path: root/doc/rfc/rfc3053.txt

Network Working Group                                          A. Durand
Request for Comments: 3053                         SUN Microsystems, Inc
Category: Informational                                        P. Fasano
                                                             I. Guardini
                                                            CSELT S.p.A.
                                                                D. Lento
                                                                     TIM
                                                            January 2001


                           IPv6 Tunnel Broker

Status of this Memo

   This memo provides information for the Internet community.  It does
   not specify an Internet standard of any kind.  Distribution of this
   memo is unlimited.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2001).  All Rights Reserved.

Abstract

   The IPv6 global Internet as of today uses a lot of tunnels over the
   existing IPv4 infrastructure.  Those tunnels are difficult to
   configure and maintain in a large scale environment.  The 6bone has
   proven that large sites and Internet Service Providers (ISPs) can do
   it, but this process is too complex for the isolated end user who
   already has an IPv4 connection and would like to enter the IPv6
   world.  The motivation for the development of the tunnel broker model
   is to help early IPv6 adopters to hook up to an existing IPv6 network
   (e.g., the 6bone) and to get stable, permanent IPv6 addresses and DNS
   names.  The concept of the tunnel broker was first presented at
   Orlando's IETF in December 1998.  Two implementations were
   demonstrated during the Grenoble IPng & NGtrans interim meeting in
   February 1999.

1. Introduction

   The growth of IPv6 networks started mainly using the transport
   facilities offered by the current Internet.  This led to the
   development of several techniques to manage IPv6 over IPv4 tunnels.
   At present most of the 6bone network is built using manually
   configured tunnels over the Internet.  The main drawback of this
   approach is the overwhelming management load for network
   administrators, who have to perform extensive manual configuration
   for each tunnel.  Several attempts to reduce this management overhead



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   have already been proposed and each of them presents interesting
   advantages but also solves different problems than the Tunnel Broker,
   or poses drawbacks not present in the Tunnel Broker:

      -  the use of automatic tunnels with IPv4 compatible addresses [1]
         is a simple mechanism to establish early IPv6 connectivity
         among isolated dual-stack hosts and/or routers.  The problem
         with this approach is that it does not solve the address
         exhaustion problem of IPv4.  Also there is a great fear to
         include the complete IPv4 routing table into the IPv6 world
         because this would worsen the routing table size problem
         multiplying it by 5;

      -  6over4 [2] is a site local transition mechanism based on the
         use of IPv4 multicast as a virtual link layer.  It does not
         solve the problem of connecting an isolated user to the global
         IPv6 Internet;

      -  6to4 [3] has been designed to allow isolated IPv6 domains,
         attached to a wide area network with no native IPv6 support
         (e.g., the IPv4 Internet), to communicate with other such IPv6
         domains with minimal manual configuration.  The idea is to
         embed IPv4 tunnel addresses into the IPv6 prefixes so that any
         domain border router can automatically discover tunnel
         endpoints for outbound IPv6 traffic.

   The Tunnel Broker idea is an alternative approach based on the
   provision of dedicated servers, called Tunnel Brokers, to
   automatically manage tunnel requests coming from the users.  This
   approach is expected to be useful to stimulate the growth of IPv6
   interconnected hosts and to allow early IPv6 network providers to
   provide easy access to their IPv6 networks.

   The main difference between the Tunnel Broker and the 6to4 mechanisms
   is that the they serve a different segment of the IPv6 community:

      -  the Tunnel Broker fits well for small isolated IPv6 sites, and
         especially isolated IPv6 hosts on the IPv4 Internet, that want
         to easily connect to an existing IPv6 network;

      -  the 6to4 approach has been designed to allow isolated IPv6
         sites to easily connect together without having to wait for
         their IPv4 ISPs to deliver native IPv6 services.  This is very
         well suited for extranet and virtual private networks.  Using
         6to4 relays, 6to4 sites can also reach sites on the IPv6
         Internet.





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   In addition, the Tunnel Broker approach allows IPv6 ISPs to easily
   perform access control on the users enforcing their own policies on
   network resources utilization.

   This document is intended to present a framework describing the
   guidelines for the provision of a Tunnel Broker service within the
   Internet.  It does not specify any protocol but details the general
   architecture of the proposed approach.  It also outlines a set of
   viable alternatives for implementing it.  Section 2 provides an
   overall description of the Tunnel Broker model; Section 3 reports
   known limitations to the model; Section 4 briefly outlines other
   possible applications of the Tunnel Broker approach; Section 5
   addresses security issues.

2. Tunnel Broker Model

   Tunnel brokers can be seen as virtual IPv6 ISPs, providing IPv6
   connectivity to users already connected to the IPv4 Internet.  In the
   emerging IPv6 Internet it is expected that many tunnel brokers will
   be available so that the user will just have to pick one.  The list
   of the tunnel brokers should be referenced on a "well known" web page
   (e.g.  on http://www.ipv6.org) to allow users to choose the "closest"
   one, the "cheapest" one, or any other one.

   The tunnel broker model is based on the set of functional elements
   depicted in figure 1.

























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                                            +------+
                                           /|tunnel|
                                          / |server|
                                         /  |      |
                                        /   +------+
              +----------+     +------+/    +------+
              |dual-stack|     |tunnel|     |tunnel|
              |   node   |<--->|broker|<--->|server|
              |  (user)  |     |      |     |      |
              +----------+     +------+\    +------+
                                  |     \   +------+
            tunnel end-point      v      \  |tunnel|
                  /\            +---+     \ |server|
                  ||            |DNS|      \|      |
                  ||            +---+       +------+
                  ||
                  ||                    tunnel end-point
                  ||                           /\
                  ||                           ||
                  |+---------------------------+|
                  +-----------------------------+
                       IPv6 over IPv4 tunnel

                 Figure 1: the Tunnel Broker model

2.1 Tunnel Broker (TB)

   The TB is the place where the user connects to register and activate
   tunnels.  The TB manages tunnel creation, modification and deletion
   on behalf of the user.

   For scalability reasons the tunnel broker can share the load of
   network side tunnel end-points among several tunnel servers.  It
   sends configuration orders to the relevant tunnel server whenever a
   tunnel has to be created, modified or deleted.  The TB may also
   register the user IPv6 address and name in the DNS.

   A TB must be IPv4 addressable.  It may also be IPv6 addressable, but
   this is not mandatory.  Communications between the broker and the
   servers can take place either with IPv4 or IPv6.

2.2 Tunnel server (TS)

   A TS is a dual-stack (IPv4 & IPv6) router connected to the global
   Internet.  Upon receipt of a configuration order coming from the TB,
   it creates, modifies or deletes the server side of each tunnel.  It
   may also maintain usage statistics for every active tunnel.




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2.3 Using the Tunnel Broker

   The client of the Tunnel Broker service is a dual-stack IPv6 node
   (host or router) connected to the IPv4 Internet.  Approaching the TB,
   the client should be asked first of all to provide its identity and
   credentials so that proper user authentication, authorization and
   (optionally) accounting can be carried out (e.g., relying on existing
   AAA facilities such as RADIUS).  This means that the client and the
   TB have to share a pre-configured or automatically established
   security association to be used to prevent unauthorized use of the
   service.  With this respect the TB can be seen as an access-control
   server for IPv4 interconnected IPv6 users.

   Once the client has been authorized to access the service, it should
   provide at least the following information:

      -  the IPv4 address of the client side of the tunnel;

      -  a name to be used for the registration in the DNS of the global
         IPv6 address assigned to the client side of the tunnel;

      -  the client function (i.e., standalone host or router).

   Moreover, if the client machine is an IPv6 router willing to provide
   connectivity to several IPv6 hosts, the client should be asked also
   to provide some information about the amount of IPv6 addresses
   required.  This allows the TB to allocate the client an IPv6 prefix
   that fits its needs instead of a single IPv6 address.

   The TB manages the client requests as follows:

      -  it first designates (e.g., according to some load sharing
         criteria defined by the TB administrator) a Tunnel Server to be
         used as the actual tunnel end-point at the network side;

      -  it chooses the IPv6 prefix to be allocated to the client; the
         prefix length can be anything between 0 and 128, most common
         values being 48 (site prefix), 64 (subnet prefix) or 128 (host
         prefix);

      -  it fixes a lifetime for the tunnel;

      -  it automatically registers in the DNS the global IPv6 addresses
         assigned to the tunnel end-points;

      -  it configures the server side of the tunnel;





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      -  it notifies the relevant configuration information to the
         client, including tunnel parameters and DNS names.

   After the above configuration steps have been carried out (including
   the configuration of the client), the IPv6 over IPv4 tunnel between
   the client host/router and the selected TS is up and working, thus
   allowing the tunnel broker user to get access to the 6bone or any
   other IPv6 network the TS is connected to.

2.4 IPv6 address assignment

   The IPv6 addresses assigned to both sides of each tunnel must be
   global IPv6 addresses belonging to the IPv6 addressing space managed
   by the TB.

   The lifetime of these IPv6 addresses should be relatively long and
   potentially longer than the lifetime of the IPv4 connection of the
   user.  This is to allow the client to get semipermanent IPv6
   addresses and associated DNS names even though it is connected to the
   Internet via a dial-up link and gets dynamically assigned IPv4
   addresses through DHCP.

2.5 Tunnel management

   Active tunnels consume precious resources on the tunnel servers in
   terms of memory and processing time.  For this reason it is advisable
   to keep the number of unused tunnels as small as possible deploying a
   well designed tunnel management mechanism.

   Each IPv6 over IPv4 tunnel created by the TB should at least be
   assigned a lifetime and removed after its expiration unless an
   explicit lifetime extension request is submitted by the client.

   Obviously this is not an optimal solution especially for users
   accessing the Internet through short-lived and dynamically addressed
   IPv4 connections (e.g., dial-up links).  In this case a newly
   established tunnel is likely to be used just for a short time and
   then never again, in that every time the user reconnects he gets a
   new IPv4 address and is therefore obliged either to set-up a new
   tunnel or to update the configuration of the previous one.  In such a
   situation a more effective tunnel management may be achieved by
   having the TS periodically deliver to the TB IPv6 traffic and
   reachability statistics for every active tunnel.  In this way, the TB
   can enforce a tunnel deletion after a period of inactivity without
   waiting for the expiration of the related lifetime which can be
   relatively longer (e.g., several days).





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   Another solution may be to implement some kind of tunnel management
   protocol or keep-alive mechanism between the client and the TS (or
   between the client and the TB) so that each tunnel can be immediately
   released after the user disconnects (e.g., removing his tunnel end-
   point or tearing down his IPv4 connection to the Internet).  The
   drawback of this policy mechanism is that it also requires a software
   upgrade on the client machine in order to add support for the ad-hoc
   keep-alive mechanism described above.

   Moreover, keeping track of the tunnel configuration even after the
   user has disconnected from the IPv4 Internet may be worth the extra
   cost.  In this way, in fact, when the user reconnects to the
   Internet, possibly using a different IPv4 address, he could just
   restart the tunnel by getting in touch with the TB again.  The TB
   could then order a TS to re-create the tunnel using the new IPv4
   address of the client but reusing the previously allocated IPv6
   addresses.  That way, the client could preserve a nearly permanent
   (static) IPv6 address even though its IPv4 address is dynamic.  It
   could also preserve the associated DNS name.

2.6 Interactions between client, TB, TS and DNS

   As previously stated, the definition of a specific set of protocols
   and procedures to be used for the communication among the various
   entities in the Tunnel Broker architecture is outside of the scope of
   the present framework document.  Nevertheless, in the reminder of
   this section some viable technical alternatives to support client-TB,
   TB-TS and TB-DNS interactions are briefly described in order to help
   future implementation efforts or standardization initiatives.

   The interaction between the TB and the user could be based on http.
   For example the user could provide the relevant configuration
   information (i.e., the IPv4 address of the client side of the tunnel,
   etc.) by just filling up some forms on a Web server running on the
   TB.  As a result the server could respond with an html page stating
   that the server end-point of the tunnel is configured and displaying
   all the relevant tunnel information.

   After that, the most trivial approach would be to leave the user to
   configure the client end-point of the tunnel on his own.  However, it
   should be highly valuable to support a mechanism to automate this
   procedure as much as possible.

   Several options may be envisaged to assist the Tunnel Broker user in
   the configuration of his dual-stack equipment.  The simplest option
   is that the TB could just prepare personalized activation and de-
   activation scripts to be run off-line on the client machine to
   achieve easy set-up of the client side tunnel end-point.  This



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   solution is clearly the easiest to implement and operate in that it
   does not require any software extension on the client machine.
   However, it raises several security concerns because it may be
   difficult for the user to verify that previously downloaded scripts
   do not perform illegal or dangerous operations once executed.

   The above described security issues could be elegantly overcome by
   defining a new MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension) content-
   type (e.g., application/tunnel) [4,5] to be used by the TB to deliver
   the tunnel parameters to the client.  In this case, there must be a
   dedicated agent running on the client to process this information and
   actually set-up the tunnel end-point on behalf of the user.  This is
   a very attractive approach which is worth envisaging.  In particular,
   the definition of the new content-type might be the subject of a
   future ad-hoc document.

   Several options are available also to achieve proper interaction
   between the broker and the Tunnel Servers.  For example a set of
   simple RSH commands over IPsec could be used for this purpose.
   Another alternative could be to use SNMP or to adopt any other
   network management solution.

   Finally, the Dynamic DNS Update protocol [6] should be used for
   automatic DNS update (i.e., to add or delete AAAA, A6 and PTR records
   from the DNS zone reserved for Tunnel Broker users) controlled by the
   TB.  A simple alternative would be for the TB to use a small set of
   RSH commands to dynamically update the direct and inverse databases
   on the authoritative DNS server for the Tunnel Broker users zone
   (e.g.  broker.isp-name.com).

2.7 Open issues

   Real usage of the TB service may require the introduction of
   accounting/billing functions.

3. Known limitations

   This mechanism may not work if the user is using private IPv4
   addresses behind a NAT box.

4. Use of the tunnel broker concept in other areas

   The Tunnel Broker approach might be efficiently exploited also to
   automatically set-up and manage any other kind of tunnel, such as a
   multicast tunnel (e.g., used to interconnect multicast islands within
   the unicast Internet) or an IPsec tunnel.





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   Moreover, the idea of deploying a dedicated access-control server,
   like the TB, to securely authorize and assist users that want to gain
   access to an IPv6 network might prove useful also to enhance other
   transition mechanisms.  For example it would be possible to exploit a
   similar approach within the 6to4 model to achieve easy relay
   discovery.  This would make life easier for early 6to4 adopters but
   would also allow the ISPs to better control the usage of their 6to4
   relay facilities (e.g., setting up appropriate usage policies).

5. Security Considerations

   All the interactions between the functional elements of the proposed
   architecture need to be secured:

      -  the interaction between the client and TB;

      -  the interaction between the TB and the Tunnel Server;

      -  the interaction between the TB and the DNS.

   The security techniques adopted for each of the required interactions
   is dependent on the implementation choices.

   For the client-TB interaction, the usage of http allows the
   exploitation of widely adopted security features, such as SSL (Secure
   Socket Layer) [7], to encrypt data sent to and downloaded from the
   web server.  This also makes it possible to rely on a simple
   "username" and "password" authentication procedure and on existing
   AAA facilities (e.g., RADIUS) to enforce access-control.

   For the TB-TS interaction secure SNMP could be adopted [8,9,10].  If
   the dynamic DNS update procedure is used for the TB-DNS interaction,
   the security issues are the same as discussed in [11].  Otherwise, if
   a simpler approach based on RSH commands is used, standard IPsec
   mechanisms can be applied [12].

   Furthermore, if the configuration of the client is achieved running
   scripts provided by the TB, these scripts must be executed with
   enough privileges to manage network interfaces, such as an
   administrator/root role.  This can be dangerous and should be
   considered only for early implementations of the Tunnel Broker
   approach.  Transferring tunnel configuration parameters in a MIME
   type over https is a more secure approach.

   In addition a loss of confidentiality may occur whenever a dial-up
   user disconnects from the Internet without tearing down the tunnel
   previously established through the TB.  In fact, the TS keeps
   tunneling the IPv6 traffic addressed to that user to his old IPv4



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   address regardless of the fact that in the meanwhile that IPv4
   address could have been dynamically assigned to another subscriber of
   the same dial-up ISP.  This problem could be solved by implementing
   on every tunnel the keep-alive mechanism outlined in section 2.5 thus
   allowing the TB to immediately stop IPv6 traffic forwarding towards
   disconnected users.

   Finally TBs must implement protections against denial of service
   attacks which may occur whenever a malicious user exhausts all the
   resources available on the tunnels server by asking for a lot of
   tunnels to be established altogether.  A possible protection against
   this attack could be achieved by administratively limiting the number
   of tunnels that a single user is allowed to set-up at the same time.

6. Acknowledgments

   Some of the ideas refining the tunnel broker model came from
   discussion with Perry Metzger and Marc Blanchet.

7. References

   [1]  Gilligan, R. and E. Nordmark, "Transition Mechanisms for IPv6
        Hosts and Routers", RFC 1933, April 1996.

   [2]  Carpenter, B. and C. Jung, "Transmission of IPv6 over IPv4
        Domains without Explicit Tunnels", RFC 2529, March 1999.

   [3]  Carpenter, B. and K. Moore, "Connection of IPv6 Domains via IPv4
        Clouds without Explicit Tunnels", Work in Progress.

   [4]  Freed, N. and N. Borenstein, "Multipurpose Internet Mail
        Extensions (MIME) Part One: Format of Internet Message Bodies,
        RFC 2045, November 1996.

   [5]  Freed, N. and N. Borenstein, "Multipurpose Internet Mail
        Extensions (MIME) Part Two: Media Types", RFC 2046, November
        1996.

   [6]  Vixie, P., Editor, Thomson, T., Rekhter, Y. and J. Bound,
        "Dynamic Updates in the Domain Name System (DNS UPDATE)", RFC
        2136, April 1997.

   [7]  Guttman, E., Leong, L. and G. Malkin, "Users' Security
        Handbook", FYI 34, RFC 2504, February 1999.

   [8]  Wijnen, B., Harrington, D. and R. Presuhn, "An Architecture for
        Describing SNMP Management Frameworks", RFC 2571, April 1999.




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   [9]  Blumenthal, U. and B. Wijnen, "User-based Security Model (USM)
        for version 3 of the Simple Network Management Protocol
        (SNMPv3)", RFC 2574, April 1999.

   [10] Wijnen, B., Presuhn, R. and K. McCloghrie, "View-based Access
        Control Model (VACM) for the Simple Network Management Protocol
        (SNMP)", RFC 2575, April 1999.

   [11] Eastlake, D., "Secure Domain Name System Dynamic Update", RFC
        2137, April 1997.

   [12] Kent, S. and R. Atkinson, "Security Architecture for the
        Internet Protocol", RFC 2401, November 1998.






































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8. Authors' Addresses

   Alain Durand
   SUN Microsystems, Inc
   901 San Antonio Road
   MPK17-202
   Palo Alto, CA 94303-4900
   USA

   Phone: +1 650 786 7503
   EMail: Alain.Durand@sun.com


   Paolo Fasano S.p.A.
   CSELT S.p.A.
   Switching and Network Services - Networking
   via G. Reiss Romoli, 274
   10148 TORINO
   Italy

   Phone: +39 011 2285071
   EMail: paolo.fasano@cselt.it


   Ivano Guardini
   CSELT S.p.A.
   Switching and Network Services - Networking
   via G. Reiss Romoli, 274
   10148 TORINO
   Italy

   Phone: +39 011 2285424
   EMail: ivano.guardini@cselt.it


   Domenico Lento
   TIM
   Business Unit Project Management
   via Orsini, 9
   90100 Palermo
   Italy

   Phone: +39 091 7583243
   EMail: dlento@mail.tim.it







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9. Full Copyright Statement

   Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2001).  All Rights Reserved.

   This document and translations of it may be copied and furnished to
   others, and derivative works that comment on or otherwise explain it
   or assist in its implementation may be prepared, copied, published
   and distributed, in whole or in part, without restriction of any
   kind, provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are
   included on all such copies and derivative works.  However, this
   document itself may not be modified in any way, such as by removing
   the copyright notice or references to the Internet Society or other
   Internet organizations, except as needed for the purpose of
   developing Internet standards in which case the procedures for
   copyrights defined in the Internet Standards process must be
   followed, or as required to translate it into languages other than
   English.

   The limited permissions granted above are perpetual and will not be
   revoked by the Internet Society or its successors or assigns.

   This document and the information contained herein is provided on an
   "AS IS" basis and THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING
   TASK FORCE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING
   BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION
   HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
   MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.

Acknowledgement

   Funding for the RFC Editor function is currently provided by the
   Internet Society.



















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