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+Network Working Group N. Freed
+Request for Comments: 2045 Innosoft
+Obsoletes: 1521, 1522, 1590 N. Borenstein
+Category: Standards Track First Virtual
+ November 1996
+
+
+ Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions
+ (MIME) Part One:
+ Format of Internet Message Bodies
+
+Status of this Memo
+
+ This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the
+ Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for
+ improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet
+ Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state
+ and status of this protocol. Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
+
+Abstract
+
+ STD 11, RFC 822, defines a message representation protocol specifying
+ considerable detail about US-ASCII message headers, and leaves the
+ message content, or message body, as flat US-ASCII text. This set of
+ documents, collectively called the Multipurpose Internet Mail
+ Extensions, or MIME, redefines the format of messages to allow for
+
+ (1) textual message bodies in character sets other than
+ US-ASCII,
+
+ (2) an extensible set of different formats for non-textual
+ message bodies,
+
+ (3) multi-part message bodies, and
+
+ (4) textual header information in character sets other than
+ US-ASCII.
+
+ These documents are based on earlier work documented in RFC 934, STD
+ 11, and RFC 1049, but extends and revises them. Because RFC 822 said
+ so little about message bodies, these documents are largely
+ orthogonal to (rather than a revision of) RFC 822.
+
+ This initial document specifies the various headers used to describe
+ the structure of MIME messages. The second document, RFC 2046,
+ defines the general structure of the MIME media typing system and
+ defines an initial set of media types. The third document, RFC 2047,
+ describes extensions to RFC 822 to allow non-US-ASCII text data in
+
+
+
+Freed & Borenstein Standards Track [Page 1]
+
+RFC 2045 Internet Message Bodies November 1996
+
+
+ Internet mail header fields. The fourth document, RFC 2048, specifies
+ various IANA registration procedures for MIME-related facilities. The
+ fifth and final document, RFC 2049, describes MIME conformance
+ criteria as well as providing some illustrative examples of MIME
+ message formats, acknowledgements, and the bibliography.
+
+ These documents are revisions of RFCs 1521, 1522, and 1590, which
+ themselves were revisions of RFCs 1341 and 1342. An appendix in RFC
+ 2049 describes differences and changes from previous versions.
+
+Table of Contents
+
+ 1. Introduction ......................................... 3
+ 2. Definitions, Conventions, and Generic BNF Grammar .... 5
+ 2.1 CRLF ................................................ 5
+ 2.2 Character Set ....................................... 6
+ 2.3 Message ............................................. 6
+ 2.4 Entity .............................................. 6
+ 2.5 Body Part ........................................... 7
+ 2.6 Body ................................................ 7
+ 2.7 7bit Data ........................................... 7
+ 2.8 8bit Data ........................................... 7
+ 2.9 Binary Data ......................................... 7
+ 2.10 Lines .............................................. 7
+ 3. MIME Header Fields ................................... 8
+ 4. MIME-Version Header Field ............................ 8
+ 5. Content-Type Header Field ............................ 10
+ 5.1 Syntax of the Content-Type Header Field ............. 12
+ 5.2 Content-Type Defaults ............................... 14
+ 6. Content-Transfer-Encoding Header Field ............... 14
+ 6.1 Content-Transfer-Encoding Syntax .................... 14
+ 6.2 Content-Transfer-Encodings Semantics ................ 15
+ 6.3 New Content-Transfer-Encodings ...................... 16
+ 6.4 Interpretation and Use .............................. 16
+ 6.5 Translating Encodings ............................... 18
+ 6.6 Canonical Encoding Model ............................ 19
+ 6.7 Quoted-Printable Content-Transfer-Encoding .......... 19
+ 6.8 Base64 Content-Transfer-Encoding .................... 24
+ 7. Content-ID Header Field .............................. 26
+ 8. Content-Description Header Field ..................... 27
+ 9. Additional MIME Header Fields ........................ 27
+ 10. Summary ............................................. 27
+ 11. Security Considerations ............................. 27
+ 12. Authors' Addresses .................................. 28
+ A. Collected Grammar .................................... 29
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Freed & Borenstein Standards Track [Page 2]
+
+RFC 2045 Internet Message Bodies November 1996
+
+
+1. Introduction
+
+ Since its publication in 1982, RFC 822 has defined the standard
+ format of textual mail messages on the Internet. Its success has
+ been such that the RFC 822 format has been adopted, wholly or
+ partially, well beyond the confines of the Internet and the Internet
+ SMTP transport defined by RFC 821. As the format has seen wider use,
+ a number of limitations have proven increasingly restrictive for the
+ user community.
+
+ RFC 822 was intended to specify a format for text messages. As such,
+ non-text messages, such as multimedia messages that might include
+ audio or images, are simply not mentioned. Even in the case of text,
+ however, RFC 822 is inadequate for the needs of mail users whose
+ languages require the use of character sets richer than US-ASCII.
+ Since RFC 822 does not specify mechanisms for mail containing audio,
+ video, Asian language text, or even text in most European languages,
+ additional specifications are needed.
+
+ One of the notable limitations of RFC 821/822 based mail systems is
+ the fact that they limit the contents of electronic mail messages to
+ relatively short lines (e.g. 1000 characters or less [RFC-821]) of
+ 7bit US-ASCII. This forces users to convert any non-textual data
+ that they may wish to send into seven-bit bytes representable as
+ printable US-ASCII characters before invoking a local mail UA (User
+ Agent, a program with which human users send and receive mail).
+ Examples of such encodings currently used in the Internet include
+ pure hexadecimal, uuencode, the 3-in-4 base 64 scheme specified in
+ RFC 1421, the Andrew Toolkit Representation [ATK], and many others.
+
+ The limitations of RFC 822 mail become even more apparent as gateways
+ are designed to allow for the exchange of mail messages between RFC
+ 822 hosts and X.400 hosts. X.400 [X400] specifies mechanisms for the
+ inclusion of non-textual material within electronic mail messages.
+ The current standards for the mapping of X.400 messages to RFC 822
+ messages specify either that X.400 non-textual material must be
+ converted to (not encoded in) IA5Text format, or that they must be
+ discarded, notifying the RFC 822 user that discarding has occurred.
+ This is clearly undesirable, as information that a user may wish to
+ receive is lost. Even though a user agent may not have the
+ capability of dealing with the non-textual material, the user might
+ have some mechanism external to the UA that can extract useful
+ information from the material. Moreover, it does not allow for the
+ fact that the message may eventually be gatewayed back into an X.400
+ message handling system (i.e., the X.400 message is "tunneled"
+ through Internet mail), where the non-textual information would
+ definitely become useful again.
+
+
+
+
+Freed & Borenstein Standards Track [Page 3]
+
+RFC 2045 Internet Message Bodies November 1996
+
+
+ This document describes several mechanisms that combine to solve most
+ of these problems without introducing any serious incompatibilities
+ with the existing world of RFC 822 mail. In particular, it
+ describes:
+
+ (1) A MIME-Version header field, which uses a version
+ number to declare a message to be conformant with MIME
+ and allows mail processing agents to distinguish
+ between such messages and those generated by older or
+ non-conformant software, which are presumed to lack
+ such a field.
+
+ (2) A Content-Type header field, generalized from RFC 1049,
+ which can be used to specify the media type and subtype
+ of data in the body of a message and to fully specify
+ the native representation (canonical form) of such
+ data.
+
+ (3) A Content-Transfer-Encoding header field, which can be
+ used to specify both the encoding transformation that
+ was applied to the body and the domain of the result.
+ Encoding transformations other than the identity
+ transformation are usually applied to data in order to
+ allow it to pass through mail transport mechanisms
+ which may have data or character set limitations.
+
+ (4) Two additional header fields that can be used to
+ further describe the data in a body, the Content-ID and
+ Content-Description header fields.
+
+ All of the header fields defined in this document are subject to the
+ general syntactic rules for header fields specified in RFC 822. In
+ particular, all of these header fields except for Content-Disposition
+ can include RFC 822 comments, which have no semantic content and
+ should be ignored during MIME processing.
+
+ Finally, to specify and promote interoperability, RFC 2049 provides a
+ basic applicability statement for a subset of the above mechanisms
+ that defines a minimal level of "conformance" with this document.
+
+ HISTORICAL NOTE: Several of the mechanisms described in this set of
+ documents may seem somewhat strange or even baroque at first reading.
+ It is important to note that compatibility with existing standards
+ AND robustness across existing practice were two of the highest
+ priorities of the working group that developed this set of documents.
+ In particular, compatibility was always favored over elegance.
+
+
+
+
+
+Freed & Borenstein Standards Track [Page 4]
+
+RFC 2045 Internet Message Bodies November 1996
+
+
+ Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet Official
+ Protocol Standards" for the standardization state and status of this
+ protocol. RFC 822 and STD 3, RFC 1123 also provide essential
+ background for MIME since no conforming implementation of MIME can
+ violate them. In addition, several other informational RFC documents
+ will be of interest to the MIME implementor, in particular RFC 1344,
+ RFC 1345, and RFC 1524.
+
+2. Definitions, Conventions, and Generic BNF Grammar
+
+ Although the mechanisms specified in this set of documents are all
+ described in prose, most are also described formally in the augmented
+ BNF notation of RFC 822. Implementors will need to be familiar with
+ this notation in order to understand this set of documents, and are
+ referred to RFC 822 for a complete explanation of the augmented BNF
+ notation.
+
+ Some of the augmented BNF in this set of documents makes named
+ references to syntax rules defined in RFC 822. A complete formal
+ grammar, then, is obtained by combining the collected grammar
+ appendices in each document in this set with the BNF of RFC 822 plus
+ the modifications to RFC 822 defined in RFC 1123 (which specifically
+ changes the syntax for `return', `date' and `mailbox').
+
+ All numeric and octet values are given in decimal notation in this
+ set of documents. All media type values, subtype values, and
+ parameter names as defined are case-insensitive. However, parameter
+ values are case-sensitive unless otherwise specified for the specific
+ parameter.
+
+ FORMATTING NOTE: Notes, such at this one, provide additional
+ nonessential information which may be skipped by the reader without
+ missing anything essential. The primary purpose of these non-
+ essential notes is to convey information about the rationale of this
+ set of documents, or to place these documents in the proper
+ historical or evolutionary context. Such information may in
+ particular be skipped by those who are focused entirely on building a
+ conformant implementation, but may be of use to those who wish to
+ understand why certain design choices were made.
+
+2.1. CRLF
+
+ The term CRLF, in this set of documents, refers to the sequence of
+ octets corresponding to the two US-ASCII characters CR (decimal value
+ 13) and LF (decimal value 10) which, taken together, in this order,
+ denote a line break in RFC 822 mail.
+
+
+
+
+
+Freed & Borenstein Standards Track [Page 5]
+
+RFC 2045 Internet Message Bodies November 1996
+
+
+2.2. Character Set
+
+ The term "character set" is used in MIME to refer to a method of
+ converting a sequence of octets into a sequence of characters. Note
+ that unconditional and unambiguous conversion in the other direction
+ is not required, in that not all characters may be representable by a
+ given character set and a character set may provide more than one
+ sequence of octets to represent a particular sequence of characters.
+
+ This definition is intended to allow various kinds of character
+ encodings, from simple single-table mappings such as US-ASCII to
+ complex table switching methods such as those that use ISO 2022's
+ techniques, to be used as character sets. However, the definition
+ associated with a MIME character set name must fully specify the
+ mapping to be performed. In particular, use of external profiling
+ information to determine the exact mapping is not permitted.
+
+ NOTE: The term "character set" was originally to describe such
+ straightforward schemes as US-ASCII and ISO-8859-1 which have a
+ simple one-to-one mapping from single octets to single characters.
+ Multi-octet coded character sets and switching techniques make the
+ situation more complex. For example, some communities use the term
+ "character encoding" for what MIME calls a "character set", while
+ using the phrase "coded character set" to denote an abstract mapping
+ from integers (not octets) to characters.
+
+2.3. Message
+
+ The term "message", when not further qualified, means either a
+ (complete or "top-level") RFC 822 message being transferred on a
+ network, or a message encapsulated in a body of type "message/rfc822"
+ or "message/partial".
+
+2.4. Entity
+
+ The term "entity", refers specifically to the MIME-defined header
+ fields and contents of either a message or one of the parts in the
+ body of a multipart entity. The specification of such entities is
+ the essence of MIME. Since the contents of an entity are often
+ called the "body", it makes sense to speak about the body of an
+ entity. Any sort of field may be present in the header of an entity,
+ but only those fields whose names begin with "content-" actually have
+ any MIME-related meaning. Note that this does NOT imply thay they
+ have no meaning at all -- an entity that is also a message has non-
+ MIME header fields whose meanings are defined by RFC 822.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Freed & Borenstein Standards Track [Page 6]
+
+RFC 2045 Internet Message Bodies November 1996
+
+
+2.5. Body Part
+
+ The term "body part" refers to an entity inside of a multipart
+ entity.
+
+2.6. Body
+
+ The term "body", when not further qualified, means the body of an
+ entity, that is, the body of either a message or of a body part.
+
+ NOTE: The previous four definitions are clearly circular. This is
+ unavoidable, since the overall structure of a MIME message is indeed
+ recursive.
+
+2.7. 7bit Data
+
+ "7bit data" refers to data that is all represented as relatively
+ short lines with 998 octets or less between CRLF line separation
+ sequences [RFC-821]. No octets with decimal values greater than 127
+ are allowed and neither are NULs (octets with decimal value 0). CR
+ (decimal value 13) and LF (decimal value 10) octets only occur as
+ part of CRLF line separation sequences.
+
+2.8. 8bit Data
+
+ "8bit data" refers to data that is all represented as relatively
+ short lines with 998 octets or less between CRLF line separation
+ sequences [RFC-821]), but octets with decimal values greater than 127
+ may be used. As with "7bit data" CR and LF octets only occur as part
+ of CRLF line separation sequences and no NULs are allowed.
+
+2.9. Binary Data
+
+ "Binary data" refers to data where any sequence of octets whatsoever
+ is allowed.
+
+2.10. Lines
+
+ "Lines" are defined as sequences of octets separated by a CRLF
+ sequences. This is consistent with both RFC 821 and RFC 822.
+ "Lines" only refers to a unit of data in a message, which may or may
+ not correspond to something that is actually displayed by a user
+ agent.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Freed & Borenstein Standards Track [Page 7]
+
+RFC 2045 Internet Message Bodies November 1996
+
+
+3. MIME Header Fields
+
+ MIME defines a number of new RFC 822 header fields that are used to
+ describe the content of a MIME entity. These header fields occur in
+ at least two contexts:
+
+ (1) As part of a regular RFC 822 message header.
+
+ (2) In a MIME body part header within a multipart
+ construct.
+
+ The formal definition of these header fields is as follows:
+
+ entity-headers := [ content CRLF ]
+ [ encoding CRLF ]
+ [ id CRLF ]
+ [ description CRLF ]
+ *( MIME-extension-field CRLF )
+
+ MIME-message-headers := entity-headers
+ fields
+ version CRLF
+ ; The ordering of the header
+ ; fields implied by this BNF
+ ; definition should be ignored.
+
+ MIME-part-headers := entity-headers
+ [ fields ]
+ ; Any field not beginning with
+ ; "content-" can have no defined
+ ; meaning and may be ignored.
+ ; The ordering of the header
+ ; fields implied by this BNF
+ ; definition should be ignored.
+
+ The syntax of the various specific MIME header fields will be
+ described in the following sections.
+
+4. MIME-Version Header Field
+
+ Since RFC 822 was published in 1982, there has really been only one
+ format standard for Internet messages, and there has been little
+ perceived need to declare the format standard in use. This document
+ is an independent specification that complements RFC 822. Although
+ the extensions in this document have been defined in such a way as to
+ be compatible with RFC 822, there are still circumstances in which it
+ might be desirable for a mail-processing agent to know whether a
+ message was composed with the new standard in mind.
+
+
+
+Freed & Borenstein Standards Track [Page 8]
+
+RFC 2045 Internet Message Bodies November 1996
+
+
+ Therefore, this document defines a new header field, "MIME-Version",
+ which is to be used to declare the version of the Internet message
+ body format standard in use.
+
+ Messages composed in accordance with this document MUST include such
+ a header field, with the following verbatim text:
+
+ MIME-Version: 1.0
+
+ The presence of this header field is an assertion that the message
+ has been composed in compliance with this document.
+
+ Since it is possible that a future document might extend the message
+ format standard again, a formal BNF is given for the content of the
+ MIME-Version field:
+
+ version := "MIME-Version" ":" 1*DIGIT "." 1*DIGIT
+
+ Thus, future format specifiers, which might replace or extend "1.0",
+ are constrained to be two integer fields, separated by a period. If
+ a message is received with a MIME-version value other than "1.0", it
+ cannot be assumed to conform with this document.
+
+ Note that the MIME-Version header field is required at the top level
+ of a message. It is not required for each body part of a multipart
+ entity. It is required for the embedded headers of a body of type
+ "message/rfc822" or "message/partial" if and only if the embedded
+ message is itself claimed to be MIME-conformant.
+
+ It is not possible to fully specify how a mail reader that conforms
+ with MIME as defined in this document should treat a message that
+ might arrive in the future with some value of MIME-Version other than
+ "1.0".
+
+ It is also worth noting that version control for specific media types
+ is not accomplished using the MIME-Version mechanism. In particular,
+ some formats (such as application/postscript) have version numbering
+ conventions that are internal to the media format. Where such
+ conventions exist, MIME does nothing to supersede them. Where no
+ such conventions exist, a MIME media type might use a "version"
+ parameter in the content-type field if necessary.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Freed & Borenstein Standards Track [Page 9]
+
+RFC 2045 Internet Message Bodies November 1996
+
+
+ NOTE TO IMPLEMENTORS: When checking MIME-Version values any RFC 822
+ comment strings that are present must be ignored. In particular, the
+ following four MIME-Version fields are equivalent:
+
+ MIME-Version: 1.0
+
+ MIME-Version: 1.0 (produced by MetaSend Vx.x)
+
+ MIME-Version: (produced by MetaSend Vx.x) 1.0
+
+ MIME-Version: 1.(produced by MetaSend Vx.x)0
+
+ In the absence of a MIME-Version field, a receiving mail user agent
+ (whether conforming to MIME requirements or not) may optionally
+ choose to interpret the body of the message according to local
+ conventions. Many such conventions are currently in use and it
+ should be noted that in practice non-MIME messages can contain just
+ about anything.
+
+ It is impossible to be certain that a non-MIME mail message is
+ actually plain text in the US-ASCII character set since it might well
+ be a message that, using some set of nonstandard local conventions
+ that predate MIME, includes text in another character set or non-
+ textual data presented in a manner that cannot be automatically
+ recognized (e.g., a uuencoded compressed UNIX tar file).
+
+5. Content-Type Header Field
+
+ The purpose of the Content-Type field is to describe the data
+ contained in the body fully enough that the receiving user agent can
+ pick an appropriate agent or mechanism to present the data to the
+ user, or otherwise deal with the data in an appropriate manner. The
+ value in this field is called a media type.
+
+ HISTORICAL NOTE: The Content-Type header field was first defined in
+ RFC 1049. RFC 1049 used a simpler and less powerful syntax, but one
+ that is largely compatible with the mechanism given here.
+
+ The Content-Type header field specifies the nature of the data in the
+ body of an entity by giving media type and subtype identifiers, and
+ by providing auxiliary information that may be required for certain
+ media types. After the media type and subtype names, the remainder
+ of the header field is simply a set of parameters, specified in an
+ attribute=value notation. The ordering of parameters is not
+ significant.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Freed & Borenstein Standards Track [Page 10]
+
+RFC 2045 Internet Message Bodies November 1996
+
+
+ In general, the top-level media type is used to declare the general
+ type of data, while the subtype specifies a specific format for that
+ type of data. Thus, a media type of "image/xyz" is enough to tell a
+ user agent that the data is an image, even if the user agent has no
+ knowledge of the specific image format "xyz". Such information can
+ be used, for example, to decide whether or not to show a user the raw
+ data from an unrecognized subtype -- such an action might be
+ reasonable for unrecognized subtypes of text, but not for
+ unrecognized subtypes of image or audio. For this reason, registered
+ subtypes of text, image, audio, and video should not contain embedded
+ information that is really of a different type. Such compound
+ formats should be represented using the "multipart" or "application"
+ types.
+
+ Parameters are modifiers of the media subtype, and as such do not
+ fundamentally affect the nature of the content. The set of
+ meaningful parameters depends on the media type and subtype. Most
+ parameters are associated with a single specific subtype. However, a
+ given top-level media type may define parameters which are applicable
+ to any subtype of that type. Parameters may be required by their
+ defining content type or subtype or they may be optional. MIME
+ implementations must ignore any parameters whose names they do not
+ recognize.
+
+ For example, the "charset" parameter is applicable to any subtype of
+ "text", while the "boundary" parameter is required for any subtype of
+ the "multipart" media type.
+
+ There are NO globally-meaningful parameters that apply to all media
+ types. Truly global mechanisms are best addressed, in the MIME
+ model, by the definition of additional Content-* header fields.
+
+ An initial set of seven top-level media types is defined in RFC 2046.
+ Five of these are discrete types whose content is essentially opaque
+ as far as MIME processing is concerned. The remaining two are
+ composite types whose contents require additional handling by MIME
+ processors.
+
+ This set of top-level media types is intended to be substantially
+ complete. It is expected that additions to the larger set of
+ supported types can generally be accomplished by the creation of new
+ subtypes of these initial types. In the future, more top-level types
+ may be defined only by a standards-track extension to this standard.
+ If another top-level type is to be used for any reason, it must be
+ given a name starting with "X-" to indicate its non-standard status
+ and to avoid a potential conflict with a future official name.
+
+
+
+
+
+Freed & Borenstein Standards Track [Page 11]
+
+RFC 2045 Internet Message Bodies November 1996
+
+
+5.1. Syntax of the Content-Type Header Field
+
+ In the Augmented BNF notation of RFC 822, a Content-Type header field
+ value is defined as follows:
+
+ content := "Content-Type" ":" type "/" subtype
+ *(";" parameter)
+ ; Matching of media type and subtype
+ ; is ALWAYS case-insensitive.
+
+ type := discrete-type / composite-type
+
+ discrete-type := "text" / "image" / "audio" / "video" /
+ "application" / extension-token
+
+ composite-type := "message" / "multipart" / extension-token
+
+ extension-token := ietf-token / x-token
+
+ ietf-token := <An extension token defined by a
+ standards-track RFC and registered
+ with IANA.>
+
+ x-token := <The two characters "X-" or "x-" followed, with
+ no intervening white space, by any token>
+
+ subtype := extension-token / iana-token
+
+ iana-token := <A publicly-defined extension token. Tokens
+ of this form must be registered with IANA
+ as specified in RFC 2048.>
+
+ parameter := attribute "=" value
+
+ attribute := token
+ ; Matching of attributes
+ ; is ALWAYS case-insensitive.
+
+ value := token / quoted-string
+
+ token := 1*<any (US-ASCII) CHAR except SPACE, CTLs,
+ or tspecials>
+
+ tspecials := "(" / ")" / "<" / ">" / "@" /
+ "," / ";" / ":" / "\" / <">
+ "/" / "[" / "]" / "?" / "="
+ ; Must be in quoted-string,
+ ; to use within parameter values
+
+
+
+Freed & Borenstein Standards Track [Page 12]
+
+RFC 2045 Internet Message Bodies November 1996
+
+
+ Note that the definition of "tspecials" is the same as the RFC 822
+ definition of "specials" with the addition of the three characters
+ "/", "?", and "=", and the removal of ".".
+
+ Note also that a subtype specification is MANDATORY -- it may not be
+ omitted from a Content-Type header field. As such, there are no
+ default subtypes.
+
+ The type, subtype, and parameter names are not case sensitive. For
+ example, TEXT, Text, and TeXt are all equivalent top-level media
+ types. Parameter values are normally case sensitive, but sometimes
+ are interpreted in a case-insensitive fashion, depending on the
+ intended use. (For example, multipart boundaries are case-sensitive,
+ but the "access-type" parameter for message/External-body is not
+ case-sensitive.)
+
+ Note that the value of a quoted string parameter does not include the
+ quotes. That is, the quotation marks in a quoted-string are not a
+ part of the value of the parameter, but are merely used to delimit
+ that parameter value. In addition, comments are allowed in
+ accordance with RFC 822 rules for structured header fields. Thus the
+ following two forms
+
+ Content-type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii (Plain text)
+
+ Content-type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii"
+
+ are completely equivalent.
+
+ Beyond this syntax, the only syntactic constraint on the definition
+ of subtype names is the desire that their uses must not conflict.
+ That is, it would be undesirable to have two different communities
+ using "Content-Type: application/foobar" to mean two different
+ things. The process of defining new media subtypes, then, is not
+ intended to be a mechanism for imposing restrictions, but simply a
+ mechanism for publicizing their definition and usage. There are,
+ therefore, two acceptable mechanisms for defining new media subtypes:
+
+ (1) Private values (starting with "X-") may be defined
+ bilaterally between two cooperating agents without
+ outside registration or standardization. Such values
+ cannot be registered or standardized.
+
+ (2) New standard values should be registered with IANA as
+ described in RFC 2048.
+
+ The second document in this set, RFC 2046, defines the initial set of
+ media types for MIME.
+
+
+
+Freed & Borenstein Standards Track [Page 13]
+
+RFC 2045 Internet Message Bodies November 1996
+
+
+5.2. Content-Type Defaults
+
+ Default RFC 822 messages without a MIME Content-Type header are taken
+ by this protocol to be plain text in the US-ASCII character set,
+ which can be explicitly specified as:
+
+ Content-type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii
+
+ This default is assumed if no Content-Type header field is specified.
+ It is also recommend that this default be assumed when a
+ syntactically invalid Content-Type header field is encountered. In
+ the presence of a MIME-Version header field and the absence of any
+ Content-Type header field, a receiving User Agent can also assume
+ that plain US-ASCII text was the sender's intent. Plain US-ASCII
+ text may still be assumed in the absence of a MIME-Version or the
+ presence of an syntactically invalid Content-Type header field, but
+ the sender's intent might have been otherwise.
+
+6. Content-Transfer-Encoding Header Field
+
+ Many media types which could be usefully transported via email are
+ represented, in their "natural" format, as 8bit character or binary
+ data. Such data cannot be transmitted over some transfer protocols.
+ For example, RFC 821 (SMTP) restricts mail messages to 7bit US-ASCII
+ data with lines no longer than 1000 characters including any trailing
+ CRLF line separator.
+
+ It is necessary, therefore, to define a standard mechanism for
+ encoding such data into a 7bit short line format. Proper labelling
+ of unencoded material in less restrictive formats for direct use over
+ less restrictive transports is also desireable. This document
+ specifies that such encodings will be indicated by a new "Content-
+ Transfer-Encoding" header field. This field has not been defined by
+ any previous standard.
+
+6.1. Content-Transfer-Encoding Syntax
+
+ The Content-Transfer-Encoding field's value is a single token
+ specifying the type of encoding, as enumerated below. Formally:
+
+ encoding := "Content-Transfer-Encoding" ":" mechanism
+
+ mechanism := "7bit" / "8bit" / "binary" /
+ "quoted-printable" / "base64" /
+ ietf-token / x-token
+
+ These values are not case sensitive -- Base64 and BASE64 and bAsE64
+ are all equivalent. An encoding type of 7BIT requires that the body
+
+
+
+Freed & Borenstein Standards Track [Page 14]
+
+RFC 2045 Internet Message Bodies November 1996
+
+
+ is already in a 7bit mail-ready representation. This is the default
+ value -- that is, "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7BIT" is assumed if the
+ Content-Transfer-Encoding header field is not present.
+
+6.2. Content-Transfer-Encodings Semantics
+
+ This single Content-Transfer-Encoding token actually provides two
+ pieces of information. It specifies what sort of encoding
+ transformation the body was subjected to and hence what decoding
+ operation must be used to restore it to its original form, and it
+ specifies what the domain of the result is.
+
+ The transformation part of any Content-Transfer-Encodings specifies,
+ either explicitly or implicitly, a single, well-defined decoding
+ algorithm, which for any sequence of encoded octets either transforms
+ it to the original sequence of octets which was encoded, or shows
+ that it is illegal as an encoded sequence. Content-Transfer-
+ Encodings transformations never depend on any additional external
+ profile information for proper operation. Note that while decoders
+ must produce a single, well-defined output for a valid encoding no
+ such restrictions exist for encoders: Encoding a given sequence of
+ octets to different, equivalent encoded sequences is perfectly legal.
+
+ Three transformations are currently defined: identity, the "quoted-
+ printable" encoding, and the "base64" encoding. The domains are
+ "binary", "8bit" and "7bit".
+
+ The Content-Transfer-Encoding values "7bit", "8bit", and "binary" all
+ mean that the identity (i.e. NO) encoding transformation has been
+ performed. As such, they serve simply as indicators of the domain of
+ the body data, and provide useful information about the sort of
+ encoding that might be needed for transmission in a given transport
+ system. The terms "7bit data", "8bit data", and "binary data" are
+ all defined in Section 2.
+
+ The quoted-printable and base64 encodings transform their input from
+ an arbitrary domain into material in the "7bit" range, thus making it
+ safe to carry over restricted transports. The specific definition of
+ the transformations are given below.
+
+ The proper Content-Transfer-Encoding label must always be used.
+ Labelling unencoded data containing 8bit characters as "7bit" is not
+ allowed, nor is labelling unencoded non-line-oriented data as
+ anything other than "binary" allowed.
+
+ Unlike media subtypes, a proliferation of Content-Transfer-Encoding
+ values is both undesirable and unnecessary. However, establishing
+ only a single transformation into the "7bit" domain does not seem
+
+
+
+Freed & Borenstein Standards Track [Page 15]
+
+RFC 2045 Internet Message Bodies November 1996
+
+
+ possible. There is a tradeoff between the desire for a compact and
+ efficient encoding of largely- binary data and the desire for a
+ somewhat readable encoding of data that is mostly, but not entirely,
+ 7bit. For this reason, at least two encoding mechanisms are
+ necessary: a more or less readable encoding (quoted-printable) and a
+ "dense" or "uniform" encoding (base64).
+
+ Mail transport for unencoded 8bit data is defined in RFC 1652. As of
+ the initial publication of this document, there are no standardized
+ Internet mail transports for which it is legitimate to include
+ unencoded binary data in mail bodies. Thus there are no
+ circumstances in which the "binary" Content-Transfer-Encoding is
+ actually valid in Internet mail. However, in the event that binary
+ mail transport becomes a reality in Internet mail, or when MIME is
+ used in conjunction with any other binary-capable mail transport
+ mechanism, binary bodies must be labelled as such using this
+ mechanism.
+
+ NOTE: The five values defined for the Content-Transfer-Encoding field
+ imply nothing about the media type other than the algorithm by which
+ it was encoded or the transport system requirements if unencoded.
+
+6.3. New Content-Transfer-Encodings
+
+ Implementors may, if necessary, define private Content-Transfer-
+ Encoding values, but must use an x-token, which is a name prefixed by
+ "X-", to indicate its non-standard status, e.g., "Content-Transfer-
+ Encoding: x-my-new-encoding". Additional standardized Content-
+ Transfer-Encoding values must be specified by a standards-track RFC.
+ The requirements such specifications must meet are given in RFC 2048.
+ As such, all content-transfer-encoding namespace except that
+ beginning with "X-" is explicitly reserved to the IETF for future
+ use.
+
+ Unlike media types and subtypes, the creation of new Content-
+ Transfer-Encoding values is STRONGLY discouraged, as it seems likely
+ to hinder interoperability with little potential benefit
+
+6.4. Interpretation and Use
+
+ If a Content-Transfer-Encoding header field appears as part of a
+ message header, it applies to the entire body of that message. If a
+ Content-Transfer-Encoding header field appears as part of an entity's
+ headers, it applies only to the body of that entity. If an entity is
+ of type "multipart" the Content-Transfer-Encoding is not permitted to
+ have any value other than "7bit", "8bit" or "binary". Even more
+ severe restrictions apply to some subtypes of the "message" type.
+
+
+
+
+Freed & Borenstein Standards Track [Page 16]
+
+RFC 2045 Internet Message Bodies November 1996
+
+
+ It should be noted that most media types are defined in terms of
+ octets rather than bits, so that the mechanisms described here are
+ mechanisms for encoding arbitrary octet streams, not bit streams. If
+ a bit stream is to be encoded via one of these mechanisms, it must
+ first be converted to an 8bit byte stream using the network standard
+ bit order ("big-endian"), in which the earlier bits in a stream
+ become the higher-order bits in a 8bit byte. A bit stream not ending
+ at an 8bit boundary must be padded with zeroes. RFC 2046 provides a
+ mechanism for noting the addition of such padding in the case of the
+ application/octet-stream media type, which has a "padding" parameter.
+
+ The encoding mechanisms defined here explicitly encode all data in
+ US-ASCII. Thus, for example, suppose an entity has header fields
+ such as:
+
+ Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1
+ Content-transfer-encoding: base64
+
+ This must be interpreted to mean that the body is a base64 US-ASCII
+ encoding of data that was originally in ISO-8859-1, and will be in
+ that character set again after decoding.
+
+ Certain Content-Transfer-Encoding values may only be used on certain
+ media types. In particular, it is EXPRESSLY FORBIDDEN to use any
+ encodings other than "7bit", "8bit", or "binary" with any composite
+ media type, i.e. one that recursively includes other Content-Type
+ fields. Currently the only composite media types are "multipart" and
+ "message". All encodings that are desired for bodies of type
+ multipart or message must be done at the innermost level, by encoding
+ the actual body that needs to be encoded.
+
+ It should also be noted that, by definition, if a composite entity
+ has a transfer-encoding value such as "7bit", but one of the enclosed
+ entities has a less restrictive value such as "8bit", then either the
+ outer "7bit" labelling is in error, because 8bit data are included,
+ or the inner "8bit" labelling placed an unnecessarily high demand on
+ the transport system because the actual included data were actually
+ 7bit-safe.
+
+ NOTE ON ENCODING RESTRICTIONS: Though the prohibition against using
+ content-transfer-encodings on composite body data may seem overly
+ restrictive, it is necessary to prevent nested encodings, in which
+ data are passed through an encoding algorithm multiple times, and
+ must be decoded multiple times in order to be properly viewed.
+ Nested encodings add considerable complexity to user agents: Aside
+ from the obvious efficiency problems with such multiple encodings,
+ they can obscure the basic structure of a message. In particular,
+ they can imply that several decoding operations are necessary simply
+
+
+
+Freed & Borenstein Standards Track [Page 17]
+
+RFC 2045 Internet Message Bodies November 1996
+
+
+ to find out what types of bodies a message contains. Banning nested
+ encodings may complicate the job of certain mail gateways, but this
+ seems less of a problem than the effect of nested encodings on user
+ agents.
+
+ Any entity with an unrecognized Content-Transfer-Encoding must be
+ treated as if it has a Content-Type of "application/octet-stream",
+ regardless of what the Content-Type header field actually says.
+
+ NOTE ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CONTENT-TYPE AND CONTENT-TRANSFER-
+ ENCODING: It may seem that the Content-Transfer-Encoding could be
+ inferred from the characteristics of the media that is to be encoded,
+ or, at the very least, that certain Content-Transfer-Encodings could
+ be mandated for use with specific media types. There are several
+ reasons why this is not the case. First, given the varying types of
+ transports used for mail, some encodings may be appropriate for some
+ combinations of media types and transports but not for others. (For
+ example, in an 8bit transport, no encoding would be required for text
+ in certain character sets, while such encodings are clearly required
+ for 7bit SMTP.)
+
+ Second, certain media types may require different types of transfer
+ encoding under different circumstances. For example, many PostScript
+ bodies might consist entirely of short lines of 7bit data and hence
+ require no encoding at all. Other PostScript bodies (especially
+ those using Level 2 PostScript's binary encoding mechanism) may only
+ be reasonably represented using a binary transport encoding.
+ Finally, since the Content-Type field is intended to be an open-ended
+ specification mechanism, strict specification of an association
+ between media types and encodings effectively couples the
+ specification of an application protocol with a specific lower-level
+ transport. This is not desirable since the developers of a media
+ type should not have to be aware of all the transports in use and
+ what their limitations are.
+
+6.5. Translating Encodings
+
+ The quoted-printable and base64 encodings are designed so that
+ conversion between them is possible. The only issue that arises in
+ such a conversion is the handling of hard line breaks in quoted-
+ printable encoding output. When converting from quoted-printable to
+ base64 a hard line break in the quoted-printable form represents a
+ CRLF sequence in the canonical form of the data. It must therefore be
+ converted to a corresponding encoded CRLF in the base64 form of the
+ data. Similarly, a CRLF sequence in the canonical form of the data
+ obtained after base64 decoding must be converted to a quoted-
+ printable hard line break, but ONLY when converting text data.
+
+
+
+
+Freed & Borenstein Standards Track [Page 18]
+
+RFC 2045 Internet Message Bodies November 1996
+
+
+6.6. Canonical Encoding Model
+
+ There was some confusion, in the previous versions of this RFC,
+ regarding the model for when email data was to be converted to
+ canonical form and encoded, and in particular how this process would
+ affect the treatment of CRLFs, given that the representation of
+ newlines varies greatly from system to system, and the relationship
+ between content-transfer-encodings and character sets. A canonical
+ model for encoding is presented in RFC 2049 for this reason.
+
+6.7. Quoted-Printable Content-Transfer-Encoding
+
+ The Quoted-Printable encoding is intended to represent data that
+ largely consists of octets that correspond to printable characters in
+ the US-ASCII character set. It encodes the data in such a way that
+ the resulting octets are unlikely to be modified by mail transport.
+ If the data being encoded are mostly US-ASCII text, the encoded form
+ of the data remains largely recognizable by humans. A body which is
+ entirely US-ASCII may also be encoded in Quoted-Printable to ensure
+ the integrity of the data should the message pass through a
+ character-translating, and/or line-wrapping gateway.
+
+ In this encoding, octets are to be represented as determined by the
+ following rules:
+
+ (1) (General 8bit representation) Any octet, except a CR or
+ LF that is part of a CRLF line break of the canonical
+ (standard) form of the data being encoded, may be
+ represented by an "=" followed by a two digit
+ hexadecimal representation of the octet's value. The
+ digits of the hexadecimal alphabet, for this purpose,
+ are "0123456789ABCDEF". Uppercase letters must be
+ used; lowercase letters are not allowed. Thus, for
+ example, the decimal value 12 (US-ASCII form feed) can
+ be represented by "=0C", and the decimal value 61 (US-
+ ASCII EQUAL SIGN) can be represented by "=3D". This
+ rule must be followed except when the following rules
+ allow an alternative encoding.
+
+ (2) (Literal representation) Octets with decimal values of
+ 33 through 60 inclusive, and 62 through 126, inclusive,
+ MAY be represented as the US-ASCII characters which
+ correspond to those octets (EXCLAMATION POINT through
+ LESS THAN, and GREATER THAN through TILDE,
+ respectively).
+
+ (3) (White Space) Octets with values of 9 and 32 MAY be
+ represented as US-ASCII TAB (HT) and SPACE characters,
+
+
+
+Freed & Borenstein Standards Track [Page 19]
+
+RFC 2045 Internet Message Bodies November 1996
+
+
+ respectively, but MUST NOT be so represented at the end
+ of an encoded line. Any TAB (HT) or SPACE characters
+ on an encoded line MUST thus be followed on that line
+ by a printable character. In particular, an "=" at the
+ end of an encoded line, indicating a soft line break
+ (see rule #5) may follow one or more TAB (HT) or SPACE
+ characters. It follows that an octet with decimal
+ value 9 or 32 appearing at the end of an encoded line
+ must be represented according to Rule #1. This rule is
+ necessary because some MTAs (Message Transport Agents,
+ programs which transport messages from one user to
+ another, or perform a portion of such transfers) are
+ known to pad lines of text with SPACEs, and others are
+ known to remove "white space" characters from the end
+ of a line. Therefore, when decoding a Quoted-Printable
+ body, any trailing white space on a line must be
+ deleted, as it will necessarily have been added by
+ intermediate transport agents.
+
+ (4) (Line Breaks) A line break in a text body, represented
+ as a CRLF sequence in the text canonical form, must be
+ represented by a (RFC 822) line break, which is also a
+ CRLF sequence, in the Quoted-Printable encoding. Since
+ the canonical representation of media types other than
+ text do not generally include the representation of
+ line breaks as CRLF sequences, no hard line breaks
+ (i.e. line breaks that are intended to be meaningful
+ and to be displayed to the user) can occur in the
+ quoted-printable encoding of such types. Sequences
+ like "=0D", "=0A", "=0A=0D" and "=0D=0A" will routinely
+ appear in non-text data represented in quoted-
+ printable, of course.
+
+ Note that many implementations may elect to encode the
+ local representation of various content types directly
+ rather than converting to canonical form first,
+ encoding, and then converting back to local
+ representation. In particular, this may apply to plain
+ text material on systems that use newline conventions
+ other than a CRLF terminator sequence. Such an
+ implementation optimization is permissible, but only
+ when the combined canonicalization-encoding step is
+ equivalent to performing the three steps separately.
+
+ (5) (Soft Line Breaks) The Quoted-Printable encoding
+ REQUIRES that encoded lines be no more than 76
+ characters long. If longer lines are to be encoded
+ with the Quoted-Printable encoding, "soft" line breaks
+
+
+
+Freed & Borenstein Standards Track [Page 20]
+
+RFC 2045 Internet Message Bodies November 1996
+
+
+ must be used. An equal sign as the last character on a
+ encoded line indicates such a non-significant ("soft")
+ line break in the encoded text.
+
+ Thus if the "raw" form of the line is a single unencoded line that
+ says:
+
+ Now's the time for all folk to come to the aid of their country.
+
+ This can be represented, in the Quoted-Printable encoding, as:
+
+ Now's the time =
+ for all folk to come=
+ to the aid of their country.
+
+ This provides a mechanism with which long lines are encoded in such a
+ way as to be restored by the user agent. The 76 character limit does
+ not count the trailing CRLF, but counts all other characters,
+ including any equal signs.
+
+ Since the hyphen character ("-") may be represented as itself in the
+ Quoted-Printable encoding, care must be taken, when encapsulating a
+ quoted-printable encoded body inside one or more multipart entities,
+ to ensure that the boundary delimiter does not appear anywhere in the
+ encoded body. (A good strategy is to choose a boundary that includes
+ a character sequence such as "=_" which can never appear in a
+ quoted-printable body. See the definition of multipart messages in
+ RFC 2046.)
+
+ NOTE: The quoted-printable encoding represents something of a
+ compromise between readability and reliability in transport. Bodies
+ encoded with the quoted-printable encoding will work reliably over
+ most mail gateways, but may not work perfectly over a few gateways,
+ notably those involving translation into EBCDIC. A higher level of
+ confidence is offered by the base64 Content-Transfer-Encoding. A way
+ to get reasonably reliable transport through EBCDIC gateways is to
+ also quote the US-ASCII characters
+
+ !"#$@[\]^`{|}~
+
+ according to rule #1.
+
+ Because quoted-printable data is generally assumed to be line-
+ oriented, it is to be expected that the representation of the breaks
+ between the lines of quoted-printable data may be altered in
+ transport, in the same manner that plain text mail has always been
+ altered in Internet mail when passing between systems with differing
+ newline conventions. If such alterations are likely to constitute a
+
+
+
+Freed & Borenstein Standards Track [Page 21]
+
+RFC 2045 Internet Message Bodies November 1996
+
+
+ corruption of the data, it is probably more sensible to use the
+ base64 encoding rather than the quoted-printable encoding.
+
+ NOTE: Several kinds of substrings cannot be generated according to
+ the encoding rules for the quoted-printable content-transfer-
+ encoding, and hence are formally illegal if they appear in the output
+ of a quoted-printable encoder. This note enumerates these cases and
+ suggests ways to handle such illegal substrings if any are
+ encountered in quoted-printable data that is to be decoded.
+
+ (1) An "=" followed by two hexadecimal digits, one or both
+ of which are lowercase letters in "abcdef", is formally
+ illegal. A robust implementation might choose to
+ recognize them as the corresponding uppercase letters.
+
+ (2) An "=" followed by a character that is neither a
+ hexadecimal digit (including "abcdef") nor the CR
+ character of a CRLF pair is illegal. This case can be
+ the result of US-ASCII text having been included in a
+ quoted-printable part of a message without itself
+ having been subjected to quoted-printable encoding. A
+ reasonable approach by a robust implementation might be
+ to include the "=" character and the following
+ character in the decoded data without any
+ transformation and, if possible, indicate to the user
+ that proper decoding was not possible at this point in
+ the data.
+
+ (3) An "=" cannot be the ultimate or penultimate character
+ in an encoded object. This could be handled as in case
+ (2) above.
+
+ (4) Control characters other than TAB, or CR and LF as
+ parts of CRLF pairs, must not appear. The same is true
+ for octets with decimal values greater than 126. If
+ found in incoming quoted-printable data by a decoder, a
+ robust implementation might exclude them from the
+ decoded data and warn the user that illegal characters
+ were discovered.
+
+ (5) Encoded lines must not be longer than 76 characters,
+ not counting the trailing CRLF. If longer lines are
+ found in incoming, encoded data, a robust
+ implementation might nevertheless decode the lines, and
+ might report the erroneous encoding to the user.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Freed & Borenstein Standards Track [Page 22]
+
+RFC 2045 Internet Message Bodies November 1996
+
+
+ WARNING TO IMPLEMENTORS: If binary data is encoded in quoted-
+ printable, care must be taken to encode CR and LF characters as "=0D"
+ and "=0A", respectively. In particular, a CRLF sequence in binary
+ data should be encoded as "=0D=0A". Otherwise, if CRLF were
+ represented as a hard line break, it might be incorrectly decoded on
+ platforms with different line break conventions.
+
+ For formalists, the syntax of quoted-printable data is described by
+ the following grammar:
+
+ quoted-printable := qp-line *(CRLF qp-line)
+
+ qp-line := *(qp-segment transport-padding CRLF)
+ qp-part transport-padding
+
+ qp-part := qp-section
+ ; Maximum length of 76 characters
+
+ qp-segment := qp-section *(SPACE / TAB) "="
+ ; Maximum length of 76 characters
+
+ qp-section := [*(ptext / SPACE / TAB) ptext]
+
+ ptext := hex-octet / safe-char
+
+ safe-char := <any octet with decimal value of 33 through
+ 60 inclusive, and 62 through 126>
+ ; Characters not listed as "mail-safe" in
+ ; RFC 2049 are also not recommended.
+
+ hex-octet := "=" 2(DIGIT / "A" / "B" / "C" / "D" / "E" / "F")
+ ; Octet must be used for characters > 127, =,
+ ; SPACEs or TABs at the ends of lines, and is
+ ; recommended for any character not listed in
+ ; RFC 2049 as "mail-safe".
+
+ transport-padding := *LWSP-char
+ ; Composers MUST NOT generate
+ ; non-zero length transport
+ ; padding, but receivers MUST
+ ; be able to handle padding
+ ; added by message transports.
+
+ IMPORTANT: The addition of LWSP between the elements shown in this
+ BNF is NOT allowed since this BNF does not specify a structured
+ header field.
+
+
+
+
+
+Freed & Borenstein Standards Track [Page 23]
+
+RFC 2045 Internet Message Bodies November 1996
+
+
+6.8. Base64 Content-Transfer-Encoding
+
+ The Base64 Content-Transfer-Encoding is designed to represent
+ arbitrary sequences of octets in a form that need not be humanly
+ readable. The encoding and decoding algorithms are simple, but the
+ encoded data are consistently only about 33 percent larger than the
+ unencoded data. This encoding is virtually identical to the one used
+ in Privacy Enhanced Mail (PEM) applications, as defined in RFC 1421.
+
+ A 65-character subset of US-ASCII is used, enabling 6 bits to be
+ represented per printable character. (The extra 65th character, "=",
+ is used to signify a special processing function.)
+
+ NOTE: This subset has the important property that it is represented
+ identically in all versions of ISO 646, including US-ASCII, and all
+ characters in the subset are also represented identically in all
+ versions of EBCDIC. Other popular encodings, such as the encoding
+ used by the uuencode utility, Macintosh binhex 4.0 [RFC-1741], and
+ the base85 encoding specified as part of Level 2 PostScript, do not
+ share these properties, and thus do not fulfill the portability
+ requirements a binary transport encoding for mail must meet.
+
+ The encoding process represents 24-bit groups of input bits as output
+ strings of 4 encoded characters. Proceeding from left to right, a
+ 24-bit input group is formed by concatenating 3 8bit input groups.
+ These 24 bits are then treated as 4 concatenated 6-bit groups, each
+ of which is translated into a single digit in the base64 alphabet.
+ When encoding a bit stream via the base64 encoding, the bit stream
+ must be presumed to be ordered with the most-significant-bit first.
+ That is, the first bit in the stream will be the high-order bit in
+ the first 8bit byte, and the eighth bit will be the low-order bit in
+ the first 8bit byte, and so on.
+
+ Each 6-bit group is used as an index into an array of 64 printable
+ characters. The character referenced by the index is placed in the
+ output string. These characters, identified in Table 1, below, are
+ selected so as to be universally representable, and the set excludes
+ characters with particular significance to SMTP (e.g., ".", CR, LF)
+ and to the multipart boundary delimiters defined in RFC 2046 (e.g.,
+ "-").
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Freed & Borenstein Standards Track [Page 24]
+
+RFC 2045 Internet Message Bodies November 1996
+
+
+ Table 1: The Base64 Alphabet
+
+ Value Encoding Value Encoding Value Encoding Value Encoding
+ 0 A 17 R 34 i 51 z
+ 1 B 18 S 35 j 52 0
+ 2 C 19 T 36 k 53 1
+ 3 D 20 U 37 l 54 2
+ 4 E 21 V 38 m 55 3
+ 5 F 22 W 39 n 56 4
+ 6 G 23 X 40 o 57 5
+ 7 H 24 Y 41 p 58 6
+ 8 I 25 Z 42 q 59 7
+ 9 J 26 a 43 r 60 8
+ 10 K 27 b 44 s 61 9
+ 11 L 28 c 45 t 62 +
+ 12 M 29 d 46 u 63 /
+ 13 N 30 e 47 v
+ 14 O 31 f 48 w (pad) =
+ 15 P 32 g 49 x
+ 16 Q 33 h 50 y
+
+ The encoded output stream must be represented in lines of no more
+ than 76 characters each. All line breaks or other characters not
+ found in Table 1 must be ignored by decoding software. In base64
+ data, characters other than those in Table 1, line breaks, and other
+ white space probably indicate a transmission error, about which a
+ warning message or even a message rejection might be appropriate
+ under some circumstances.
+
+ Special processing is performed if fewer than 24 bits are available
+ at the end of the data being encoded. A full encoding quantum is
+ always completed at the end of a body. When fewer than 24 input bits
+ are available in an input group, zero bits are added (on the right)
+ to form an integral number of 6-bit groups. Padding at the end of
+ the data is performed using the "=" character. Since all base64
+ input is an integral number of octets, only the following cases can
+ arise: (1) the final quantum of encoding input is an integral
+ multiple of 24 bits; here, the final unit of encoded output will be
+ an integral multiple of 4 characters with no "=" padding, (2) the
+ final quantum of encoding input is exactly 8 bits; here, the final
+ unit of encoded output will be two characters followed by two "="
+ padding characters, or (3) the final quantum of encoding input is
+ exactly 16 bits; here, the final unit of encoded output will be three
+ characters followed by one "=" padding character.
+
+ Because it is used only for padding at the end of the data, the
+ occurrence of any "=" characters may be taken as evidence that the
+ end of the data has been reached (without truncation in transit). No
+
+
+
+Freed & Borenstein Standards Track [Page 25]
+
+RFC 2045 Internet Message Bodies November 1996
+
+
+ such assurance is possible, however, when the number of octets
+ transmitted was a multiple of three and no "=" characters are
+ present.
+
+ Any characters outside of the base64 alphabet are to be ignored in
+ base64-encoded data.
+
+ Care must be taken to use the proper octets for line breaks if base64
+ encoding is applied directly to text material that has not been
+ converted to canonical form. In particular, text line breaks must be
+ converted into CRLF sequences prior to base64 encoding. The
+ important thing to note is that this may be done directly by the
+ encoder rather than in a prior canonicalization step in some
+ implementations.
+
+ NOTE: There is no need to worry about quoting potential boundary
+ delimiters within base64-encoded bodies within multipart entities
+ because no hyphen characters are used in the base64 encoding.
+
+7. Content-ID Header Field
+
+ In constructing a high-level user agent, it may be desirable to allow
+ one body to make reference to another. Accordingly, bodies may be
+ labelled using the "Content-ID" header field, which is syntactically
+ identical to the "Message-ID" header field:
+
+ id := "Content-ID" ":" msg-id
+
+ Like the Message-ID values, Content-ID values must be generated to be
+ world-unique.
+
+ The Content-ID value may be used for uniquely identifying MIME
+ entities in several contexts, particularly for caching data
+ referenced by the message/external-body mechanism. Although the
+ Content-ID header is generally optional, its use is MANDATORY in
+ implementations which generate data of the optional MIME media type
+ "message/external-body". That is, each message/external-body entity
+ must have a Content-ID field to permit caching of such data.
+
+ It is also worth noting that the Content-ID value has special
+ semantics in the case of the multipart/alternative media type. This
+ is explained in the section of RFC 2046 dealing with
+ multipart/alternative.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Freed & Borenstein Standards Track [Page 26]
+
+RFC 2045 Internet Message Bodies November 1996
+
+
+8. Content-Description Header Field
+
+ The ability to associate some descriptive information with a given
+ body is often desirable. For example, it may be useful to mark an
+ "image" body as "a picture of the Space Shuttle Endeavor." Such text
+ may be placed in the Content-Description header field. This header
+ field is always optional.
+
+ description := "Content-Description" ":" *text
+
+ The description is presumed to be given in the US-ASCII character
+ set, although the mechanism specified in RFC 2047 may be used for
+ non-US-ASCII Content-Description values.
+
+9. Additional MIME Header Fields
+
+ Future documents may elect to define additional MIME header fields
+ for various purposes. Any new header field that further describes
+ the content of a message should begin with the string "Content-" to
+ allow such fields which appear in a message header to be
+ distinguished from ordinary RFC 822 message header fields.
+
+ MIME-extension-field := <Any RFC 822 header field which
+ begins with the string
+ "Content-">
+
+10. Summary
+
+ Using the MIME-Version, Content-Type, and Content-Transfer-Encoding
+ header fields, it is possible to include, in a standardized way,
+ arbitrary types of data with RFC 822 conformant mail messages. No
+ restrictions imposed by either RFC 821 or RFC 822 are violated, and
+ care has been taken to avoid problems caused by additional
+ restrictions imposed by the characteristics of some Internet mail
+ transport mechanisms (see RFC 2049).
+
+ The next document in this set, RFC 2046, specifies the initial set of
+ media types that can be labelled and transported using these headers.
+
+11. Security Considerations
+
+ Security issues are discussed in the second document in this set, RFC
+ 2046.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Freed & Borenstein Standards Track [Page 27]
+
+RFC 2045 Internet Message Bodies November 1996
+
+
+12. Authors' Addresses
+
+ For more information, the authors of this document are best contacted
+ via Internet mail:
+
+ Ned Freed
+ Innosoft International, Inc.
+ 1050 East Garvey Avenue South
+ West Covina, CA 91790
+ USA
+
+ Phone: +1 818 919 3600
+ Fax: +1 818 919 3614
+ EMail: ned@innosoft.com
+
+
+ Nathaniel S. Borenstein
+ First Virtual Holdings
+ 25 Washington Avenue
+ Morristown, NJ 07960
+ USA
+
+ Phone: +1 201 540 8967
+ Fax: +1 201 993 3032
+ EMail: nsb@nsb.fv.com
+
+
+ MIME is a result of the work of the Internet Engineering Task Force
+ Working Group on RFC 822 Extensions. The chairman of that group,
+ Greg Vaudreuil, may be reached at:
+
+ Gregory M. Vaudreuil
+ Octel Network Services
+ 17080 Dallas Parkway
+ Dallas, TX 75248-1905
+ USA
+
+ EMail: Greg.Vaudreuil@Octel.Com
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Freed & Borenstein Standards Track [Page 28]
+
+RFC 2045 Internet Message Bodies November 1996
+
+
+Appendix A -- Collected Grammar
+
+ This appendix contains the complete BNF grammar for all the syntax
+ specified by this document.
+
+ By itself, however, this grammar is incomplete. It refers by name to
+ several syntax rules that are defined by RFC 822. Rather than
+ reproduce those definitions here, and risk unintentional differences
+ between the two, this document simply refers the reader to RFC 822
+ for the remaining definitions. Wherever a term is undefined, it
+ refers to the RFC 822 definition.
+
+ attribute := token
+ ; Matching of attributes
+ ; is ALWAYS case-insensitive.
+
+ composite-type := "message" / "multipart" / extension-token
+
+ content := "Content-Type" ":" type "/" subtype
+ *(";" parameter)
+ ; Matching of media type and subtype
+ ; is ALWAYS case-insensitive.
+
+ description := "Content-Description" ":" *text
+
+ discrete-type := "text" / "image" / "audio" / "video" /
+ "application" / extension-token
+
+ encoding := "Content-Transfer-Encoding" ":" mechanism
+
+ entity-headers := [ content CRLF ]
+ [ encoding CRLF ]
+ [ id CRLF ]
+ [ description CRLF ]
+ *( MIME-extension-field CRLF )
+
+ extension-token := ietf-token / x-token
+
+ hex-octet := "=" 2(DIGIT / "A" / "B" / "C" / "D" / "E" / "F")
+ ; Octet must be used for characters > 127, =,
+ ; SPACEs or TABs at the ends of lines, and is
+ ; recommended for any character not listed in
+ ; RFC 2049 as "mail-safe".
+
+ iana-token := <A publicly-defined extension token. Tokens
+ of this form must be registered with IANA
+ as specified in RFC 2048.>
+
+
+
+
+Freed & Borenstein Standards Track [Page 29]
+
+RFC 2045 Internet Message Bodies November 1996
+
+
+ ietf-token := <An extension token defined by a
+ standards-track RFC and registered
+ with IANA.>
+
+ id := "Content-ID" ":" msg-id
+
+ mechanism := "7bit" / "8bit" / "binary" /
+ "quoted-printable" / "base64" /
+ ietf-token / x-token
+
+ MIME-extension-field := <Any RFC 822 header field which
+ begins with the string
+ "Content-">
+
+ MIME-message-headers := entity-headers
+ fields
+ version CRLF
+ ; The ordering of the header
+ ; fields implied by this BNF
+ ; definition should be ignored.
+
+ MIME-part-headers := entity-headers
+ [fields]
+ ; Any field not beginning with
+ ; "content-" can have no defined
+ ; meaning and may be ignored.
+ ; The ordering of the header
+ ; fields implied by this BNF
+ ; definition should be ignored.
+
+ parameter := attribute "=" value
+
+ ptext := hex-octet / safe-char
+
+ qp-line := *(qp-segment transport-padding CRLF)
+ qp-part transport-padding
+
+ qp-part := qp-section
+ ; Maximum length of 76 characters
+
+ qp-section := [*(ptext / SPACE / TAB) ptext]
+
+ qp-segment := qp-section *(SPACE / TAB) "="
+ ; Maximum length of 76 characters
+
+ quoted-printable := qp-line *(CRLF qp-line)
+
+
+
+
+
+Freed & Borenstein Standards Track [Page 30]
+
+RFC 2045 Internet Message Bodies November 1996
+
+
+ safe-char := <any octet with decimal value of 33 through
+ 60 inclusive, and 62 through 126>
+ ; Characters not listed as "mail-safe" in
+ ; RFC 2049 are also not recommended.
+
+ subtype := extension-token / iana-token
+
+ token := 1*<any (US-ASCII) CHAR except SPACE, CTLs,
+ or tspecials>
+
+ transport-padding := *LWSP-char
+ ; Composers MUST NOT generate
+ ; non-zero length transport
+ ; padding, but receivers MUST
+ ; be able to handle padding
+ ; added by message transports.
+
+ tspecials := "(" / ")" / "<" / ">" / "@" /
+ "," / ";" / ":" / "\" / <">
+ "/" / "[" / "]" / "?" / "="
+ ; Must be in quoted-string,
+ ; to use within parameter values
+
+ type := discrete-type / composite-type
+
+ value := token / quoted-string
+
+ version := "MIME-Version" ":" 1*DIGIT "." 1*DIGIT
+
+ x-token := <The two characters "X-" or "x-" followed, with
+ no intervening white space, by any token>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
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+