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diff --git a/doc/rfc/rfc8157.txt b/doc/rfc/rfc8157.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..68acbaa --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/rfc/rfc8157.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2467 @@ + + + + + + +Independent Submission N. Leymann +Request for Comments: 8157 C. Heidemann +Category: Informational Deutsche Telekom AG +ISSN: 2070-1721 M. Zhang + B. Sarikaya + Huawei + M. Cullen + Painless Security + May 2017 + + + Huawei's GRE Tunnel Bonding Protocol + +Abstract + + There is an emerging demand for solutions that provide redundancy and + load-sharing across wired and cellular links from a single Service + Provider, so that a single subscriber is provided with bonded access + to heterogeneous connections at the same time. + + In this document, GRE (Generic Routing Encapsulation) Tunnel Bonding + is specified as an enabling approach for bonded access to a wired and + a wireless network in customer premises, e.g., homes. In GRE Tunnel + Bonding, two GRE tunnels, one per network connection, are set up and + bonded together to form a single GRE tunnel for a subscriber. + Compared with each subconnection, the bonded connections promise + increased access capacity and improved reliability. The solution + described in this document is currently implemented by Huawei and + deployed by Deutsche Telekom AG. This document will enable other + developers to build interoperable implementations. + +Status of This Memo + + This document is not an Internet Standards Track specification; it is + published for informational purposes. + + This is a contribution to the RFC Series, independently of any other + RFC stream. The RFC Editor has chosen to publish this document at + its discretion and makes no statement about its value for + implementation or deployment. Documents approved for publication by + the RFC Editor are not a candidate for any level of Internet + Standard; see Section 2 of RFC 7841. + + Information about the current status of this document, any errata, + and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at + http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8157. + + + + + +Leymann, et al. Informational [Page 1] + +RFC 8157 GRE Tunnel Bonding May 2017 + + +Copyright Notice + + Copyright (c) 2017 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the + document authors. All rights reserved. + + This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal + Provisions Relating to IETF Documents + (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of + publication of this document. Please review these documents + carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect + to this document. + +Table of Contents + + 1. Introduction ....................................................3 + 2. Acronyms and Terminology ........................................4 + 3. Use Case ........................................................6 + 4. Overview ........................................................7 + 4.1. Control Plane ..............................................7 + 4.2. Data Plane .................................................7 + 4.3. Traffic Classification and Distribution ....................8 + 4.4. Traffic Recombination ......................................8 + 4.5. Bypass .....................................................9 + 4.6. Measurement ................................................9 + 4.7. Policy Control Considerations ..............................9 + 5. Control Protocol Specification (Control Plane) .................10 + 5.1. GRE Tunnel Setup Request ..................................12 + 5.1.1. Client Identification Name .........................12 + 5.1.2. Session ID .........................................13 + 5.1.3. DSL Synchronization Rate ...........................14 + 5.2. GRE Tunnel Setup Accept ...................................14 + 5.2.1. H IPv4 Address .....................................15 + 5.2.2. H IPv6 Address .....................................15 + 5.2.3. Session ID .........................................16 + 5.2.4. RTT Difference Threshold ...........................16 + 5.2.5. Bypass Bandwidth Check Interval ....................17 + 5.2.6. Active Hello Interval ..............................17 + 5.2.7. Hello Retry Times ..................................18 + 5.2.8. Idle Timeout .......................................18 + 5.2.9. Bonding Key Value ..................................19 + 5.2.10. Configured DSL Upstream Bandwidth .................20 + 5.2.11. Configured DSL Downstream Bandwidth ...............21 + 5.2.12. RTT Difference Threshold Violation ................21 + 5.2.13. RTT Difference Threshold Compliance ...............22 + 5.2.14. Idle Hello Interval ...............................23 + 5.2.15. No Traffic Monitored Interval .....................23 + + + + + +Leymann, et al. Informational [Page 2] + +RFC 8157 GRE Tunnel Bonding May 2017 + + + 5.3. GRE Tunnel Setup Deny .....................................24 + 5.3.1. Error Code .........................................24 + 5.4. GRE Tunnel Hello ..........................................25 + 5.4.1. Timestamp ..........................................25 + 5.4.2. IPv6 Prefix Assigned by HAAP .......................26 + 5.5. GRE Tunnel Tear Down ......................................26 + 5.6. GRE Tunnel Notify .........................................27 + 5.6.1. Bypass Traffic Rate ................................27 + 5.6.2. Filter List Package ................................28 + 5.6.3. Switching to DSL Tunnel ............................31 + 5.6.4. Overflowing to LTE Tunnel ..........................31 + 5.6.5. DSL Link Failure ...................................32 + 5.6.6. LTE Link Failure ...................................32 + 5.6.7. IPv6 Prefix Assigned to Host .......................33 + 5.6.8. Diagnostic Start: Bonding Tunnel ...................33 + 5.6.9. Diagnostic Start: DSL Tunnel .......................34 + 5.6.10. Diagnostic Start: LTE Tunnel ......................34 + 5.6.11. Diagnostic End ....................................35 + 5.6.12. Filter List Package ACK ...........................35 + 5.6.13. Switching to Active Hello State ...................36 + 5.6.14. Switching to Idle Hello State .....................37 + 5.6.15. Tunnel Verification ...............................37 + 6. Tunnel Protocol Operation (Data Plane) .........................38 + 6.1. The GRE Header ............................................38 + 6.2. Automatic Setup of GRE Tunnels ............................39 + 7. Security Considerations ........................................41 + 8. IANA Considerations ............................................41 + 9. References .....................................................41 + 9.1. Normative References ......................................41 + 9.2. Informative References ....................................42 + Contributors ......................................................43 + Authors' Addresses ................................................44 + +1. Introduction + + Service Providers used to provide subscribers with separate access to + their fixed networks and mobile networks. It has become desirable to + bond these heterogeneous networks together to offer access service to + subscribers; this service will provide increased access capacity and + improved reliability. + + This document focuses on the use case where a DSL (Digital Subscriber + Line) connection and an LTE (Long Term Evolution) connection are + bonded together. When the traffic volume exceeds the bandwidth of + the DSL connection, the excess amount can be offloaded to the LTE + connection. A Home Gateway (HG) is a Customer Premises Equipment + (CPE) device initiating the DSL and LTE connections. A Hybrid Access + Aggregation Point (HAAP) is the network function that resides in the + + + +Leymann, et al. Informational [Page 3] + +RFC 8157 GRE Tunnel Bonding May 2017 + + + provider's networks to terminate these bonded connections. Note that + if there were more than two connections that need to be bonded, the + GRE Tunnel Bonding mechanism could support that scenario as well. + However, support for more than two connections is out of scope for + this document. Also, the protocol specified in this document is + limited to the single-operator scenario only, i.e., the two peering + boxes -- the HG and the HAAP -- are operated by a single provider. + The adaptation of the GRE Tunnel Bonding Protocol to the + multi-provider scenario is left for future work. + + This document bases the solution on GRE (Generic Routing + Encapsulation [RFC2784] [RFC2890]), since GRE is widely supported in + both fixed and mobile networks. Approaches specified in this + document might also be used by other tunneling technologies to + achieve tunnel bonding. However, such variants are out of scope for + this document. + + For each heterogeneous connection (DSL and LTE) between the HG and + the HAAP, one GRE tunnel is set up. The HG and the HAAP, + respectively, serve as the common termination point of the two + tunnels at both ends. Those GRE tunnels are further bonded together + to form a logical GRE tunnel for the subscriber. The HG conceals the + GRE tunnels from the end nodes, and end nodes simply treat the + logical GRE tunnel as a single IP link. This provides an overlay: + the users' IP packets (inner IP) are encapsulated in GRE, which is in + turn carried over IP (outer IP). + + The GRE Tunnel Bonding Protocol is developed by Huawei and has been + deployed in networks operated by Deutsche Telekom AG. This document + makes this protocol available to the public, thereby enabling other + developers to build interoperable implementations. + +2. Acronyms and Terminology + + GRE: Generic Routing Encapsulation [RFC2784] [RFC2890]. + + DSL: Digital Subscriber Line. A family of technologies used to + transmit digital data over telephone lines. + + LTE: Long Term Evolution. A standard for wireless communication of + high-speed data for mobile phones and data terminals. Commonly + marketed as 4G LTE. + + HG: Home Gateway. A CPE device that is enhanced to support the + simultaneous use of both fixed broadband and 3GPP access + connections. + + + + + +Leymann, et al. Informational [Page 4] + +RFC 8157 GRE Tunnel Bonding May 2017 + + + HAAP: Hybrid Access Aggregation Point. A logical function in an + operator's network, terminating bonded connections while offering + high-speed Internet. + + CIR: Committed Information Rate [RFC2697]. + + RTT: Round-Trip Time. + + AAA: Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting [RFC6733]. + + SOAP: Simple Object Access Protocol. A protocol specification for + exchanging structured information in the implementation of web + services in computer networks. + + FQDN: Fully Qualified Domain Name. Generally, a host name with at + least one domain label under the top-level domain. For example, + "dhcp.example.org" is an FQDN [RFC7031]. + + DSCP: The 6-bit codepoint (DSCP) of the Differentiated Services field + (DS field) in the IPv4 and IPv6 headers [RFC2724]. + + BRAS: Broadband Remote Access Server. Routes traffic to and from + broadband remote access devices such as Digital Subscriber Line + Access Multiplexers (DSLAMs) on an Internet Service Provider's + (ISP's) network. + + PGW: Packet Data Network Gateway. In the Long Term Evolution (LTE) + architecture for the Evolved Packet Core (EPC), acts as an anchor + for user-plane mobility. + + PDP: Packet Data Protocol. A packet transfer protocol used in + wireless GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) / HSDPA (High-Speed + Downlink Packet Access) networks. + + PPPoE: Point-to-Point over Ethernet. A network protocol for + encapsulating PPP frames inside Ethernet frames. + + DNS: Domain Name System. A hierarchical distributed naming system + for computers, services, or any resource connected to the Internet + or a private network. + + DHCP: Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol. A standardized network + protocol used on Internet Protocol (IP) networks for dynamically + distributing network configuration parameters, such as IP + addresses for interfaces and services. + + + + + + +Leymann, et al. Informational [Page 5] + +RFC 8157 GRE Tunnel Bonding May 2017 + + + The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", + "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this + document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119]. + +3. Use Case + + Bonding Connection + +-+ **************************** + | | *+-+ +-+* + | | *|E+-- LTE Connection --+ |* + subscriber |C| *+-+ |H|* Internet + | | *+-+ | |* + | | *|D+-- DSL Connection --+ |* + | | *+-+ +-+* + +-+ **************************** + \______/ \__/ + HG HAAP + + C: The service endpoint of the bonding service at the HG. + E: The endpoint of the LTE connection resides in the HG. + D: The endpoint of the DSL connection resides in the HG. + H: The endpoint for each heterogeneous connection at the HAAP. + + Figure 1: Offloading from DSL to LTE, Increased Access Capacity + + If a Service Provider runs heterogeneous networks, such as fixed and + mobile, subscribers might be eager to use those networks + simultaneously for increased access capacity rather than just using a + single network. As shown by the reference model in Figure 1, the + subscriber expects a significantly higher access bandwidth from the + bonding connection than from the DSL connection. In other words, + when the traffic volume exceeds the bandwidth of the DSL connection, + the excess amount may be offloaded to the LTE connection. + + Compared to per-flow load-balancing mechanisms, which are widely used + nowadays, the use case described in this document requires a + per-packet offloading approach. For per-flow load balancing, the + maximum bandwidth that may be used by a traffic flow is the bandwidth + of an individual connection, while for per-packet offloading, a + single flow may use the combined bandwidth of the two connections. + + + + + + + + + + + +Leymann, et al. Informational [Page 6] + +RFC 8157 GRE Tunnel Bonding May 2017 + + +4. Overview + + In this document, the widely supported GRE is chosen as the tunneling + technique. With the newly defined control protocol, GRE tunnels are + set up on top of the DSL and LTE connections, which are ended at + D and H or at E and H, as shown in Figure 1. These tunnels are + bonded together to form a single logical bonding connection between + the HG and the HAAP. Subscribers use this logical connection without + knowing the GRE tunnels. + +4.1. Control Plane + + A clean-slate control protocol is designed to manage the GRE tunnels + that are set up per heterogeneous connection between the HG and the + HAAP. The goal is to design a compact control plane for bonding + access instead of reusing existing control planes. + + In order to measure the performance of connections, control packets + need to co-route the same path with data packets. Therefore, a + GRE Channel is opened for the purpose of data-plane forwarding of + control-plane packets. As shown in Figure 2 (see Section 5), the GRE + header [RFC2784] with the Key extension specified by [RFC2890] is + being used. The GRE Protocol Type (0xB7EA) is used to identify this + GRE Channel. A family of control messages is encapsulated with a GRE + header and carried over this channel. Attributes, formatted in + Type-Length-Value (TLV) style, are further defined and included in + each control message. + + With the newly defined control plane, the GRE tunnels between the HG + and the HAAP can be established, managed, and released without the + involvement of operators. + +4.2. Data Plane + + Using the control plane defined in Section 4.1, GRE tunnels can be + automatically set up per heterogeneous connection between the HG and + the HAAP. For the use case described in Section 3, one GRE tunnel is + ended at the DSL WAN interfaces, e.g., the DSL GRE tunnel, and + another GRE tunnel is ended at the LTE WAN interfaces, e.g., the LTE + GRE tunnel. Each tunnel may carry a user's IP packets as payload, + which forms a typical IP-over-IP overlay. These tunnels are bonded + together to offer a single access point to subscribers. + + As shown in Figure 3 (see Section 6.1), the GRE header [RFC2784] with + the Key and Sequence Number extensions specified by [RFC2890] is used + to encapsulate data packets. The Protocol Type is either 0x0800 + (listed as "0x800" in [RFC2784]) or 0x86DD [RFC7676], which indicates + that the inner packet is either an IPv4 packet or an IPv6 packet, + + + +Leymann, et al. Informational [Page 7] + +RFC 8157 GRE Tunnel Bonding May 2017 + + + respectively. The GRE Key field is set to a unique value for the + entire bonding connection. The GRE Sequence Number field is used to + maintain the sequence of packets transported in all GRE tunnels as a + single flow between the HG and the HAAP. + +4.3. Traffic Classification and Distribution + + For the offloading use case, the coloring mechanism specified in + [RFC2697] is being used to classify subscribers' IP packets, both + upstream and downstream, into the DSL GRE tunnel or the LTE GRE + tunnel. Packets colored as green or yellow will be distributed into + the DSL GRE tunnel, and packets colored as red will be distributed + into the LTE GRE tunnel. For the scenario that requires more than + two GRE tunnels, multiple levels of token buckets might be realized. + However, that scenario is out of scope for this document. + + The Committed Information Rate (CIR) of the coloring mechanism is set + to the total DSL WAN bandwidth minus the bypass DSL bandwidth (see + Section 4.5). The total DSL WAN bandwidth MAY be configured, MAY be + obtained from the management system (AAA server, SOAP server, etc.), + or MAY be detected in real time using the Access Node Control + Protocol (ANCP) [RFC6320]. + +4.4. Traffic Recombination + + For the offloading use case, the recombination function at the + receiver provides in-order delivery of subscribers' traffic. The + receiver maintains a small reordering buffer and orders the data + packets in this buffer via the Sequence Number field [RFC2890] of the + GRE header. All packets carried on GRE tunnels that belong to the + same bonding connection go into a single reordering buffer. + + Operators may configure the maximum allowed size (see + MAX_PERFLOW_BUFFER in [RFC2890]) of the buffer for reordering. They + may also configure the maximum time (see OUTOFORDER_TIMER in + [RFC2890]) that a packet can stay in the buffer for reordering. The + OUTOFORDER_TIMER must be configured carefully. Values larger than + the difference of the normal Round-Trip Time (RTT) (e.g., 100 ms) of + the two connections are not recommended. Implementation and + deployment experiences have demonstrated that there is usually a + large margin for the value of MAX_PERFLOW_BUFFER. Values larger than + the multiplication of the sum of the line rate of the two connections + and the value of OUTOFORDER_TIMER should be used. + + + + + + + + +Leymann, et al. Informational [Page 8] + +RFC 8157 GRE Tunnel Bonding May 2017 + + +4.5. Bypass + + Service Providers provide some services that should not be delivered + over the bonding connection. For example, Service Providers may not + expect real-time IPTV to be carried by the LTE GRE tunnel. It is + required that IPTV traffic bypass the GRE Tunnel Bonding and use the + raw DSL bandwidth. Bypass traffic is not subject to the traffic + classification and distribution specified above. The raw connection + used for bypass traffic is not controlled by the HAAP. It may or may + not go through a device in which the HAAP resides. + + The HAAP may announce the service types that need to bypass the + bonded GRE tunnels by using the Filter List Package attribute as + specified in Section 5.6.2. The HG and the HAAP need to set aside + the DSL bandwidth for bypassing. The available DSL bandwidth for GRE + Tunnel Bonding is equal to the total DSL bandwidth minus the bypass + bandwidth. + +4.6. Measurement + + Since control packets are routed using the same paths as the data + packets, the real performance of the data paths (e.g., the GRE + tunnels) can be measured. The GRE Tunnel Hello messages specified in + Section 5.4 are used to carry the timestamp information, and the RTT + value can therefore be calculated based on the timestamp. + + Besides the end-to-end delay of the GRE tunnels, the HG and the HAAP + need to measure the capacity of the tunnels as well. For example, + the HG is REQUIRED to measure the downstream bypassing bandwidth and + report it to the HAAP in real time (see Section 5.6.1). + +4.7. Policy Control Considerations + + Operators and users may input policies into the GRE Tunnel Bonding. + These policies will be "interpreted" into parameters or actions that + impact the traffic classification, distribution, combination, + measurement, and bypass. + + Operators and users may offer the service types that need to bypass + the bonded GRE tunnels. Service types defined by operators (see + Section 5.6.2) will be delivered from the HAAP to the HG through the + control plane (see Section 4.1), and the HG will use the raw + connection to transmit traffic for these service types. Users may + also define bypass service types on the HG. Bypass service types + defined by users need not be delivered to the HAAP. + + + + + + +Leymann, et al. Informational [Page 9] + +RFC 8157 GRE Tunnel Bonding May 2017 + + + Operators may specify the interval for sending Hello messages and the + retry times for the HG or the HAAP to send out Hello messages before + the failure of a connection. + + Since the GRE tunnels are set up on top of heterogeneous DSL and LTE + connections, if the difference of the transmission delays of these + connections exceeds a given threshold for a certain period, the HG + and the HAAP should be able to stop the offloading behavior and + fall back to a traditional transmission mode, where the LTE GRE + tunnel is disused while all traffic is transmitted over the DSL GRE + tunnel. Operators are allowed to define this threshold and period. + +5. Control Protocol Specification (Control Plane) + + Control messages are used to establish, maintain, measure, and + tear down GRE tunnels between the HG and the HAAP. Also, the control + plane undertakes the responsibility to convey traffic policies over + the GRE tunnels. + + For the purpose of measurement, control messages need to be delivered + as GRE encapsulated packets and co-routed with data-plane packets. + The new GRE Protocol Type (0xB7EA) is allocated for this purpose, and + the standard GRE header as per [RFC2784] with the Key extension + specified by [RFC2890] is used. The Checksum Present bit is set + to 0. The Key Present bit is set to 1. The Sequence Number Present + bit is set to 0. So, the format of the GRE header for control + messages of the GRE Tunnel Bonding Protocol is as follows: + + 0 1 2 3 + 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + |0| |1|0| Reserved0 | Ver | Protocol Type 0xB7EA | + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + | Key | + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + + Key + For security purposes, the Key field is used to carry a random + number. The random number is generated by the HAAP, and the HG is + informed of it (see Section 5.2.9). + + + + + + + + + + + +Leymann, et al. Informational [Page 10] + +RFC 8157 GRE Tunnel Bonding May 2017 + + + The general format of the entire control message is as follows: + + 0 1 2 3 + 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + |0| |1|0| Reserved0 | Ver | Protocol Type 0xB7EA | + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + | Key | + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + |MsgType|T-Type | | + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Attributes + + ~ ~ + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + + Figure 2: Format of Control Messages of GRE Tunnel Bonding + + MsgType (4 bits) + Message Type. The control message family contains the following + six types of control messages (not including "Reserved"): + + Control Message Family Type + ========================== ========= + GRE Tunnel Setup Request 1 + GRE Tunnel Setup Accept 2 + GRE Tunnel Setup Deny 3 + GRE Tunnel Hello 4 + GRE Tunnel Tear Down 5 + GRE Tunnel Notify 6 + Reserved 0, 7-15 + + T-Type (4 bits) + Tunnel Type. Set to 0001 if the control message is sent via the + primary GRE tunnel (normally the DSL GRE tunnel). Set to 0010 if + the control message is sent via the secondary GRE tunnel (normally + the LTE GRE tunnel). Values 0000 and values from 0011 through + 1111 are reserved for future use and MUST be ignored on receipt. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Leymann, et al. Informational [Page 11] + +RFC 8157 GRE Tunnel Bonding May 2017 + + + Attributes + The Attributes field includes the attributes that need to be + carried in the control message. Each Attribute has the following + format: + + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + |Attribute Type | (1 byte) + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + | Attribute Length | (2 bytes) + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + | Attribute Value ~ (variable) + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + + Attribute Type + The Attribute Type specifies the type of the attribute. + + Attribute Length + Attribute Length indicates the length of the Attribute Value + in bytes. + + Attribute Value + The Attribute Value includes the value of the attribute. + + All control messages are sent in network byte order (high-order bytes + first). The Protocol Type carried in the GRE header for the control + message is 0xB7EA. Based on this number, the receiver will decide to + consume the GRE packet locally rather than forward it further. + +5.1. GRE Tunnel Setup Request + + The HG uses the GRE Tunnel Setup Request message to request that the + HAAP establish the GRE tunnels. It is sent out from the HG's LTE and + DSL WAN interfaces separately. Attributes that need to be included + in this message are defined in the following subsections. + +5.1.1. Client Identification Name + + An operator uses the Client Identification Name (CIN) to identify the + HG. The HG sends the CIN to the HAAP for authentication and + authorization as specified in [TS23.401]. It is REQUIRED that the + GRE Tunnel Setup Request message sent out from the LTE WAN interface + contain the CIN attribute while the GRE Tunnel Setup Request message + sent out from the DSL WAN interface does not contain this attribute. + + + + + + + + +Leymann, et al. Informational [Page 12] + +RFC 8157 GRE Tunnel Bonding May 2017 + + + The CIN attribute has the following format: + + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + |Attribute Type | (1 byte) + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + | Attribute Length | (2 bytes) + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-...-+ + | Client Identification Name (40 bytes) | + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+...+-+ + + Attribute Type + CIN, set to 3. + + Attribute Length + Set to 40. + + Client Identification Name + This is a 40-byte string value encoded in UTF-8 and set by the + operator. It is used as the identification of the HG in the + operator's network. + +5.1.2. Session ID + + This Session ID is generated by the HAAP when the LTE GRE Tunnel + Setup Request message is received. The HAAP announces the Session ID + to the HG in the LTE GRE Tunnel Setup Accept message. For those WAN + interfaces that need to be bonded together, the HG MUST use the same + Session ID. The HG MUST carry the Session ID attribute in each DSL + GRE Tunnel Setup Request message. For the first time that the LTE + GRE Tunnel Setup Request message is sent to the HAAP, the Session ID + attribute need not be included. However, if the LTE GRE tunnel fails + and the HG tries to revive it, the LTE GRE Tunnel Setup Request + message MUST include the Session ID attribute. + + The Session ID attribute has the following format: + + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + |Attribute Type | (1 byte) + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + | Attribute Length | (2 bytes) + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-...-+ + | Session ID (4 bytes) | + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+...+-+ + + + + + + + + +Leymann, et al. Informational [Page 13] + +RFC 8157 GRE Tunnel Bonding May 2017 + + + Attribute Type + Session ID, set to 4. + + Attribute Length + Set to 4. + + Session ID + An unsigned integer generated by the HAAP. It is used as the + identification of bonded GRE tunnels. + +5.1.3. DSL Synchronization Rate + + The HG uses the DSL Synchronization Rate to notify the HAAP about the + downstream bandwidth of the DSL link. The DSL GRE Tunnel Setup + Request message MUST include the DSL Synchronization Rate attribute. + The LTE GRE Tunnel Setup Request message SHOULD NOT include this + attribute. + + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + |Attribute Type | (1 byte) + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + | Attribute Length | (2 bytes) + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-...-+ + | DSL Synchronization Rate (4 bytes) | + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+...+-+ + + Attribute Type + DSL Synchronization Rate, set to 7. + + Attribute Length + Set to 4. + + DSL Synchronization Rate + An unsigned integer measured in kbps. + +5.2. GRE Tunnel Setup Accept + + The HAAP uses the GRE Tunnel Setup Accept message as the response to + the GRE Tunnel Setup Request message. This message indicates + acceptance of the tunnel establishment and carries parameters of the + GRE tunnels. Attributes that need to be included in this message are + defined below. + + + + + + + + + +Leymann, et al. Informational [Page 14] + +RFC 8157 GRE Tunnel Bonding May 2017 + + +5.2.1. H IPv4 Address + + The HAAP uses the H IPv4 Address attribute to inform the HG of the + H IPv4 address. The HG uses the H IPv4 address as the destination + endpoint IPv4 address of the GRE tunnels (the source endpoint IPv4 + addresses of the GRE tunnels are the DSL WAN interface IP address (D) + and the LTE WAN interface IP address (E), respectively, as shown in + Figure 1). The LTE GRE Tunnel Setup Accept message MUST include the + H IPv4 Address attribute. + + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + |Attribute Type | (1 byte) + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + | Attribute Length | (2 bytes) + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-...-+ + | H IPv4 Address (4 bytes) | + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+...+-+ + + Attribute Type + H IPv4 Address, set to 1. + + Attribute Length + Set to 4. + + H IPv4 Address + Set to the pre-configured IPv4 address (e.g., an IP address of a + Line Card in the HAAP), which is used as the endpoint IP address + of GRE tunnels by the HAAP. + +5.2.2. H IPv6 Address + + The HAAP uses the H IPv6 Address attribute to inform the HG of the + H IPv6 address. The HG uses the H IPv6 address as the destination + endpoint IPv6 address of the GRE tunnels (the source endpoint IPv6 + addresses of the GRE tunnels are the DSL WAN interface IP address (D) + and the LTE WAN interface IP address (E), respectively, as shown in + Figure 1). + + The LTE GRE Tunnel Setup Accept message MUST include the H IPv6 + Address attribute. + + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + |Attribute Type | (1 byte) + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + | Attribute Length | (2 bytes) + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-...-+ + | H IPv6 Address (16 bytes) | + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+...+-+ + + + +Leymann, et al. Informational [Page 15] + +RFC 8157 GRE Tunnel Bonding May 2017 + + + Attribute Type + H IPv6 Address, set to 2. + + Attribute Length + Set to 16. + + H IPv6 Address + Set to the pre-configured IPv6 address (e.g., an IP address of a + Line Card in the HAAP), which is used as the endpoint IP address + of GRE tunnels by the HAAP. + +5.2.3. Session ID + + The LTE GRE Tunnel Setup Accept message MUST include the Session ID + attribute as defined in Section 5.1.2. + +5.2.4. RTT Difference Threshold + + The HAAP uses the RTT Difference Threshold attribute to inform the HG + of the acceptable threshold of the RTT difference between the DSL + link and the LTE link. If the measured RTT difference exceeds this + threshold, the HG SHOULD stop offloading traffic to the LTE GRE + tunnel. The LTE GRE Tunnel Setup Accept message MUST include the RTT + Difference Threshold attribute. + + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + |Attribute Type | (1 byte) + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + | Attribute Length | (2 bytes) + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-...-+ + | RTT Difference Threshold (4 bytes) | + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+...+-+ + + Attribute Type + RTT Difference Threshold, set to 9. + + Attribute Length + Set to 4. + + RTT Difference Threshold + An unsigned integer measured in milliseconds. This value can be + chosen in the range 0 through 1000. + + + + + + + + + +Leymann, et al. Informational [Page 16] + +RFC 8157 GRE Tunnel Bonding May 2017 + + +5.2.5. Bypass Bandwidth Check Interval + + The HAAP uses the Bypass Bandwidth Check Interval attribute to inform + the HG of how frequently the bypass bandwidth should be checked. The + HG should check the bypass bandwidth of the DSL WAN interface in each + time period indicated by this interval. The LTE GRE Tunnel Setup + Accept message MUST include the Bypass Bandwidth Check Interval + attribute. + + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + |Attribute Type | (1 byte) + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + | Attribute Length | (2 bytes) + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-...-+ + | Bypass Bandwidth Check Interval (4 bytes) | + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+...+-+ + + Attribute Type + Bypass Bandwidth Check Interval, set to 10. + + Attribute Length + Set to 4. + + Bypass Bandwidth Check Interval + An unsigned integer measured in seconds. This value can be chosen + in the range 10 through 300. + +5.2.6. Active Hello Interval + + The HAAP uses the Active Hello Interval attribute to inform the HG of + the pre-configured interval for sending out GRE Tunnel Hellos. The + HG should send out GRE Tunnel Hellos via both the DSL and LTE WAN + interfaces in each time period as indicated by this interval. The + LTE GRE Tunnel Setup Accept message MUST include the Active Hello + Interval attribute. + + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + |Attribute Type | (1 byte) + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + | Attribute Length | (2 bytes) + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-...-+ + | Active Hello Interval (4 bytes) | + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+...+-+ + + + + + + + + +Leymann, et al. Informational [Page 17] + +RFC 8157 GRE Tunnel Bonding May 2017 + + + Attribute Type + Active Hello Interval, set to 14. + + Attribute Length + Set to 4. + + Active Hello Interval + An unsigned integer measured in seconds. This value can be chosen + in the range 1 through 100. + +5.2.7. Hello Retry Times + + The HAAP uses the Hello Retry Times attribute to inform the HG of the + retry times for sending GRE Tunnel Hellos. If the HG does not + receive any acknowledgement from the HAAP for the number of GRE + Tunnel Hello attempts specified in this attribute, the HG will + declare a failure of the GRE tunnel. The LTE GRE Tunnel Setup Accept + message MUST include the Hello Retry Times attribute. + + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + |Attribute Type | (1 byte) + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + | Attribute Length | (2 bytes) + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-...-+ + | Hello Retry Times (4 bytes) | + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+...+-+ + + Attribute Type + Hello Retry Times, set to 15. + + Attribute Length + Set to 4. + + Hello Retry Times + An unsigned integer that takes values in the range 3 through 10. + +5.2.8. Idle Timeout + + The HAAP uses the Idle Timeout attribute to inform the HG of the + pre-configured timeout value to terminate the DSL GRE tunnel. When + an LTE GRE tunnel failure is detected, all traffic will be sent over + the DSL GRE tunnel. If the failure of the LTE GRE tunnel lasts + longer than the Idle Timeout, subsequent traffic will be sent over + raw DSL rather than over a tunnel, and the DSL GRE tunnel SHOULD be + terminated. The LTE GRE Tunnel Setup Accept message MUST include the + Idle Timeout attribute. + + + + + +Leymann, et al. Informational [Page 18] + +RFC 8157 GRE Tunnel Bonding May 2017 + + + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + |Attribute Type | (1 byte) + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + | Attribute Length | (2 bytes) + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-...-+ + | Idle Timeout (4 bytes) | + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+...+-+ + + Attribute Type + Idle Timeout, set to 16. + + Attribute Length + Set to 4. + + Idle Timeout + An unsigned integer measured in seconds. It takes values in the + range 0 through 172,800 with a granularity of 60. The default + value is 86,400 (24 hours). The value 0 indicates that the idle + timer never expires. + +5.2.9. Bonding Key Value + + The HAAP uses the Bonding Key Value attribute to inform the HG of the + number that is to be carried as the Key of the GRE header for + subsequent control messages. The Bonding Key Value is generated by + the HAAP and used for security purposes. + + The method used to generate this number is left up to + implementations. The pseudorandom number generator defined in + ANSI X9.31, Appendix A.2.4 [ANSI-X9.31-1998] is RECOMMENDED. Note + that random number generation "collisions" are allowed in the GRE + Tunnel Bonding Protocol. + + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + |Attribute Type | (1 byte) + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + | Attribute Length | (2 bytes) + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-...-+ + | Bonding Key Value (4 bytes) | + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+...+-+ + + + + + + + + + + + +Leymann, et al. Informational [Page 19] + +RFC 8157 GRE Tunnel Bonding May 2017 + + + Attribute Type + Bonding Key Value, set to 20. + + Attribute Length + Set to 4. + + Bonding Key Value + A 32-bit random number generated by the HAAP. + +5.2.10. Configured DSL Upstream Bandwidth + + The HAAP obtains the upstream bandwidth of the DSL link from the + management system and uses the Configured DSL Upstream Bandwidth + attribute to inform the HG. The HG uses the received upstream + bandwidth as the CIR [RFC2697] for the DSL link. The DSL GRE Tunnel + Setup Accept message MUST include the Configured DSL Upstream + Bandwidth attribute. + + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + |Attribute Type | (1 byte) + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + | Attribute Length | (2 bytes) + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-...-+ + | Configured DSL Upstream Bandwidth (4 bytes) | + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+...+-+ + + Attribute Type + Configured DSL Upstream Bandwidth, set to 22. + + Attribute Length + Set to 4. + + Configured DSL Upstream Bandwidth + An unsigned integer measured in kbps. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Leymann, et al. Informational [Page 20] + +RFC 8157 GRE Tunnel Bonding May 2017 + + +5.2.11. Configured DSL Downstream Bandwidth + + The HAAP obtains the downstream bandwidth of the DSL link from the + management system and uses the Configured DSL Downstream Bandwidth + attribute to inform the HG. The HG uses the received downstream + bandwidth as the base in calculating the bypassing bandwidth. The + DSL GRE Tunnel Setup Accept message MUST include the Configured DSL + Downstream Bandwidth attribute. + + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + |Attribute Type | (1 byte) + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + | Attribute Length | (2 bytes) + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-...-+ + |Configured DSL Downstream Bandwidth(4 bytes) | + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+...+-+ + + Attribute Type + Configured DSL Downstream Bandwidth, set to 23. + + Attribute Length + Set to 4. + + Configured DSL Downstream Bandwidth + An unsigned integer measured in kbps. + +5.2.12. RTT Difference Threshold Violation + + The HAAP uses the RTT Difference Threshold Violation attribute to + inform the HG of the number of times in a row that the RTT Difference + Threshold (see Section 5.2.4) may be violated before the HG MUST stop + using the LTE GRE tunnel. If the RTT Difference Threshold is + continuously violated for more than the indicated number of + measurements, the HG MUST stop using the LTE GRE tunnel. The LTE GRE + Tunnel Setup Accept message MUST include the RTT Difference Threshold + Violation attribute. + + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + |Attribute Type | (1 byte) + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + | Attribute Length | (2 bytes) + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-...-+ + | RTT Diff Threshold Violation (4 bytes) | + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+...+-+ + + + + + + + +Leymann, et al. Informational [Page 21] + +RFC 8157 GRE Tunnel Bonding May 2017 + + + Attribute Type + RTT Difference Threshold Violation, set to 24. + + Attribute Length + Set to 4. + + RTT Difference Threshold Violation + An unsigned integer that takes values in the range 1 through 25. + A typical value is 3. + +5.2.13. RTT Difference Threshold Compliance + + The HAAP uses the RTT Difference Threshold Compliance attribute to + inform the HG of the number of times in a row that the RTT Difference + Threshold (see Section 5.2.4) must be compliant before use of the LTE + GRE tunnel can be resumed. If the RTT Difference Threshold is + continuously detected to be compliant across more than this number of + measurements, the HG MAY resume using the LTE GRE tunnel. The LTE + GRE Tunnel Setup Accept message MUST include the RTT Difference + Threshold Compliance attribute. + + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + |Attribute Type | (1 byte) + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + | Attribute Length | (2 bytes) + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-...-+ + | RTT Diff Threshold Compliance (4 bytes) | + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+...+-+ + + Attribute Type + RTT Difference Threshold Compliance, set to 25. + + Attribute Length + Set to 4. + + RTT Difference Threshold Compliance + An unsigned integer that takes values in the range 1 through 25. + A typical value is 3. + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Leymann, et al. Informational [Page 22] + +RFC 8157 GRE Tunnel Bonding May 2017 + + +5.2.14. Idle Hello Interval + + The HAAP uses the Idle Hello Interval attribute to inform the HG of + the pre-configured interval for sending out GRE Tunnel Hellos when + the subscriber is detected to be idle. The HG SHOULD begin to send + out GRE Tunnel Hellos via both the DSL and LTE WAN interfaces in each + time period as indicated by this interval, if the bonded tunnels have + seen no traffic for a period longer than the "No Traffic Monitored + Interval" (see Section 5.2.15). The LTE GRE Tunnel Setup Accept + message MUST include the Idle Hello Interval attribute. + + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + |Attribute Type | (1 byte) + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + | Attribute Length | (2 bytes) + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-...-+ + | Idle Hello Interval (4 bytes) | + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+...+-+ + + Attribute Type + Idle Hello Interval, set to 31. + + Attribute Length + Set to 4. + + Idle Hello Interval + An unsigned integer measured in seconds. This value can be chosen + in the range 100 through 86,400 (24 hours) with a granularity of + 100. The default value is 1800 (30 minutes). + +5.2.15. No Traffic Monitored Interval + + The HAAP uses the No Traffic Monitored Interval attribute to inform + the HG of the pre-configured interval for switching the GRE Tunnel + Hello mode. If traffic is detected on the bonded GRE tunnels before + this interval expires, the HG SHOULD switch to the Active Hello + Interval. The LTE GRE Tunnel Setup Accept message MUST include the + No Traffic Monitored Interval attribute. + + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + |Attribute Type | (1 byte) + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + | Attribute Length | (2 bytes) + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-...-+ + | No Traffic Monitored Interval (4 bytes) | + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+...+-+ + + + + + +Leymann, et al. Informational [Page 23] + +RFC 8157 GRE Tunnel Bonding May 2017 + + + Attribute Type + No Traffic Monitored Interval, set to 32. + + Attribute Length + Set to 4. + + No Traffic Monitored Interval + An unsigned integer measured in seconds. This value is in the + range 30 through 86,400 (24 hours). The default value is 60. + +5.3. GRE Tunnel Setup Deny + + The HAAP MUST send the GRE Tunnel Setup Deny message to the HG if the + GRE Tunnel Setup Request from this HG is denied. The HG MUST + terminate the GRE tunnel setup process as soon as it receives the GRE + Tunnel Setup Deny message. + +5.3.1. Error Code + + The HAAP uses the Error Code attribute to inform the HG of the error + code. The error code depicts why the GRE Tunnel Setup Request is + denied. Both the LTE GRE Tunnel Setup Deny message and the DSL GRE + Tunnel Setup Deny message MUST include the Error Code attribute. + + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + |Attribute Type | (1 byte) + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + | Attribute Length | (2 bytes) + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-...-+ + | Error Code (4 bytes) | + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+...+-+ + + Attribute Type + Error Code, set to 17. + + Attribute Length + Set to 4. + + Error Code + An unsigned integer. The list of codes is as follows: + + 1: The HAAP was not reachable over LTE during the GRE Tunnel + Setup Request. + + 2: The HAAP was not reachable via DSL during the GRE Tunnel Setup + Request. + + 3: The LTE GRE tunnel to the HAAP failed. + + + +Leymann, et al. Informational [Page 24] + +RFC 8157 GRE Tunnel Bonding May 2017 + + + 4: The DSL GRE tunnel to the HAAP failed. + + 5: The given DSL User ID is not allowed to use the GRE Tunnel + Bonding service. + + 6: The given User Alias / User ID (Globally Unique Identifier + (GUID)) is not allowed to use the GRE Tunnel Bonding service. + + 7: The LTE and DSL User IDs do not match. + + 8: The HAAP denied the GRE Tunnel Setup Request because a bonding + session with the same User ID already exists. + + 9: The HAAP denied the GRE Tunnel Setup Request because the + user's CIN is not permitted. + + 10: The HAAP terminated a GRE Tunnel Bonding session for + maintenance reasons. + + 11: There was a communication error between the HAAP and the + management system during the LTE GRE Tunnel Setup Request. + + 12: There was a communication error between the HAAP and the + management system during the DSL GRE Tunnel Setup Request. + +5.4. GRE Tunnel Hello + + After the DSL/LTE GRE tunnel is established, the HG begins to + periodically send out GRE Tunnel Hello messages via the tunnel; the + HAAP acknowledges the HG's messages by returning GRE Tunnel Hello + messages to the HG. This continues until the tunnel is terminated. + +5.4.1. Timestamp + + The HAAP uses the Timestamp attribute to inform the HG of the + timestamp value that is used for RTT calculation. Both the LTE GRE + Tunnel Hello message and the DSL GRE Tunnel Hello message MUST + include the Timestamp attribute. + + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + |Attribute Type | (1 byte) + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + | Attribute Length | (2 bytes) + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-...-+ + | Timestamp (8 bytes) | + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+...+-+ + + + + + +Leymann, et al. Informational [Page 25] + +RFC 8157 GRE Tunnel Bonding May 2017 + + + Attribute Type + Timestamp, set to 5. + + Attribute Length + Set to 8. + + Timestamp + The time since the system restarted. The high-order 4 bytes + indicate an unsigned integer in units of 1 second; the low-order + 4 bytes indicate an unsigned integer in units of 1 millisecond. + +5.4.2. IPv6 Prefix Assigned by HAAP + + The HAAP uses the IPv6 Prefix Assigned by HAAP attribute to inform + the HG of the assigned IPv6 prefix. This IPv6 prefix is to be + captured via lawful intercept. Both the LTE GRE Tunnel Hello message + and the DSL GRE Tunnel Hello message MUST include the IPv6 Prefix + Assigned by HAAP attribute. + + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + |Attribute Type | (1 byte) + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + | Attribute Length | (2 bytes) + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-...-+ + | IPv6 Prefix Assigned by HAAP (16 bytes) | + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+...+-+ + + Attribute Type + IPv6 Prefix Assigned by HAAP, set to 13. + + Attribute Length + Set to 17. + + IPv6 Prefix Assigned by HAAP + The highest-order 16 bytes encode an IPv6 address. The + lowest-order 1 byte encodes the prefix length. These two values + are put together to represent an IPv6 prefix. + +5.5. GRE Tunnel Tear Down + + The HAAP can terminate a DSL/LTE GRE tunnel by sending the GRE Tunnel + Tear Down message to the HG via the tunnel. The Error Code attribute + as defined in Section 5.3.1 MUST be included in this message. After + receiving the GRE Tunnel Tear Down message, the HG removes the IP + address of H, which is the destination IP addresses of the DSL and + LTE GRE tunnels. + + + + + +Leymann, et al. Informational [Page 26] + +RFC 8157 GRE Tunnel Bonding May 2017 + + +5.6. GRE Tunnel Notify + + The HG and the HAAP use the GRE Tunnel Notify message, which is + transmitted through either the DSL GRE tunnel or the LTE GRE tunnel, + to notify each other about their status regarding the DSL/LTE GRE + tunnels, the information for the bonded tunnels, the actions that + need to be taken, etc. + + Usually, the receiver just sends the received attributes back as the + acknowledgement for each GRE Tunnel Notify message. However, there + is an exception for the Filter List Package: since the size of the + Filter List Package attribute can be very large, a special attribute + -- the Filter List Package ACK attribute -- is used as the + acknowledgement (see Section 5.6.12). + + Attributes that need to be included in the GRE Tunnel Notify message + are defined below. + +5.6.1. Bypass Traffic Rate + + There are a few types of traffic that need to be transmitted over the + raw DSL WAN interface rather than the bonded GRE tunnels. The HG has + to set aside bypass bandwidth on the DSL WAN interface for these + traffic types. Therefore, the available bandwidth of the DSL GRE + tunnel is the entire DSL WAN interface bandwidth minus the occupied + bypass bandwidth. + + The HG uses the Bypass Traffic Rate attribute to inform the HAAP of + the downstream bypass bandwidth for the DSL WAN interface. The + Bypass Traffic Rate attribute will be included in the DSL GRE Tunnel + Notify message. The HAAP calculates the available downstream + bandwidth for the DSL GRE tunnel as the Configured DSL Downstream + Bandwidth minus the bypass bandwidth provided by the HG. The + available DSL bandwidth will be used as the CIR of the coloring + system [RFC2697]. + + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + |Attribute Type | (1 byte) + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + | Attribute Length | (2 bytes) + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-...-+ + | Bypass Traffic Rate (4 bytes) | + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+...+-+ + + + + + + + + +Leymann, et al. Informational [Page 27] + +RFC 8157 GRE Tunnel Bonding May 2017 + + + Attribute Type + Bypass Traffic Rate, set to 6. + + Attribute Length + Set to 4. + + Bypass Traffic Rate + An unsigned integer measured in kbps. + +5.6.2. Filter List Package + + The HAAP uses the Filter List Package attribute to inform the HG of + the service types that need to bypass the bonded GRE tunnels. The + full list of all Filter Items may be given by a series of Filter List + Package attributes with each specifying a partial list. At the HG, a + full list of Filter Items is maintained. Also, the HG needs to + maintain an exception list of Filter Items. For example, the packets + carrying the control messages defined in this document should be + excluded from the filter list. + + Incoming packets that match a Filter Item in the filter list while + not matching any item in the exception list MUST be transmitted over + raw DSL rather than the bonded GRE tunnels. Both the LTE GRE Tunnel + Notify message and the DSL GRE Tunnel Notify message MAY include the + Filter List Package attribute. The DSL GRE Tunnel Notify message is + preferred. + + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + |Attribute Type | (1 byte) + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + | Attribute Length | (2 bytes) + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-...-+ + | Filter List TLV (variable) ~ + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+...+-+ + + Attribute Type + Filter List Package, set to 8. + + Attribute Length + The total length of the Filter List TLV. The maximum allowed + length is 969 bytes. + + + + + + + + + + +Leymann, et al. Informational [Page 28] + +RFC 8157 GRE Tunnel Bonding May 2017 + + + Filter List TLV + The Filter List TLV occurs one time in a Filter List Package + attribute. It has the following format: + + 0 1 2 3 + 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + | Commit_Count | + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + | Packet_Sum | Packet_ID | + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + | Filter Item (1) | + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + | ...... | + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + | Filter Item (n) | + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + + where each Filter Item is of the following format: + + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + | Type | Length | + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + | Enable | Description Length | + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + ~ Description Value ~ + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + ~ Value ~ + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + + Commit_Count + An unsigned integer that identifies the version of the Filter + Item list. The version is shared by all Filter List Packages + and increases monotonically by one for each new Filter Item + list. The HG MUST refresh its Filter Item list when a new + Commit_Count is received. + + Packet_Sum + If a single Filter List Package attribute might make the + control message larger than the MTU, fragmentation is used. + The Packet_Sum indicates the total number of fragments. + + Packet_ID + The fragmentation index for this Filter List Package attribute. + Each fragment is numbered starting at 1 and increasing by one + up to Packet_Sum. + + + + + +Leymann, et al. Informational [Page 29] + +RFC 8157 GRE Tunnel Bonding May 2017 + + + Type + The Type of the Filter Item. Currently, the following types + are supported: + + Filter Item Type + =========================== ============ + FQDN [RFC7031] 1 + DSCP [RFC2724] 2 + Destination Port 3 + Destination IP 4 + Destination IP & Port 5 + Source Port 6 + Source IP 7 + Source IP & Port 8 + Source MAC 9 + Protocol 10 + Source IP Range 11 + Destination IP Range 12 + Source IP Range & Port 13 + Destination IP Range & Port 14 + + Other values are reserved for future use and MUST be ignored on + receipt. + + Length + The length of the Filter Item in bytes. Type and Length are + excluded. + + Enable + An integer that indicates whether or not the Filter Item is + enabled. A value of 1 means "enabled", and a value of 0 means + "disabled". Other possible values are reserved and MUST be + ignored on receipt. + + Description Length + The length of the Description Value in bytes. + + Description Value + A variable-length string value encoded in UTF-8 that describes + the Filter List TLV (e.g., "FQDN"). + + Value + A variable-length string encoded in UTF-8 that specifies the + value of the Filter Item (e.g., "www.yahoo.com"). As an + example, Type = 1 and Value = "www.yahoo.com" mean that packets + whose FQDN field equals "www.yahoo.com" match the Filter Item. + "Source MAC" (source Media Access Control address) values are + specified using hexadecimal numbers. Port numbers are decimals + + + +Leymann, et al. Informational [Page 30] + +RFC 8157 GRE Tunnel Bonding May 2017 + + + as assigned by IANA in [Port-NO]. For the "Protocol" type, the + value could be either a decimal or a keyword specified by IANA + in [Pro-NO]. The formats for IP addresses and IP address + ranges are defined in [RFC4632] and [RFC4291] for IPv4 and + IPv6, respectively. A Filter Item of Type 5, 8, 13, or 14 is a + combination of two parameters; values for the two parameters + are separated by a colon (":"). + +5.6.3. Switching to DSL Tunnel + + If the RTT difference is continuously detected to be in violation of + the RTT Difference Threshold (see Section 5.2.4) more than the number + of times specified in the RTT Difference Threshold Violation + attribute (see Section 5.2.12), the HG uses the Switching to DSL + Tunnel attribute to inform the HAAP to use the DSL GRE tunnel only. + When the HAAP receives this attribute, it MUST begin to transmit + downstream traffic to this HG solely over the DSL GRE tunnel. The + DSL GRE Tunnel Notify message MAY include the Switching to DSL Tunnel + attribute. + + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + |Attribute Type | (1 byte) + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + | Attribute Length | (2 bytes) + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + + Attribute Type + Switching to DSL Tunnel, set to 11. + + Attribute Length + Set to 0. + +5.6.4. Overflowing to LTE Tunnel + + If the RTT difference is continuously detected to not be in violation + of the RTT Difference Threshold (see Section 5.2.4) more than the + number of times specified in the RTT Difference Threshold Compliance + attribute (see Section 5.2.13), the HG uses the Overflowing to LTE + Tunnel attribute to inform the HAAP that the LTE GRE tunnel can be + used again. The DSL GRE Tunnel Notify message MAY include the + Overflowing to LTE Tunnel attribute. + + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + |Attribute Type | (1 byte) + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + | Attribute Length | (2 bytes) + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + + + + +Leymann, et al. Informational [Page 31] + +RFC 8157 GRE Tunnel Bonding May 2017 + + + Attribute Type + Overflowing to LTE Tunnel, set to 12. + + Attribute Length + Set to 0. + +5.6.5. DSL Link Failure + + When the HG detects that the DSL WAN interface status is "down", it + MUST tear down the DSL GRE tunnel. It informs the HAAP about the + failure by using the DSL Link Failure attribute. The HAAP MUST + tear down the DSL GRE tunnel upon receipt of the DSL Link Failure + attribute. The DSL Link Failure attribute SHOULD be carried in the + LTE GRE Tunnel Notify message. + + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + |Attribute Type | (1 byte) + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + | Attribute Length | (2 bytes) + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + + Attribute Type + DSL Link Failure, set to 18. + + Attribute Length + Set to 0. + +5.6.6. LTE Link Failure + + When the HG detects that the LTE WAN interface status is "down", it + MUST tear down the LTE GRE tunnel. It informs the HAAP about the + failure by using the LTE Link Failure attribute. The HAAP MUST + tear down the LTE GRE tunnel upon receipt of the LTE Link Failure + attribute. The LTE Link Failure attribute SHOULD be carried in the + DSL GRE Tunnel Notify message. + + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + |Attribute Type | (1 byte) + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + | Attribute Length | (2 bytes) + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + + Attribute Type + LTE Link Failure, set to 19. + + Attribute Length + Set to 0. + + + + +Leymann, et al. Informational [Page 32] + +RFC 8157 GRE Tunnel Bonding May 2017 + + +5.6.7. IPv6 Prefix Assigned to Host + + If the HG changes the IPv6 prefix assigned to the host, it uses the + IPv6 Prefix Assigned to Host attribute to inform the HAAP. Both the + LTE GRE Tunnel Notify message and the DSL GRE Tunnel Notify message + MAY include the IPv6 Prefix Assigned to Host attribute. + + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + |Attribute Type | (1 byte) + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + | Attribute Length | (2 bytes) + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-...-+ + | IPv6 Prefix Assigned to Host (16 bytes) | + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+...+-+ + + Attribute Type + IPv6 Prefix Assigned to Host, set to 21. + + Attribute Length + Set to 17. + + IPv6 Prefix Assigned to Host + The highest-order 16 bytes encode an IPv6 address. The + lowest-order 1 byte encodes the prefix length. These two values + are put together to represent an IPv6 prefix. + +5.6.8. Diagnostic Start: Bonding Tunnel + + The HG uses the Diagnostic Start: Bonding Tunnel attribute to inform + the HAAP to switch to diagnostic mode to test the performance of the + entire bonding tunnel. The Diagnostic Start: Bonding Tunnel + attribute SHOULD be carried in the DSL GRE Tunnel Notify message. + + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + |Attribute Type | (1 byte) + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + | Attribute Length | (2 bytes) + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + + Attribute Type + Diagnostic Start: Bonding Tunnel, set to 26. + + Attribute Length + Set to 0. + + + + + + + +Leymann, et al. Informational [Page 33] + +RFC 8157 GRE Tunnel Bonding May 2017 + + +5.6.9. Diagnostic Start: DSL Tunnel + + The HG uses the Diagnostic Start: DSL Tunnel attribute to inform the + HAAP to switch to diagnostic mode to test the performance of the DSL + GRE tunnel. The Diagnostic Start: DSL Tunnel attribute SHOULD be + carried in the DSL GRE Tunnel Notify message. + + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + |Attribute Type | (1 byte) + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + | Attribute Length | (2 bytes) + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + + Attribute Type + Diagnostic Start: DSL Tunnel, set to 27. + + Attribute Length + Set to 0. + +5.6.10. Diagnostic Start: LTE Tunnel + + The HG uses the Diagnostic Start: LTE Tunnel attribute to inform the + HAAP to switch to diagnostic mode to test the performance of the + LTE GRE tunnel. The Diagnostic Start: LTE Tunnel attribute SHOULD be + carried in the DSL GRE Tunnel Notify message. + + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + |Attribute Type | (1 byte) + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + | Attribute Length | (2 bytes) + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + + Attribute Type + Diagnostic Start: LTE Tunnel, set to 28. + + Attribute Length + Set to 0. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Leymann, et al. Informational [Page 34] + +RFC 8157 GRE Tunnel Bonding May 2017 + + +5.6.11. Diagnostic End + + The HG uses the Diagnostic End attribute to inform the HAAP to stop + operating in diagnostic mode. The Diagnostic End attribute SHOULD be + carried in the DSL GRE Tunnel Notify message. + + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + |Attribute Type | (1 byte) + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + | Attribute Length | (2 bytes) + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + + Attribute Type + Diagnostic End, set to 29. + + Attribute Length + Set to 0. + +5.6.12. Filter List Package ACK + + The HG uses the Filter List Package ACK attribute to acknowledge the + Filter List Package sent by the HAAP. Both the LTE GRE Tunnel Notify + message and the DSL GRE Tunnel Notify message MAY include the Filter + List Package ACK attribute. + + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + |Attribute Type | (1 byte) + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + | Attribute Length | (2 bytes) + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-...-+ + | Filter List Package ACK (5 bytes) | + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+...+-+ + + Attribute Type + Filter List Package ACK, set to 30. + + Attribute Length + Set to 5. + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Leymann, et al. Informational [Page 35] + +RFC 8157 GRE Tunnel Bonding May 2017 + + + Filter List Package ACK + The highest-order 4 bytes are the Commit_Count as defined in + Section 5.6.2. The lowest-order 1 byte encodes the following + error codes: + + 0: The Filter List Package is acknowledged. + + 1: The Filter List Package is not acknowledged. The HG is a new + subscriber and has not ever received a Filter List Package. In + this case, the HAAP SHOULD tear down the bonding tunnels and + force the HG to re-establish the GRE tunnels. + + 2: The Filter List Package is not acknowledged. The HG has + already gotten a valid Filter List Package. The filter list on + the HG will continue to be used, while the HAAP need not do + anything. + +5.6.13. Switching to Active Hello State + + If traffic is being sent/received over the bonding GRE tunnels before + the "No Traffic Monitored Interval" expires (see Section 5.2.15), the + HG sends the HAAP a GRE Tunnel Notify message containing the + Switching to Active Hello State attribute. + + The HAAP will switch to Active Hello State and send the HG a GRE + Tunnel Notify message carrying the Switching to Active Hello State + attribute as the ACK. + + When the HG receives the ACK, it will switch to Active Hello State, + start RTT detection, and start sending GRE Tunnel Hello messages with + the Active Hello Interval (see Section 5.2.6). + + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + |Attribute Type | (1 byte) + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + | Attribute Length | (2 bytes) + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + + Attribute Type + Switching to Active Hello State, set to 33. + + Attribute Length + Set to 0. + + + + + + + + +Leymann, et al. Informational [Page 36] + +RFC 8157 GRE Tunnel Bonding May 2017 + + +5.6.14. Switching to Idle Hello State + + The HG initiates switching to Idle Hello State when the bonding of + GRE tunnels is successfully established and the LTE GRE Tunnel Setup + Accept message carrying the Idle Hello Interval attribute (see + Section 5.2.14) is received. The HG sends the HAAP a GRE Tunnel + Notify message containing the Switching to Idle Hello State + attribute. + + The HAAP will switch to Idle Hello State, clear RTT state, and send + the HG a GRE Tunnel Notify message carrying the Switching to Idle + Hello State attribute as the ACK. + + When the HG receives the ACK, it will (1) switch to Idle Hello State, + (2) stop RTT detection and clear RTT state, and (3) start sending GRE + Tunnel Hello messages with the Idle Hello Interval (see + Section 5.2.14). + + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + |Attribute Type | (1 byte) + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + | Attribute Length | (2 bytes) + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + + Attribute Type + Switching to Idle Hello State, set to 34. + + Attribute Length + Set to 0. + +5.6.15. Tunnel Verification + + The HAAP uses the Tunnel Verification attribute to inform the HG to + verify whether an existing LTE GRE tunnel is still functioning. The + Tunnel Verification attribute SHOULD be carried in the LTE GRE Tunnel + Notify message. It provides a means to detect the tunnel faster than + the GRE Tunnel Hello, especially when the LTE GRE tunnel is in the + Idle Hello State and it takes a much longer time to detect this + tunnel. + + When the HAAP receives an LTE GRE Tunnel Setup Request and finds that + the requested tunnel conflicts with an existing tunnel, the HAAP + initiates tunnel verification. The HAAP drops all conflicting LTE + GRE Tunnel Setup Request messages and sends GRE Tunnel Notify + messages carrying the Tunnel Verification attribute until the + verification ends. The HG MUST respond to the HAAP with the same + Tunnel Verification attribute as the ACK if the tunnel is still + functioning. + + + +Leymann, et al. Informational [Page 37] + +RFC 8157 GRE Tunnel Bonding May 2017 + + + If the ACK of the Tunnel Verification attribute is received from the + HG, the HAAP determines that the existing tunnel is still + functioning. An LTE GRE Tunnel Deny message (with Error Code = 8) + will be sent to the HG. The HG SHOULD terminate the GRE Tunnel Setup + Request process immediately. + + If the HAAP does not receive a tunnel verification ACK message after + three attempts (one initial attempt and two retries), it will regard + the existing tunnel as failed, and the LTE GRE Tunnel Setup Request + will be accepted. + + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + |Attribute Type | (1 byte) + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + | Attribute Length | (2 bytes) + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + + Attribute Type + Tunnel Verification, set to 35. + + Attribute Length + Set to 0. + +6. Tunnel Protocol Operation (Data Plane) + + GRE tunnels are set up over heterogeneous connections, such as LTE + and DSL, between the HG and the HAAP. Users' IP (inner) packets are + encapsulated in GRE packets that are in turn carried in IP (outer) + packets. The general structure of data packets of the GRE Tunnel + Bonding Protocol is shown below. + + +--------------------------------+ + | Media Header | + +--------------------------------+ + | Outer IP Header | + +--------------------------------+ + | GRE Header | + +--------------------------------+ + | Inner IP Packet | + +--------------------------------+ + +6.1. The GRE Header + + The GRE header was first standardized in [RFC2784]. [RFC2890] added + the optional Key and Sequence Number fields. + + The Checksum and the Reserved1 fields are not used in the GRE Tunnel + Bonding; therefore, the C bit is set to 0. + + + +Leymann, et al. Informational [Page 38] + +RFC 8157 GRE Tunnel Bonding May 2017 + + + The Key bit is set to 1 so that the Key field is present. The Key + field is used as a 32-bit random number. It is generated by the HAAP + per bonding connection, and the HG is notified (see Section 5.2.9). + + The S bit is set to 1, and the Sequence Number field is present and + used for in-order delivery as per [RFC2890]. + + The Protocol Type field in the GRE header MUST be set to 0x0800 for + IPv4 or 0x86DD for IPv6. So, the GRE header used by data packets of + the GRE Tunnel Bonding Protocol has the following format: + + 0 1 2 3 + 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + |0| |1|1| Reserved0 | Ver | Protocol Type 0x0800/86DD | + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + | Key | + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + | Sequence Number | + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + + Figure 3: GRE Header for Data Packets of GRE Tunnel Bonding + +6.2. Automatic Setup of GRE Tunnels + + The HG gets the DSL WAN interface IP address (D) from the Broadband + Remote Access Server (BRAS) via the Point-to-Point Protocol over + Ethernet (PPPoE) and gets the LTE WAN interface IP address (E) + through the Packet Data Protocol (PDP) from the Packet Data Network + Gateway (PGW). The domain name of a HAAP group may be configured or + obtained via the DSL/LTE WAN interface based on gateway configuration + protocols such as [TR-069], where the HAAP group comprises one or + multiple HAAPs. The Domain Name System (DNS) resolution of the HAAP + group's domain name is requested via the DSL/LTE WAN interface. The + DNS server will reply with an anycast HAAP IP address (G), which MAY + be pre-configured by the operator. + + After the interface IP addresses have been acquired, the HG starts + the following GRE Tunnel Bonding procedure. It is REQUIRED that the + HG first set up the LTE GRE tunnel and then set up the DSL GRE + tunnel. + + The HG sends the GRE Tunnel Setup Request message to the HAAP via the + LTE WAN interface. The outer source IP address for this message is + the LTE WAN interface IP address (E), while the outer destination IP + address is the anycast HAAP IP address (G). The HAAP with the + highest priority (e.g., the one that the HG has the least-cost path + to reach) in the HAAP group, which receives the GRE Tunnel Setup + + + +Leymann, et al. Informational [Page 39] + +RFC 8157 GRE Tunnel Bonding May 2017 + + + Request message, will initiate the procedure for authentication and + authorization, as specified in [TS23.401], to check whether the HG is + trusted by the PGW. + + If the authentication and authorization succeed, the HAAP sets the + LTE WAN interface IP address (E), which is obtained from the GRE + Tunnel Setup Request message (i.e., its outer source IP address), as + the destination endpoint IP address of the GRE tunnel and replies to + the HG's LTE WAN interface with the GRE Tunnel Setup Accept message + in which an IP address (H) of the HAAP (e.g., an IP address of a Line + Card in the HAAP) and a Session ID randomly generated by the HAAP are + carried as attributes. The outer source IP address for this message + is the IP address (H) or the anycast HAAP IP address (G), while the + outer destination IP address is the LTE WAN interface IP address (E). + Otherwise, the HAAP MUST send to the HG's LTE WAN interface the GRE + Tunnel Setup Deny message, and the HG MUST terminate the tunnel setup + process once it receives the GRE Tunnel Setup Deny message. + + After the LTE GRE tunnel is successfully set up, the HG will obtain + the C address (see Figure 1) over the tunnel from the HAAP through + the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP). After that, the HG + starts to set up the DSL GRE tunnel. It sends a GRE Tunnel Setup + Request message via the DSL WAN interface, carrying the + aforementioned Session ID received from the HAAP. The outer source + IP address for this message is the DSL WAN interface IP address (D), + while the outer destination IP address is the IP address (H) of the + HAAP. The HAAP, which receives the GRE Tunnel Setup Request message, + will initiate the procedure for authentication and authorization in + order to check whether the HG is trusted by the BRAS. + + If the authentication and authorization succeed, the HAAP sets the + DSL WAN interface IP address (D), which is obtained from the GRE + Tunnel Setup Request message (i.e., its outer source IP address), as + the destination endpoint IP address of the GRE tunnel and replies to + the HG's DSL WAN interface with the GRE Tunnel Setup Accept message. + The outer source IP address for this message is the IP address (H) of + the HAAP, while the outer destination IP address is the DSL WAN + interface IP address (D). In this way, the two tunnels with the same + Session ID can be used to carry traffic from the same user. That is + to say, the two tunnels are "bonded" together. Otherwise, if the + authentication and authorization fail, the HAAP MUST send to the HG's + DSL WAN interface the GRE Tunnel Setup Deny message. Meanwhile, it + MUST send to the HG's LTE WAN interface the GRE Tunnel Tear Down + message. The HG MUST terminate the tunnel setup process once it + receives the GRE Tunnel Setup Deny message and MUST tear down the LTE + GRE tunnel that has been set up once it receives the GRE Tunnel + Tear Down message. + + + + +Leymann, et al. Informational [Page 40] + +RFC 8157 GRE Tunnel Bonding May 2017 + + +7. Security Considerations + + Malicious devices controlled by attackers may intercept the control + messages sent on the GRE tunnels. Later on, the rogue devices may + fake control messages to disrupt the GRE tunnels or attract traffic + from the target HG. + + As a security feature, the Key field of the GRE header of the control + messages and the data packets is generated as a 32-bit cleartext + password, except for the first GRE Setup Request message per bonding + connection sent from the HG to the HAAP, whose Key field is filled + with all zeros. The HAAP and the HG validate the Key value and the + outer source IP address, and they discard any packets with invalid + combinations. + + Moreover, GRE over IP Security (IPsec) could be used to enhance + security. + +8. IANA Considerations + + IANA need not assign anything for the GRE Tunnel Bonding Protocol. + The GRE Protocol Type, the Ethertype for the GRE Channel, is set to + 0xB7EA, which is under the control of the IEEE Registration + Authority. However, IANA has updated the "IEEE 802 Numbers" IANA web + page [802Type], which is of primarily historic interest. + +9. References + +9.1. Normative References + + [Port-NO] IANA, "Service Name and Transport Protocol Port Number + Registry", <http://www.iana.org/assignments/ + service-names-port-numbers>. + + [Pro-NO] IANA, "Assigned Internet Protocol Numbers", + <http://www.iana.org/assignments/protocol-numbers>. + + [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate + Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, + DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997, + <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>. + + [RFC2697] Heinanen, J. and R. Guerin, "A Single Rate Three Color + Marker", RFC 2697, DOI 10.17487/RFC2697, September 1999, + <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2697>. + + + + + + +Leymann, et al. Informational [Page 41] + +RFC 8157 GRE Tunnel Bonding May 2017 + + + [RFC2784] Farinacci, D., Li, T., Hanks, S., Meyer, D., and P. + Traina, "Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE)", RFC 2784, + DOI 10.17487/RFC2784, March 2000, + <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2784>. + + [RFC2890] Dommety, G., "Key and Sequence Number Extensions to GRE", + RFC 2890, DOI 10.17487/RFC2890, September 2000, + <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2890>. + + [RFC4291] Hinden, R. and S. Deering, "IP Version 6 Addressing + Architecture", RFC 4291, DOI 10.17487/RFC4291, + February 2006, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4291>. + + [RFC4632] Fuller, V. and T. Li, "Classless Inter-domain Routing + (CIDR): The Internet Address Assignment and Aggregation + Plan", BCP 122, RFC 4632, DOI 10.17487/RFC4632, + August 2006, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4632>. + + [TR-069] Broadband Forum, "CPE WAN Management Protocol", Issue: 1 + Amendment 5, November 2013, + <https://www.broadband-forum.org/technical/download/ + TR-069_Amendment-5.pdf>. + + [TS23.401] 3GPP TS23.401, "General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) + enhancements for Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio + Access Network (E-UTRAN) access", v11.7.0, September 2013. + +9.2. Informative References + + [802Type] IANA, "IEEE 802 Numbers", + <http://www.iana.org/assignments/ieee-802-numbers>. + + [ANSI-X9.31-1998] + ANSI Standard X9.31-1998, "Digital Signatures Using + Reversible Public Key Cryptography for the Financial + Services Industry (rDSA)", 1998. + + [RFC2724] Handelman, S., Stibler, S., Brownlee, N., and G. Ruth, + "RTFM: New Attributes for Traffic Flow Measurement", + RFC 2724, DOI 10.17487/RFC2724, October 1999, + <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2724>. + + [RFC6320] Wadhwa, S., Moisand, J., Haag, T., Voigt, N., and T. + Taylor, Ed., "Protocol for Access Node Control Mechanism + in Broadband Networks", RFC 6320, DOI 10.17487/RFC6320, + October 2011, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6320>. + + + + + +Leymann, et al. Informational [Page 42] + +RFC 8157 GRE Tunnel Bonding May 2017 + + + [RFC6733] Fajardo, V., Ed., Arkko, J., Loughney, J., and G. Zorn, + Ed., "Diameter Base Protocol", RFC 6733, + DOI 10.17487/RFC6733, October 2012, + <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6733>. + + [RFC7031] Mrugalski, T. and K. Kinnear, "DHCPv6 Failover + Requirements", RFC 7031, DOI 10.17487/RFC7031, + September 2013, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7031>. + + [RFC7676] Pignataro, C., Bonica, R., and S. Krishnan, "IPv6 Support + for Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE)", RFC 7676, + DOI 10.17487/RFC7676, October 2015, + <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7676>. + +Contributors + + Li Xue + Individual + Email: xueli_jas@163.com + + + Zhongwen Jiang + Huawei Technologies + Email: jiangzhongwen@huawei.com + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Leymann, et al. Informational [Page 43] + +RFC 8157 GRE Tunnel Bonding May 2017 + + +Authors' Addresses + + Nicolai Leymann + Deutsche Telekom AG + Winterfeldtstrasse 21-27 + Berlin 10781 + Germany + Phone: +49-170-2275345 + Email: n.leymann@telekom.de + + + Cornelius Heidemann + Deutsche Telekom AG + Heinrich-Hertz-Strasse 3-7 + Darmstadt 64295 + Germany + Phone: +49-6151-5812721 + Email: heidemannc@telekom.de + + + Mingui Zhang + Huawei Technologies + No. 156 Beiqing Rd. + Haidian District + Beijing 100095 + China + Email: zhangmingui@huawei.com + + + Behcet Sarikaya + Huawei USA + 5340 Legacy Dr. Building 3 + Plano, TX 75024 + United States of America + Email: sarikaya@ieee.org + + + Margaret Cullen + Painless Security + 14 Summer St. Suite 202 + Malden, MA 02148 + United States of America + Email: margaret@painless-security.com + + + + + + + + +Leymann, et al. Informational [Page 44] + |