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+Network Working Group                  Internet Architecture Board (IAB)
+Request for Comments: 2825                             L. Daigle, Editor
+Category: Informational                                         May 2000
+
+
+         A Tangled Web: Issues of I18N, Domain Names, and the
+                        Other Internet protocols
+
+Status of this Memo
+
+   This memo provides information for the Internet community.  It does
+   not specify an Internet standard of any kind.  Distribution of this
+   memo is unlimited.
+
+Copyright Notice
+
+   Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2000).  All Rights Reserved.
+
+Abstract
+
+   The goals of the work to "internationalize" Internet protocols
+   include providing all users of the Internet with the capability of
+   using their own language and its standard character set to express
+   themselves, write names, and to navigate the network. This impacts
+   the domain names visible in e-mail addresses and so many of today's
+   URLs used to locate information on the World Wide Web, etc.  However,
+   domain names are used by Internet protocols that are used across
+   national boundaries. These services must interoperate worldwide, or
+   we risk isolating components of the network from each other along
+   locale boundaries.  This type of isolation could impede not only
+   communications among people, but opportunities of the areas involved
+   to participate effectively in e-commerce, distance learning, and
+   other activities at an international scale, thereby retarding
+   economic development.
+
+   There are several proposals for internationalizing domain names,
+   however it it is still to be determined whether any of them will
+   ensure this interoperability and global reach while addressing
+   visible-name representation.  Some of them obviously do not. This
+   document does not attempt to review any specific proposals, as that
+   is the work of the Internationalized Domain Name (IDN) Working Group
+   of the IETF, which is tasked with evaluating them in consideration of
+   the continued global network interoperation that is the deserved
+   expectation of all Internet users.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+IAB                          Informational                      [Page 1]
+
+RFC 2825   Issues: I18N, Domain Names, and Internet Protocols   May 2000
+
+
+   This document is a statement by the Internet Architecture Board. It
+   is not a protocol specification, but an attempt to clarify the range
+   of architectural issues that the internationalization of domain names
+   faces.
+
+1. A Definition of Success
+
+   The Internationalized Domain Names (IDN) Working Group is one
+   component of the IETF's continuing comprehensive effort to
+   internationalize language representation facilities in the protocols
+   that support the global functioning of the Internet.
+
+   In keeping with the principles of rough consensus, running code,
+   architectural integrity, and in the interest of ensuring the global
+   stability of the Internet, the IAB emphasizes that all solutions
+   proposed to the (IDN) Working Group will have to be evaluated not
+   only on their individual technical features, but also in terms of
+   impact on existing standards and operations of the Internet and the
+   total effect for end-users: solutions must not cause users to become
+   more isolated from their global neighbors even if they appear to
+   solve a local problem.  In some cases, existing protocols have
+   limitations on allowable characters, and in other cases
+   implementations of protocols used in the core of the Internet (beyond
+   individual organizations) have in practice not implemented all the
+   requisite options of the standards.
+
+2. Technical Challenges within the Domain Name System (DNS)
+
+   In many technical respects, the IDN work is not different from any
+   other effort to enable multiple character set representations in
+   textual elements that were traditionally restricted to English
+   language characters.
+
+   One aspect of the challenge is to decide how to represent the names
+   users want in the DNS in a way that is clear, technically feasible,
+   and ensures that a name always means the same thing.  Several
+   proposals have been suggested to address these issues.
+
+   These issues are being outlined in more detail in the IDN WG's
+   evolving draft requirements document; further discussion is deferred
+   to the WG and its documents.
+
+3. Integrating with Current Realities
+
+   Nevertheless, issues faced by the IDN working group are complex and
+   intricately intertwined with other operational components of the
+   Internet.  A key challenge in evaluating any proposed solution is the
+   analysis of the impact on existing critical operational standards
+
+
+
+IAB                          Informational                      [Page 2]
+
+RFC 2825   Issues: I18N, Domain Names, and Internet Protocols   May 2000
+
+
+   which use fully-qualified domain names [RFC1034], or simply host
+   names [RFC1123].  Standards-changes can be effected, but the best
+   path forward is one that takes into account current realities and
+   (re)deployment latencies. In the Internet's global context, it is not
+   enough to update a few isolated systems, or even most of the systems
+   in a country or region.  Deployment must be nearly universal in order
+   to avoid the creation of "islands" of interoperation that provide
+   users with less access to and connection from the rest of the world.
+
+   These are not esoteric or ephemeral concerns.  Some specific issues
+   have already been identified as part of the IDN WG's efforts.  These
+   include (but are not limited to) the following examples.
+
+3.1 Domain Names and E-mail
+
+   As indicated in the IDN WG's draft requirements document, the issue
+   goes beyond standardization of DNS usage.  Electronic mail has long
+   been one of the most-used and most important applications of the
+   Internet.  Internet e-mail is also used as the bridge that permits
+   the users of a variety of local and proprietary mail systems to
+   communicate. The standard protocols that define its use (e.g., SMTP
+   [RFC821, RFC822] and MIME [RFC2045]) do not permit the full range of
+   characters allowed in the DNS specification. Certain characters are
+   not allowed in e-mail address domain portions of these
+   specifications.  Some mailers, built to adhere to these
+   specifications, are known to fail when on mail having non-ASCII
+   domain names in its address -- by discarding, misrouting or damaging
+   the mail.  Thus, it's not possible to simply switch to
+   internationalized domain names and expect global e-mail to continue
+   to work until most of the servers in the world are upgraded.
+
+3.2 Domain Names and Routing
+
+   At a lower level, the Routing Policy Specification Language (RPLS)
+   [RFC2622] makes use of "named objects" -- and inherits object naming
+   restrictions from older standards ([RFC822] for the same e-mail
+   address restrictions, [RFC1034] for hostnames).  This means that
+   until routing registries and their protocols are updated, it is not
+   possible to enter or retrieve network descriptions utilizing
+   internationalized domain names.
+
+3.3 Domain Names and Network Management
+
+   Also, the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) uses the textual
+   representation defined in [RFC2579].  While that specification does
+   allow for UTF-8-based domain names, an informal survey of deployed
+   implementations of software libraries being used to build SNMP-
+   compliant software uncovered the fact that few (if any) implement it.
+
+
+
+IAB                          Informational                      [Page 3]
+
+RFC 2825   Issues: I18N, Domain Names, and Internet Protocols   May 2000
+
+
+   This may cause inability to enter or display correct data in network
+   management tools, if such names are internationalized domain names.
+
+3.4 Domain Names and Security
+
+   Critical components of Internet public key technologies (PKIX,
+   [RFC2459], IKE [RFC2409]) rely heavily on identification of servers
+   (hostnames, or fully qualified domain names) and users (e-mail
+   addresses).  Failure to respect the character restrictions in these
+   protocols will impact security tools built to use them -- Transport
+   Layer Security protocol (TLS, [RFC2246]), and IPsec [RFC2401] to name
+   two.
+
+   Failure may not be obvious.  For example, in TLS, it is common usage
+   for a server to display a certificate containing a domain name
+   purporting to be the domain name of the server, which the client can
+   then match with the server name he thought he used to reach the
+   service.
+
+   Unless comparison of domain names is properly defined, the client may
+   either fail to match the domain name of a legitimate server, or match
+   incorrectly the domain name of a server performing a man-in-the-
+   middle attack.  Either failure could enable attacks on systems that
+   are now impossible or at least far more difficult.
+
+4. Conclusion
+
+   It is therefore clear that, although there are many possible ways to
+   assign internationalized names that are compatible with today's DNS
+   (or a version that is easily-deployable in the near future), not all
+   of them are compatible with the full range of necessary networking
+   tools.  When designing a solution for internationalization of domain
+   names, the effects on the current Internet must be carefully
+   evaluated. Some types of solutions proposed would, if put into effect
+   immediately, cause Internet communications to fail in ways that would
+   be hard to detect by and pose problems for those who deploy the new
+   services, but also for those who do not; this would have the effect
+   of cutting those who deploy them off from effective use of the
+   Internet.
+
+   The IDN WG has been identified as the appropriate forum for
+   identifying and discussing solutions for such potential
+   interoperability issues.
+
+   Experience with deployment of other protocols has indicated that it
+   will take years before a new protocol or enhancement is used all over
+   the Internet.  So far, the IDN WG has benefited from proposed
+   solutions from all quarters, including organizations hoping to
+
+
+
+IAB                          Informational                      [Page 4]
+
+RFC 2825   Issues: I18N, Domain Names, and Internet Protocols   May 2000
+
+
+   provide services that address visible-name representation and
+   registration -- continuing this process with the aim of getting a
+   single, scalable and deployable solution to this problem is the only
+   way to ensure the continued global interoperation that is the
+   deserved expectation of all Internet users.
+
+5. Security Considerations
+
+   In general, assignment and use of names does not raise any special
+   security problems.  However, as noted above, some existing security
+   mechanisms are reliant on the current specification of domain names
+   and may not be expected to work, as is, with Internationalized domain
+   names.  Additionally, deployment of non-standard systems (e.g., in
+   response to current pressures to address national or regional
+   characterset representation) might result in name strings that are
+   not globally unique, thereby opening up the possibility of "spoofing"
+   hosts from one domain in another, as described in [RFC2826].
+
+6. Acknowledgements
+
+   This document is the outcome of the joint effort of the members of
+   the IAB.  Additionally, valuable remarks were provided by Randy Bush,
+   Patrik Faltstrom, Ted Hardie, Paul Hoffman, and Mark Kosters.
+
+7. References
+
+   [RFC821]  Postel, J., "Simple Mail Transfer Protocol", STD 10, RFC
+             821, August 1982.
+
+   [RFC822]  Crocker, D., "Standard for the Format of ARPA Internet Text
+             Messages", STD 11, RFC 822, August 1982.
+
+   [RFC1034] Mockapetris, P., "Domain Names - Concepts and Facilities",
+             STD 13, RFC 1034, November 1987.
+
+   [RFC1123] Braden, R., "Requirements for Internet Hosts -- Application
+             and Support", STD 3, RFC 1123, November 1989.
+
+   [RFC2401] Kent, S. and R. Atkinson, "Security Architecture for the
+             Internet Protocol", RFC 2401, November 1998.
+
+   [RFC2409] Harkins, D and D. Carrel, "The Internet Key Exchange
+             (IKE)", RFC 2409, November 1998.
+
+   [RFC2045] Freed, N. and N. Borenstein, "Multipurpose Internet Mail
+             Extensions (MIME) Part One:  Format of Internet Message
+             Bodies", RFC 2045, November 1996.
+
+
+
+
+IAB                          Informational                      [Page 5]
+
+RFC 2825   Issues: I18N, Domain Names, and Internet Protocols   May 2000
+
+
+   [RFC2246] Dierks, T. and C. Allen, "The TLS Protocol Version 1.0",
+             RFC 2246, January 1999.
+
+   [RFC2459] Housley, R., Ford, W., Polk, W. and D. Solo, "Internet
+             X.509 Public Key Infrastructure Certificate and CRL
+             Profile", RFC 2459, January 1999.
+
+   [RFC2579] McCloghrie, K., Perkins, D., Schoenwaelder, J., Case, J.
+             and M. Rose, "Textual Conventions for SMIv2", RFC 2579,
+             April 1999.
+
+   [RFC2622] Alaettinoglu, C., Villamizar, C., Gerich, E., Kessens, D.,
+             Meyer, D., Bates, T., Karrenberg, D. and M. Terpstra,
+             "Routing Policy Specification Language (RPSL)", RFC 2622,
+             June 1999.
+
+   [RFC2826] IAB, "IAB Technical Comment on the Unique DNS Root", RFC
+             2826, May 2000.
+
+8. Author's Address
+
+   Internet Architecture Board
+
+   EMail:  iab@iab.org
+
+
+   Membership at time this document was completed:
+
+      Harald Alvestrand
+      Ran Atkinson
+      Rob Austein
+      Brian Carpenter
+      Steve Bellovin
+      Jon Crowcroft
+      Leslie Daigle
+      Steve Deering
+      Tony Hain
+      Geoff Huston
+      John Klensin
+      Henning Schulzrinne
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+IAB                          Informational                      [Page 6]
+
+RFC 2825   Issues: I18N, Domain Names, and Internet Protocols   May 2000
+
+
+9. Full Copyright Statement
+
+   Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2000).  All Rights Reserved.
+
+   This document and translations of it may be copied and furnished to
+   others, and derivative works that comment on or otherwise explain it
+   or assist in its implementation may be prepared, copied, published
+   and distributed, in whole or in part, without restriction of any
+   kind, provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are
+   included on all such copies and derivative works.  However, this
+   document itself may not be modified in any way, such as by removing
+   the copyright notice or references to the Internet Society or other
+   Internet organizations, except as needed for the purpose of
+   developing Internet standards in which case the procedures for
+   copyrights defined in the Internet Standards process must be
+   followed, or as required to translate it into languages other than
+   English.
+
+   The limited permissions granted above are perpetual and will not be
+   revoked by the Internet Society or its successors or assigns.
+
+   This document and the information contained herein is provided on an
+   "AS IS" basis and THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING
+   TASK FORCE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING
+   BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION
+   HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
+   MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
+
+Acknowledgement
+
+   Funding for the RFC Editor function is currently provided by the
+   Internet Society.
+
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+IAB                          Informational                      [Page 7]
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