -- PostScript compressed + + Hardcopy source: + + Standards Processing Coordinator (ADP) + National Institute of Standards and Technology + Technology Building, Room B-64 + Gaithersburg, MD 20899 + (301) 975-2816 + + + + + + +User Services Working Group [Page 12] + +RFC 1594 FYI Q/A - for New Internet Users March 1994 + + +7. Questions about Internet Organizations and Contacts + + 7.1 What is the IAB? + + The Internet Architecture Board (IAB) is concerned with technical + and policy issues involving the evolution of the Internet + architecture [7]. IAB members are deeply committed to making the + Internet function effectively and evolve to meet a large scale, + high speed future. The chairman serves a term of two years and is + elected by the members of the IAB. The IAB focuses on the TCP/IP + protocol suite, and extensions to the Internet system to support + multiple protocol suites. + + The IAB performs the following functions: + + 1) Reviews Internet Standards, + + 2) Manages the RFC publication process, + + 3) Reviews the operation of the IETF and IRTF, + + 4) Performs strategic planning for the Internet, identifying + long-range problems and opportunities, + + 5) Acts as an international technical policy liaison and + representative for the Internet community, and + + 6) Resolves technical issues which cannot be treated within + the IETF or IRTF frameworks. + + The IAB has two principal subsidiary task forces: + + 1) Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) + + 2) Internet Research Task Force (IRTF) + + Each of these Task Forces is led by a chairman and guided by a + Steering Group which reports to the IAB through its chairman. For + the most part, a collection of Research or Working Groups carries + out the work program of each Task Force. + + All decisions of the IAB are made public. The principal vehicle + by which IAB decisions are propagated to the parties interested in + the Internet and its TCP/IP protocol suite is the Request for + Comments (RFC) note series and the Internet Monthly Report. + + + + + + +User Services Working Group [Page 13] + +RFC 1594 FYI Q/A - for New Internet Users March 1994 + + + 7.2 What is the IETF? + + The Internet has grown to encompass a large number of widely + geographically dispersed networks in academic and research + communities. It now provides an infrastructure for a broad + community with various interests. Moreover, the family of + Internet protocols and system components has moved from + experimental to commercial development. To help coordinate the + operation, management and evolution of the Internet, the IAB + established the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). + + The IETF is a large open community of network designers, + operators, vendors, and researchers concerned with the Internet + and the Internet protocol suite. The activity is performed in a + number of working groups organized around a set of several + technical areas, each working group has a chair, and each area is + managed by a technical area director. The IETF overall is managed + by its chair and the Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG), + which is made up of the area directors. + + The IAB has delegated to the IESG the general responsibility for + the resolution of short- and mid-range protocol and architectural + issues required to make the Internet function effectively, and the + development of Internet standards. + + 7.3 What is the IRTF? + + To promote research in networking and the development of new + technology, the IAB established the Internet Research Task Force + (IRTF). The IRTF is a set of research groups, generally with an + Internet focus. The work of the IRTF is governed by its Internet + Research Steering Group (IRSG). + + In the area of network protocols, the distinction between research + and engineering is not always clear, so there will sometimes be + overlap between activities of the IETF and the IRTF. There is, in + fact, considerable overlap in membership between the two groups. + This overlap is regarded as vital for cross-fertilization and + technology transfer. + + 7.4 What is the Internet Society? + + The Internet Society is a relatively new, professional, non-profit + organization with the general goal of fostering the well-being and + continued interest in, and evolution and use of the Internet. The + Society (often abbreviated ISOC) is integrating the IAB, IETF, and + IRTF functions into its operation. + + + + +User Services Working Group [Page 14] + +RFC 1594 FYI Q/A - for New Internet Users March 1994 + + + The following goals of the Society are taken from its charter: + + A. To facilitate and support the technical evolution of + the Internet as a research and education infrastructure, + and to stimulate the involvement of the scientific + community, industry, government and others in the + evolution of the Internet; + + B. To educate the scientific community, industry and the + public at large concerning the technology, use and + application of the Internet; + + C. To promote educational applications of Internet + technology for the benefit of government, colleges and + universities, industry, and the public at large; + + D. To provide a forum for exploration of new Internet + applications, and to stimulate collaboration among + organizations in their operational use of the global + Internet. + + More information about the Internet Society is available for + anonymous FTP from the host: isoc.org in the directory: isoc. + Information is also available via the ISOC gopher, accessible via + "gopher isoc.org" if you are running a gopher client. + + 7.5 What is the IANA? + + The task of coordinating the assignment of values to the + parameters of protocols is delegated by the Internet Architecture + Board (IAB) to the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA). + These protocol parameters include op-codes, type fields, terminal + types, system names, object identifiers, and so on. The "Assigned + Numbers" Request for Comments (RFC) [1] documents the currently + assigned values from several series of numbers used in network + protocol implementations. Internet addresses and Autonomous + System numbers are assigned by the Registration Services portion + of the InterNIC. The IANA is located at USC/Information Sciences + Institute. + + Current types of assignments listed in Assigned Numbers and + maintained by the IANA are: + + + + + + + + + +User Services Working Group [Page 15] + +RFC 1594 FYI Q/A - for New Internet Users March 1994 + + + Address Resolution Protocol Parameters + BOOTP Parameters and BOOTP Extension Codes + Character Sets + Domain System Parameters + Encoding Header Field Keywords + ESMTP Mail Keywords + Ethernet Multicast Addresses + Ethernet Numbers of Interest + Ethernet Vendor Address Components + IANA Ethernet Address Block + ICMP Type Numbers + IEEE 802 Numbers of Interest + Internet Protocol Numbers + Internet Version Numbers + IP Option Numbers + IP Time to Live Parameter + IP TOS Parameters + Internet Multicast Addresses + Inverse Address Resolution Protocol + Machine Names + Mail Encryption Types + Mail System Names + Mail Transmission Types + MILNET X.25 Address Mappings + MILNET Logical Addresses + MILNET Link Numbers + MIME Types + MIME/X.400 Mapping Tables + Network Management Parameters + Novell Numbers + Operating System Names + OSPF Authentication Codes + Point-to-Point Protocol Field Assignments + Protocol Numbers + Protocol and Service Names + Protocol/Type Field Assignments + Public Data Network Numbers + Reverse Address Resolution Protocol Operation Codes + SUN RPC Numbers + TCP Option Numbers + TCP Alternate Checksum Numbers + TELNET Options + Terminal Type Names + Version Numbers + Well Known and Registered Port Numbers + X.25 Type Numbers + XNS Protocol Types + + + + +User Services Working Group [Page 16] + +RFC 1594 FYI Q/A - for New Internet Users March 1994 + + + For more information on number assignments, contact: IANA@ISI.EDU. + + 7.6 What is a NIC? What is a NOC? + + "NIC" stands for Network Information Center. It is an + organization which provides network users with information about + services provided by the network. + + "NOC" stands for Network Operations Center. It is an organization + that is responsible for maintaining a network. + + For many networks, especially smaller, local networks, the + functions of the NIC and NOC are combined. For larger networks, + such as mid-level and backbone networks, the NIC and NOC + organizations are separate, yet they do need to interact to fully + perform their functions. + + 7.7 What is the InterNIC? + + The InterNIC is a five year project partially supported by the + National Science Foundation to provide network information + services to the networking community. The InterNIC began + operations in April of 1993 and is a collaborative project of + three organizations: General Atomics provides Information Services + from their location in San Diego, CA; AT&T provides Directory and + Database Services from South Plainsfield, NJ; and Network + Solutions, Inc. provides Registration Services from their + headquarters in Herndon, VA. Services are provided via the + network electronically, and by telephone, FAX, and hardcopy + documentation. + + General Atomics offers Information Services acting as the "NIC of + first and last resort" by providing a Reference Desk for new and + experienced users, and midlevel and campus NICs. The InterNIC + Reference Desk offers introductory materials and pointers to + network resources and tools. + + AT&T services include the Directory of Directories, Directory + Services, and Database Services to store data available to all + Internet users. + + Network Solutions, Inc. (NSI) provides Internet registration + services including IP address allocation, domain registration, and + Autonomous System Number assignment. NSI also tracks points of + contact for networks and domain servers and provides online and + telephone support for questions related to IP address or domain + name registration. + + + + +User Services Working Group [Page 17] + +RFC 1594 FYI Q/A - for New Internet Users March 1994 + + + All three portions of the InterNIC can be reached by calling (800) + 444-4345 or by sending a message to info@internic.net. Callers + from outside the U.S. can telephone +1 (619) 445-4600. Extensive + online information is available at host is.internic.net, + accessible via gopher or TELNET. + + 7.8 What is the DDN NIC (nic.ddn.mil)? + + The DDN NIC is the Defense Data Network NIC. Until the formation + of the InterNIC, the DDN NIC had been responsible for many + services to the whole Internet, especially for registration + services. Now the DDN NIC focuses on serving its primary + constituency of MILNET users. Its host is nic.ddn.mil; the + address hostmaster@nic.ddn.mil may still be in older Internet + registration documentation. The DDN NIC maintains close ties to + the newer InterNIC. + + 7.9 What is the IR? + + The Internet Registry (IR) is the organization that is responsible + for assigning identifiers, such as IP network numbers and + autonomous system numbers, to networks. The IR also gathers and + registers such assigned information. The IR delegates some number + assignment authority to regional registries (such as NCC@RIPE.NET + and APNIC-STAFF@APNIC.NET). However, it will continue to gather + data regarding such assignments. At present, the Registration + Services portion of the InterNIC at Network Solutions, Inc., + serves as the IR. + +8. Questions About Services + + 8.1 How do I find someone's electronic mail address? + + There are a number of directories on the Internet; however, all of + them are far from complete. Many people can be found, however, + via the InterNIC WHOIS services, or KNOWBOT. Generally, it is + still necessary to ask the person for his or her email address. + + 8.2 How do I use the WHOIS program at the InterNIC Registration + Services? + + There are several ways to search the WHOIS database. You can + TELNET to the InterNIC registration host, rs.internic.net. There + is no need to login. Type "whois" to call up the information + retrieval program, or choose one of the other options presented to + you. Help is available for each option. You can also run a + client of the WHOIS server and point it at any whois database + you'd like to search. Pointing a client at the whois server + + + +User Services Working Group [Page 18] + +RFC 1594 FYI Q/A - for New Internet Users March 1994 + + + ds.internic.net will enable you to query the databases at three + hosts: ds.internic.net, rs.internic.net, and nic.ddn.mil. + + For more information, contact the InterNIC at (800) 444-4345 or + the registration services group at (703) 742-4777. + + 8.3 How do I use the Knowbot Information Service? + + The Knowbot Information Service is a white pages "meta-service" + that provides a uniform interface to heterogeneous white pages + services in the Internet. Using the Knowbot Information Service, + you can form a single query that can search for white pages + information from the NIC WHOIS service, the PSI White Pages Pilot + Project, and MCI Mail, among others, and have the responses + displayed in a single, uniform format. + + Currently, the Knowbot Information Service can be accessed through + TELNET to port 185 on hosts cnri.reston.va.us and + sol.bucknell.edu. From a UNIX host, use "telnet cnri.reston.va.us + 185". There is also an electronic mail interface available by + sending mail to netaddress at either cnri.reston.va.us or + sol.bucknell.edu. + + The commands "help" and "man" summarize the command interface. + Simply entering a user name at the prompt searches a default list + of Internet directory services for the requested information. + Organization and country information can be included through the + syntax: "userid@organization.country". For example, the queries + "droms@bucknell" and "kille@ucl.gb" are both valid. Note that + these are not Domain Names, but rather a syntax to specify an + organization and a country for the search. + + 8.4 What is the White Pages at PSI? + + Performance Systems International, Inc. (PSI), sponsors a White + Pages Project that collects personnel information from member + organizations into a database and provides online access to that + data. This effort is based on the OSI X.500 Directory standard. + + To access the data, TELNET to WP.PSI.COM and login as "fred" (no + password is necessary). You may now look up information on + participating organizations. The program provides help on usage. + For example, typing "help" will show you a list of commands, + "manual" will give detailed documentation, and "whois" will + provide information regarding how to find references to people. + For a list of the organizations that are participating in the + pilot project by providing information regarding their members, + type "whois -org *". + + + +User Services Working Group [Page 19] + +RFC 1594 FYI Q/A - for New Internet Users March 1994 + + + Access to the White Pages data is also possible via programs that + act as X.500 Directory User Agent (DUA) clients. + + For more information, send a message to WP-INFO@PSI.COM. + + 8.5 What is USENET? What is Netnews? + + USENET is the formal name, and Netnews a common informal name, for + a distributed computer information service that some hosts on the + Internet use. USENET handles only news and not mail. USENET uses + a variety of underlying networks for transport, including parts of + the Internet, BITNET, and others. Netnews can be a valuable tool + to economically transport traffic that would otherwise be sent via + mail. USENET has no central administration. + + 8.6 How do I get a Netnews feed? + + To get a Netnews feed, you must acquire the server software, which + is available for some computers at no cost from some anonymous FTP + sites across the Internet, and you must find an existing USENET + site that is willing to support a connection to your computer. In + many cases, this "connection" merely represents additional traffic + over existing Internet access channels. + + One well-known anonymous FTP archive site for software and + information regarding USENET is ftp.uu.net. There is a "news" + directory which contains many software distribution and + information sub-directories. + + It is recommended that new users subscribe to and read + news.announce.newusers since it will help to become oriented to + USENET and the Internet. + + 8.7 What is a newsgroup? + + A newsgroup is a bulletin board which readers interested in that + newsgroup's particular topic can read and respond to messages + posted by other readers. Generally, there will be a few "threads" + of discussion going on at the same time, but they all share some + common theme. There are approximately 900 newsgroups, and there + are more being added all the time. + + There are two types of newsgroups: moderated and unmoderated. A + moderated newsgroup does not allow individuals to post directly to + the newsgroup. Rather, the postings go to the newsgroup's + moderator who determines whether or not to pass the posting to the + entire group. An unmoderated newsgroup allows a reader to post + directly to the other readers. + + + +User Services Working Group [Page 20] + +RFC 1594 FYI Q/A - for New Internet Users March 1994 + + + 8.8 How do I subscribe to a newsgroup? + + You don't subscribe to a newsgroup. Either you get it on your + machine or you don't. If there's one you want, all you can do is + ask the systems administrator to try to get it for you. + + 8.9 What is anonymous FTP? + + Anonymous FTP is a conventional way of allowing you to sign on to + a computer on the Internet and copy specified public files from it + [3]. Some sites offer anonymous FTP to distribute software and + various kinds of information. You use it like any FTP, but the + username is "anonymous". Many systems will request that the + password you choose is your email address. If this fails, the + generic password is usually "guest". + + 8.10 What is "archie"? + + The archie system was created to automatically track anonymous FTP + archive sites, and this is still its primary function. The system + currently makes available the names and locations of some + 2,100,000 files at some 1,000 archive sites. + + Archie's User Access component allows you to search the "files" + database for these filenames. When matches are found, you are + presented with the appropriate archive site name, IP address, the + location within the archive, and other useful information. + + You can also use archie to "browse" through a site's complete + listing in search of information of interest, or obtain a complete + list of the archive sites known to that server. + + The archie server also offers a "package descriptions" (or + "whatis") database. This is a collection of names and + descriptions gathered from a variety of sources and can be used to + identify files located throughout the Internet, as well as other + useful information. Files identified in the whatis database can + then be found by searching the files database as described above. + + 8.11 How do I connect to archie? + + You can connect to archie in a variety of ways. There is a + conventional TELNET interface, an electronic mail interface, and a + variety of client programs available. The use of a client is + strongly encouraged. There are currently 22 archie servers + located throughout the world. + + + + + +User Services Working Group [Page 21] + +RFC 1594 FYI Q/A - for New Internet Users March 1994 + + + To try the TELNET interface to archie you can TELNET to one of the + 22 archie servers (preferably the one nearest you, and during + non-peak hours). Log in as "archie" (no password is required). + Type "help" to get you started. + + Here is a list of archie servers as of the date this was written: + + archie.au* 139.130.4.6 Australia + archie.edvz.uni-linz.ac.at* 140.78.3.8 Austria + archie.univie.ac.at* 131.130.1.23 Austria + archie.uqam.ca* 132.208.250.10 Canada + archie.funet.fi 128.214.6.100 Finland + archie.th-darmstadt.de* 130.83.22.60 Germany + archie.ac.il* 132.65.6.15 Israel + archie.unipi.it* 131.114.21.10 Italy + archie.wide.ad.jp 133.4.3.6 Japan + archie.hana.nm.kr* 128.134.1.1 Korea + archie.sogang.ac.kr* 163.239.1.11 Korea + archie.uninett.no* 128.39.2.20 Norway + archie.rediris.es* 130.206.1.2 Spain + archie.luth.se* 130.240.18.4 Sweden + archie.switch.ch* 130.59.1.40 Switzerland + archie.ncu.edu.tw* 140.115.19.24 Taiwan + archie.doc.ic.ac.uk* 146.169.11.3 United Kingdom + archie.unl.edu 129.93.1.14 USA (NE) + archie.internic.net* 198.48.45.10 USA (NJ) + archie.rutgers.edu* 128.6.18.15 USA (NJ) + archie.ans.net 147.225.1.10 USA (NY) + archie.sura.net* 128.167.254.179 USA (MD) + + Note: Sites marked with an asterisk "*" run archie version 3.0. + + You can obtain details on using the electronic mail interface by + sending mail to "archie" at any of the above server hosts. Put + the word "help" as the text of your message for directions. + + Questions, comments, and suggestions can be sent to the archie + development group by sending mail to info@bunyip.com. + + 8.12 What is "gopher"? + + The Internet Gopher presents an extremely wide variety of diverse + types of information in an easy to use menu-driven interface. + Gopher servers link information from all around the Internet in a + manner that can be transparent to the user. (Users can easily + discover the source of any piece of information, however, if they + wish.) For example, gopher links databases of every type, + applications, white pages directories, sounds, and pictures. + + + +User Services Working Group [Page 22] + +RFC 1594 FYI Q/A - for New Internet Users March 1994 + + + Some gophers are available via TELNET. Since most gophers are + linked to other gophers, if you can get to one, you can get to + many. You can, for example, telnet to naic.nasa.gov and use their + public gopher. + + The best way to use the gopher service, as with all client/server + type services, is by running your own gopher client. The Internet + Gopher was developed at the University of Minnesota. More + information is available for anonymous FTP on the host + boombox.micro.umn.edu. + + 8.13 What is the World Wide Web? What is Mosaic? + + The World Wide Web is a distributed, hypermedia-based Internet + information browser. It presents users with a friendly point and + click interface to a wide variety of types of information (text, + graphics, sounds, movies, etc.) and Internet services. It is + possible to use the Web to access FTP archives, databases, and + even gopher servers. + + The most familiar implementations of the World Wide Web are the + Mosaic clients developed by the National Center for Supercomputing + Applications (NCSA). Mosaic software is available online at + ftp.ncsa.uiuc.edu. + + 8.14 How do I find out about other Internet resource discovery + tools? + + The field of Internet resource discovery tools is one of the most + dynamic on the Internet today. There are several tools in + addition to those discussed here that are useful for discovering + or searching Internet resources. The EARN (European Academic and + Research Network) Association has compiled an excellent document + that introduces many of these services and provides information + about how to find out more about them. To obtain the document, + send a message to listserv@earncc.bitnet or + listserve%earncc.bitnet@cunyvm.cuny.edu. As the text of your + message, type "GET filename" where the filename is either + "nettools ps" or "nettols memo". The former is in PostScript + format. This document is also available for anonymous FTP on some + hosts, including naic.nasa.gov, where it is available in the + files/general_info directory as + earn-resource-tool-guide.ps and earn-resource-tool-guide.txt. + + + + + + + + +User Services Working Group [Page 23] + +RFC 1594 FYI Q/A - for New Internet Users March 1994 + + + 8.15 What is "TELNET"? + + The term "TELNET" refers to the remote login that's possible on + the Internet because of the TELNET Protocol [9]. The use of this + term as a verb, as in "telnet to a host" means to establish a + connection across the Internet from one host to another. Usually, + you must have an account on the remote host to be able to login to + it once you've made a connection. However, some hosts, such as + those offering white pages directories, provide public services + that do not require a personal account. + + If your host supports TELNET, your command to connect to a remote + host would probably be "telnet <hostname>" or "telnet <host IP + address>". For example, "telnet rs.internic.net" or "telnet + 198.41.0.5". + +9. Mailing Lists and Sending Mail + + 9.1 What is a mailing list? + + A mailing list is an email address that stands for a group of + people rather than for an individual. Mailing lists are usually + created to discuss specific topics. Anybody interested in that + topic, may (usually) join that list. Some mailing lists have + membership restrictions, others have message content restrictions, + and still others are moderated. Most "public" mailing lists have + a second email address to handle administrative matters, such as + requests to be added to or deleted from the list. All + subscription requests should be sent to the administrative address + rather than to the list itself! + + 9.2 How do I contact the administrator of a mailing list rather + than posting to the entire list? + + Today there are two main methods used by mailing list + adminstrators to handle requests to subscribe or unsubscribe from + their lists. The administrative address for many lists has the + same name as the list itself, but with "-request" appended to the + list name. So, to join the ietf-announce@cnri.reston.va.us list, + you would send a message to ietf-announce- + request@cnri.reston.va.us. Most often, requests to a "-request" + mailbox are handled by a human and you can phrase your request as + a normal message. + + More often today, especially for lists with many readers, + administrators prefer to have a program handle routine list + administration. Many lists are accessible via LISTSERVE programs + or other mailing list manager programs. If this is the case, the + + + +User Services Working Group [Page 24] + +RFC 1594 FYI Q/A - for New Internet Users March 1994 + + + administrative address will usually be something like + "listserv@host.domain", where the address for the mailing list + itself will be "list@host.domain". The same listserve address can + handle requests for all mailing lists at that host. When talking + with a program, your subscription request will often be in the + form, "subscribe ListName YourFirstName YourLastName" where you + substitute the name of the list for ListName and add your real + name at the end. + + The important thing to remember is that all administrative + messages regarding using, joining, or quitting a list should be + sent to the administrative mailbox instead of to the whole + list so that the readers of the list don't have to read them. + + 9.3 How do I send mail to other networks? + + Mail to the Internet is addressed in the form user@host.domain. + Remember that a domain name can have several components and the + name of each host is a node on the domain tree. So, an example of + an Internet mail address is june@nisc.sri.com. + + There are several networks accessible via email from the Internet, + but many of these networks do not use the same addressing + conventions the Internet does. Often you must route mail to these + networks through specific gateways as well, thus further + complicating the address. + + Here are a few conventions you can use for sending mail from the + Internet to three networks with which Internet users often + correspond. + + Internet user to Internet user: + + username@hostname.subdomain.toplevel domain + e.g. gsmith@nisc.sri.COM + + Internet user to BITNET user: + + user%site.BITNET@BITNET-GATEWAY + e.g. gsmith%emoryu1.BITNET@cunyvm.cuny.edu. + gsmith%emoryu1@CORNELLC.CIT.CORNELL.EDU + + Internet user to UUCP user: + + user%host.UUCP@uunet.uu.net + user%domain@uunet.uu.net + + + + + +User Services Working Group [Page 25] + +RFC 1594 FYI Q/A - for New Internet Users March 1994 + + + Internet user to SprintMail user: + + /G=Mary/S=Anderson/O=co.abc/ADMD=SprintMail/C=US/@SPRINT.COM + -or- + /PN=Mary.Anderson/O=co.abc/ADMD=SprintMail/C=US/@SPRINT.COM + (Case is significant.) + + Internet user to CompuServe user: + + Replace the comma in the CompuServe userid (represented here + with x's) with a period, and add the compuserve.com domain + name. + + xxxx.xxxx@compuserve.com + + CompuServe user to Internet user: + + >Internet:user@host + Insert >internet: before an Internet address. + + Internet user to MCIMail user: + + accountname@mcimail.com + mci_id@mcimail.com + full_user_name@mcimail.com. + +10. Miscellaneous "Internet lore" questions + + 10.1 What does :-) mean? + + In many electronic mail messages, it is sometimes useful to + indicate that part of a message is meant in jest. It is also + sometimes useful to communicate emotion which simple words do not + readily convey. To provide these nuances, a collection of "smiley + faces" has evolved. If you turn your head sideways to the left, + :-) appears as a smiling face. Some of the more common faces are: + + :-) smile :-( frown + + :) also a smile ;-) wink + + :-D laughing 8-) wide-eyed + + :-} grin :-X close mouthed + + :-] smirk :-o oh, no! + + + + + +User Services Working Group [Page 26] + +RFC 1594 FYI Q/A - for New Internet Users March 1994 + + + 10.2 What do "btw", "fyi", "imho", "wrt", and "rtfm" mean? + + Often common expressions are abbreviated in informal network + postings. These abbreviations stand for "by the way", "for your + information", "in my humble [or honest] opinion", "with respect + to", and "read the f*ing manual" (with the "f" word varying + according to the vehemence of the reader :-). + + 10.3 What is the "FAQ" list? + + This list provides answers to "Frequently Asked Questions" that + often appear on various USENET newsgroups. The list is posted + every four to six weeks to the news.announce.newusers group. It + is intended to provide a background for new users learning how to + use the news. As the FAQ list provide new users with the answers + to such questions, it helps keep the newsgroups themselves + comparatively free of repetition. Often specific newsgroups will + have and frequently post versions of a FAQ list that are specific + to their topics. The term FAQ has become generalized so that any + topic may have its FAQ even if it is not a newsgroup. + + Here is information about obtaining the USENET FAQs, courtesy of + Gene Spafford: + + Many questions can be answered by consulting the most recent + postings in the news.announce.newusers and news.lists groups. If + those postings have expired from your site, or you do not get + news, you can get archived postings from the FTP server on the + host rtfm.mit.edu. + + These archived postings include all the Frequently Asked Questions + posted to the news.answers newsgroups, as well as the most recent + lists of Usenet newsgroups, Usenet-accessible mailing lists, group + moderators, and other Usenet-related information posted to the + news.announce.newusers and news.lists groups. + + To get the material by FTP, log in using anonymous FTP (userid of + anonymous and your email address as password). + + The archived files, and FAQ files from other newsgroups, are all + in the directory: + + /pub/usenet/news.answers + + + + + + + + +User Services Working Group [Page 27] + +RFC 1594 FYI Q/A - for New Internet Users March 1994 + + + Archived files from news.announce.newusers and news.lists are in: + + /pub/usenet/news.announce.newusers + /pub/usenet/news.lists + + respectively. + + To get the information by mail, send an email message to: mail- + server@pit-manager.mit.edu containing: + + send usenet/news.answers/TITLE/PART + + where TITLE is the archive title, and PART is the portion of the + posting you want. + + Send a message containing "help" to get general information about + the mail server, including information on how to get a list of + archive titles to use in further send commands. + +11. Suggested Reading + + For further information about the Internet and its protocols in + general, you may choose to obtain copies of the following works as + well as some of the works listed as References: + + Krol, Ed. (1992) The Whole Internet User's Guide and Catalog, 400 + p. O'Reilly and Assoc., Inc. Sebastopol, CA. + + Dern, Daniel P. (1993) The Internet Guide for New Users, 570 p. + McGraw-Hill, Inc. New York, NY. + + Fisher, Sharon. (1993) Riding the Internet Highway, 266 p. New + Riders Publishing, Carmel, IN. + + Frey, Donnalyn and Rick Adams. (1993) !%@:: A Directory of + Electronic Mail Addressing and Networks, (third edition) 443 p. + O'Reilly & Assoc., Inc. Sebastopol, CA. + + Hoffman, Ellen and Lenore Jackson. (1993) "FYI on Introducing the + Internet: A Short Bibliography of Introductory Internetworking + Readings for the Network Novice," 4 p. (FYI 19/RFC 1463). + + Kehoe, Brendan P. (1993) Zen and the Art of the Internet: A + Beginner's Guide, (second edition) 112 p. Prentice Hall, Englewood + Cliffs, NJ. + + + + + + +User Services Working Group [Page 28] + +RFC 1594 FYI Q/A - for New Internet Users March 1994 + + + LaQuey, Tracy with Jeanne C. Ryer. (1992) The Internet Companion: + A Beginner's Guide to Global Networking, 208 p. Addison-Wesley, + Reading, MA. + + Malkin, Gary, S. and Tracy LaQuey Parker. (1993) "Internet Users' + Glossary," 53 p. (FYI 18/RFC 1392). + + Marine, April, et al. (1993) Internet: Getting Started, 360 p. + Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ. + + Martin, Jerry. (1993) "There's Gold in them thar Networks! or + Searching for Treasure in all the Wrong Places," 39 p. (FYI 10/RFC + 1402). + + Quarterman, John. (1993) "Recent Internet Books," 15 p. (RFC + 1432). + +12. References + + [1] Reynolds, J., and J. Postel, "Assigned Numbers", STD 2, RFC 1340, + USC/Information Sciences Institute, July 1992. + + [2] Postel, J., Editor, "Internet Official Protocol Standards", STD + 1, RFC 1540, Internet Architecture Board, October 1993. + + [3] Postel, J., and J. Reynolds, "File Transfer Protocol (FTP), STD + 9, RFC 959, USC/Information Sciences Institute, October 1985. + + [4] Postel, J., "Internet Protocol - DARPA Internet Program Protocol + Specification", STD 5, RFC 791, DARPA, September 1981. + + [5] Postel, J., "Transmission Control Protocol - DARPA Internet + Program Protocol Specification", STD 7, RFC 793, DARPA, September + 1981. + + [6] Leiner, B., Cole, R., Postel, J., and D. Mills, "The DARPA + Internet Protocol Suite", IEEE INFOCOM85, Washington D.C., March + 1985. Also in IEEE Communications Magazine, March 1985. Also as + ISI/RS-85-153. + + [7] Cerf, V., "The Internet Activities Board" RFC 1160, CNRI, May + 1990. + + [8] Postel, J., "Simple Mail Transfer Protocol", STD 10, RFC 821, + USC/Information Sciences Institute, August 1982. + + + + + + +User Services Working Group [Page 29] + +RFC 1594 FYI Q/A - for New Internet Users March 1994 + + + [9] Postel, J., and J. Reynolds, "TELNET Protocol Specification", STD + 8, RFC 854, USC/Information Sciences Institute, May 1983. + + [10] Postel, J., "Instructions to RFC Authors", RFC 1543, + USC/Information Sciences Institute, October 1993. + + [11] Malkin, G., Marine, A., and J. Reynolds, "FYI on Questions and + Answers: Answers to Commonly Asked 'Experienced Internet User' + Questions", FYI 7, RFC 1207, FTP Software, SRI, USC/Information + Sciences Institute, February 1991. + + [12] Postel, J., "Introduction to the STD Notes", RFC 1311, + USC/Information Sciences Institute, March 1992. + + [13] Krol, E., and E. Hoffman, "FYI on 'What is the Internet?'", FYI + 20, RFC 1462, University of Illinois, Merit Network, Inc., May + 1993. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +User Services Working Group [Page 30] + +RFC 1594 FYI Q/A - for New Internet Users March 1994 + + +13. Condensed Glossary + + As with any profession, computers have a particular terminology all + their own. Below is a condensed glossary to assist in making some + sense of the Internet world. + +ACM Association for Computing Machinery + A group established in 1947 to promote professional + development and research on computers. + +address There are three types of addresses in common use within the + Internet. They are email address; IP, internet or Internet + address; and hardware or MAC address. An electronic mail + address is the string of characters that you must give an + electronic mail program to direct a message to a particular + person. A MAC address is the hardware address of a device + connected to a shared media. See "internet address" for its + definition. + +AI Artificial Intelligence + The branch of computer science which deals with the + simulation of human intelligence by computer systems. + +AIX Advanced Interactive Executive + IBM's version of Unix. + +ANSI American National Standards Institute + This organization is responsible for approving U.S. standards + in many areas, including computers and communications. + Standards approved by this organization are often called ANSI + standards (e.g., ANSI C is the version of the C language + approved by ANSI). ANSI is a member of ISO. See also: + International Organization for Standardization. + +ARP Address Resolution Protocol + Used to dynamically discover the low level physical network + hardware address that corresponds to the high level IP address + for a given host. ARP is limited to physical network systems + that support broadcast packets that can be heard by all hosts + on the network. It is defined in STD 37, RFC 826. + +ARPA Advanced Research Projects Agency + An agency of the U.S. Department of Defense responsible for + the development of new technology for use by the military. + ARPA was responsible for funding much of the development of + the Internet we know today, including the Berkeley version of + Unix and TCP/IP. + + + + +User Services Working Group [Page 31] + +RFC 1594 FYI Q/A - for New Internet Users March 1994 + + +ARPANET Advanced Research Projects Agency Network + A pioneering longhaul network funded by ARPA. It + served as the basis for early networking research as + well as a central backbone during the development of + the Internet. The ARPANET consisted of individual + packet switching computers interconnected by leased lines. + +AS Autonomous System + A collection of routers under a single + administrative authority using a common Interior Gateway + Protocol for routing packets. + +ASCII American (National) Standard Code for Information Interchange + A standard character-to-number encoding widely used in the + computer industry. + +B Byte + One character of information, usually eight bits wide. + +b bit - binary digit + The smallest amount of information which may be stored + in a computer. + +BBN Bolt Beranek and Newman, Inc. + The Cambridge, MA company responsible for development, + operation and monitoring of the ARPANET, and later, + the Internet core gateway system, the CSNET Coordination + and Information Center (CIC), and NSFNET Network + Service Center (NNSC). + +BITNET An academic computer network that provides interactive + electronic mail and file transfer services, using a + store-and-forward protocol, based on IBM Network Job Entry + protocols. BITNET-II encapsulates the BITNET protocol within + IP packets and depends on the Internet to route them. There + are three main constituents of the network: BITNET in + the United States and Mexico, NETNORTH in Canada, and EARN in + Europe. There are also AsiaNet, in Japan, and connections in + South America. See CREN. + +bps bits per second + A measure of data transmission speed. + + + + + + + + + +User Services Working Group [Page 32] + +RFC 1594 FYI Q/A - for New Internet Users March 1994 + + +BSD Berkeley Software Distribution + Implementation of the UNIX operating system and its utilities + developed and distributed by the University of California at + Berkeley. "BSD" is usually preceded by the version number of + the distribution, e.g., "4.3 BSD" is version 4.3 of the + Berkeley UNIX distribution. Many Internet hosts run BSD + software, and it is the ancestor of many commercial UNIX + implementations. + +catenet A network in which hosts are connected to networks + with varying characteristics, and the networks + are interconnected by gateways (routers). The + Internet is an example of a catenet. + +CCITT International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee + This organization is part of the United National International + Telecommunications Union (ITU) and is responsible for making + technical recommendations about telephone and data + communications systems. + +core gateway + Historically, one of a set of gateways (routers) + operated by the Internet Network Operations Center + at BBN. The core gateway system forms a central part + of Internet routing in that all groups had to advertise + paths to their networks from a core gateway. + +CREN The Corporation for Research and Educational Networking + This organization was formed in October 1989, when BITNET and + CSNET (Computer + Science NETwork) were combined under one + administrative authority. CSNET is no longer operational, but + CREN still runs BITNET. See also: BITNET. + +DARPA See ARPA. + +Datagram + A self-contained, independent entity of data carrying + sufficient information to be routed from the source + to the destination computer without reliance on earlier + exchanges between this source and destination computer and + the transporting network. + +DCA Defense Communications Agency + Former name of the Defense Information Systems Agency + (DISA). See DISA. + + + + + + +User Services Working Group [Page 33] + +RFC 1594 FYI Q/A - for New Internet Users March 1994 + + +DDN Defense Data Network + A global communications network serving the US Department of + Defense composed of MILNET, other portions of the Internet, + and classified networks which are not part of the Internet. + The DDN is used to connect military installations and is + managed by the Defense Information Systems Agency (DISA). + See also: DISA. + +DDN NIC The Defense Data Network Network Information Center + The network information center at Network Solutions, Inc., + funded by DISA, that provides information services to the + DDN community. It is also a primary repository for RFCs, and + a delegated registration authority for military networks. + +DEC Digital Equipment Corporation + +DECnet Digital Equipment Corporation network + A proprietary network protocol designed by Digital Equipment + Corporation. The functionality of each Phase of the + implementation, such as Phase IV and Phase V, is different. + +default route + A routing table entry which is used to direct packets + addressed to networks not explicitly listed in the routing table. + +DISA Defense Information Systems Agency + Formerly called DCA, this is the government agency + responsible for installing the Defense Data Network + (DDN) portion of the Internet, including the MILNET + lines and nodes. Currently, DISA administers the + DDN, and supports the user assistance services of the + DDN NIC. + +DNS The Domain Name System is a general purpose distributed, + replicated, data query service. The principal use is the + lookup of host IP addresses based on host names. The style of + host names now used in the Internet is called "domain name", + because they are the style of names used to look up anything + in the DNS. Some important domains are: .COM (commercial), + .EDU (educational), .NET (network operations), .GOV (U.S. + government), and .MIL (U.S. military). Most countries also + have a domain. For example, .US (United States), .UK (United + Kingdom), .AU (Australia). It is defined in STD 13, RFCs 1034 + and 1035. + +DOD U.S. Department of Defense + +DOE U.S. Department of Energy + + + +User Services Working Group [Page 34] + +RFC 1594 FYI Q/A - for New Internet Users March 1994 + + +dot address (dotted address notation) + Dot address refers to the common notation for IP addresses of + the form A.B.C.D; where each letter represents, in decimal, + one byte of a four byte IP address. + +Dynamic Adaptive Routing + Automatic rerouting of traffic based on a sensing and analysis + of current actual network conditions. NOTE: this does not + include cases of routing decisions taken on predefined + information. + +EARN European Academic Research Network + +EBCDIC Extended Binary-coded Decimal Interchange Code + A standard character-to-number encoding used primarily by IBM + computer systems. See also: ASCII. + +EGP Exterior Gateway Protocol + A protocol which distributes routing information to the + routers which connect autonomous systems. The term "gateway" + is historical, as "router" is currently the preferred term. + There is also a routing protocol called EGP defined in STD 18, + RFC 904. + +Ethernet + A 10-Mb/s standard for LANs, initially developed by Xerox, + and later refined by Digital, Intel and Xerox (DIX). All + hosts are connected to a coaxial cable where they contend for + network access using a Carrier Sense Multiple Access with + Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) paradigm. + +FDDI Fiber Distributed Data Interface + A high-speed (100Mb/s) LAN standard. The underlying medium is + fiber optics, and the topology is a dual-attached, + counter-rotating token ring. + +FIPS Federal Information Processing Standard + +FTP File Transfer Protocol + A protocol which allows a user on one host to access, and + transfer files to and from, another host over a network. + Also, FTP is usually the name of the program the user invokes + to execute the protocol. It is defined in STD 9, RFC 959. + +gateway See router. + + + + + + +User Services Working Group [Page 35] + +RFC 1594 FYI Q/A - for New Internet Users March 1994 + + +GB Gigabyte + A unit of data storage size which represents 10^9 (one + billion) characters of information. + +Gb Gigabit + 10^9 bits of information (usually used to express a + data transfer rate; as in, 1 gigabit/second = 1Gbps). + +GNU Gnu's Not UNIX + A UNIX-compatible operating system developed by the + Free Software Foundation. + +header The portion of a packet, preceding the actual data, containing + source and destination addresses, and error checking and other + fields. A header is also the part of an electronic mail + message that precedes the body of a message and contains, + among other things, the message originator, date and time. + +host number + The part of an internet address that designates which + node on the (sub)network is being addressed. + +HP Hewlett-Packard + +I/O Input/Output + +IAB Internet Architecture Board + The technical body that oversees the development of the + Internet suite of protocols. It has two task forces: the IETF + and the IRTF. + +IBM International Business Machines Corporation + +ICMP Internet Control Message Protocol + ICMP is an extension to the Internet Protocol. It allows + for the generation of error messages,test packets and + informational messages related to IP. It is defined in STD 5, + RFC 792. + +IEEE Institute for Electrical and Electronics Engineers + +IETF Internet Engineering Task Force + The IETF is a large open community of network designers, + operators, vendors, and researchers whose purpose is to + coordinate the operation, management and evolution of + the Internet, and to resolve short- and mid-range + protocol and architectural issues. It is a major source + of proposed protocol standards which are submitted to the + + + +User Services Working Group [Page 36] + +RFC 1594 FYI Q/A - for New Internet Users March 1994 + + + Internet Engineering Steering Group for final approval. The + IETF meets three times a year and extensive minutes of the + plenary proceedings are issued. + +internet +internetwork + While an internet is a network, the term "internet" is usually + used to refer to a collection of networks interconnected with + routers. + +Internet + The Internet (note the capital "I") is the largest internet in + the world. Is a three level hierarchy composed of backbone + networks (e.g., NSFNET, MILNET), mid-level networks, and stub + networks. The Internet is a multiprotocol internet. + +internet address + The 32-bit address defined by the Internet Protocol + in STD 5, RFC 791. It is usually represented in dotted + decimal notation. An internet, or IP, address uniquely + identifies a node on an internet. + +IP Internet Protocol + The Internet Protocol, defined in STD 5, RFC 791, is the + network layer for the TCP/IP Protocol Suite. It is a + connectionless, best-effort packet switching protocol. + +IRTF Internet Research Task Force + The IRTF is chartered by the IAB to consider long-term + Internet issues from a theoretical point of view. It has + Research Groups, similar to IETF Working Groups, which are + each tasked to discuss different research topics. Multi-cast + audio/video conferencing and privacy enhanced mail are samples + of IRTF output. + +ISO International Organization for Standardization + A voluntary, nontreaty organization founded in 1946 which is + responsible for creating international standards in many + areas, including computers and communications. Its members + are the national standards organizations of the 89 member + countries, including ANSI for the U.S. + +KB Kilobyte + A unit of data storage size which represents 10^3 + (one thousand) characters of information. + + + + + + +User Services Working Group [Page 37] + +RFC 1594 FYI Q/A - for New Internet Users March 1994 + + +Kb Kilobit + 10^3 bits of information (usually used to express a + data transfer rate; as in, 1 kilobit/second = 1Kbps = 1Kb). + +LAN Local Area Network + A data network intended to serve an area of only a few square + kilometers or less. Because the network is known to cover + only a small area, optimizations can be made in the network + signal protocols that permit data rates up to 100Mb/s. + +LISP List Processing Language + A high-level computer language invented by Professor John + McCarthy in 1961 to support research into computer based + logic, logical reasoning, and artificial intelligence. It + was the first symbolic (as opposed to numeric) computer + processing language. + +MAC Medium Access Control + The lower portion of the datalink layer. The MAC differs for + various physical media. + +Mac Apple Macintosh computer. + +MAN Metropolitan Area Network + A data network intended to serve an area approximating that of + a large city. Such networks are being implemented by + innovative techniques, such as running fiber cables through + subway tunnels. A popular example of a MAN is SMDS. + +MB Megabyte + A unit of data storage size which represents + 10^6 (one million) characters of information. + +Mb Megabit + 10^6 bits of information (usually used to express a + data transfer rate; as in, 1 megabit/second = 1Mbps). + +MILNET Military Network + A network used for unclassified military production + applications. It is part of the DDN and the Internet. + +MIT Massachusetts Institute of Technology + +MTTF Mean Time to Failure + The average time between hardware breakdown or loss of + service. This may be an empirical measurement or a + calculation based on the MTTF of component parts. + + + + +User Services Working Group [Page 38] + +RFC 1594 FYI Q/A - for New Internet Users March 1994 + + +MTTR Mean Time to Recovery (or Repair) + The average time it takes to restore service after a + breakdown or loss. This is usually an empirical measurement. + +MVS Multiple Virtual Storage + An IBM operating system based on OS/1. + +NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration + +NBS National Bureau of Standards + Now called NIST. + +network number + The network portion of an IP address. For a class A network, + the network address is the first byte of the IP address. For + a class B network, the network address is the first two bytes + of the IP address. For a class C network, the network address + is the first three bytes of the IP address. In each case, the + remainder is the host address. In the Internet, assigned + network addresses are globally unique. + +NFS Network File System + A protocol developed by Sun Microsystems, and defined in RFC + 1094, which allows a computer system to access files over a + network as if they were on its local disks. This protocol has + been incorporated in products by more than two hundred + companies, and is now a de facto Internet standard. + +NIC Network Information Center + A organization that provides information, assistance and + services to network users. + +NOC Network Operations Center + A location from which the operation of a network or internet + is monitored. Additionally, this center usually serves as a + clearinghouse for connectivity problems and efforts to resolve + those problems. + +NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology + United States governmental body that provides assistance in + developing standards. Formerly the National Bureau of + Standards (NBS). + + + + + + + + + +User Services Working Group [Page 39] + +RFC 1594 FYI Q/A - for New Internet Users March 1994 + + +NSF National Science Foundation + A U.S. government agency whose purpose is to promote the + advancement of science. NSF funds science researchers, + scientific projects, and infrastructure to improve the quality + of scientific research. The NSFNET, funded by NSF, is an + essential part of academic and research communications. + +NSFNET National Science Foundation Network + The NSFNET is a highspeed "network of networks" which is + hierarchical in nature. At the highest level is a + backbone network which spans the continental United + States. Attached to that are mid-level networks and + attached to the mid-levels are campus and local + networks. NSFNET also has connections out of the U.S. + to Canada, Mexico, Europe, and the Pacific Rim. The + NSFNET is part of the Internet. + +NSFNET Mid-level Level Network + A network connected to the highest level of the NSFNET that + covers a region of the United States. It is to mid-level + networks that local sites connect. The mid-level networks + were once called "regionals". + +OSI Open Systems Interconnection + A suite of protocols, designed by ISO committees, to be the + international standard computer network architecture. + +OSI Reference Model + A seven-layer structure designed to describe computer network + architectures and the way that data passes through them. This + model was developed by the ISO in 1978 to clearly define the + interfaces in multivendor networks, and to provide users of + those networks with conceptual guidelines in the construction + of such networks. + +OSPF Open Shortest-Path First Interior Gateway Protocol + A link state, as opposed to distance vector, routing protocol. + It is an Internet standard IGP defined in RFC 1247. + +packet The unit of data sent across a network. "Packet" a generic + term used to describe unit of data at all levels of the + protocol stack, but it is most correctly used to describe + application data units. + +PC Personal Computer + +PCNFS Personal Computer Network File System + + + + +User Services Working Group [Page 40] + +RFC 1594 FYI Q/A - for New Internet Users March 1994 + + +PPP Point-to-Point Protocol + The Point-to-Point Protocol, defined in RFC 1548, provides a + method for transmitting packets over serial point-to-point + links. + +protocol + A formal description of message formats and the rules + two computers must follow to exchange those messages. + Protocols can describe low-level details of + machine-to-machine interfaces (e.g., the order in + which bits and bytes are sent across a wire) + or high-level exchanges between allocation + programs (e.g., the way in which two programs + transfer a file across the Internet). + +RFC The document series, begun in 1969, which describes the + Internet suite of protocols and related experiments. Not all + (in fact very few) RFCs describe Internet standards, but all + Internet standards are written up as RFCs. + +RIP Routing Information Protocol + A distance vector, as opposed to link state, routing protocol. + It is an Internet standard IGP defined in STD 34, RFC 1058 + (updated by RFC 1388). + +RJE Remote Job Entry + The general protocol for submitting batch jobs and + retrieving the results. + +router A device which forwards traffic between networks. The + forwarding decision is based on network layer information and + routing tables, often constructed by routing protocols. + +RPC Remote Procedure Call + An easy and popular paradigm for implementing the + client-server model of distributed computing. In general, a + request is sent to a remote system to execute a designated + procedure, using arguments supplied, and the result returned + to the caller. There are many variations and subtleties in + various implementations, resulting in a variety of different + (incompatible) RPC protocols. + +server A provider of resources (e.g., file servers and name servers). + +SLIP Serial Line Internet Protocol + A protocol used to run IP over serial lines, such as telephone + circuits or RS-232 cables, interconnecting two systems. SLIP + is defined in STD 47, RFC 1055. + + + +User Services Working Group [Page 41] + +RFC 1594 FYI Q/A - for New Internet Users March 1994 + + +SMTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol + A protocol, defined in STD 10, RFC 821, used to transfer + electronic mail between computers. It is a server to server + protocol, so other protocols are used to access the messages. + +SNA Systems Network Architecture + A proprietary networking architecture used by IBM and + IBM-compatible mainframe computers. + +SNMP Simple Network Management Protocol + The Internet standard protocol, defined in STD 15, RFC 1157, + developed to manage nodes on an IP network. It is currently + possible to manage wiring hubs, toasters, jukeboxes, etc. + +subnet A portion of a network, which may be a physically independent + network, which shares a network address with other portions + of the network and is distinguished by a subnet number. A + subnet is to a network what a network is to an internet. + +subnet number + A part of the internet address which designates a subnet. + It is ignored for the purposes internet routing, but is + used for intranet routing. + +T1 An AT&T term for a digital carrier facility used to transmit a + DS-1 formatted digital signal at 1.544 megabits per second. + +T3 A term for a digital carrier facility used to transmit a DS-3 + formatted digital signal at 44.746 megabits per second. + +TCP Transmission Control Protocol + An Internet Standard transport layer protocol defined in STD + 7, RFC 793. It is connection-oriented and stream-oriented, as + opposed to UDP. + +TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol + This is a common shorthand which refers to the suite + of application and transport protocols which run over IP. + These include FTP, TELNET, SMTP, and UDP (a transport + layer protocol). + +Telenet A public packet switched network using the CCITT X.25 protocols. + It should not be confused with Telnet. + +TELNET Telnet is the Internet standard protocol for remote terminal + connection service. It is defined in STD 8, RFC 854 and + extended with options by many other RFCs. + + + + +User Services Working Group [Page 42] + +RFC 1594 FYI Q/A - for New Internet Users March 1994 + + +Token Ring + A token ring is a type of LAN with nodes wired into a ring. + Each node constantly passes a control message (token) on to + the next; whichever node has the token can send a message. + Often, "Token Ring" is used to refer to the IEEE 802.5 token + ring standard, which is the most common type of token ring. + +Tymnet A public character-switching/packet-switching network + operated by British Telecom. + +UDP User Datagram Protocol + An Internet Standard transport layer protocol defined in STD + 6, RFC 768. It is a connectionless protocol which adds a + level of multiplexing to IP. + +ULTRIX UNIX-based operating system for Digital Equipment Corporation + computers. + +UNIX An operating system developed by Bell Laboratories that + supports multiuser and multitasking operations. + +UUCP UNIX-to-UNIX Copy Program + This was initially a program run under the UNIX operating + system that allowed one UNIX system to send files to another + UNIX system via dial-up phone lines. Today, the term is more + commonly used to describe the large international network + which uses the UUCP protocol to pass news and electronic mail. + +VMS Virtual Memory System + A Digital Equipment Corporation operating system. + +WAN Wide Area Network + A network, usually constructed with serial lines, which covers a + large geographic area. + +WHOIS An Internet program which allows users to query databases of + people and other Internet entities, such as domains, networks, + and hosts. The information for people generally shows a + person's company name, address, phone number and email + address. + +XNS Xerox Network System + A network developed by Xerox corporation. Implementations + exist for both 4.3BSD derived systems, as well as the Xerox + Star computers. + + + + + + +User Services Working Group [Page 43] + +RFC 1594 FYI Q/A - for New Internet Users March 1994 + + +X.25 A data communications interface specification developed to + describe how data passes into and out of public data + communications networks. The CCITT and ISO approved protocol + suite defines protocol layers 1 through 3. + +14. Security Considerations + + Security issues are not discussed in this memo. + +15. Authors' Addresses + + April N. Marine + Network Applications and Information Center + NASA Ames Research Center + M/S 204-14 + Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000 + + Phone: (415) 604-0762 + EMail: amarine@atlas.arc.nasa.gov + + + Joyce K. Reynolds + USC/Information Sciences Institute + 4676 Admiralty Way, Suite 1001 + Marina del Rey, CA 90292-6695 + + Phone: (310) 822-1511 + EMail: jkrey@isi.edu + + + Gary Scott Malkin + Xylogics, Inc. + 53 Third Avenue + Burlington, MA 01803 + + Phone: (617) 272-8140 + EMail: gmalkin@Xylogics.COM + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +User Services Working Group [Page 44] + |