path: root/doc/rfc/rfc3455.txt

Network Working Group                                   M. Garcia-Martin
Request for Comments: 3455                                      Ericsson
Category: Informational                                     E. Henrikson
                                                                  Lucent
                                                                D. Mills
                                                                Vodafone
                                                            January 2003


     Private Header (P-Header) Extensions to the Session Initiation
    Protocol (SIP) for the 3rd-Generation Partnership Project (3GPP)

Status of this Memo

   This memo provides information for the Internet community.  It does
   not specify an Internet standard of any kind.  Distribution of this
   memo is unlimited.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2003).  All Rights Reserved.

Abstract

   This document describes a set of private Session Initiation Protocol
   (SIP) headers (P-headers) used by the 3rd-Generation Partnership
   Project (3GPP), along with their applicability, which is limited to
   particular environments.  The P-headers are for a variety of purposes
   within the networks that the partners use, including charging and
   information about the networks a call traverses.

Table of Contents

   1. Overall Applicability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3
   2. Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3
   3. Overview . . . .  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3
   4. SIP Private Headers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3
     4.1 The P-Associated-URI header. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3
         4.1.1 Applicability statement for the
               P-Associated-URI header. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
         4.1.2 Usage of the P-Associated-URI header . . . . . . . .  4
     4.2 The P-Called-Party-ID header . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  6
         4.2.1 Applicability statement for the
              P-Called-Party-ID header. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  9
         4.2.2 Usage of the P-Called-Party-ID header. . . . . . . . 10
     4.3 The P-Visited-Network-ID header. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
         4.3.1 Applicability statement for the
               P-Visited-Network-ID header. . . . . . . . . . . . . 11



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         4.3.2 Usage of the P-Visited-Network-ID header . . . . . . 12
     4.4 The P-Access-Network-Info header . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
         4.4.1 Applicability Statement for the
               P-Access-Network-Info header . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
         4.4.2 Usage of the P-Access-Network-Info header .  . . . . 17
     4.5 The P-Charging-Function-Addresses header . . . . . . . . . 18
         4.5.1 Applicability Statement for the
               P-Charging-Function-Addresses header . . . . . . . . 18
         4.5.2 Usage of the P-Charging-Function-Addresses
               headerd. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
     4.6 The P-Charging-Vector header . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
         4.6.1 Applicability Statement for the
               P-Charging-Vector header . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
         4.6.2 Usage of the P-Charging-Vector header .  . . . . . . 23
   5. Formal Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
     5.1 P-Associated-URI header syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
     5.2 P-Called-Party-ID header syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
     5.3 P-Visited-Network-ID header syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
     5.4 P-Access-Network-Info header syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . 25
     5.5 P-Charging-Function-Addresses header syntax. . . . . . . . 26
     5.6 P-Charging-Vector header syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
     5.7 Table of new headers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
   6. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
     6.1 P-Associated-URI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
     6.2 P-Called-Party-ID. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
     6.3 P-Visited-Network-ID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
     6.4 P-Access-Network-Info. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
     6.5 P-Charging-Function-Addresses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
     6.6 P-Charging-Vector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
   7.  IANA Considerations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
   8.  Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
   9.  Acknowledgments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
   10. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
   11. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
   Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
   Full Copyright Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34















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1. Overall Applicability

   The SIP extensions specified in this document make certain
   assumptions regarding network topology, linkage between SIP and lower
   layers, and the availability of transitive trust.  These assumptions
   are generally NOT APPLICABLE in the Internet as a whole.  The
   mechanisms specified here were designed to satisfy the requirements
   specified in the 3GPP Release 5 requirements on SIP [4] for which
   either no general-purpose solution was planned, where insufficient
   operational experience was available to understand if a general
   solution is needed, or where a more general solution is not yet
   mature.  For more details about the assumptions made about these
   extensions, consult the Applicability subsection for each extension.

2. Conventions

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14, RFC 2119 [2].

3. Overview

   The Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) has selected SIP as
   the protocol used to establish and tear down multimedia sessions in
   the context of its IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS).  (For more
   information on the IMS, a detailed description can be found in 3GPP
   TS 23.228 [14] and 3GPP TS 24.229 [15]).  3GPP notified the IETF SIP
   and SIPPING working groups that existing SIP documents provided
   almost all the functionality needed to satisfy the requirements of
   the IMS, but that they required some additional functionality in
   order to use SIP for this purpose.  These requirements [4] are
   documented in an Internet Draft which was submitted to the SIPPING
   Working Group.  Some of these requirements are satisfied by chartered
   extensions, while other requirements were applicable to SIP, but not
   sufficiently general for the SIP Working Group to adopt.  This
   document describes private extensions to address those requirements.
   Each extension, or set of related extensions is described in its own
   section below.

4. SIP Private Headers

4.1 The P-Associated-URI header

   This extension allows a registrar to return a set of associated URIs
   for a registered address-of-record.  We define the P-Associated-URI
   header field, used in the 200 OK response to a REGISTER request.  The
   P-Associated-URI header field transports the set of Associated URIs
   to the registered address-of-record.



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   An associated URI is a URI that the service provider has allocated to
   a user for his own usage.  A registrar contains information that
   allows an address-of-record URI to be associated with zero or more
   URIs.  Usually, all these URIs (the address-of-record URI and the
   associated URIs) are allocated for the usage of a particular user.
   This extension to SIP allows the UAC to know, upon a successful
   authenticated registration, which other URIs, if any, the service
   provider has associated to an address-of-record URI.

   Note that, generally speaking, the registrar does not register the
   associated URIs on behalf of the user.  Only the address-of-record
   which is present in the To header field of the REGISTER is registered
   and bound to the contact address.  The only information conveyed is
   that the registrar is aware of other URIs to be used by the same
   user.

   It may be possible, however, that an application server (or even the
   registrar itself) registers any of the associated URIs on behalf of
   the user by means of a third party registration.  However, this third
   party registration is out of the scope of this document.  A UAC MUST
   NOT assume that the associated URIs are registered.

   If a UAC wants to check whether any of the associated URIs is
   registered, it can do so by mechanisms specified outside this
   document, e.g., the UA may send a REGISTER request with the To header
   field value set to any of the associated URIs and without a Contact
   header.  The 200 OK response will include a Contact header with the
   list of registered contact addresses.  If the associated URI is not
   registered, the UA MAY register it prior to its utilization.

4.1.1 Applicability statement for the P-Associated-URI header

   The P-Associated-URI header is applicable in SIP networks where the
   SIP provider is allocating the set of identities that a user can
   claim (in headers like the From field) in requests that the UA
   generates.  It furthermore assumes that the provider knows the entire
   set of identities that a user can legitimately claim, and that the
   user is willing to restrict its claimed identities to that set.  This
   is in contrast to normal SIP usage, where the From field is
   explicitly an end-user specified field.

4.1.2 Usage of the P-Associated-URI header

   The registrar inserts the P-Associated-URI header field into the 200
   OK response to a REGISTER request.  The header field value is
   populated with a list containing zero or more URIs that are
   associated to the address-of-record.




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   If the registrar supports the P-Associated-URI header extension, then
   the registrar MUST always insert the P-Associated-URI header field in
   all the 200 OK responses to a REGISTER request, regardless of whether
   the REGISTER was an initial registration, re-registration, or
   de-registration and regardless of whether there are zero or more
   associated URIs.

4.1.2.1 Procedures at the UA

   A UAC may receive a P-Associated-URI header field in the 200 OK
   response for a REGISTER.  The presence of the header field in the 200
   OK response for a REGISTER request implies that the extension is
   supported at the registrar.

   The header value contains a list of zero or more associated URIs to
   the address-of-record URI.  The UAC MAY use any of the associated
   URIs to populate the From header value, or any other SIP header value
   that provides information of the identity of the calling party, in a
   subsequent request.

   The UAC MAY check whether the associated URI is registered or not.
   This check can be done, e.g., by populating the To header value in a
   REGISTER sent to the registrar and without a Contact header.  The 200
   OK response will include a Contact header with the list of registered
   contact addresses.  As described in SIP [1], the 200 OK response may
   contain a Contact header field with zero or more values (zero meaning
   the address-of-record is not registered).

4.1.2.2 Procedures at the registrar

   A registrar that receives and authorizes a REGISTER request, may
   associate zero or more URIs with the address-of-record.

   A registrar that supports this specification MUST include a
   P-Associated-URI header field in the 200 OK response to a REGISTER
   request.  The header MUST be populated with a comma-separated list of
   SIP or SIPS URIs which are associated to the address-of-record under
   registration.

   In case the address-of-record under registration does not have any
   other SIP or SIPS URIs associated, the registrar MUST include an
   empty P-Associated-URI header value.

4.1.2.3 Procedures at the proxy

   This memo does not define any procedure at the proxy.





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4.2 The P-Called-Party-ID header

   A proxy server inserts a P-Called-Party-ID header, typically in an
   INVITE request, en-route to its destination.  The header is populated
   with the Request-URI received by the proxy in the request.  The UAS
   identifies which address-of-record, out of several registered
   address-of-records, the invitation was sent to (for example, the user
   may be simultaneously using a personal and a business SIP URIs to
   receive invitation to sessions).  The UAS may use the information to
   render different distinctive audiovisual alerting tones, depending on
   the URI used to receive the invitation to the session.

   Users in the 3GPP IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) may get one or
   several SIP URIs (address-of-record) to identify the user.  For
   instance, a user may get a business SIP URI and a personal one.  As
   an example of utilization, the user may make available the business
   SIP URI to co-workers and may make available the personal SIP URI to
   members of the family.

   At a certain point in time, both the business SIP URI and the
   personal SIP URI are registered in the SIP registrar, so both URIs
   can receive invitations to new sessions.  When the user receives an
   invitation to join a session, he/she should be aware of which of the
   several registered SIP URIs this session was sent to.

   This requirement is stated in the 3GPP Release 5 requirements on SIP
   [4].

   The problem arises during the terminating side of a session
   establishment, when the SIP proxy that is serving a UA gets an
   INVITE, and the SIP server retargets the SIP URI which is present in
   the Request-URI field, and replaces it by the SIP URI published by
   the user in the Contact header field of the REGISTER request at
   registration time.  When the UAS receives the SIP INVITE, it cannot
   determine which address-of-record the request was sent to.

   One can argue that the To header field conveys the semantics of the
   called user, and therefore, this extension to SIP is not needed.
   Although the To header field in SIP may convey the called party ID in
   most situations, there are two particular cases when the above
   assumption is not correct:

   1. The session has been forwarded, redirected, etc., by previous SIP
      proxies, before arriving to the proxy which is serving the called
      user.

   2. The UAC builds an INVITE request and the To header field is not
      the same as the Request-URI.



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   The problem of using the To header field is that this field is
   populated by the UAC and not modified by proxies in the path.  If the
   UAC, for any reason, did not populate the To header field with the
   address-of-record of the destination user, then the destination user
   is not able to distinguish which address-of-record the session was
   destined.

   Another possible solution to the problem is built upon the
   differentiation of the Contact header value between different
   address-of-record at registration time.  The UA can differentiate
   each address-of-record it registers by assigning a different Contact
   header value.  For instance, when the UA registers the address-of-
   record sip:id1, the Contact header value can be sip:id1@ua; the
   registration of sip:id2 can be bound to the Contact value sip:id2@ua.

   The solution described above assumes that the UA explicitly registers
   each of its address-of-record URIs, and therefore, it has full
   control over the contact address values assigned to each
   registration.  However, in the case the UA does not have full control
   of its registered address-of-record, because of, e.g., a third party
   registration, the solution does not work.  This may be the case of
   the 3GPP registration, where the UA may have previously indicated the
   network, by means outside of SIP, that some other address-of-record
   URIs may be automatically registered when the UA registers a
   particular address-of-record.  The requirement is covered in the 3GPP
   Release 5 requirements on SIP [4].

   In the next paragraphs we show an example of the problem, in the case
   there has been some sort of call forwarding in the session, so that
   the UAC is not aware of the intended destination URI in the current
   INVITE.

   We assume that a User Agent (UA) is registering to his proxy (P1).

         Scenario                      UA --- P1

      F1 Register UA -> P1
           REGISTER sip:example.com SIP/2.0
           Via: SIP/2.0/UDP 192.0.2.4:5060;branch=z9hG4bKnashds7
           To: sip:user1-business@example.com
           From: sip:user1-business@example.com;tag=456248
           Call-ID: 843817637684230998sdasdh09
           CSeq: 1826 REGISTER
           Contact: <sip:user1@192.0.2.4>

   The user also registers his personal URI to his/her registrar.





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      F2 Register UA -> P1
           REGISTER sip:example.com SIP/2.0
           Via: SIP/2.0/UDP 192.0.2.4:5060;branch=z9hG4bKnashdt8
           To: sip:user1-personal@example.com
           From: sip:user1-personal@example.com;tag=346249
           Call-ID: 2Q3817637684230998sdasdh10
           CSeq: 1827 REGISTER
           Contact: <sip:user1@192.0.2.4>

   Later, the proxy/registrar (P1) receives an INVITE from another proxy
   (P2) destined to the user's business SIP address-of-record.  We
   assume that this SIP INVITE has undergone some sort of forwarding in
   the past, and as such, the To header field is not populated with the
   SIP URI of the user.  In this case we assume that the session was
   initially addressed to sip:other-user@othernetwork.com.  The SIP
   server at othernetwork.com has forwarded this session to
   sip:user1-business@example.com

         Scenario                      UA --- P1 --- P2

      F3 Invite P2 -> P1
           INVITE sip:user1-business@example.com SIP/2.0
           Via: SIP/2.0/UDP 192.0.2.20:5060;branch=z9hG4bK03djaoe1
           To: sip:other-user@othernetwork.com
           From: sip:another-user@anothernetwork.com;tag=938s0
           Call-ID: 843817637684230998sdasdh09
           CSeq: 101 INVITE

   The proxy P1 retargets the user and replaces the Request-URI with the
   SIP URI published during registration time in the Contact header
   value.

      F4 Invite P1 -> UA
           INVITE sip:user1@192.0.2.4 SIP/2.0
           Via: SIP/2.0/UDP 192.0.2.10:5060;branch=z9hG4bKg48sh128
           Via: SIP/2.0/UDP 192.0.2.20:5060;branch=z9hG4bK03djaoe1
           To: sip:other-user@othernetwork.com
           From: sip:another-user@anothernetwork.com;tag=938s0
           Call-ID: 843817637684230998sdasdh09
           CSeq: 101 INVITE

   When the UAS receives the INVITE, it cannot determine whether it got
   the session invitation due to his registration of the business or the
   personal address-of-record.  Neither the UAS nor proxies or
   application servers can provide this user a service based on the
   destination address-of-record of the session.





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   We solve this problem by allowing the proxy that is responsible for
   the home domain (as defined in SIP) of the user to insert a
   P-Called-Party-ID header that identifies the address-of-record to
   which this session is destined.

   If this SIP extension is used, the proxy serving the called user will
   get the message flow F5, it will populate the P-Called-Party-ID
   header in message flow F6 with the contents of the Request-URI in F4.
   This is show in flows F5 and F6 below:

      F5 Invite P2 -> P1
           INVITE sip:user1-business@example.com SIP/2.0
           Via: SIP/2.0/UDP 192.0.2.20:5060;branch=z9hG4bK03djaoe1
           To: sip:other-user@othernetwork.com
           From: sip:another-user@anothernetwork.com;tag=938s0
           Call-ID: 843817637684230998sdasdh09
           CSeq: 101 INVITE

      F6 Invite P1 -> UA
           INVITE sip:user1@192.0.2.4 SIP/2.0
           Via: SIP/2.0/UDP 192.0.2.10:5060;branch=z9hG4bKg48sh128
           Via: SIP/2.0/UDP 192.0.2.20:5060;branch=z9hG4bK03djaoe1
           To: sip:other-user@othernetwork.com
           From: sip:another-user@anothernetwork.com;tag=938s0
           Call-ID: 843817637684230998sdasdh09
           P-Called-Party-ID: sip:user1-business@example.com
           CSeq: 101 INVITE

   When the UA receives the INVITE request F6 it can determine the
   intended address-of-record of the session, and apply whatever service
   is needed for that address-of-record.

4.2.1 Applicability statement for the P-Called-Party-ID header

   The P-Called-Party-ID is applicable when the UAS needs to be aware of
   the intended address-of-record that was present in the Request-URI of
   the request, before the proxy retargets to the contact address.  The
   UAS may be interested in applying different audiovisual alerting
   effects or other filtering services, depending on the intended
   destination of the request.  It is specially valuable when the UAS
   has registered several address-of-record URIs to his registrar, and
   therefore, the UAS is not aware of the address-of-record that was
   present in the INVITE request when it hit his proxy/registrar, unless
   this extension is used.

   Requirements for a more general solution are proposed in [12], but
   have not been adopted by SIP, nor a solution has been developed.




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4.2.2 Usage of the P-Called-Party-ID header

   The P-Called-Party-ID header field provides proxies and the UAS with
   the address-of-record that was present in the Request-URI of the
   request, before a proxy retargets the request.  This information is
   intended to be used by subsequent proxies in the path or by the UAS.

   Typically, a SIP proxy inserts the P-Called-Party-ID header prior to
   retargetting the Request-URI in the SIP request.  The header value is
   populated with the contents of Request-URI, prior to replacing it
   with the Contact address.

4.2.2.1 Procedures at the UA

   A UAC MUST NOT insert a P-Called-Party-ID header field in any SIP
   request or response.

   A UAS may receive a SIP request that contains a P-Called-Party-ID
   header field.  The header will be populated with the address-of-
   record received by the proxy in the Request-URI of the request, prior
   to its forwarding to the UAS.

   The UAS may use the value in the P-Called-Party-ID header field to
   provide services based on the called party URI, such as, e.g.,
   filtering of calls depending on the date and time, distinctive
   presentation services, distinctive alerting tones, etc.

4.2.2.2 Procedures at the proxy

   A proxy that has access to the Contact information of the user, MAY
   insert a P-Called-Party-ID header field in any of the requests
   indicated in the Table 1 (Section 5.7).  The proxy MUST populate the
   header value with the contents of the Request-URI present in the SIP
   request that the proxy received.

   It is necessary that the proxy which inserts the P-Called-Party-ID
   header has information about the user, in order to prevent a wrong
   delivery of the called party ID.  This information may have been
   learned through a registration process, for instance.

   A proxy or application server that receives a request containing a
   P-Called-Party-ID header may use the contents of the header to
   provide a service to the user based on the URI of that header value.

   A SIP proxy MUST NOT insert a P-Called-Party-ID header in REGISTER
   requests.





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4.3 The P-Visited-Network-ID header

   3GPP networks are composed of a collection of so called home
   networks, visited networks and subscribers.  A particular home
   network may have roaming agreements with one or more visited
   networks.  This has the effect that when a mobile terminal is
   roaming, it can use resources provided by the visited network in a
   transparent fashion.

   One of the conditions for a home network to accept the registration
   of a UA roaming to a particular visited network, is the existence of
   a roaming agreement between the home and the visited network.  There
   is a need to indicate to the home network which one is the visited
   network that is providing services to the roaming UA.

   3GPP user agents always register to the home network.  The REGISTER
   request is proxied by one or more proxies located in the visited
   network towards the home network.  For the sake of a simple approach,
   it seems sensible that the visited network includes an identification
   that is known at the home network.  This identification should be
   globally unique, and takes the form of a quoted text string or a
   token.  The home network may use this identification to verify the
   existence of a roaming agreement with the visited network, and to
   authorize the registration through that visited network.

4.3.1 Applicability statement for the P-Visited-Network-ID header

   The P-Visited-Network-ID is applicable whenever the following
   circumstances are met:

   1. There is transitive trust in intermediate proxies between the UA
      and the home network proxy via established relationships between
      the home network and the visited network, and generally supported
      by the use of standard security mechanisms, e.g., IPsec, AKA, or
      TLS.

   2. An endpoint is using resources provided by one or more visited
      networks (a network to which the user does not have a direct
      business relationship).

   3. A proxy that is located in one of the visited networks wants to be
      identified at the user's home network.

   4. There is no requirement that every visited network needs to be
      identified at the home network.  Those networks that want to be
      identified make use of the extension defined in this document.
      Those networks that do not want to be identified do nothing.




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   5. A commonly pre-agreed text string or token identifies the visited
      network at the home network.

   6. The UAC sends a REGISTER or dialog-initiating request (e.g.,
      INVITE) or a standalone request outside a dialog (e.g., OPTIONS)
      to a proxy in a visited network.

   7. The request traverses, en route to its destination, a first proxy
      located in the visited network, and a second proxy located in the
      home network or its destination is the registrar in the home
      network.

   8. The registrar or home proxy verifies and authorizes the usage of
      resources (e.g., proxies) in the visited network.

4.3.2 Usage of the P-Visited-Network-ID header

   The P-Visited-Network-ID header field is used to convey to the
   registrar or home proxy in the home network the identifier of a
   visited network.  The identifier is a text string or token that is
   known by both the registrar or the home proxy at the home network and
   the proxies in the visited network.

   Typically, the home network authorizes the UA to roam to a particular
   visited network.  This action requires an existing roaming agreement
   between the home and the visited network.

   While it is possible for a home network to identify one or more
   visited networks by inspecting the domain name in the Via header
   fields, this approach has a heavy dependency on DNS.  It is an option
   for a proxy to populate the via header with an IP address, for
   example, and in the absence of a reverse DNS entry, the IP address
   will not convey the desired information.

   Any SIP proxy that receives any of the requests indicated in Table 1
   (Section 5.7) MAY insert a P-Visited-Network-ID header when it
   forwards the request.  In case a REGISTER or other request is
   traversing different administrative domains (e.g., different visited
   networks), a SIP proxy MAY insert a new P-Visited-Network-ID header
   if the request does not contain a P-Visited-Network-ID header with
   the same network identifier as its own network identifier (e.g., if
   the request has traversed other different administrative domains).

   Note also that, there is not requirement for the header value to be
   readable in the proxies.  Therefore, a first proxy may insert an
   encrypted header that only the registrar can decrypt.  If the request
   traverses a second proxy located in the same administrative domain as
   the first proxy, the second proxy may not be able to read the



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   contents of the P-Visited-Network-ID header.  In this situation, the
   second proxy will consider that its visited network identifier is not
   already present in the value of the header, and therefore, it will
   insert a new P-Visited-Network-ID header value (hopefully with the
   same identifier that the first proxy inserted, although perhaps, not
   encrypted).  When the request arrives at the registrar or proxy in
   the home network, it will notice that the header value is repeated
   (both the first and the second proxy inserted it).  The decrypted
   values should be the same, because both proxies where part of the
   same administrative domain.  While this situation is not desirable,
   it does not create any harm at the registrar or proxy in the home
   network.

   The P-Visited-Network-ID is normally used at registration.  However,
   this extension does not preclude other usages.  For instance, a proxy

   located in a visited network that does not maintain registration
   state may insert a P-Visited-Network-ID header into any standalone
   request outside a dialog or a request that creates a dialog.  At the
   time of writing this document, the only requests that create dialogs
   are INVITE [1], SUBSCRIBE [6] and REFER [11].

   In order to avoid conflicts with identifiers, especially when the
   number of roaming agreements between networks increase, care must be
   taken when selecting the value of the P-Visited-Network-ID.  The
   identifier should be a globally unique to avoid duplications.
   Although there are many mechanism to create globally unique
   identifiers across networks, one of such as mechanisms is already in
   operation, and that is DNS.  The P-Visited-Network-ID does not have
   any connection to DNS, but the values in the header can be chosen
   from the own DNS entry representing the domain name of the network.
   This guarantees the uniqueness of the value.

4.3.2.1 Procedures at the UA

   User agent clients SHOULD NOT insert a P-Visited-Network-ID header in
   any SIP message.

4.3.2.2 Procedures at the registrar and proxy

   A SIP proxy which is located in a visited network MAY insert a
   P-Visited-Network-ID header field in any of the requests indicated in
   the Table 1 (Section 5.7).  The header MUST be populated with the
   contents of a text string or a token that identifies the
   administrative domain of the network where the proxy is operating at
   the user's home network.





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   A SIP proxy or registrar which is located in the home network may use
   the contents of the P-Visited-Network-ID as an identifier of one or
   more visited networks that the request traversed.  The proxy or
   registrar in the home network may take local policy driven actions
   based on the existence or not of a roaming agreement between the home
   and the visited networks.  This means, for instance, authorize the
   actions of the request based on the contents of the
   P-Visited-Network-ID header.

   A SIP proxy which is located in the home network MUST delete this
   header when forwarding the message outside the home network
   administrative domain, in order to retain the user's privacy.

   A SIP proxy which is located in the home network SHOULD delete this
   header when the home proxy has used the contents of the header or the
   request is routed based on the called party, even when the request is
   not forwarded outside the home network administrative domain.

4.3.2.3 Examples of Usage

   We present example in the context of the scenario presented in the
   following network diagram:

            Scenario            UA --- P1 --- P2 --- REGISTRAR

   This example shows the message sequence for an REGISTER transaction
   originating from UA1 eventually arriving at REGISTRAR.  P1 is an
   outbound proxy for UA1.  In this case P1 also inserts the
   P-Visited-Network-ID header.  P1 then routes the REGISTER request to
   the Registrar via P2.

   Message sequence for REGISTER using P-Visited-Network-ID header:

      F1 Register UA -> P1
           REGISTER sip:example.com SIP/2.0
           Via: SIP/2.0/UDP 192.0.2.4:5060;branch=z9hG4bKnashds7
           To: sip:user1-business@example.com
           From: sip:user1-business@example.com;tag=456248
           Call-ID: 843817637684230998sdasdh09
           CSeq: 1826 REGISTER
           Contact: <sip:user1@192.0.2.4>

   In flow F2, proxy P2 adds its own identifier to the
   P-Visited-Network-ID header.







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      F2 Register P1 -> P2
           REGISTER sip:example.com SIP/2.0
           Via: SIP/2.0/UDP p1.visited.net;branch=z9hG4bK203igld
           Via: SIP/2.0/UDP 192.0.2.4:5060;branch=z9hG4bKnashdt8
           To: sip:user1-personal@example.com
           From: sip:user1-personal@example.com;tag=346249
           Call-ID: 2Q3817637684230998sdasdh10
           CSeq: 1826 REGISTER
           Contact: <sip:user1@192.0.2.4>
           P-Visited-Network-ID: "Visited network number 1"

   Finally, in flow F3, proxy P2 decides to insert his own identifier,
   derived from its own domain name.

      F3 Register P2 -> REGISTRAR
           REGISTER sip:example.com SIP/2.0
           Via: SIP/2.0/UDP p2.other.net;branch=z9hG4bK2bndnvk
           Via: SIP/2.0/UDP p1.visited.net;branch=z9hG4bK203igld
           Via: SIP/2.0/UDP 192.0.2.4:5060;branch=z9hG4bKnashdt8
           To: sip:user1-personal@example.com
           From: sip:user1-personal@example.com;tag=346249
           Call-ID: 2Q3817637684230998sdasdh10
           CSeq: 1826 REGISTER
           Contact: <sip:user1@192.0.2.4>
           P-Visited-Network-ID: other.net, "Visited network number 1"

4.4 The P-Access-Network-Info header

   This section describes the P-Access-Network-Info header.  This header
   is useful in SIP-based networks that also provide layer 2/layer 3
   connectivity through different access technologies.  SIP User Agents
   may use this header to relay information about the access technology
   to proxies that are providing services.  The serving proxy may then
   use this information to optimize services for the UA.  For example, a
   3GPP UA may use this header to pass information about the access
   network such as radio access technology and radio cell identity to
   its home service provider.

   For the purpose of this extension, we define an access network as the
   network providing the layer 2/layer 3 IP connectivity which in turn
   provides a user with access to the SIP capabilities and services
   provided.

   In some cases, the SIP server that provides the user with services
   may wish to know information about the type of access network that
   the UA is currently using.  Some services are more suitable or less





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   suitable depending on the access type, and some services are of more
   value to subscribers if the access network details are known by the
   SIP proxy which provides the user with services.

   In other cases, the SIP server that provides the user with services
   may simply wish to know crude location information in order to
   provide certain services to the user.  For example, many of the
   location based services available in wireless networks today require
   the home network to know the identity of the cell the user is being
   served by.

   Some regulatory requirements exist mandating that for cellular radio
   systems, the identity of the cell where an emergency call is
   established is made available to the emergency authorities.

   The SIP server that provides services to the user may desire
   knowledge about the access network.  This is achieved by defining a
   new private SIP extension header, P-Access-Network-Info.  This header
   carries information relating to the access network between the UAC
   and its serving proxy in the home network.

4.4.1 Applicability Statement for the P-Access-Network-Info header

   This mechanism is appropriate in environments where SIP services are
   dependent on SIP elements knowing details about the IP and lower
   layer technologies used by a UA to connect to the SIP network.
   Specifically, the extension requires that the UA know the access
   technology it is using, and that a proxy desires such information to
   provide services.  Generally, SIP is built on the "Everything over IP
   and IP over everything" principle, where the access technology is not
   relevant for the operation of SIP.  Since SIP systems generally
   should not care or even know about the access technology, this SIP
   extension is not for general SIP usage.

   The information revealed in the P-Access-Network-Info header is
   potentially very sensitive.  Proper protection of this information
   depends on the existence of specific business and security
   relationships amongst the proxies that will see SIP messages
   containing this header.  It also depends on explicit knowledge of the
   UA of the existence of those relationships.  Therefore, this
   mechanism is only suitable in environments where the appropriate
   relationships are in place, and the UA has explicit knowledge that
   they exist.








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4.4.2 Usage of the P-Access-Network-Info header

   When a UA generates a SIP request or response which it knows is going
   to be securely sent to its SIP proxy that is providing services, the
   UA inserts a P-Access-Network-Info header into the SIP message.  This
   header contains information on the access network that the UA is
   using to get IP connectivity.  The header is typically ignored by
   intermediate proxies between the UA and the SIP proxy that is
   providing services.  The proxy providing services can inspect the
   header and make use of the information contained there to provide
   appropriate services, depending on the value of the header.  Before
   proxying the request onwards, this proxy strips the header from the
   message.

4.4.2.1 UA behavior

   A UA that supports this extension and is willing to disclose the
   related parameters MAY insert the P-Access-Network-Info header in any
   SIP request or response.

   The UA inserting this information MUST trust the proxy that is
   providing services to protect its privacy by deleting the header
   before forwarding the message outside of the proxy's domain.  This
   proxy is typically located in the home network.

   In order to do the deletion of the header, there must also be a
   transitive trust in intermediate proxies between the UA and the proxy
   that provides the services.  This trust is established by business
   agreements between the home network and the access network, and
   generally supported by the use of standard security mechanisms, e.g.,
   IPsec, AKA, and TLS.

4.4.2.2 Proxy behavior

   A proxy MUST NOT insert or modify the value of the
   P-Access-Network-Info header.

   A proxy which is providing services to the UA, may act upon any
   information present in the P-Access-Network-Info header value, if is
   present, to provide a different service depending on the network or
   the location through which the UA is accessing the server.  For
   example, for cellular radio access networks the SIP proxy located in
   the home network may use the cell ID to provide basic localized
   services.

   A proxy that provides services to the user, the proxy typically
   located in the home network, and therefore trusted, MUST delete the
   header when the SIP signaling is forwarded to a SIP server located in



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   a non-trusted administrative network domain.  The SIP server
   providing services to the UA uses the access network information and
   is of no interest to other proxies located in different
   administrative domains.

4.5 The P-Charging-Function-Addresses header

   3GPP has defined a distributed architecture that results in multiple
   network entities becoming involved in providing access and services.
   There is a need to inform each SIP proxy involved in a transaction
   about the common charging functional entities to receive the
   generated charging records or charging events.

   The solution provided by 3GPP is to define two types of charging
   functional entities: Charging Collection Function (CCF) and Event
   Charging Function (ECF).  CCF is used for off-line charging (e.g.,
   for postpaid account charging).  ECF is used for on-line charging
   (e.g., for pre-paid account charging).  There may be more than a
   single instance of CCF and ECF in a network, in order to provide
   redundancy in the network.  In case there are more than a single
   instance of either the CCF or the ECF addresses, implementations
   SHOULD attempt sending the charging data to the ECF or CCF address,
   starting with the first address of the sequence (if any) in the
   P-Charging-Function-Addresses header.  The CCF and ECF addresses may
   be passed during the establishment of a dialog or in a standalone
   transaction.  More detailed information about charging can be found
   in 3GPP TS 32.200 [16] and 3GPP TS 32.225 [17].

   We define the SIP private header P-Charging-Function-Addresses.  A
   proxy MAY include this header, if not already present, in either the
   initial request or response for a dialog, or in the request and
   response of a standalone transaction outside a dialog.  Only one
   instance of the header MUST be present in a particular request or
   response.

   The mechanisms by which a SIP proxy collects the values to populate
   the P-Charging-Function-Addresses header values are outside the scope
   of this document.  However, as an example, a SIP proxy may have
   preconfigured these addresses, or may obtain them from a subscriber
   database.

4.5.1 Applicability Statement for the P-Charging-Function-Addresses
      header

   The P-Charging-Function-Addresses header is applicable within a
   single private administrative domain where coordination of charging
   is required, for example, according to the architecture specified in
   3GPP TS 32.200 [16].



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   The P-Charging-Function-Addresses header is not included in a SIP
   message sent outside of the own administrative domain.  The header is
   not applicable if the administrative domain does not provide a
   charging function.

   The P-Charging-Function-Addresses header is applicable whenever the
   following circumstances are met:

   1. A UA sends a REGISTER or dialog-initiating request (e.g., INVITE)
      or a standalone transaction request outside a dialog to a proxy
      located in the administrative domain of a private network.

   2. A registrar, proxy or UA that is located in the administrative
      domain of the private network wants to generate charging records.

   3. A registrar, proxy or UA that is located in the private network
      has access to the addresses of the charging function entities for
      that network.

   4. There are other proxies located in the same administrative domain
      of the private network, that are generated charging records or
      charging events.  The proxies want to send, by means outside SIP,
      the charging information to the same charging collecting entities
      than the first proxy.

4.5.2 Usage of the P-Charging-Function-Addresses header

   A SIP proxy that receives a SIP request may insert a
   P-Charging-Function-Addresses header prior to forwarding the request,
   if the header was not already present in the SIP request.  The header
   value contains one or more parameters that contain the hostnames or
   IP addresses of the nodes that are willing to receive charging
   information.

   A SIP proxy that receives a SIP request that includes a
   P-Charging-Function-Addresses may use the hostnames or IP addresses
   included in the value, as the destination of charging information or
   charging events.  The means to send those charging information or
   events are outside the scope of this document, and usually, do not
   use SIP for that purpose.

4.5.2.1 Procedures at the UA

   This document does not specify any procedure at the UA, with regard
   to the P-Charging-Function-Addresses header.  UAs need not understand
   this header.





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   However, it might be possible that a UA is located within the
   administrative domain of a private network (e.g., a PSTN gateway, or
   conference mixer), and it may have access to the addresses of the
   charging entities.  In this cases, a UA MAY insert the
   P-Charging-Function-Addresses header in a SIP request or response
   when the next hop for the message is a proxy located in the same
   administrative domain.

4.5.2.2 Procedures at the Proxy

   A SIP proxy that supports this extension and receives a request or
   response without the P-Charging-Function-Addresses MAY insert a
   P-Charging-Function-Addresses header prior to forwarding the message.
   The header is populated with a list of the addresses of one or more
   charging entities where the proxy should send charging related
   information.

   If a proxy that supports this extension receives a request or
   response with the P-Charging-Function-Addresses, it may retrieve the
   information from the header value to use with application specific
   logic, i.e., charging.  If the next hop for the message is within the
   administrative domain of the proxy, then the proxy SHOULD include the
   P-Charging-Function-Addresses header in the outbound message.
   However, if the next hop for the message is outside the
   administrative domain of the proxy, then the proxy MUST remove the
   P-Charging-Function-Addresses header.

4.5.2.3 Examples of Usage

   We present example in the context of the scenario presented in the
   following network diagram:

      Scenario                   UA1 --- P1 --- P2 --- UA2

   In the scenario we assume that P1 and P2 belong to the same
   administrative domain.

   The example below shows the message sequence for an INVITE
   transaction originating from UA1 eventually arriving at UA2.  P1 is
   an outbound proxy for UA1.  In this case P1 also inserts charging
   information.  P1 then routes the call via P2 to UA2.

   Message sequence for INVITE using P-Charging-Function-Addresses:








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      F1 Invite UA1 -> P1
         INVITE sip:ua2@home1.net SIP/2.0
         Via: SIP/2.0/UDP 192.0.2.4:5060;branch=z9hG4bKnashds7
         To: sip:ua2@home1.net
         From: sip:ua1@home1.net;tag=456248
         Call-ID: 843817637684230998sdasdh09
         CSeq: 18 INVITE
         Contact: sip:ua1@192.0.2.4

      F2 Invite P1 -> P2
         INVITE sip:ua2@home1.net SIP/2.0
         Via: SIP/2.0/UDP p1.home1.net:5060;branch=z9hG4bK34ghi7ab04
         Via: SIP/2.0/UDP 192.0.2.4:5060;branch=z9hG4bKnashds7
         To: sip:ua2@home1.net
         From: sip:ua1home1.net;tag=456248
         Call-ID: 843817637684230998sdasdh09
         CSeq: 18 INVITE
         Contact: sip:ua1@192.0.2.4
         P-Charging-Function-Addresses: ccf=192.1.1.1; ccf=192.1.1.2;
                                         ecf=192.1.1.3; ecf=192.1.1.4

   Now both P1 and P2 are aware of the IP addresses of the entities that
   collect charging record or charging events.  Both proxies can send
   the charging information to the same entities.

4.6 The P-Charging-Vector header

   3GPP has defined a distributed architecture that results in multiple
   network entities becoming involved in providing access and services.
   Operators need the ability and flexibility to charge for the access
   and services as they see fit.  This requires coordination among the
   network entities (e.g., SIP proxies), which includes correlating
   charging records generated from different entities that are related
   to the same session.

   The correlation information includes, but it is not limited to, a
   globally unique charging identifier that makes easy the billing
   effort.

   A charging vector is defined as a collection of charging information.
   The charging vector may be filled in during the establishment of a
   dialog or standalone transaction outside a dialog.  The information
   inside the charging vector may be filled in by multiple network
   entities (including SIP proxies) and retrieved by multiple network
   entities.  There are three types of correlation information to be
   transferred: the IMS Charging Identity (ICID) value, the address of
   the SIP proxy that creates the ICID value, and the Inter Operator
   Identifiers (IOI).



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   ICID is a charging value that identifies a dialog or a transaction
   outside a dialog.  It is used to correlate charging records.  ICID
   MUST be a globally unique value.  One way to achieve globally
   uniqueness is to generate the ICID using two components: a locally
   unique value and the host name or IP address of the SIP proxy that
   generated the locally unique value.

   The IOI identifies both the originating and terminating networks
   involved in a SIP dialog or transaction outside a dialog.  There may
   an IOI generated from each side of the dialog to identify the network
   associated with each side.

   There is also expected to be access network charging information,
   which consists of network specific identifiers for the access level
   (e.g., UMTS radio access network or IEEE 802.11b).  The details of
   the information for each type of network are not described in this
   memo.

   We define the SIP private header P-Charging-Vector.  A proxy MAY
   include this header, if not already present, in either the initial
   request or response for a dialog, or in the request and response of a
   standalone transaction outside a dialog.  Only one instance of the
   header MUST be present in a particular request or response.

   The mechanisms by which a SIP proxy collects the values to populate
   in the P-Charging-Vector are outside the scope of this document.

4.6.1 Applicability Statement for the P-Charging-Vector header

   The P-Charging-Vector header is applicable within a single private
   administrative domain or between different administrative domains
   where there is a trust relationship between the domains.

   The P-Charging-Vector header is not included in a SIP message sent to
   another network if there is no trust relationship.  The header is not
   applicable if the administrative domain manages charging in a way
   that does not require correlation of records from multiple network
   entities (e.g., SIP proxies).

   The P-Charging-Vector header is applicable whenever the following
   circumstances are met:

   1. A UA sends a REGISTER or dialog-initiating request (e.g., INVITE)
      or a standalone transaction request outside a dialog to a proxy
      located in the administrative domain of a private network.

   2. A registrar, proxy or UA that is located in the administrative
      domain of the private network wants to generate charging records.



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   3. A proxy or UA that is located in the administrative domain of the
      private network has access to the charging correlation information
      for that network.

   4. Optionally, a registrar, proxy or UA that is part of a second
      administrative domain in another private network, whose SIP
      request and responses are traversed through, en-route to the first
      private network, wants to generate charging records and correlate
      those records with those of the first private network.  This
      assumes that there is a trust relationship between both private
      networks.

4.6.2 Usage of the P-Charging-Vector header

   The P-Charging-Vector header is used to convey charging related
   information, such as the globally unique IMS charging identifier
   (ICID) value.

   Typically, a SIP proxy that receives a SIP request that does not
   contain a P-Charging-Vector header may insert it, with those
   parameters that are available at the SIP proxy.

   A SIP proxy that receives a SIP request that contains a
   P-Charging-Vector header may use the values, such as the globally
   unique ICID, to produce charging records.

4.6.2.1 Procedures at the UA

   This document does not specify any procedure at the UA, with regard
   to the P-Charging-Vector header.  UAs need not understand this
   header.

4.6.2.2 Procedures at the Proxy

   A SIP proxy that supports this extension and receives a request or
   response without the P-Charging-Vector header MAY insert a
   P-Charging-Vector header prior to forwarding the message.  The header
   is populated with one ore more parameters, as described in the
   syntax, including but not limited to, a globally unique charging
   identifier.

   If a proxy that supports this extension receives a request or
   response with the P-Charging-Vector header, it may retrieve the
   information from the header value to use with application specific
   logic, i.e., charging.  If the next hop for the message is within the
   trusted domain, then the proxy SHOULD include the P-Charging-Vector





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   header in the outbound message.  If the next hop for the message is
   outside the trusted domain, then the proxy MAY remove the
   P-Charging-Function-Addresses header.

   Per local application specific logic, the proxy MAY modify the
   contents of the P-Charging-Vector header prior to sending the
   message.

4.6.2.3 Examples of Usage

   We present example in the context of the scenario presented in the
   following network diagram:

      Scenario                      UA1 --- P1 --- P2 --- UA2

   This example shows the message sequence for an INVITE transaction
   originating from UA1 eventually arriving at UA2.  P1 is an outbound
   proxy for UA1.  In this case P1 also inserts charging information.
   P1 then routes the call via P2 to UA2.

   Message sequence for INVITE using P-Charging-Vector:

      F1 Invite UA1 -> P1
           INVITE sip:joe@example.com SIP/2.0
           Via: SIP/2.0/UDP 192.0.2.4:5060;branch=z9hG4bKnashds7
           To: sip:joe@example.com
           From: sip:ua1@home1.net;tag=456248
           Call-ID: 843817637684230998sdasdh09
           CSeq: 18 INVITE
           Contact: sip:ua1@192.0

      F2 Invite P1 -> P2
           INVITE sip:joe@example.com SIP/2.0
           Via: SIP/2.0/UDP P1.home1.net:5060;branch=z9hG4bK34ghi7a
           Via: SIP/2.0/UDP 192.0.2.4:5060;branch=z9hG4bKnashds7
           To: sip:joe@example.com
           From: sip:ua1@home1.net;tag=456248
           Call-ID: 843817637684230998sdasdh09
           CSeq: 18 INVITE
           Contact: sip:ua1@192.0.2.4
           P-Charging-Vector: icid-value=1234bc9876e;
                              icid-generated-at=192.0.6.8;
                               orig-ioi=home1.net








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5. Formal Syntax

   All of the mechanisms specified in this document are described in
   both prose and an augmented Backus-Naur Form (BNF) defined in RFC
   2234 [3].  Further, several BNF definitions are inherited from SIP
   and are not repeated here.  Implementors need to be familiar with the
   notation and contents of SIP [1] and RFC 2234 [3] to understand this
   document.

5.1 P-Associated-URI header syntax

   The syntax of the P-Associated-URI header is described as follows:

      P-Associated-URI       = "P-Associated-URI" HCOLON
                               (p-aso-uri-spec)
                               *(COMMA p-aso-uri-spec)
      p-aso-uri-spec         = name-addr *(SEMI ai-param)
      ai-param               = generic-param

5.2 P-Called-Party-ID header syntax

   The syntax of the P-Called-Party-ID header is described as follows:

      P-Called-Party-ID      = "P-Called-Party-ID" HCOLON
                               called-pty-id-spec
      called-pty-id-spec     = name-addr *(SEMI cpid-param)
      cpid-param             = generic-param

5.3 P-Visited-Network-ID header syntax

   The syntax of the P-Visited-Network-ID header is described as
   follows:

      P-Visited-Network-ID   = "P-Visited-Network-ID" HCOLON
                                vnetwork-spec
                                *(COMMA vnetwork-spec)
      vnetwork-spec          = (token / quoted-string)
                                *(SEMI vnetwork-param)
      vnetwork-param         = generic-param

5.4 P-Access-Network-Info header syntax

   The syntax of the P-Access-Network-Info header is described as
   follows:

      P-Access-Network-Info  = "P-Access-Network-Info" HCOLON
                               access-net-spec
      access-net-spec        = access-type *(SEMI access-info)



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      access-type            = "IEEE-802.11a" / "IEEE-802.11b" /
                               "3GPP-GERAN" / "3GPP-UTRAN-FDD" /
                               "3GPP-UTRAN-TDD" /
                               "3GPP-CDMA2000" / token
      access-info            = cgi-3gpp / utran-cell-id-3gpp /
                               extension-access-info
      extension-access-info  = gen-value
      cgi-3gpp               = "cgi-3gpp" EQUAL
                               (token / quoted-string)
      utran-cell-id-3gpp     = "utran-cell-id-3gpp" EQUAL
                               (token / quoted-string)

   The access-info may contain additional information relating to the
   access network.  The values for "cgi-3gpp" and "utran-cell-id-3gpp"
   are defined in 3GPP TS 24.229 [15].

5.5 P-Charging-Function-Addresses header syntax

   The syntax for the P-Charging-Function-Addresses header is described
   as follows:

      P-Charging-Addr        = "P-Charging-Function-Addresses" HCOLON
                               charge-addr-params
                               *(SEMI charge-addr-params)
      charge-addr-params     = ccf / ecf / generic-param
      ccf                    = "ccf" EQUAL gen-value
      ecf                    = "ecf" EQUAL gen-value

5.6 P-Charging-Vector header syntax

      The syntax for the P-Charging-Vector header is described as
      follows:

      P-Charging-Vector     = "P-Charging-Vector" HCOLON icid-value
                              *(SEMI charge-params)
      charge-params         = icid-gen-addr / orig-ioi /
                              term-ioi / generic-param
      icid-value            = "icid-value" EQUAL gen-value
      icid-gen-addr         = "icid-generated-at" EQUAL host
      orig-ioi              = "orig-ioi" EQUAL gen-value
      term-ioi              = "term-ioi" EQUAL gen-value

   The P-Charging-Vector contains icid-value mandatory parameter.  The
   icid-value represents the IMS charging ID, and contains an identifier
   used for correlating charging records and events.  The first proxy
   that receives the request generates this value.





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   The icid-gen-addr parameter contains the host name or IP address of
   the proxy that generated the icid-value.

   The orig-ioi and term-ioi parameters represent, respectively, the
   originating and terminating interoperator identifiers.  They are used
   to correlate charging records between different operators.  The
   originating ioi represents the network responsible for the charging
   records in the originating part of the session or standalone request.
   Similarly, the terminating ioi represents the network responsible for
   the charging records in the terminating part of the session or
   standalone request.

5.7 Table of new headers

   Table 1 extends the headers defined in this document to Table 2 in
   SIP [1], section 7.1 of the SIP-specific event notification [6],
   tables 1 and 2 in the SIP INFO method [8], tables 1 and 2 in
   Reliability of provisional responses in SIP [7], tables 1 and 2 in
   the SIP UPDATE method [9], tables 1 and 2 in the SIP extension for
   Instant Messaging [10], and table 1 in the SIP REFER method [11]:

   Header field          where  proxy  ACK BYE CAN INV OPT REG
   ___________________________________________________________
   P-Associated-URI       2xx           -   -   -   -   -   o
   P-Called-Party-ID       R     amr    -   -   -   o   o   -
   P-Visited-Network-ID    R     ad     -   -   -   o   o   o
   P-Access-Network-Info         dr     -   o   -   o   o   o
   P-Charging-Vector             admr   -   o   -   o   o   o
   P-Charging-Function-          adr    -   o   -   o   o   o
        Addresses

   Header field                    SUB NOT PRA INF UPD MSG REF
   ___________________________________________________________
   P-Associated-URI                 -   -   -   -   -   -   -
   P-Called-Party-ID                o   -   -   -   -   o   o
   P-Visited-Network-ID             o   -   -   -   -   o   o
   P-Access-Network-Info            o   o   o   o   o   o   o
   P-Charging-Vector                o   o   o   o   o   o   o
   P-Charging-Function-             o   o   o   o   o   o   o
     Addresses

                       Table 1: Header field support









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6. Security Considerations

6.1 P-Associated-URI

   The information returned in the P-Associated-URI header is not viewed
   as particularly sensitive.  Rather, it is simply informational in
   nature, providing openness to the UAC with regard to the automatic
   association performed by the registrar.  If end-to-end protection is
   not used at the SIP layer, it is possible for proxies between the
   registrar and the UA to modify the contents of the header value.
   This attack, while potentially annoying, should not have significant
   impacts.

   The lack of encryption, either end-to-end or hop-by-hop, may lead to
   leak some privacy regarding the list of authorized identities.  For
   instance, a user who registers an address-of-record of
   sip:user1@example.com may get another SIP URI associated as
   sip:first.last@example.com returned in the P-Associated-URI header
   value.  An eavesdropper could collect this information.  If the user
   does not want to disclose the associated URIs, the eavesdropper could
   have gain access to private URIs.  Therefore it is RECOMMENDED that
   this extension is used in a secured environment, where encryption of
   SIP messages is provided either end-to-end or hop-by-hop.

6.2 P-Called-Party-ID

   Due to the nature of the P-Called-Party-ID header, this header does
   not introduce any significant security concern.  It is possible for
   an attacker to modify the contents of the header.  However, this
   modification will not cause any harm to the session establishment.

   An eavesdropper may collect the list of identities a user is
   registered.  This may have privacy implications.  To mitigate this
   problem, this extension SHOULD only be used in a secured environment,
   where encryption of SIP messages is provided either end-to-end or
   hop-by-hop.

6.3 P-Visited-Network-ID

   The P-Visited-Network-ID header assumes that there is trust
   relationship between a home network and one or more transited visited
   networks.  It is possible for other proxies between the proxy in the
   visited network that inserts the header, and the registrar or the
   home proxy, to modify the value of P-Visited-Network-ID header.
   Therefore intermediaries participating in this mechanism MUST apply a
   hop-by-hop integrity protection mechanism such us IPsec or other
   available mechanisms in order to prevent such attacks.




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6.4 P-Access-Network-Info

   A Trust Domain is formally defined in the Short term requirements for
   Network Asserted Identity [13] document.  For the purpose of this
   document, we refer to the 3GPP trust domain as the collection of SIP
   proxies and application servers that are operated by a 3GPP network
   operator and are compliant with the requirements expressed in 3GPP TS
   24.229 [15].

   This extension assumes that the access network is trusted by the UA
   (because the UA's home network has a trust relationship with the
   access network), as described earlier in this document.

   This extension assumes that the information added to the header by
   the UAC should be sent only to trusted entities and should not be
   used outside of the trusted administrative network domain.

   The SIP proxy that provides services to the user, utilizes the
   information contained in this header to provide additional services
   and UAs are expected to provide correct information.  However, there
   are no security problems resulting from a UA inserting incorrect
   information.  Networks providing services based on the information
   carried in the P-Access-Network-Info header will therefore need to
   trust the UA sending the information.  A rogue UA sending false
   access network information will do no more harm than to restrict the
   user from using certain services.

   The mechanism provided in this document is designed primarily for
   private systems like 3GPP.  Most security requirements are met by way
   of private standardized solutions.

   For instance, 3GPP will use the P-Access-Network-Info header to carry
   relatively sensitive information like the cell ID.  Therefore the
   information MUST NOT be sent outside of the 3GPP domain.

   The UA is aware - if it is a 3GPP UA - that it is operating within a
   trusted domain.

   The 3GPP UA is aware of whether or not a secure association to the
   home network domain for transporting SIP signaling, is currently
   available, and as such the sensitive information carried in the
   P-Access-Network-Info header SHOULD NOT be sent in any initial
   unauthenticated and unprotected requests (e.g., REGISTER).

   Any UA that is using this extension and is not part of a private
   trusted domain should not consider the mechanism as secure and as
   such SHOULD NOT send sensitive information in the
   P-Access-Network-Info header.



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   Any proxy that is operating in a private trust domain where the
   P-Access-Network-Info header is supported is required to delete the
   header, if it is present, from any message prior to forwarding it
   outside of the trusted domain.

   Therefore, a network that requires its UA to send information in the
   P-Access-Network-Info header must ensure that either that information
   is not of a sensitive nature or that the information is not sent
   outside of the trust domain.

   A proxy receiving a message containing the P-Access-Network-Info
   header from a non-trusted entity is not able to guarantee the
   validity of the contents.

6.5 P-Charging-Function-Addresses

   It is expected as normal behavior that proxies within a closed
   network will modify the values of the P-Charging-Function-Addresses
   and insert it into a SIP request or response.  However, these proxies
   that share this information MUST have a trust relationship.

   If an untrusted entity were inserted between trusted entities, it
   could potentially substitute a different charging function address.
   Therefore, an integrity protection mechanism such as IPsec or other
   available mechanisms MUST be applied in order to prevent such
   attacks.  Since each trusted proxy may need to view or modify the
   values in the P-Charging-Function-Addresses header, the protection
   should be applied on a hop-by-hop basis.

6.6 P-Charging-Vector

   It is expected as normal behavior that proxies within a closed
   network will modify the values of the P-Charging-Vector and insert it
   into a SIP request or response.  However, these proxies that share
   this information MUST have a trust relationship.

   If an untrusted entity were inserted between trusted entities, it
   could potentially interfere with the charging correlation mechanism.
   Therefore, an integrity protection mechanism such as IPsec or other
   available mechanisms MUST be applied in order to prevent such
   attacks.  Since each trusted proxy may need to view or modify the
   values in the P-Charging-Vector header, the protection should be
   applied on a hop-by-hop basis.

7. IANA Considerations

   This document defines several private SIP extension header fields
   (beginning with the prefix "P-" ).



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   These extension headers have been included in the registry of SIP
   header fields defined in SIP [1].  Expert review as required for this
   process was provided by the SIP Working Group.

   The following extensions are registered as private extension header
   fields:

   RFC Number:         RFC3455
   Header Field Name:  P-Associated-URI
   Compact Form:       none


   RFC Number:         RFC3455
   Header Field Name:  P-Called-Party-ID
   Compact Form:       none


   RFC Number:         RFC3455
   Header Field Name:  P-Visited-Network-ID
   Compact Form:       none


   RFC Number:         RFC3455
   Header Field Name:  P-Access-Network-Info
   Compact Form:       none


   RFC Number:         RFC3455
   Header Field Name:  P-Charging-Function-Addresses
   Compact Form:       none


   RFC Number:         RFC3455
   Header Field Name:  P-Charging-Vector
   Compact Form:       none

8. Contributors

   The extensions described in this document were originally specified
   in several documents.  Miguel Garcia-Martin authored the
   P-Associated-URI, P-Called-Party-ID, and P-Visited-Network-ID
   headers.  Duncan Mills authored the P-Access-Network-Info header.
   Eric Henrikson authored the P-Charging-Function-Addresses and
   P-Charging-Vector headers.  Rohan Mahy assisted in the incorporation
   of these extensions into a single document.






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9. Acknowledgments

   The authors would like to thank Andrew Allen, Gabor Bajko, Gonzalo
   Camarillo, Keith Drage, Georg Mayer, Dean Willis, Rohan Mahy,
   Jonathan Rosenberg, Ya-Ching Tan and the 3GPP CN1 WG members for
   their comments on this document.

10. Normative References

   [1]   Rosenberg, J., Schulzrinne, H., Camarillo, G., Johnston, A.,
         Peterson, J., Sparks, R., Handley, M. and E. Schooler, "SIP:
         Session Initiation Protocol", RFC 3261, June 2002.

   [2]   Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement
         Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.

   [3]   Crocker, D. and P. Overell, "Augmented BNF for Syntax
         Specifications: ABNF", RFC 2234, November 1997.

11. Informative References

   [4]   Garcia-Martin, M., "3rd-Generation Partnership Project (3GPP)
         Release 5 requirements on the  Session Initiation Protocol
         (SIP)", Work in Progress.

   [5]   Mankin, A., Bradner, S., Mahy, R., Willis, D., Ott, J. and B.
         Rosen, "Change Process for the Session Initiation Protocol
         (SIP)", BCP 67, RFC 3427, December 2002.

   [6]   Roach, A., "Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)-Specific Event
         Notification", RFC 3265, June 2002.

   [7]   Rosenberg, J. and H. Schulzrinne, "Reliability of Provisional
         Responses in Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)", RFC 3262, June
         2002.

   [8]   Donovan, S., "The SIP INFO Method", RFC 2976, October 2000.

   [9]   Rosenberg, J., "The Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) UPDATE
         Method", RFC 3311, October 2002.

   [10]  Campbell, B., Editor, Rosenberg, J., Schulzrinne, H., Huitema,
         C. and D. Gurle, "Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) Extension
         for Instant Messaging", RFC 3428, December 2002.

   [11]  Sparks, R., "The SIP Refer Method", Work in Progress.





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   [12]  Barnes, M., "SIP Generic Request History Capability
         Requirements", Work in Progress.

   [13]  Watson, M., "Short Term Requirements for Network Asserted
         Identity", RFC 3324, November 2002.

   [14]  3GPP, "TS 23.228: IP Multimedia  Subsystem (IMS); Stage 2
         (Release 5)", 3GPP 23.228, September 2002, <ftp://ftp.3gpp.org/
         Specs/archive/23_series/23.228/>.

   [15]  3GPP, "TS 24.229: IP Multimedia Call Control Protocol based on
         SIP and SDP; Stage 3 (Release 5)", 3GPP 24.229, September 2002,
         <ftp://ftp.3gpp.org/Specs/archive/24_series/24.229/>.

   [16]  3GPP, "TS 32.200: Telecommunication Management; Charging
         management; Charging principles (Release 5)", 3GPP 32.200, June
         2002, <ftp://ftp.3gpp.org/Specs/archive/32_series/32.200/>.

   [17]  3GPP, "TS 32.225: Telecommunication Management; Charging
         management; Charging Data Description for IP Multimedia
         Subsystem (Release 5)", 3GPP 32.225, September 2002, <ftp://
         ftp.3gpp.org/Specs/archive/32_series/32.225/>.

Authors' Addresses

   Miguel A. Garcia-Martin
   Ericsson
   Hirsalantie 11
   Jorvas  FIN-02420
   Finland
   EMail: miguel.a.garcia@ericsson.com

   Eric Henrikson
   Lucent
   11601 Willows Rd, Suite 100
   Redmond, WA  98052
   USA
   EMail: ehenrikson@lucent.com

   Duncan Mills
   Vodafone
   The Courtyard, 2-4 London Road
   Newbury, Berkshire  RG14 1JX
   UK
   EMail: duncan.mills@vf.vodafone.co.uk






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Full Copyright Statement

   Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2003).  All Rights Reserved.

   This document and translations of it may be copied and furnished to
   others, and derivative works that comment on or otherwise explain it
   or assist in its implementation may be prepared, copied, published
   and distributed, in whole or in part, without restriction of any
   kind, provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are
   included on all such copies and derivative works.  However, this
   document itself may not be modified in any way, such as by removing
   the copyright notice or references to the Internet Society or other
   Internet organizations, except as needed for the purpose of
   developing Internet standards in which case the procedures for
   copyrights defined in the Internet Standards process must be
   followed, or as required to translate it into languages other than
   English.

   The limited permissions granted above are perpetual and will not be
   revoked by the Internet Society or its successors or assigns.

   This document and the information contained herein is provided on an
   "AS IS" basis and THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING
   TASK FORCE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING
   BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION
   HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
   MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.

Acknowledgement

   Funding for the RFC Editor function is currently provided by the
   Internet Society.



















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