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+NETWORK WORKING GROUP                                  R.T. Braden
+REQUEST FOR COMMENT NO. 448                            UCLA/CCN
+NIC #13299                                             February 27, 1973
+UPDATES: RFC 354, 385, 454
+
+
+                           PRINT FILES IN FTP
+
+
+INTRODUCTION
+------------
+
+    Many of those who contributed to the definition of the FTP and RJE
+protocols have expressed varying degrees of uncertainty or unhappiness
+with the "print file" type in FTP.  This RFC is intended to review the
+problem of print files in preparation for the forthcoming FTP meeting.
+Originally drafted on the basis of RFC 385, this RFC has been updated to
+reflect the terminology of the latest FTP document 454.  (Changing the
+terminology doesn't solve the problem!)
+
+    It turns out that the Network RJE protocol as presently defined (see
+NIC 12112) seems to force a particular interpretation of print files in
+FTP and in fact, this interpretation is probably different from the one
+assumed by most FTP implementors.
+
+VERTICAL FORMAT CONTROL
+-----------------------
+
+    What is a print file?  Presumably it is a file which is intended to
+be sent (eventually) to a printer process to create a hard copy.  Many
+operating systems (particularly those which are batch-processing
+oriented) allow the programmer to include control codes within a file to
+be printed, to control the vertical format of the printed page--for
+example, single/double line spacing, overprinting, and page ejection.  A
+"print file" is one which includes such vertical format control ("VFC")
+information.  There are three common ways for printer processes to
+determine VFC:
+
+CASE N:  Non-Print File
+         --------------
+         The file contains no VFC information.  The printer process
+         applies a standard format (e.g., single space, standard
+         vertical margins) if the file is printed.
+
+CASE T:  Print File with ASCII Format Effectors
+         --------------------------------------
+         The file is "Telnet-like", containing the ASCII controls CR,
+         LF, and FF to provide VFC.
+
+
+
+Braden                                                          [Page 1]
+
+RFC 448                    PRINT FILES IN FTP              February 1973
+
+
+CASE A:  Print File with ASA (Fortran) VFC
+         ---------------------------------
+         The first character of each record is a VFC code; see RFC 454
+         for the codes.
+
+    Assuming there are to be print files in FTP, these _three_ cases
+need to be considered.  These three cases are explicitly included within
+the RJE protocol as "transmission" modes; we have borrowed the RJE
+labels N,T, and A from NIC #12112.  The current FTP (RFC 454) seems to
+provide only _two_ cases: _unformatted_ and _print_file_.  It is unclear
+from RFC 454 how these two FTP formats are related to the three VFC
+cases.  For example, it is unclear whether the FTP format is meant to be
+a property of the file as transferred over the Network or of the file as
+stored by the server.
+
+    As I understand it, the Tenex system supports only case T.  The
+distinction between Case N and Case T is not always clear, however.  If
+a Tenex file which contains only the CR LF combination of format
+effectors is printed, it may be considered Case N where CR LF delimits a
+logical record, and where the standard format is to begin printing each
+record on a new line.  The RJE protocol uses this ambiguity to
+advantage; see below.
+
+    The IBM operating systems, on the other hand, support Cases N and A.
+The "output writer" process which drives the printer must know whether
+or not a file to be printed contains ASA VFC, so the system
+distinguishes internally between "print files" (Case A) and non-print
+files (Case N).  The "print file" attribute is normally attached to a
+print file when it is created.  For example, the language processors
+typically create print files for their "printer" output streams.
+
+    Hence, when CCN's server FTP executes a STOR command, it must decide
+whether or not the new file is to be marked with the internal print file
+attribute.  As noted earlier, FTP does not explicitly distinguish the
+three possible cases.  We must either add some additional assumptions or
+server-dependent information outside FTP, or we must add a new format to
+FTP.
+
+IMPLICATIONS OF RJE
+-------------------
+
+To send an output ("printer") file to a user host, the RJE server will
+cause his FTP user process to send the file with the following
+attributes*:
+
+
+*Note:  Making the obvious conversion from RFC 385 to RFC 454
+terminology.
+
+
+
+Braden                                                          [Page 2]
+
+RFC 448                    PRINT FILES IN FTP              February 1973
+
+
+ VFC Case      |     FORMat            |     STRUcture
+-------------------------------------------------------------------
+  N            |     Unformatted       |     Record structure
+               |     -                 |     -
+  T            |     Unformatted       |     File structure
+               |     -                 |     -
+  A            |     Print File        |     Record structure
+               |     -                 |     -
+
+Thus, the authors of RJE intended to use the _structure_ attribute to
+resolve Cases N and T.  This is perhaps a reasonable choice, but we
+should understand the consequences and make them explicit within the FTP
+document.
+
+Assume for the moment that we want to maintain perfect consistency
+between FTP and RJE.  An FTP server which uses ASA VFC internally should
+convert _every_ (Unformatted, Unstructured) file it receives to an
+internal print file!  That is, the file must be mapped into a set of
+physical lines (which are really logical records internally), and an ASA
+VFC character must be appended to the beginning of each line before it
+is stored.  Note that this implies that the default file structure in
+FTP should be changed to _record_structure_.  (This reinforces the point
+made by Wayne Hathaway in RFC 414 that if a Tenex user transmits a
+source file to an IBM host and expects to manipulate it in some useful
+way, he'd better send it with _record_ structure.)
+
+ANOTHER CHOICE
+--------------
+
+    If the loss of (unformatted, unstructured) as a simple default case
+is too offensive, we can simply change FTP to include three formats
+corresponding to Cases N, A, and T.  RJE would be changed
+correspondingly.
+
+ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
+---------------
+
+    Discussions with Steve Wolfe, Jon Postel, and Eric Harslem were very
+helpful in clarifying the print file problem in FTP.
+
+RTB/gjm
+
+
+       [ This RFC was put into machine readable form for entry ]
+       [ into the online RFC archives by Alex McKenzie with    ]
+       [ support from GTE, formerly BBN Corp.             9/99 ]
+
+
+
+
+
+Braden                                                          [Page 3]
+