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diff --git a/doc/rfc/rfc5467.txt b/doc/rfc/rfc5467.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e6a1f89 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/rfc/rfc5467.txt @@ -0,0 +1,787 @@ + + + + + + +Network Working Group L. Berger +Request for Comments: 5467 LabN +Category: Experimental A. Takacs + Ericsson + D. Caviglia + Ericsson + D. Fedyk + Nortel + J. Meuric + France Telecom + March 2009 + + + GMPLS Asymmetric Bandwidth Bidirectional Label Switched Paths (LSPs) + +Status of This Memo + + This memo defines an Experimental Protocol for the Internet + community. It does not specify an Internet standard of any kind. + Discussion and suggestions for improvement are requested. + Distribution of this memo is unlimited. + +Copyright Notice + + Copyright (c) 2009 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the + document authors. All rights reserved. + + This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal + Provisions Relating to IETF Documents in effect on the date of + publication of this document (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info). + Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights + and restrictions with respect to this document. + + This document may contain material from IETF Documents or IETF + Contributions published or made publicly available before November + 10, 2008. The person(s) controlling the copyright in some of this + material may not have granted the IETF Trust the right to allow + modifications of such material outside the IETF Standards Process. + Without obtaining an adequate license from the person(s) controlling + the copyright in such materials, this document may not be modified + outside the IETF Standards Process, and derivative works of it may + not be created outside the IETF Standards Process, except to format + it for publication as an RFC or to translate it into languages other + than English. + + + + + + + +Berger, et al. Experimental [Page 1] + +RFC 5467 Asymmetric Bandwidth Bidirectional LSP March 2009 + + +Abstract + + This document defines a method for the support of GMPLS asymmetric + bandwidth bidirectional Label Switched Paths (LSPs). The presented + approach is applicable to any switching technology and builds on the + original Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP) model for the transport + of traffic-related parameters. The procedures described in this + document are experimental. + +Table of Contents + + 1. Introduction ....................................................2 + 1.1. Background .................................................3 + 1.2. Approach Overview ..........................................3 + 1.3. Conventions Used in This Document ..........................4 + 2. Generalized Asymmetric Bandwidth Bidirectional LSPs .............4 + 2.1. UPSTREAM_FLOWSPEC Object ...................................5 + 2.1.1. Procedures ..........................................5 + 2.2. UPSTREAM_TSPEC Object ......................................5 + 2.2.1. Procedures ..........................................5 + 2.3. UPSTREAM_ADSPEC Object .....................................6 + 2.3.1. Procedures ..........................................6 + 3. Packet Formats ..................................................6 + 4. Compatibility ...................................................7 + 5. IANA Considerations .............................................8 + 5.1. UPSTREAM_FLOWSPEC Object ...................................8 + 5.2. UPSTREAM_TSPEC Object ......................................8 + 5.3. UPSTREAM_ADSPEC Object .....................................8 + 6. Security Considerations .........................................8 + 7. References ......................................................9 + 7.1. Normative References .......................................9 + 7.2. Informative References .....................................9 + Appendix A. Alternate Approach Using ADSPEC Object.................11 + A.1. Applicability .............................................11 + A.2. Overview ..................................................11 + A.3. Procedures ................................................12 + A.4. Compatibility .............................................13 + +1. Introduction + + GMPLS [RFC3473] introduced explicit support for bidirectional Label + Switched Paths (LSPs). The defined support matched the switching + technologies covered by GMPLS, notably Time Division Multiplexing + (TDM) and lambdas; specifically, it only supported bidirectional LSPs + with symmetric bandwidth allocation. Symmetric bandwidth + requirements are conveyed using the semantics objects defined in + [RFC2205] and [RFC2210]. + + + + +Berger, et al. Experimental [Page 2] + +RFC 5467 Asymmetric Bandwidth Bidirectional LSP March 2009 + + + Recent work ([GMPLS-PBBTE] and [MEF-TRAFFIC]) has looked at extending + GMPLS to control Ethernet switching. In this context, there has been + discussion of the support of bidirectional LSPs with asymmetric + bandwidth. (That is, bidirectional LSPs that have different + bandwidth reservations in each direction.) This discussion motivated + the extensions defined in this document, which may be used with any + switching technology to signal asymmetric bandwidth bidirectional + LSPs. The procedures described in this document are experimental. + +1.1. Background + + Bandwidth parameters are transported within RSVP ([RFC2210], + [RFC3209], and [RFC3473]) via several objects that are opaque to + RSVP. While opaque to RSVP, these objects support a particular model + for the communication of bandwidth information between an RSVP + session sender (ingress) and receiver (egress). The original model + of communication, defined in [RFC2205] and maintained in [RFC3209], + used the SENDER_TSPEC and ADSPEC objects in Path messages and the + FLOWSPEC object in Resv messages. The SENDER_TSPEC object was used + to indicate a sender's data generation capabilities. The FLOWSPEC + object was issued by the receiver and indicated the resources that + should be allocated to the associated data traffic. The ADSPEC + object was used to inform the receiver and intermediate hops of the + actual resources allocated for the associated data traffic. + + With the introduction of bidirectional LSPs in [RFC3473], the model + of communication of bandwidth parameters was implicitly changed. In + the context of [RFC3473] bidirectional LSPs, the SENDER_TSPEC object + indicates the desired resources for both upstream and downstream + directions. The FLOWSPEC object is simply confirmation of the + allocated resources. The definition of the ADSPEC object is either + unmodified and only has meaning for downstream traffic, or is + implicitly or explicitly ([RFC4606] and [MEF-TRAFFIC]) irrelevant. + +1.2. Approach Overview + + The approach for supporting asymmetric bandwidth bidirectional LSPs + defined in this document builds on the original RSVP model for the + transport of traffic-related parameters and GMPLS's support for + bidirectional LSPs. An alternative approach was considered and + rejected in favor of the more generic approach presented below. For + reference purposes only, the rejected approach is summarized in + Appendix A. + + The defined approach is generic and can be applied to any switching + technology supported by GMPLS. With this approach, the existing + SENDER_TSPEC, ADSPEC, and FLOWSPEC objects are complemented with the + addition of new UPSTREAM_TSPEC, UPSTREAM_ADSPEC, and + + + +Berger, et al. Experimental [Page 3] + +RFC 5467 Asymmetric Bandwidth Bidirectional LSP March 2009 + + + UPSTREAM_FLOWSPEC objects. The existing objects are used in the + original fashion defined in [RFC2205] and [RFC2210], and refer only + to traffic associated with the LSP flowing in the downstream + direction. The new objects are used in exactly the same fashion as + the old objects, but refer to the upstream traffic flow. Figure 1 + shows the bandwidth-related objects used for asymmetric bandwidth + bidirectional LSPs. + + |---| Path |---| + | I |------------------->| E | + | n | -SENDER_TSPEC | g | + | g | -ADSPEC | r | + | r | -UPSTREAM_FLOWSPEC | e | + | e | | s | + | s | Resv | s | + | s |<-------------------| | + | | -FLOWSPEC | | + | | -UPSTREAM_TSPEC | | + | | -UPSTREAM_ADSPEC | | + |---| |---| + + Figure 1: Generic Asymmetric Bandwidth Bidirectional LSPs + + The extensions defined in this document are limited to Point-to-Point + (P2P) LSPs. Support for Point-to-Multipoint (P2MP) bidirectional + LSPs is not currently defined and, as such, not covered in this + document. + +1.3. Conventions Used in This Document + + The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", + "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this + document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119]. + +2. Generalized Asymmetric Bandwidth Bidirectional LSPs + + The setup of an asymmetric bandwidth bidirectional LSP is signaled + using the bidirectional procedures defined in [RFC3473] together with + the inclusion of the new UPSTREAM_FLOWSPEC, UPSTREAM_TSPEC, and + UPSTREAM_ADSPEC objects. + + The new upstream objects carry the same information and are used in + the same fashion as the existing downstream objects; they differ in + that they relate to traffic flowing in the upstream direction while + the existing objects relate to traffic flowing in the downstream + direction. The new objects also differ in that they are used on + messages in the opposite directions. + + + + +Berger, et al. Experimental [Page 4] + +RFC 5467 Asymmetric Bandwidth Bidirectional LSP March 2009 + + +2.1. UPSTREAM_FLOWSPEC Object + + The format of an UPSTREAM_FLOWSPEC object is the same as a FLOWSPEC + object. This includes the definition of class types and their + formats. The class number of the UPSTREAM_FLOWSPEC object is 120 (of + the form 0bbbbbbb). + +2.1.1. Procedures + + The Path message of an asymmetric bandwidth bidirectional LSP MUST + contain an UPSTREAM_FLOWSPEC object and MUST use the bidirectional + LSP formats and procedures defined in [RFC3473]. The C-Type of the + UPSTREAM_FLOWSPEC object MUST match the C-Type of the SENDER_TSPEC + object used in the Path message. The contents of the + UPSTREAM_FLOWSPEC object MUST be constructed using a format and + procedures consistent with those used to construct the FLOWSPEC + object that will be used for the LSP, e.g., [RFC2210] or [RFC4328]. + + Nodes processing a Path message containing an UPSTREAM_FLOWSPEC + object MUST use the contents of the UPSTREAM_FLOWSPEC object in the + upstream label and the resource allocation procedure defined in + Section 3.1 of [RFC3473]. Consistent with [RFC3473], a node that is + unable to allocate a label or internal resources based on the + contents of the UPSTREAM_FLOWSPEC object MUST issue a PathErr message + with a "Routing problem/MPLS label allocation failure" indication. + +2.2. UPSTREAM_TSPEC Object + + The format of an UPSTREAM_TSPEC object is the same as a SENDER_TSPEC + object. This includes the definition of class types and their + formats. The class number of the UPSTREAM_TSPEC object is 121 (of + the form 0bbbbbbb). + +2.2.1. Procedures + + The UPSTREAM_TSPEC object describes the traffic flow that originates + at the egress. The UPSTREAM_TSPEC object MUST be included in any + Resv message that corresponds to a Path message containing an + UPSTREAM_FLOWSPEC object. The C-Type of the UPSTREAM_TSPEC object + MUST match the C-Type of the corresponding UPSTREAM_FLOWSPEC object. + The contents of the UPSTREAM_TSPEC object MUST be constructed using a + format and procedures consistent with those used to construct the + FLOWSPEC object that will be used for the LSP, e.g., [RFC2210] or + [RFC4328]. The contents of the UPSTREAM_TSPEC object MAY differ from + contents of the UPSTREAM_FLOWSPEC object based on application data + transmission requirements. + + + + + +Berger, et al. Experimental [Page 5] + +RFC 5467 Asymmetric Bandwidth Bidirectional LSP March 2009 + + + When an UPSTREAM_TSPEC object is received by an ingress, the ingress + MAY determine that the original reservation is insufficient to + satisfy the traffic flow. In this case, the ingress MAY issue a Path + message with an updated UPSTREAM_FLOWSPEC object to modify the + resources requested for the upstream traffic flow. This modification + might require the LSP to be re-routed, and in extreme cases might + result in the LSP being torn down when sufficient resources are not + available. + +2.3. UPSTREAM_ADSPEC Object + + The format of an UPSTREAM_ADSPEC object is the same as an ADSPEC + object. This includes the definition of class types and their + formats. The class number of the UPSTREAM_ADSPEC object is 122 (of + the form 0bbbbbbb). + +2.3.1. Procedures + + The UPSTREAM_ADSPEC object MAY be included in any Resv message that + corresponds to a Path message containing an UPSTREAM_FLOWSPEC object. + The C-Type of the UPSTREAM_TSPEC object MUST be consistent with the + C-Type of the corresponding UPSTREAM_FLOWSPEC object. The contents + of the UPSTREAM_ADSPEC object MUST be constructed using a format and + procedures consistent with those used to construct the ADSPEC object + that will be used for the LSP, e.g., [RFC2210] or [MEF-TRAFFIC]. The + UPSTREAM_ADSPEC object is processed using the same procedures as the + ADSPEC object and, as such, MAY be updated or added at transit nodes. + +3. Packet Formats + + This section presents the RSVP message-related formats as modified by + this section. This document modifies formats defined in [RFC2205], + [RFC3209], and [RFC3473]. See [RSVP-BNF] for the syntax used by + RSVP. Unmodified formats are not listed. Three new objects are + defined in this section: + + Object name Applicable RSVP messages + --------------- ------------------------ + UPSTREAM_FLOWSPEC Path, PathTear, PathErr, and Notify + (via sender descriptor) + UPSTREAM_TSPEC Resv, ResvConf, ResvTear, ResvErr, and + Notify (via flow descriptor list) + UPSTREAM_ADSPEC Resv, ResvConf, ResvTear, ResvErr, and + Notify (via flow descriptor list) + + + + + + + +Berger, et al. Experimental [Page 6] + +RFC 5467 Asymmetric Bandwidth Bidirectional LSP March 2009 + + + The format of the sender description for bidirectional asymmetric + LSPs is: + + <sender descriptor> ::= <SENDER_TEMPLATE> <SENDER_TSPEC> + [ <ADSPEC> ] + [ <RECORD_ROUTE> ] + [ <SUGGESTED_LABEL> ] + [ <RECOVERY_LABEL> ] + <UPSTREAM_LABEL> + <UPSTREAM_FLOWSPEC> + + The format of the flow descriptor list for bidirectional asymmetric + LSPs is: + + <flow descriptor list> ::= <FF flow descriptor list> + | <SE flow descriptor> + + <FF flow descriptor list> ::= <FLOWSPEC> + <UPSTREAM_TSPEC> [ <UPSTREAM_ADSPEC> ] + <FILTER_SPEC> + <LABEL> [ <RECORD_ROUTE> ] + | <FF flow descriptor list> + <FF flow descriptor> + + <FF flow descriptor> ::= [ <FLOWSPEC> ] + [ <UPSTREAM_TSPEC>] [ <UPSTREAM_ADSPEC> ] + <FILTER_SPEC> <LABEL> + [ <RECORD_ROUTE> ] + + <SE flow descriptor> ::= <FLOWSPEC> + <UPSTREAM_TSPEC> [ <UPSTREAM_ADSPEC> ] + <SE filter spec list> + + <SE filter spec list> is unmodified by this document. + +4. Compatibility + + This extension reuses and extends semantics and procedures defined in + [RFC2205], [RFC3209], and [RFC3473] to support bidirectional LSPs + with asymmetric bandwidth. To indicate the use of asymmetric + bandwidth, three new objects are defined. Each of these objects is + defined with class numbers in the form 0bbbbbbb. Per [RFC2205], + nodes not supporting this extension will not recognize the new class + numbers and should respond with an "Unknown Object Class" error. The + error message will propagate to the ingress, which can then take + action to avoid the path with the incompatible node or may simply + terminate the session. + + + + +Berger, et al. Experimental [Page 7] + +RFC 5467 Asymmetric Bandwidth Bidirectional LSP March 2009 + + +5. IANA Considerations + + IANA has assigned new values for namespaces defined in this section + and reviewed in this subsection. + + The IANA has made the assignments described below in the "Class + Names, Class Numbers, and Class Types" section of the "RSVP + PARAMETERS" registry. + +5.1. UPSTREAM_FLOWSPEC Object + + A new class named UPSTREAM_FLOWSPEC has been created in the 0bbbbbbb + range (120) with the following definition: + + Class Types or C-types: + + Same values as FLOWSPEC object (C-Num 9) + +5.2. UPSTREAM_TSPEC Object + + A new class named UPSTREAM_TSPEC has been created in the 0bbbbbbb + range (121) with the following definition: + + Class Types or C-types: + + Same values as SENDER_TSPEC object (C-Num 12) + +5.3. UPSTREAM_ADSPEC Object + + A new class named UPSTREAM_ADSPEC has been created in the 0bbbbbbb + range (122) with the following definition: + + Class Types or C-types: + + Same values as ADSPEC object (C-Num 13) + +6. Security Considerations + + This document introduces new message objects for use in GMPLS + signaling [RFC3473] -- specifically the UPSTREAM_TSPEC, + UPSTREAM_ADSPEC, and UPSTREAM_FLOWSPEC objects. These objects + parallel the exiting SENDER_TSPEC, ADSPEC, and FLOWSPEC objects but + are used in the opposite direction. As such, any vulnerabilities + that are due to the use of the old objects now apply to messages + flowing in the reverse direction. + + + + + + +Berger, et al. Experimental [Page 8] + +RFC 5467 Asymmetric Bandwidth Bidirectional LSP March 2009 + + + From a message standpoint, this document does not introduce any new + signaling messages or change the relationship between LSRs that are + adjacent in the control plane. As such, this document introduces no + additional message- or neighbor-related security considerations. + + See [RFC3473] for relevant security considerations, and [SEC- + FRAMEWORK] for a more general discussion on RSVP-TE security + discussions. + +7. References + +7.1. Normative References + + [RFC2205] Braden, R., Ed., Zhang, L., Berson, S., Herzog, S., + and S. Jamin, "Resource ReSerVation Protocol (RSVP) + -- Version 1 Functional Specification", RFC 2205, + September 1997. + + [RFC2210] Wroclawski, J., "The Use of RSVP with IETF Integrated + Services", RFC 2210, September 1997. + + [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate + Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997. + + [RFC3209] Awduche, D., Berger, L., Gan, D., Li, T., Srinivasan, + V., and G. Swallow, "RSVP-TE: Extensions to RSVP for + LSP Tunnels", RFC 3209, December 2001. + + [RFC3473] Berger, L., Ed., "Generalized Multi-Protocol Label + Switching (GMPLS) Signaling Resource ReserVation + Protocol-Traffic Engineering (RSVP-TE) Extensions", + RFC 3473, January 2003. + +7.2. Informative References + + [GMPLS-PBBTE] Fedyk, D., et al "GMPLS Control of Ethernet", Work in + Progress, July 2008. + + [MEF-TRAFFIC] Papadimitriou, D., "MEF Ethernet Traffic Parameters," + Work in Progress, October 2008. + + [RFC4606] Mannie, E. and D. Papadimitriou, "Generalized Multi- + Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS) Extensions for + Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) and Synchronous + Digital Hierarchy (SDH) Control", RFC 4606, August + 2006. + + + + + +Berger, et al. Experimental [Page 9] + +RFC 5467 Asymmetric Bandwidth Bidirectional LSP March 2009 + + + [RFC4328] Papadimitriou, D., Ed., "Generalized Multi-Protocol + Label Switching (GMPLS) Signaling Extensions for + G.709 Optical Transport Networks Control", RFC 4328, + January 2006. + + [RSVP-BNF] Farrel, A. "Reduced Backus-Naur Form (RBNF) A Syntax + Used in Various Protocol Specifications", Work in + Progress, November 2008. + + [SEC-FRAMEWORK] Fang, L., Ed., "Security Framework for MPLS and GMPLS + Networks", Work in Progress, November 2008. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Berger, et al. Experimental [Page 10] + +RFC 5467 Asymmetric Bandwidth Bidirectional LSP March 2009 + + +A. Appendix A: Alternate Approach Using ADSPEC Object + + This section is included for historic purposes and its implementation + is NOT RECOMMENDED. + +A.1. Applicability + + This section presents an alternate method for the support of + asymmetric bandwidth bidirectional LSP establishment with a single + RSVP-TE signaling session. This approach differs in applicability + and generality from the approach presented in the main body of this + document. In particular, this approach is technology-specific; it + uses the ADSPEC object to carry traffic parameters for upstream data + and requires the Metro Ethernet Forum (MEF) Ethernet Traffic + Parameter, while the approach presented above is suitable for use + with any technology. + + The generalized asymmetric bandwidth bidirectional LSP presented in + the main body of this document has the benefit of being applicable to + any switching technology, but requires support for three new types of + object classes, i.e., the UPSTREAM_TSPEC, UPSTREAM_ADSPEC, and + UPSTREAM_FLOWSPEC objects. + + The solution presented in this section is based on the + Ethernet-specific ADSPEC object, and is referred to as the "ADSPEC + Object" approach. This approach limits applicability to cases where + the [MEF-TRAFFIC] traffic parameters are appropriate, and to + switching technologies that define no use for the ADSPEC object. + While ultimately it is this limited scope that has resulted in this + approach being relegated to an Appendix, the semantics of this + approach are quite simple in that they only require the definition of + a new ADSPEC object C-Type. + + In summary, the "ADSPEC Object" approach presented in this section + SHOULD NOT be implemented. + +A.2. Overview + + The "ADSPEC Object" approach is specific to Ethernet and uses [MEF- + TRAFFIC] traffic parameters. This approach is not generic and is + aimed at providing asymmetric bandwidth bidirectional LSPs for just + Ethernet transport. With this approach, the ADSPEC object carries + the traffic parameters for the upstream data flow. SENDER_TSPEC + object is used to indicate the traffic parameters for the downstream + data flow. The FLOWSPEC object provides confirmation of the + allocated downstream resources. Confirmation of the upstream + resource allocation is a Resv message, as any resource allocation + + + + +Berger, et al. Experimental [Page 11] + +RFC 5467 Asymmetric Bandwidth Bidirectional LSP March 2009 + + + failure for the upstream direction will always result in a PathErr + message. Figure 2 shows the bandwidth-related objects used in the + first approach. + + |---| Path |---| + | I |----------------->| E | + | n | -SENDER_TSPEC | g | + | g | -ADSPEC | r | + | r | | e | + | e | Resv | s | + | s |<-----------------| s | + | s | -FLOWSPEC | | + |---| |---| + + Figure 2: Asymmetric Bandwidth Bidirectional LSPs Using ADSPEC Object + + In the "ADSPEC Object" approach, the setup of an asymmetric bandwidth + bidirectional LSP would be signaled using the bidirectional + procedures defined in [RFC3473] together with the inclusion of a new + ADSPEC object. The new ADSPEC object would be specific to Ethernet + and could be called the Ethernet Upstream Traffic Parameter ADSPEC + object. The Ethernet Upstream Traffic Parameter ADSPEC object would + use the Class-Number 13 and C-Type UNASSIGNED (this approach should + not be implemented). The format of the object would be the same as + the Ethernet SENDER_TSPEC object defined in [MEF-TRAFFIC]. + + This approach would not modify behavior of symmetric bandwidth LSPs. + Per [MEF-TRAFFIC], such LSPs are signaled either without an ADSPEC or + with an INTSERV ADSPEC. + + The defined approach could be reused to support asymmetric bandwidth + bidirectional LSPs for other types of switching technologies. All + that would be needed would be to define the proper ADSPEC object. + +A.3. Procedures + + Using the approach presented in this section, the process of + establishing an asymmetric bandwidth bidirectional LSP would follow + the process of establishing a symmetric bandwidth bidirectional LSP, + as defined in Section 3 of [RFC3473], with two modifications. These + modifications would be followed when an incoming Path message is + received containing an Upstream_Label object and the Ethernet + Upstream Traffic Parameter ADSPEC object. + + The first modification to the symmetric bandwidth process would be + that when allocating the upstream label, the bandwidth associated + with the upstream label would be taken from the Ethernet Upstream + Traffic Parameter ADSPEC object, see Section 3.1 of [RFC3473]. + + + +Berger, et al. Experimental [Page 12] + +RFC 5467 Asymmetric Bandwidth Bidirectional LSP March 2009 + + + Consistent with [RFC3473], a node that is unable to allocate a label + or internal resources based on the contents of the ADSPEC object, + would issue a PathErr message with a "Routing problem/MPLS label + allocation failure" indication. + + The second modification would be that the ADSPEC object would not be + modified by transit nodes. + +A.4. Compatibility + + The approach presented in this section reuses semantics and + procedures defined in [RFC3473]. To indicate the use of asymmetric + bandwidth, a new ADSPEC object C-type would be defined. Per + [RFC2205], nodes not supporting the approach should not recognize + this new C-type and respond with an "Unknown object C-Type" error. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Berger, et al. Experimental [Page 13] + +RFC 5467 Asymmetric Bandwidth Bidirectional LSP March 2009 + + +Authors' Addresses + + Lou Berger + LabN Consulting, L.L.C. + + EMail: lberger@labn.net + + + Attila Takacs + Ericsson + 1. Laborc u. + 1037 Budapest, Hungary + + Phone: +36-1-4377044 + EMail: attila.takacs@ericsson.com + + + Diego Caviglia + Ericsson + Via A. Negrone 1/A + Genova-Sestri Ponente, Italy + + Phone: +390106003738 + EMail: diego.caviglia@ericsson.com + + + Don Fedyk + Nortel Networks + 600 Technology Park Drive + Billerica, MA, USA 01821 + + Phone: +1-978-288-3041 + EMail: dwfedyk@nortel.com + + + Julien Meuric + France Telecom + Research & Development + 2, avenue Pierre Marzin + 22307 Lannion Cedex - France + + Phone: +33 2 96 05 28 28 + EMail: julien.meuric@orange-ftgroup.com + + + + + + + + +Berger, et al. Experimental [Page 14] + |