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diff --git a/doc/rfc/rfc5813.txt b/doc/rfc/rfc5813.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b979d95 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/rfc/rfc5813.txt @@ -0,0 +1,955 @@ + + + + + + +Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) R. Haas +Request for Comments: 5813 IBM +Category: Standards Track March 2010 +ISSN: 2070-1721 + + + Forwarding and Control Element Separation (ForCES) MIB + +Abstract + + This memo defines a Management Information Base (MIB) module for use + with network management protocols in the Internet community. In + particular, it defines managed objects for the Forwarding and Control + Element Separation (ForCES) Network Element (NE). + +Status of This Memo + + This is an Internet Standards Track document. + + This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force + (IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has + received public review and has been approved for publication by the + Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Further information on + Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of RFC 5741. + + Information about the current status of this document, any errata, + and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at + http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5813. + +Copyright Notice + + Copyright (c) 2010 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the + document authors. All rights reserved. + + This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal + Provisions Relating to IETF Documents + (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of + publication of this document. Please review these documents + carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect + to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must + include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of + the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as + described in the Simplified BSD License. + + + + + + + + +Haas Standards Track [Page 1] + +RFC 5813 ForCES MIB March 2010 + + +Table of Contents + + 1. The Internet-Standard Management Framework ......................2 + 2. Introduction ....................................................2 + 3. Requirements Notation ...........................................3 + 4. ForCES MIB Overview .............................................3 + 5. ForCES MIB Definition ...........................................4 + 6. Associations Kept in the MIB ...................................13 + 7. Support for Multiple CEs and FEs ...............................14 + 8. Security Considerations ........................................14 + 9. IANA Considerations ............................................15 + 10. References ....................................................15 + 10.1. Normative References .....................................15 + 10.2. Informative References ...................................16 + Appendix A. Acknowledgments ......................................17 + +1. The Internet-Standard Management Framework + + For a detailed overview of the documents that describe the current + Internet-Standard Management Framework, please refer to section 7 of + [RFC3410]. + + Managed objects are accessed via a virtual information store, termed + the Management Information Base or MIB. MIB objects are generally + accessed through the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP). + Objects in the MIB are defined using the mechanisms defined in the + Structure of Management Information (SMI). This memo specifies a MIB + module that is compliant to the SMIv2, which is described in STD 58, + [RFC2578], STD 58, [RFC2579] and STD 58, [RFC2580]. + +2. Introduction + + The ForCES MIB module is a read-only MIB module that captures + information related to the ForCES protocol ([RFC3654], [RFC3746], + [FORCES-APP], and [RFC5810]). + + The ForCES MIB module does not include information that is specified + in other MIB modules, such as packet counters for interfaces, etc. + + More specifically, the information in the ForCES MIB module relative + to associations (between Control Elements and Forwarding Elements) + that are in the UP state includes: + + o identifiers of the elements in the association, + + o configuration parameters of the association, and + + o statistics of the association. + + + +Haas Standards Track [Page 2] + +RFC 5813 ForCES MIB March 2010 + + +3. Requirements Notation + + The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", + "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this + document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119]. + +4. ForCES MIB Overview + + The MIB module contains the latest ForCES protocol version supported + by the Control Element (CE) (forcesLatestProtocolVersionSupported). + Note that the CE must also allow interaction with Forwarding Elements + (FEs) supporting earlier versions. + + For each association identified by the pair CE ID and FE ID, the + following associated information is provided by the MIB module as an + entry (forcesAssociationEntry) in the association table + (forcesAssociationTable): + + o Version number of the ForCES protocol running in this association + (forcesAssociationRunningProtocolVersion). + + o Time when the association entered the UP state + (forcesAssociationTimeUp). + + o Time when the association left the UP state + (forcesAssociationTimeDown). Note that this is only used for + notification purposes as the association is removed from the MIB + immediately after it leaves the UP state. + + o Number of ForCES Heartbeat messages sent from the CE + (forcesAssociationHBMsgSent) and received by the CE + (forcesAssociationHBMsgReceived) since the association entered the + UP state. + + o Number of operational ForCES messages sent from the CE + (forcesAssociationOperMsgSent) and received by the CE + (forcesAssociationOperMsgReceived) since the association entered + the UP state. Only messages other than Heartbeat, Association + Setup, Association Setup Response, and Association Teardown are + counted. + + Finally, the MIB module defines the following notifications: + + o Whenever an association enters the UP state, a notification + (forcesAssociationEntryUp) is issued containing the version of the + ForCES protocol running. CE ID and FE ID are concatenated to form + the table index, hence they appear in the OID of the ForCES- + protocol running-version object. Optionally, a notification + + + +Haas Standards Track [Page 3] + +RFC 5813 ForCES MIB March 2010 + + + (forcesAssociationEntryUpStats) can instead be issued with all + associated information for this association, except + forcesAssociationTimeDown. + + o Whenever an association leaves the UP state, a notification + (forcesAssociationEntryDown) is issued containing the version of + the ForCES protocol running. Optionally, a notification + (forcesAssociationEntryDownStats) can instead be issued with all + associated information for this association. The reason is that + the association and all its associated information will be removed + from the MIB immediately after this notification has been issued. + +5. ForCES MIB Definition + + FORCES-MIB DEFINITIONS ::= BEGIN + + IMPORTS + MODULE-IDENTITY, OBJECT-TYPE, NOTIFICATION-TYPE, + mib-2, Integer32 + FROM SNMPv2-SMI + + TEXTUAL-CONVENTION, TimeStamp + FROM SNMPv2-TC + + MODULE-COMPLIANCE, OBJECT-GROUP, + NOTIFICATION-GROUP + FROM SNMPv2-CONF + + ZeroBasedCounter32 + FROM RMON2-MIB; + + forcesMib MODULE-IDENTITY + LAST-UPDATED "201003100000Z" -- March 10, 2010 + ORGANIZATION "IETF Forwarding and Control Element + Separation (ForCES) Working Group" + CONTACT-INFO + "WG Charter: + http://www.ietf.org/html.charters/forces-charter.html + + Mailing lists: + General Discussion: forces@ietf.org + To Subscribe: + https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/forces + + Chairs: Patrick Droz + Email: dro@zurich.ibm.com + Jamal Hadi Salim + Email: hadi@mojatatu.com + + + +Haas Standards Track [Page 4] + +RFC 5813 ForCES MIB March 2010 + + + Editor: Robert Haas + IBM + Email: rha@zurich.ibm.com" + DESCRIPTION + "This MIB module contains managed object definitions + for the ForCES Protocol. + + Copyright (c) 2010 IETF Trust and the persons identified + as authors of the code. All rights reserved. + + Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with + or without modification, is permitted pursuant to, and + subject to the license terms contained in, the + Simplified BSD License set forth in Section 4.c of the + IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents + (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info). + + This version of this MIB module is part of RFC 5813; + see the RFC itself for full legal notices." + REVISION "201003100000Z" -- March 10, 2010 + DESCRIPTION + "Initial version, published as RFC 5813." + ::= { mib-2 187 } + + --**************************************************************** + + forcesMibNotifications OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { forcesMib 0 } + forcesMibObjects OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { forcesMib 1 } + forcesMibConformance OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { forcesMib 2 } + + ForcesID ::= TEXTUAL-CONVENTION + STATUS current + DESCRIPTION + "The ForCES identifier is a 4-octet quantity." + SYNTAX OCTET STRING (SIZE (4)) + + ForcesProtocolVersion ::= TEXTUAL-CONVENTION + DISPLAY-HINT "d" + STATUS current + DESCRIPTION + "ForCES protocol version number. + The version numbers used are defined in the + specifications of the respective protocol: + 1 - ForCESv1, RFC 5810." + SYNTAX Integer32 (1..255) + + + + + + +Haas Standards Track [Page 5] + +RFC 5813 ForCES MIB March 2010 + + +-- Notifications + + forcesAssociationEntryUp NOTIFICATION-TYPE + OBJECTS { + forcesAssociationRunningProtocolVersion + } + STATUS current + DESCRIPTION + "This notification is generated as soon + as an association enters the UP state. + Note that these notifications are not + throttled as the CE itself should + throttle the setup of associations." + ::= { forcesMibNotifications 1 } + + forcesAssociationEntryDown NOTIFICATION-TYPE + OBJECTS { + forcesAssociationRunningProtocolVersion + } + STATUS current + DESCRIPTION + "This notification is generated as soon + as an association leaves the UP state. + Note that these notifications are not + throttled as the CE itself should + throttle the setup of associations." + ::= { forcesMibNotifications 2 } + + forcesAssociationEntryUpStats NOTIFICATION-TYPE + OBJECTS { + forcesAssociationRunningProtocolVersion, + forcesAssociationTimeUp + } + STATUS current + DESCRIPTION + "This notification is generated as soon + as an association enters the UP state. + Note that these notifications are not + throttled as the CE itself should + throttle the setup of associations." + ::= { forcesMibNotifications 3 } + + + + + + + + + + +Haas Standards Track [Page 6] + +RFC 5813 ForCES MIB March 2010 + + + forcesAssociationEntryDownStats NOTIFICATION-TYPE + OBJECTS { + forcesAssociationRunningProtocolVersion, + forcesAssociationTimeUp, + forcesAssociationTimeDown, + forcesAssociationHBMsgSent, + forcesAssociationHBMsgReceived, + forcesAssociationOperMsgSent, + forcesAssociationOperMsgReceived, + forcesAssociationCounterDiscontinuityTime + } + STATUS current + DESCRIPTION + "This notification is generated as soon + as an association leaves the UP state. + Note that these notifications are not + throttled as the CE itself should + throttle the setup of associations." + ::= { forcesMibNotifications 4 } + +-- Objects + + forcesLatestProtocolVersionSupported OBJECT-TYPE + SYNTAX ForcesProtocolVersion + MAX-ACCESS read-only + STATUS current + DESCRIPTION + "The ForCES protocol version supported by the CE. + The current protocol version is 1. + Note that the CE must also allow interaction + with FEs supporting earlier versions." + ::= { forcesMibObjects 1 } + + forcesAssociations OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { forcesMibObjects 2 } + + forcesAssociationTable OBJECT-TYPE + SYNTAX SEQUENCE OF ForcesAssociationEntry + MAX-ACCESS not-accessible + STATUS current + DESCRIPTION + "The (conceptual) table of associations." + ::= { forcesAssociations 1 } + + + + + + + + + +Haas Standards Track [Page 7] + +RFC 5813 ForCES MIB March 2010 + + + forcesAssociationEntry OBJECT-TYPE + SYNTAX ForcesAssociationEntry + MAX-ACCESS not-accessible + STATUS current + DESCRIPTION + "A (conceptual) entry for one association." + INDEX { forcesAssociationCEID, forcesAssociationFEID } + ::= { forcesAssociationTable 1 } + + ForcesAssociationEntry ::= SEQUENCE { + forcesAssociationCEID ForcesID, + forcesAssociationFEID ForcesID, + + forcesAssociationRunningProtocolVersion + ForcesProtocolVersion, + + forcesAssociationTimeUp TimeStamp, + forcesAssociationTimeDown TimeStamp, + + forcesAssociationHBMsgSent ZeroBasedCounter32, + forcesAssociationHBMsgReceived ZeroBasedCounter32, + forcesAssociationOperMsgSent ZeroBasedCounter32, + forcesAssociationOperMsgReceived ZeroBasedCounter32, + forcesAssociationCounterDiscontinuityTime TimeStamp + } + + forcesAssociationCEID OBJECT-TYPE + SYNTAX ForcesID + MAX-ACCESS not-accessible + STATUS current + DESCRIPTION + "The ForCES ID of the CE." + ::= { forcesAssociationEntry 1 } + + forcesAssociationFEID OBJECT-TYPE + SYNTAX ForcesID + MAX-ACCESS not-accessible + STATUS current + DESCRIPTION + "The ForCES ID of the FE." + ::= { forcesAssociationEntry 2 } + + + + + + + + + + +Haas Standards Track [Page 8] + +RFC 5813 ForCES MIB March 2010 + + + forcesAssociationRunningProtocolVersion OBJECT-TYPE + SYNTAX ForcesProtocolVersion + MAX-ACCESS read-only + STATUS current + DESCRIPTION + "The current ForCES protocol version used in + this association. + The current protocol version is 1." + ::= { forcesAssociationEntry 3 } + + forcesAssociationTimeUp OBJECT-TYPE + SYNTAX TimeStamp + MAX-ACCESS read-only + STATUS current + DESCRIPTION + "The value of sysUpTime at the time this + association entered the UP state. + If this association started prior to the last + initialization of the network subsystem, then + this object contains a zero value. + This object allows to uniquely identify + associations with the same CE and FE IDs." + ::= { forcesAssociationEntry 4 } + + forcesAssociationTimeDown OBJECT-TYPE + SYNTAX TimeStamp + MAX-ACCESS accessible-for-notify + STATUS current + DESCRIPTION + "The value of sysUpTime at the time this + association left the UP state." + ::= { forcesAssociationEntry 5 } + + forcesAssociationHBMsgSent OBJECT-TYPE + SYNTAX ZeroBasedCounter32 + MAX-ACCESS read-only + STATUS current + DESCRIPTION + "A counter of how many Heartbeat messages have + been sent by the CE on this association + since the association entered the UP state. + Discontinuities in the value of this counter + can occur at reinitialization of the management + system, and at other times as indicated by the + value of forcesAssociationCounterDiscontinuityTime." + ::= { forcesAssociationEntry 6 } + + + + + +Haas Standards Track [Page 9] + +RFC 5813 ForCES MIB March 2010 + + + forcesAssociationHBMsgReceived OBJECT-TYPE + SYNTAX ZeroBasedCounter32 + MAX-ACCESS read-only + STATUS current + DESCRIPTION + "A counter of how many Heartbeat messages + have been received by the CE on this association + since the association entered the UP state. + Discontinuities in the value of this counter + can occur at reinitialization of the management + system, and at other times as indicated by the + value of forcesAssociationCounterDiscontinuityTime." + ::= { forcesAssociationEntry 7 } + + forcesAssociationOperMsgSent OBJECT-TYPE + SYNTAX ZeroBasedCounter32 + MAX-ACCESS read-only + STATUS current + DESCRIPTION + "A counter of how many messages other than + Heartbeat (i.e., Config and Query) + have been sent by the CE on this association + since the association entered the UP state. + Discontinuities in the value of this counter + can occur at reinitialization of the management + system, and at other times as indicated by the + value of forcesAssociationCounterDiscontinuityTime." + ::= { forcesAssociationEntry 8 } + + forcesAssociationOperMsgReceived OBJECT-TYPE + SYNTAX ZeroBasedCounter32 + MAX-ACCESS read-only + STATUS current + DESCRIPTION + "A counter of how many messages other than + Heartbeat (i.e., Config response, Query response, + event notification, and packet redirect) + have been received by the CE on this association + since the association entered the UP state. + Discontinuities in the value of this counter + can occur at reinitialization of the management + system, and at other times as indicated by the + value of forcesAssociationCounterDiscontinuityTime." + ::= { forcesAssociationEntry 9 } + + + + + + + +Haas Standards Track [Page 10] + +RFC 5813 ForCES MIB March 2010 + + + forcesAssociationCounterDiscontinuityTime OBJECT-TYPE + SYNTAX TimeStamp + MAX-ACCESS read-only + STATUS current + DESCRIPTION + "The value of sysUpTime on the most recent occasion + at which any one or more of this association's + counters suffered a discontinuity. The relevant + counters are the specific instances associated with + this association of any ZeroBasedCounter32 object + contained in the forcesAssociationTable. If no + such discontinuities have occurred since the last + reinitialization of the local management subsystem, + then this object contains a zero value." + ::= { forcesAssociationEntry 10 } + +-- Conformance + + forcesMibCompliances OBJECT IDENTIFIER + ::= { forcesMibConformance 1 } + forcesMibGroups OBJECT IDENTIFIER + ::= { forcesMibConformance 2 } + +-- Compliance statements + + forcesMibCompliance MODULE-COMPLIANCE + STATUS current + DESCRIPTION + "The compliance statement for routers running + ForCES and implementing the ForCES MIB." + MODULE -- this module + MANDATORY-GROUPS { forcesMibGroup, forcesNotificationGroup } + + GROUP forcesNotificationStatsGroup + DESCRIPTION + "Implementation of this group is recommended." + + GROUP forcesStatsGroup + DESCRIPTION + "Implementation of this group is recommended." + + ::= { forcesMibCompliances 1 } + + + + + + + + + +Haas Standards Track [Page 11] + +RFC 5813 ForCES MIB March 2010 + + +-- Units of conformance + + forcesNotificationGroup NOTIFICATION-GROUP + NOTIFICATIONS { forcesAssociationEntryUp, + forcesAssociationEntryDown + } + STATUS current + DESCRIPTION + "A collection of notifications for signaling + important ForCES events." + ::= { forcesMibGroups 1 } + + forcesMibGroup OBJECT-GROUP + OBJECTS { forcesLatestProtocolVersionSupported, + forcesAssociationRunningProtocolVersion + } + STATUS current + DESCRIPTION + "A collection of objects to support management + of ForCES routers." + ::= { forcesMibGroups 2 } + + forcesNotificationStatsGroup NOTIFICATION-GROUP + NOTIFICATIONS { forcesAssociationEntryUpStats, + forcesAssociationEntryDownStats + } + STATUS current + DESCRIPTION + "A collection of optional notifications for + signaling important ForCES events including + statistics." + ::= { forcesMibGroups 3 } + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Haas Standards Track [Page 12] + +RFC 5813 ForCES MIB March 2010 + + + forcesStatsGroup OBJECT-GROUP + OBJECTS { forcesAssociationTimeUp, + forcesAssociationTimeDown, + forcesAssociationHBMsgSent, + forcesAssociationHBMsgReceived, + forcesAssociationOperMsgSent, + forcesAssociationOperMsgReceived, + forcesAssociationCounterDiscontinuityTime + } + STATUS current + DESCRIPTION + "A collection of optional objects to provide + extra information about the associations. + There is no protocol reason to keep such + information, but these objects can be very + useful in debugging connectivity problems." + ::= { forcesMibGroups 4} + + END + +6. Associations Kept in the MIB + + Associations enter the UP state as soon as the CE has sent to the FE + an Association Setup Response message containing a successful + Association Setup Result. Only associations that are UP are + reflected in this MIB module. + + Associations are removed from the MIB module as soon as they leave + the UP state, i.e., if the CE has not received any message (Heartbeat + or other protocol message) from the FE within a given time period or + if an Association Teardown message has been sent by the CE. + + Statistics counters are initialized to zero when the association is + created. If the same association goes down and comes back up, the + counters will reset and the discontinuity can be discovered by + checking the discontinuity timestamp. In addition, the time-up + timestamp in the association allows to distinguish new associations + from past ones with the same index. Note that the optional down + notification contains the statistics with the final values of the + statistics counters. + + + + + + + + + + + +Haas Standards Track [Page 13] + +RFC 5813 ForCES MIB March 2010 + + +7. Support for Multiple CEs and FEs + + An NE consists of one or more FEs and one or more CEs. Where there + is a single CE, that CE will have knowledge of all the associations + in the NE and so can provide the information necessary to support the + managed objects defined in this MIB module. Where there is more than + one CE, information about the associations may be distributed among + the CEs. Whether each CE implements the managed objects for the + associations of which it is aware or whether the CEs cooperate to + present the appearance of a single set of managed objects for all the + associations in the NE is outside the scope of this document. + +8. Security Considerations + + There are no management objects defined in this MIB module that have + a MAX-ACCESS clause of read-write and/or read-create. So, if this + MIB module is implemented correctly, then there is no risk that an + intruder can alter or create any management objects of this MIB + module via direct SNMP SET operations. + + Some of the readable objects in this MIB module (i.e., objects with a + MAX-ACCESS other than not-accessible) may be considered sensitive or + vulnerable in some network environments. It is thus important to + control even GET and/or NOTIFY access to these objects and possibly + to even encrypt the values of these objects when sending them over + the network via SNMP. These are the tables and objects and their + sensitivity/vulnerability: + + o Objects in the forcesMibGroup are protocol versions. They are + neither sensitive nor vulnerable. + + o Objects in the forcesStatsGroup are statistics. They are neither + sensitive nor vulnerable. + + SNMP versions prior to SNMPv3 did not include adequate security. + Even if the network itself is secure (for example by using IPsec), + even then, there is no control as to who on the secure network is + allowed to access and GET/SET (read/change/create/delete) the objects + in this MIB module. + + It is RECOMMENDED that implementers consider the security features as + provided by the SNMPv3 framework (see [RFC3410], section 8), + including full support for the SNMPv3 cryptographic mechanisms (for + authentication and privacy). + + Further, deployment of SNMP versions prior to SNMPv3 is NOT + RECOMMENDED. Instead, it is RECOMMENDED to deploy SNMPv3 and to + enable cryptographic security. It is then a customer/operator + + + +Haas Standards Track [Page 14] + +RFC 5813 ForCES MIB March 2010 + + + responsibility to ensure that the SNMP entity giving access to an + instance of this MIB module is properly configured to give access to + the objects only to those principals (users) that have legitimate + rights to indeed GET or SET (change/create/delete) them. + +9. IANA Considerations + + The MIB module in this document uses the following IANA-assigned + OBJECT IDENTIFIER values recorded in the SMI Numbers registry: + + Descriptor OBJECT IDENTIFIER value + ---------- ----------------------- + + forcesMIB { mib-2 187 } + +10. References + +10.1. Normative References + + [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate + Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997. + + [RFC2578] McCloghrie, K., Ed., Perkins, D., Ed., and J. + Schoenwaelder, Ed., "Structure of Management Information + Version 2 (SMIv2)", STD 58, RFC 2578, April 1999. + + [RFC2579] McCloghrie, K., Ed., Perkins, D., Ed., and J. + Schoenwaelder, Ed., "Textual Conventions for SMIv2", + STD 58, RFC 2579, April 1999. + + [RFC2580] McCloghrie, K., Perkins, D., and J. Schoenwaelder, + "Conformance Statements for SMIv2", STD 58, RFC 2580, + April 1999. + + [RFC5810] Doria, A., Ed., Hadi Salim, J., Ed., Haas, R., Ed., + Khosravi, H., Ed., Wang, W., Ed., Dong, L., Gopal, R., and + J. Halpern, "Forwarding and Control Element Separation + (ForCES) Protocol Specification", RFC 5810, March 2010. + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Haas Standards Track [Page 15] + +RFC 5813 ForCES MIB March 2010 + + +10.2. Informative References + + [FORCES-APP] + Crouch, A., Khosravi, H., Doria, A., Wang, X., and K. + Ogawa, "ForCES Applicability Statement", Work in Progress, + February 2010. + + [RFC3410] Case, J., Mundy, R., Partain, D., and B. Stewart, + "Introduction and Applicability Statements for + Internet-Standard Management Framework", RFC 3410, + December 2002. + + [RFC3654] Khosravi, H. and T. Anderson, "Requirements for Separation + of IP Control and Forwarding", RFC 3654, November 2003. + + [RFC3746] Yang, L., Dantu, R., Anderson, T., and R. Gopal, + "Forwarding and Control Element Separation (ForCES) + Framework", RFC 3746, April 2004. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Haas Standards Track [Page 16] + +RFC 5813 ForCES MIB March 2010 + + +Appendix A. Acknowledgments + + The author gratefully acknowledges the contributions of Spencer + Dawkins, Jinrong Fenggen, John Flick, Xiaoyi Guo, Joel Halpern, Tom + Petch, Jamal Hadi Salim, and Bert Wijnen. + +Author's Address + + Robert Haas + IBM + Saeumerstrasse 4 + Rueschlikon 8803 + CH + + EMail: rha@zurich.ibm.com + URI: http://www.zurich.ibm.com/~rha + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Haas Standards Track [Page 17] + |