path: root/doc/rfc/rfc3945.txt

Network Working Group                                     E. Mannie, Ed.
Request for Comments: 3945                                  October 2004
Category: Standards Track


    Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS) Architecture

Status of this Memo

   This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the
   Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for
   improvements.  Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet
   Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state
   and status of this protocol.  Distribution of this memo is unlimited.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2004).

Abstract

   Future data and transmission networks will consist of elements such
   as routers, switches, Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM)
   systems, Add-Drop Multiplexors (ADMs), photonic cross-connects
   (PXCs), optical cross-connects (OXCs), etc. that will use Generalized
   Multi-Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS) to dynamically provision
   resources and to provide network survivability using protection and
   restoration techniques.

   This document describes the architecture of GMPLS.  GMPLS extends
   MPLS to encompass time-division (e.g., SONET/SDH, PDH, G.709),
   wavelength (lambdas), and spatial switching (e.g., incoming port or
   fiber to outgoing port or fiber).  The focus of GMPLS is on the
   control plane of these various layers since each of them can use
   physically diverse data or forwarding planes.  The intention is to
   cover both the signaling and the routing part of that control plane.















Mannie                      Standards Track                     [Page 1]
^L
RFC 3945                   GMPLS Architecture               October 2004


Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
       1.1.  Acronyms & Abbreviations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
       1.2.  Multiple Types of Switching and Forwarding Hierarchies.   5
       1.3.  Extension of the MPLS Control Plane . . . . . . . . . .   7
       1.4.  GMPLS Key Extensions to MPLS-TE . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
   2.  Routing and Addressing Model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
       2.1.  Addressing of PSC and non-PSC layers. . . . . . . . . .  13
       2.2.  GMPLS Scalability Enhancements. . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
       2.3.  TE Extensions to IP Routing Protocols . . . . . . . . .  14
   3.  Unnumbered Links. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
       3.1.  Unnumbered Forwarding Adjacencies . . . . . . . . . . .  16
   4.  Link Bundling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
       4.1.  Restrictions on Bundling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
       4.2.  Routing Considerations for Bundling . . . . . . . . . .  17
       4.3.  Signaling Considerations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
             4.3.1.  Mechanism 1: Implicit Indication. . . . . . . .  18
             4.3.2.  Mechanism 2: Explicit Indication by Numbered
                     Interface ID. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19
             4.3.3.  Mechanism 3: Explicit Indication by Unnumbered
                     Interface ID. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19
       4.4.  Unnumbered Bundled Link . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19
       4.5.  Forming Bundled Links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  20
   5.  Relationship with the UNI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  20
       5.1.  Relationship with the OIF UNI . . . . . . . . . . . . .  21
       5.2.  Reachability across the UNI . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  21
   6.  Link Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  22
       6.1.  Control Channel and Control Channel Management. . . . .  23
       6.2.  Link Property Correlation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  24
       6.3.  Link Connectivity Verification. . . . . . . . . . . . .  24
       6.4.  Fault Management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  25
       6.5.  LMP for DWDM Optical Line Systems (OLSs). . . . . . . .  26
   7.  Generalized Signaling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  27
       7.1.  Overview: How to Request an LSP . . . . . . . . . . . .  29
       7.2.  Generalized Label Request . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  30
       7.3.  SONET/SDH Traffic Parameters. . . . . . . . . . . . . .  31
       7.4.  G.709 Traffic Parameters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  32
       7.5.  Bandwidth Encoding. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  33
       7.6.  Generalized Label . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  34
       7.7.  Waveband Switching. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  34
       7.8.  Label Suggestion by the Upstream. . . . . . . . . . . .  35
       7.9.  Label Restriction by the Upstream . . . . . . . . . . .  35
       7.10. Bi-directional LSP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  36
       7.11. Bi-directional LSP Contention Resolution. . . . . . . .  37
       7.12. Rapid Notification of Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . .  37
       7.13. Link Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  38
       7.14. Explicit Routing and Explicit Label Control . . . . . .  39



Mannie                      Standards Track                     [Page 2]
^L
RFC 3945                   GMPLS Architecture               October 2004


       7.15. Route Recording . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  40
       7.16. LSP Modification and LSP Re-routing . . . . . . . . . .  40
       7.17. LSP Administrative Status Handling. . . . . . . . . . .  41
       7.18. Control Channel Separation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  42
   8.  Forwarding Adjacencies (FA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  43
       8.1.  Routing and Forwarding Adjacencies. . . . . . . . . . .  43
       8.2.  Signaling Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  44
       8.3.  Cascading of Forwarding Adjacencies . . . . . . . . . .  44
   9.  Routing and Signaling Adjacencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  45
   10. Control Plane Fault Handling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  46
   11. LSP Protection and Restoration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  47
       11.1. Protection Escalation across Domains and Layers . . . .  48
       11.2. Mapping of Services to P&R Resources. . . . . . . . . .  49
       11.3. Classification of P&R Mechanism Characteristics . . . .  49
       11.4. Different Stages in P&R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  50
       11.5. Recovery Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  50
       11.6. Recovery mechanisms: Protection schemes . . . . . . . .  51
       11.7. Recovery mechanisms: Restoration schemes. . . . . . . .  52
       11.8. Schema Selection Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  53
   12. Network Management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  54
       12.1. Network Management Systems (NMS). . . . . . . . . . . .  55
       12.2. Management Information Base (MIB) . . . . . . . . . . .  55
       12.3. Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  56
       12.4. Fault Correlation Between Multiple Layers . . . . . . .  56
   13. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  57
   14. Acknowledgements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  58
   15. References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  58
       15.1. Normative References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  58
       15.2. Informative References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  59
   16. Contributors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  63
   17. Author's Address. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  68
       Full Copyright Statement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  69



















Mannie                      Standards Track                     [Page 3]
^L
RFC 3945                   GMPLS Architecture               October 2004


1.  Introduction

   The architecture described in this document covers the main building
   blocks needed to build a consistent control plane for multiple
   switching layers.  It does not restrict the way that these layers
   work together.  Different models can be applied, e.g., overlay,
   augmented or integrated.  Moreover, each pair of contiguous layers
   may collaborate in different ways, resulting in a number of possible
   combinations, at the discretion of manufacturers and operators.

   This architecture clearly separates the control plane and the
   forwarding plane.  In addition, it also clearly separates the control
   plane in two parts, the signaling plane containing the signaling
   protocols and the routing plane containing the routing protocols.

   This document is a generalization of the Multi-Protocol Label
   Switching (MPLS) architecture [RFC3031], and in some cases may differ
   slightly from that architecture since non packet-based forwarding
   planes are now considered.  It is not the intention of this document
   to describe concepts already described in the current MPLS
   architecture.  The goal is to describe specific concepts of
   Generalized MPLS (GMPLS).

   However, some of the concepts explained hereafter are not part of the
   current MPLS architecture and are applicable to both MPLS and GMPLS
   (i.e., link bundling, unnumbered links, and LSP hierarchy). Since
   these concepts were introduced together with GMPLS and since they are
   of paramount importance for an operational GMPLS network, they will
   be discussed here.

   The organization of the remainder of this document is as follows.  We
   begin with an introduction of GMPLS.  We then present the specific
   GMPLS building blocks and explain how they can be combined together
   to build an operational GMPLS network.  Specific details of the
   separate building blocks can be found in the corresponding documents.

1.1.  Acronyms & Abbreviations

   AS           Autonomous System
   BGP          Border Gateway Protocol
   CR-LDP       Constraint-based Routing LDP
   CSPF         Constraint-based Shortest Path First
   DWDM         Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing
   FA           Forwarding Adjacency
   GMPLS        Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching
   IGP          Interior Gateway Protocol
   LDP          Label Distribution Protocol
   LMP          Link Management Protocol



Mannie                      Standards Track                     [Page 4]
^L
RFC 3945                   GMPLS Architecture               October 2004


   LSA          Link State Advertisement
   LSR          Label Switching Router
   LSP          Label Switched Path
   MIB          Management Information Base
   MPLS         Multi-Protocol Label Switching
   NMS          Network Management System
   OXC          Optical Cross-Connect
   PXC          Photonic Cross-Connect
   RSVP         ReSource reserVation Protocol
   SDH          Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
   SONET        Synchronous Optical Networks
   STM(-N)      Synchronous Transport Module (-N)
   STS(-N)      Synchronous Transport Signal-Level N (SONET)
   TDM          Time Division Multiplexing
   TE           Traffic Engineering

1.2.  Multiple Types of Switching and Forwarding Hierarchies

   Generalized MPLS (GMPLS) differs from traditional MPLS in that it
   supports multiple types of switching, i.e., the addition of support
   for TDM, lambda, and fiber (port) switching.  The support for the
   additional types of switching has driven GMPLS to extend certain base
   functions of traditional MPLS and, in some cases, to add
   functionality.  These changes and additions impact basic LSP
   properties: how labels are requested and communicated, the
   unidirectional nature of LSPs, how errors are propagated, and
   information provided for synchronizing the ingress and egress LSRs.

   The MPLS architecture [RFC3031] was defined to support the forwarding
   of data based on a label.  In this architecture, Label Switching
   Routers (LSRs) were assumed to have a forwarding plane that is
   capable of (a) recognizing either packet or cell boundaries, and (b)
   being able to process either packet headers (for LSRs capable of
   recognizing packet boundaries) or cell headers (for LSRs capable of
   recognizing cell boundaries).

   The original MPLS architecture is here being extended to include LSRs
   whose forwarding plane recognizes neither packet, nor cell
   boundaries, and therefore, cannot forward data based on the
   information carried in either packet or cell headers.  Specifically,
   such LSRs include devices where the switching decision is based on
   time slots, wavelengths, or physical ports.  So, the new set of LSRs,
   or more precisely interfaces on these LSRs, can be subdivided into
   the following classes:







Mannie                      Standards Track                     [Page 5]
^L
RFC 3945                   GMPLS Architecture               October 2004


   1. Packet Switch Capable (PSC) interfaces:

      Interfaces that recognize packet boundaries and can forward data
      based on the content of the packet header.  Examples include
      interfaces on routers that forward data based on the content of
      the IP header and interfaces on routers that switch data based on
      the content of the MPLS "shim" header.

   2. Layer-2 Switch Capable (L2SC) interfaces:

      Interfaces that recognize frame/cell boundaries and can switch
      data based on the content of the frame/cell header.  Examples
      include interfaces on Ethernet bridges that switch data based on
      the content of the MAC header and interfaces on ATM-LSRs that
      forward data based on the ATM VPI/VCI.

   3. Time-Division Multiplex Capable (TDM) interfaces:

      Interfaces that switch data based on the data's time slot in a
      repeating cycle.  An example of such an interface is that of a
      SONET/SDH Cross-Connect (XC), Terminal Multiplexer (TM), or Add-
      Drop Multiplexer (ADM).  Other examples include interfaces
      providing G.709 TDM capabilities (the "digital wrapper") and PDH
      interfaces.

   4. Lambda Switch Capable (LSC) interfaces:

      Interfaces that switch data based on the wavelength on which the
      data is received.  An example of such an interface is that of a
      Photonic Cross-Connect (PXC) or Optical Cross-Connect (OXC) that
      can operate at the level of an individual wavelength.  Additional
      examples include PXC interfaces that can operate at the level of a
      group of wavelengths, i.e., a waveband and G.709 interfaces
      providing optical capabilities.

   5. Fiber-Switch Capable (FSC) interfaces:

      Interfaces that switch data based on a position of the data in the
      (real world) physical spaces.  An example of such an interface is
      that of a PXC or OXC that can operate at the level of a single or
      multiple fibers.

   A circuit can be established only between, or through, interfaces of
   the same type.  Depending on the particular technology being used for
   each interface, different circuit names can be used, e.g., SDH
   circuit, optical trail, light-path, etc.  In the context of GMPLS,
   all these circuits are referenced by a common name: Label Switched
   Path (LSP).



Mannie                      Standards Track                     [Page 6]
^L
RFC 3945                   GMPLS Architecture               October 2004


   The concept of nested LSP (LSP within LSP), already available in the
   traditional MPLS, facilitates building a forwarding hierarchy, i.e.,
   a hierarchy of LSPs.  This hierarchy of LSPs can occur on the same
   interface, or between different interfaces.

   For example, a hierarchy can be built if an interface is capable of
   multiplexing several LSPs from the same technology (layer), e.g., a
   lower order SONET/SDH LSP (e.g., VT2/VC-12) nested in a higher order
   SONET/SDH LSP (e.g., STS-3c/VC-4).  Several levels of signal (LSP)
   nesting are defined in the SONET/SDH multiplexing hierarchy.

   The nesting can also occur between interface types.  At the top of
   the hierarchy are FSC interfaces, followed by LSC interfaces,
   followed by TDM interfaces, followed by L2SC, and followed by PSC
   interfaces.  This way, an LSP that starts and ends on a PSC interface
   can be nested (together with other LSPs) into an LSP that starts and
   ends on a L2SC interface.  This LSP, in turn, can be nested (together
   with other LSPs) into an LSP that starts and ends on a TDM interface.
   In turn, this LSP can be nested (together with other LSPs) into an
   LSP that starts and ends on a LSC interface, which in turn can be
   nested (together with other LSPs) into an LSP that starts and ends on
   a FSC interface.

1.3.  Extension of the MPLS Control Plane

   The establishment of LSPs that span only Packet Switch Capable (PSC)
   or Layer-2 Switch Capable (L2SC) interfaces is defined for the
   original MPLS and/or MPLS-TE control planes.  GMPLS extends these
   control planes to support each of the five classes of interfaces
   (i.e., layers) defined in the previous section.

   Note that the GMPLS control plane supports an overlay model, an
   augmented model, and a peer (integrated) model.  In the near term,
   GMPLS appears to be very suitable for controlling each layer
   independently.  This elegant approach will facilitate the future
   deployment of other models.

   The GMPLS control plane is made of several building blocks as
   described in more details in the following sections.  These building
   blocks are based on well-known signaling and routing protocols that
   have been extended and/or modified to support GMPLS.  They use IPv4
   and/or IPv6 addresses.  Only one new specialized protocol is required
   to support the operations of GMPLS, a signaling protocol for link
   management [LMP].

   GMPLS is indeed based on the Traffic Engineering (TE) extensions to
   MPLS, a.k.a. MPLS-TE [RFC2702].  This, because most of the
   technologies that can be used below the PSC level requires some



Mannie                      Standards Track                     [Page 7]
^L
RFC 3945                   GMPLS Architecture               October 2004


   traffic engineering. The placement of LSPs at these levels needs in
   general to consider several constraints (such as framing, bandwidth,
   protection capability, etc) and to bypass the legacy Shortest-Path
   First (SPF) algorithm.  Note, however, that this is not mandatory and
   that in some cases SPF routing can be applied.

   In order to facilitate constrained-based SPF routing of LSPs, nodes
   that perform LSP establishment need more information about the links
   in the network than standard intra-domain routing protocols provide.
   These TE attributes are distributed using the transport mechanisms
   already available in IGPs (e.g., flooding) and taken into
   consideration by the LSP routing algorithm.  Optimization of the LSP
   routes may also require some external simulations using heuristics
   that serve as input for the actual path calculation and LSP
   establishment process.

   By definition, a TE link is a representation in the IS-IS/OSPF Link
   State advertisements and in the link state database of certain
   physical resources, and their properties, between two GMPLS nodes.
   TE Links are used by the GMPLS control plane (routing and signaling)
   for establishing LSPs.

   Extensions to traditional routing protocols and algorithms are needed
   to uniformly encode and carry TE link information, and explicit
   routes (e.g., source routes) are required in the signaling. In
   addition, the signaling must now be capable of transporting the
   required circuit (LSP) parameters such as the bandwidth, the type of
   signal, the desired protection and/or restoration, the position in a
   particular multiplex, etc.  Most of these extensions have already
   been defined for PSC and L2SC traffic engineering with MPLS.  GMPLS
   primarily defines additional extensions for TDM, LSC, and FSC traffic
   engineering.  A very few elements are technology specific.

   Thus, GMPLS extends the two signaling protocols defined for MPLS-TE
   signaling, i.e., RSVP-TE [RFC3209] and CR-LDP [RFC3212].  However,
   GMPLS does not specify which one of these two signaling protocols
   must be used.  It is the role of manufacturers and operators to
   evaluate the two possible solutions for their own interest.

   Since GMPLS signaling is based on RSVP-TE and CR-LDP, it mandates a
   downstream-on-demand label allocation and distribution, with ingress
   initiated ordered control.  Liberal label retention is normally used,
   but conservative label retention mode could also be used.








Mannie                      Standards Track                     [Page 8]
^L
RFC 3945                   GMPLS Architecture               October 2004


   Furthermore, there is no restriction on the label allocation
   strategy, it can be request/signaling driven (obvious for circuit
   switching technologies), traffic/data driven, or even topology
   driven.  There is also no restriction on the route selection;
   explicit routing is normally used (strict or loose) but hop-by-hop
   routing could be used as well.

   GMPLS also extends two traditional intra-domain link-state routing
   protocols already extended for TE purposes, i.e., OSPF-TE [OSPF-TE]
   and IS-IS-TE [ISIS-TE].  However, if explicit (source) routing is
   used, the routing algorithms used by these protocols no longer need
   to be standardized.  Extensions for inter-domain routing (e.g., BGP)
   are for further study.

   The use of technologies like DWDM (Dense Wavelength Division
   Multiplexing) implies that we can now have a very large number of
   parallel links between two directly adjacent nodes (hundreds of
   wavelengths, or even thousands of wavelengths if multiple fibers are
   used).  Such a large number of links was not originally considered
   for an IP or MPLS control plane, although it could be done.  Some
   slight adaptations of that control plane are thus required if we want
   to better reuse it in the GMPLS context.

   For instance, the traditional IP routing model assumes the
   establishment of a routing adjacency over each link connecting two
   adjacent nodes.  Having such a large number of adjacencies does not
   scale well.  Each node needs to maintain each of its adjacencies one
   by one, and link state routing information must be flooded throughout
   the network.

   To solve this issue the concept of link bundling was introduced.
   Moreover, the manual configuration and control of these links, even
   if they are unnumbered, becomes impractical.  The Link Management
   Protocol (LMP) was specified to solve these issues.

   LMP runs between data plane adjacent nodes and is used to manage TE
   links.  Specifically, LMP provides mechanisms to maintain control
   channel connectivity (IP Control Channel Maintenance), verify the
   physical connectivity of the data-bearing links (Link Verification),
   correlate the link property information (Link Property Correlation),
   and manage link failures (Fault Localization and Fault Notification).
   A unique feature of LMP is that it is able to localize faults in both
   opaque and transparent networks (i.e., independent of the encoding
   scheme and bit rate used for the data).

   LMP is defined in the context of GMPLS, but is specified
   independently of the GMPLS signaling specification since it is a
   local protocol running between data-plane adjacent nodes.



Mannie                      Standards Track                     [Page 9]
^L
RFC 3945                   GMPLS Architecture               October 2004


   Consequently, LMP can be used in other contexts with non-GMPLS
   signaling protocols.

   MPLS signaling and routing protocols require at least one bi-
   directional control channel to communicate even if two adjacent nodes
   are connected by unidirectional links.  Several control channels can
   be used.  LMP can be used to establish, maintain and manage these
   control channels.

   GMPLS does not specify how these control channels must be
   implemented, but GMPLS requires IP to transport the signaling and
   routing protocols over them.  Control channels can be either in-band
   or out-of-band, and several solutions can be used to carry IP.  Note
   also that one type of LMP message (the Test message) is used in-band
   in the data plane and may not be transported over IP, but this is a
   particular case, needed to verify connectivity in the data plane.

1.4.  GMPLS Key Extensions to MPLS-TE

   Some key extensions brought by GMPLS to MPLS-TE are highlighted in
   the following.  Some of them are key advantages of GMPLS to control
   TDM, LSC and FSC layers.

   -  In MPLS-TE, links traversed by an LSP can include an intermix of
      links with heterogeneous label encoding (e.g., links between
      routers, links between routers and ATM-LSRs, and links between
      ATM-LSRs. GMPLS extends this by including links where the label is
      encoded as a time slot, or a wavelength, or a position in the
      (real world) physical space.

   -  In MPLS-TE, an LSP that carries IP has to start and end on a
      router.  GMPLS extends this by requiring an LSP to start and end
      on similar type of interfaces.

   -  The type of a payload that can be carried in GMPLS by an LSP is
      extended to allow such payloads as SONET/SDH, G.709, 1Gb or 10Gb
      Ethernet, etc.

   -  The use of Forwarding Adjacencies (FA) provides a mechanism that
      can improve bandwidth utilization, when bandwidth allocation can
      be performed only in discrete units.  It offers also a mechanism
      to aggregate forwarding state, thus allowing the number of
      required labels to be reduced.








Mannie                      Standards Track                    [Page 10]
^L
RFC 3945                   GMPLS Architecture               October 2004


   -  GMPLS allows suggesting a label by an upstream node to reduce the
      setup latency.  This suggestion may be overridden by a downstream
      node but in some cases, at the cost of higher LSP setup time.

   -  GMPLS extends on the notion of restricting the range of labels
      that may be selected by a downstream node.  In GMPLS, an upstream
      node may restrict the labels for an LSP along either a single hop
      or the entire LSP path.  This feature is useful in photonic
      networks where wavelength conversion may not be available.

   -  While traditional TE-based (and even LDP-based) LSPs are
      unidirectional, GMPLS supports the establishment of bi-directional
      LSPs.

   -  GMPLS supports the termination of an LSP on a specific egress
      port, i.e., the port selection at the destination side.

   -  GMPLS with RSVP-TE supports an RSVP specific mechanism for rapid
      failure notification.

   Note also some other key differences between MPLS-TE and GMPLS:

   -  For TDM, LSC and FSC interfaces, bandwidth allocation for an LSP
      can be performed only in discrete units.

   -  It is expected to have (much) fewer labels on TDM, LSC or FSC
      links than on PSC or L2SC links, because the former are physical
      labels instead of logical labels.

2.  Routing and Addressing Model

   GMPLS is based on the IP routing and addressing models.  This assumes
   that IPv4 and/or IPv6 addresses are used to identify interfaces but
   also that traditional (distributed) IP routing protocols are reused.
   Indeed, the discovery of the topology and the resource state of all
   links in a routing domain is achieved via these routing protocols.

   Since control and data planes are de-coupled in GMPLS, control-plane
   neighbors (i.e., IGP-learnt neighbors) may not be data-plane
   neighbors.  Hence, mechanisms like LMP are needed to associate TE
   links with neighboring nodes.

   IP addresses are not used only to identify interfaces of IP hosts and
   routers, but more generally to identify any PSC and non-PSC
   interfaces.  Similarly, IP routing protocols are used to find routes
   for IP datagrams with a SPF algorithm; they are also used to find
   routes for non-PSC circuits by using a CSPF algorithm.




Mannie                      Standards Track                    [Page 11]
^L
RFC 3945                   GMPLS Architecture               October 2004


   However, some additional mechanisms are needed to increase the
   scalability of these models and to deal with specific traffic
   engineering requirements of non-PSC layers.  These mechanisms will be
   introduced in the following.

   Re-using existing IP routing protocols allows for non-PSC layers
   taking advantage of all the valuable developments that took place
   since years for IP routing, in particular, in the context of intra-
   domain routing (link-state routing) and inter-domain routing (policy
   routing).

   In an overlay model, each particular non-PSC layer can be seen as a
   set of Autonomous Systems (ASs) interconnected in an arbitrary way.
   Similarly to the traditional IP routing, each AS is managed by a
   single administrative authority.  For instance, an AS can be an
   SONET/SDH network operated by a given carrier.  The set of
   interconnected ASs can be viewed as SONET/SDH internetworks.

   Exchange of routing information between ASs can be done via an
   inter-domain routing protocol like BGP-4.  There is obviously a huge
   value of re-using well-known policy routing facilities provided by
   BGP in a non-PSC context.  Extensions for BGP traffic engineering
   (BGP-TE) in the context of non-PSC layers are left for further study.

   Each AS can be sub-divided in different routing domains, and each can
   run a different intra-domain routing protocol.  In turn, each
   routing-domain can be divided in areas.

   A routing domain is made of GMPLS enabled nodes (i.e., a network
   device including a GMPLS entity).  These nodes can be either edge
   nodes (i.e., hosts, ingress LSRs or egress LSRs), or internal LSRs.
   An example of non-PSC host is an SONET/SDH Terminal Multiplexer (TM).
   Another example is an SONET/SDH interface card within an IP router or
   ATM switch.

   Note that traffic engineering in the intra-domain requires the use of
   link-state routing protocols like OSPF or IS-IS.

   GMPLS defines extensions to these protocols.  These extensions are
   needed to disseminate specific TDM, LSC and FSC static and dynamic
   characteristics related to nodes and links.  The current focus is on










Mannie                      Standards Track                    [Page 12]
^L
RFC 3945                   GMPLS Architecture               October 2004


   intra-area traffic engineering.  However, inter-area traffic
   engineering is also under investigation.

2.1.  Addressing of PSC and non-PSC Layers

   The fact that IPv4 and/or IPv6 addresses are used does not imply at
   all that they should be allocated in the same addressing space than
   public IPv4 and/or IPv6 addresses used for the Internet.  Private IP
   addresses can be used if they do not require to be exchanged with any
   other operator; public IP addresses are otherwise required.  Of
   course, if an integrated model is used, two layers could share the
   same addressing space.  Finally, TE links may be "unnumbered" i.e.,
   not have any IP addresses, in case IP addresses are not available, or
   the overhead of managing them is considered too high.

   Note that there is a benefit of using public IPv4 and/or IPv6
   Internet addresses for non-PSC layers if an integrated model with the
   IP layer is foreseen.

   If we consider the scalability enhancements proposed in the next
   section, the IPv4 (32 bits) and the IPv6 (128 bits) addressing spaces
   are both more than sufficient to accommodate any non-PSC layer.  We
   can reasonably expect to have much less non-PSC devices (e.g.,
   SONET/SDH nodes) than we have today IP hosts and routers.

2.2.  GMPLS Scalability Enhancements

   TDM, LSC and FSC layers introduce new constraints on the IP
   addressing and routing models since several hundreds of parallel
   physical links (e.g., wavelengths) can now connect two nodes.  Most
   of the carriers already have today several tens of wavelengths per
   fiber between two nodes.  New generation of DWDM systems will allow
   several hundreds of wavelengths per fiber.

   It becomes rather impractical to associate an IP address with each
   end of each physical link, to represent each link as a separate
   routing adjacency, and to advertise and to maintain link states for
   each of these links.  For that purpose, GMPLS enhances the MPLS
   routing and addressing models to increase their scalability.

   Two optional mechanisms can be used to increase the scalability of
   the addressing and the routing: unnumbered links and link bundling.
   These two mechanisms can also be combined.  They require extensions
   to signaling (RSVP-TE and CR-LDP) and routing (OSPF-TE and IS-IS-TE)
   protocols.






Mannie                      Standards Track                    [Page 13]
^L
RFC 3945                   GMPLS Architecture               October 2004


2.3.  TE Extensions to IP Routing Protocols

   Traditionally, a TE link is advertised as an adjunct to a "regular"
   OSPF or IS-IS link, i.e., an adjacency is brought up on the link.
   When the link is up, both the regular IGP properties of the link
   (basically, the SPF metric) and the TE properties of the link are
   then advertised.

   However, GMPLS challenges this notion in three ways:

   -  First, links that are non-PSC may yet have TE properties; however,
      an OSPF adjacency could not be brought up directly on such links.

   -  Second, an LSP can be advertised as a point-to-point TE link in
      the routing protocol, i.e., as a Forwarding Adjacency (FA); thus,
      an advertised TE link need no longer be between two OSPF direct
      neighbors.  Forwarding Adjacencies (FA) are further described in
      Section 8.

   -  Third, a number of links may be advertised as a single TE link
      (e.g., for improved scalability), so again, there is no longer a
      one-to-one association of a regular adjacency and a TE link.

   Thus, we have a more general notion of a TE link.  A TE link is a
   logical link that has TE properties.  Some of these properties may be
   configured on the advertising LSR, others may be obtained from other
   LSRs by means of some protocol, and yet others may be deduced from
   the component(s) of the TE link.

   An important TE property of a TE link is related to the bandwidth
   accounting for that link.  GMPLS will define different accounting
   rules for different non-PSC layers.  Generic bandwidth attributes are
   however defined by the TE routing extensions and by GMPLS, such as
   the unreserved bandwidth, the maximum reservable bandwidth and the
   maximum LSP bandwidth.

   It is expected in a dynamic environment to have frequent changes of
   bandwidth accounting information.  A flexible policy for triggering
   link state updates based on bandwidth thresholds and link-dampening
   mechanism can be implemented.

   TE properties associated with a link should also capture protection
   and restoration related characteristics.  For instance, shared
   protection can be elegantly combined with bundling.  Protection and
   restoration are mainly generic mechanisms also applicable to MPLS. It
   is expected that they will first be developed for MPLS and later on
   generalized to GMPLS.




Mannie                      Standards Track                    [Page 14]
^L
RFC 3945                   GMPLS Architecture               October 2004


   A TE link between a pair of LSRs does not imply the existence of an
   IGP adjacency between these LSRs.  A TE link must also have some
   means by which the advertising LSR can know of its liveness (e.g., by
   using LMP hellos).  When an LSR knows that a TE link is up, and can
   determine the TE link's TE properties, the LSR may then advertise
   that link to its GMPLS enhanced OSPF or IS-IS neighbors using the TE
   objects/TLVs.  We call the interfaces over which GMPLS enhanced OSPF
   or IS-IS adjacencies are established "control channels".

3.  Unnumbered Links

   Unnumbered links (or interfaces) are links (or interfaces) that do
   not have IP addresses.  Using such links involves two capabilities:
   the ability to specify unnumbered links in MPLS TE signaling, and the
   ability to carry (TE) information about unnumbered links in IGP TE
   extensions of IS-IS-TE and OSPF-TE.

   A. The ability to specify unnumbered links in MPLS TE signaling
      requires extensions to RSVP-TE [RFC3477] and CR-LDP [RFC3480].
      The MPLS-TE signaling does not provide support for unnumbered
      links, because it does not provide a way to indicate an unnumbered
      link in its Explicit Route Object/TLV and in its Record Route
      Object (there is no such TLV for CR-LDP).  GMPLS defines simple
      extensions to indicate an unnumbered link in these two
      Objects/TLVs, using a new Unnumbered Interface ID sub-object/sub-
      TLV.

      Since unnumbered links are not identified by an IP address, then
      for the purpose of MPLS TE each end need some other identifier,
      local to the LSR to which the link belongs.  LSRs at the two end-
      points of an unnumbered link exchange with each other the
      identifiers they assign to the link.  Exchanging the identifiers
      may be accomplished by configuration, by means of a protocol such
      as LMP ([LMP]), by means of RSVP-TE/CR-LDP (especially in the case
      where a link is a Forwarding Adjacency, see below), or by means of
      IS-IS or OSPF extensions ([ISIS-TE-GMPLS], [OSPF-TE-GMPLS]).

      Consider an (unnumbered) link between LSRs A and B.  LSR A chooses
      an identifier for that link.  So does LSR B.  From A's perspective
      we refer to the identifier that A assigned to the link as the
      "link local identifier" (or just "local identifier"), and to the
      identifier that B assigned to the link as the "link remote
      identifier" (or just "remote identifier").  Likewise, from B's
      perspective the identifier that B assigned to the link is the
      local identifier, and the identifier that A assigned to the link
      is the remote identifier.





Mannie                      Standards Track                    [Page 15]
^L
RFC 3945                   GMPLS Architecture               October 2004


      The new Unnumbered Interface ID sub-object/sub-TLV for the ER
      Object/TLV contains the Router ID of the LSR at the upstream end
      of the unnumbered link and the link local identifier with respect
      to that upstream LSR.

      The new Unnumbered Interface ID sub-object for the RR Object
      contains the link local identifier with respect to the LSR that
      adds it in the RR Object.

   B. The ability to carry (TE) information about unnumbered links in
      IGP TE extensions requires new sub-TLVs for the extended IS
      reachability TLV defined in IS-IS-TE and for the TE LSA (which is
      an opaque LSA) defined in OSPF-TE.  A Link Local Identifier sub-
      TLV and a Link Remote Identifier sub-TLV are defined.

3.1.  Unnumbered Forwarding Adjacencies

   If an LSR that originates an LSP advertises this LSP as an unnumbered
   FA in IS-IS or OSPF, or the LSR uses this FA as an unnumbered
   component link of a bundled link, the LSR must allocate an Interface
   ID to that FA.  If the LSP is bi-directional, the tail end does the
   same and allocates an Interface ID to the reverse FA.

   Signaling has been enhanced to carry the Interface ID of a FA in the
   new LSP Tunnel Interface ID object/TLV.  This object/TLV contains the
   Router ID (of the LSR that generates it) and the Interface ID.  It is
   called the Forward Interface ID when it appears in a Path/REQUEST
   message, and it is called the Reverse Interface ID when it appears in
   the Resv/MAPPING message.

4.  Link Bundling

   The concept of link bundling is essential in certain networks
   employing the GMPLS control plane as is defined in [BUNDLE].  A
   typical example is an optical meshed network where adjacent optical
   cross-connects (LSRs) are connected by several hundreds of parallel
   wavelengths.  In this network, consider the application of link state
   routing protocols, like OSPF or IS-IS, with suitable extensions for
   resource discovery and dynamic route computation.  Each wavelength
   must be advertised separately to be used, except if link bundling is
   used.

   When a pair of LSRs is connected by multiple links, it is possible to
   advertise several (or all) of these links as a single link into OSPF
   and/or IS-IS.  This process is called link bundling, or just
   bundling.  The resulting logical link is called a bundled link as its
   physical links are called component links (and are identified by
   interface indexes).



Mannie                      Standards Track                    [Page 16]
^L
RFC 3945                   GMPLS Architecture               October 2004


   The result is that a combination of three identifiers ((bundled) link
   identifier, component link identifier, label) is sufficient to
   unambiguously identify the appropriate resources used by an LSP.

   The purpose of link bundling is to improve routing scalability by
   reducing the amount of information that has to be handled by OSPF
   and/or IS-IS.  This reduction is accomplished by performing
   information aggregation/abstraction.  As with any other information
   aggregation/abstraction, this results in losing some of the
   information.  To limit the amount of losses one need to restrict the
   type of the information that can be aggregated/abstracted.

4.1.  Restrictions on Bundling

   The following restrictions are required for bundling links.  All
   component links in a bundle must begin and end on the same pair of
   LSRs; and share some common characteristics or properties defined in
   [OSPF-TE] and [ISIS-TE], i.e., they must have the same:

   - Link Type (i.e., point-to-point or multi-access),
   - TE Metric (i.e., an administrative cost),
   - Set of Resource Classes at each end of the links (i.e., colors).

   Note that a FA may also be a component link.  In fact, a bundle can
   consist of a mix of point-to-point links and FAs, but all sharing
   some common properties.

4.2.  Routing Considerations for Bundling

   A bundled link is just another kind of TE link such as those defined
   by [GMPLS-ROUTING].  The liveness of the bundled link is determined
   by the liveness of each its component links.  A bundled link is alive
   when at least one of its component links is alive.  The liveness of a
   component link can be determined by any of several means: IS-IS or
   OSPF hellos over the component link, or RSVP Hello (hop local), or
   LMP hellos (link local), or from layer 1 or layer 2 indications.

   Note that (according to the RSVP-TE specification [RFC3209]) the RSVP
   Hello mechanism is intended to be used when notification of link
   layer failures is not available and unnumbered links are not used, or
   when the failure detection mechanisms provided by the link layer are
   not sufficient for timely node failure detection.

   Once a bundled link is determined to be alive, it can be advertised
   as a TE link and the TE information can be flooded.  If IS-IS/OSPF
   hellos are run over the component links, IS-IS/OSPF flooding can be
   restricted to just one of the component links.




Mannie                      Standards Track                    [Page 17]
^L
RFC 3945                   GMPLS Architecture               October 2004


   Note that advertising a (bundled) TE link between a pair of LSRs does
   not imply that there is an IGP adjacency between these LSRs that is
   associated with just that link.  In fact, in certain cases a TE link
   between a pair of LSRs could be advertised even if there is no IGP
   adjacency at all between the LSR (e.g., when the TE link is an FA).

   Forming a bundled link consist in aggregating the identical TE
   parameters of each individual component link to produce aggregated TE
   parameters.  A TE link as defined by [GMPLS-ROUTING] has many
   parameters; adequate aggregation rules must be defined for each one.

   Some parameters can be sums of component characteristics such as the
   unreserved bandwidth and the maximum reservable bandwidth.  Bandwidth
   information is an important part of a bundle advertisement and it
   must be clearly defined since an abstraction is done.

   A GMPLS node with bundled links must apply admission control on a
   per-component link basis.

4.3.  Signaling Considerations

   Typically, an LSP's explicit route (e.g., contained in an explicit
   route Object/TLV) will choose the bundled link to be used for the
   LSP, but not the component link(s).  This because information about
   the bundled link is flooded but information about the component links
   is not.

   The choice of the component link to use is always made by an upstream
   node.  If the LSP is bi-directional, the upstream node chooses a
   component link in each direction.

   Three mechanisms for indicating this choice to the downstream node
   are possible.

4.3.1.  Mechanism 1: Implicit Indication

   This mechanism requires that each component link has a dedicated
   signaling channel (e.g., the link is a Sonet/SDH link using the DCC
   for in-band signaling).  The upstream node tells the receiver which
   component link to use by sending the message over the chosen
   component link's dedicated signaling channel.  Note that this
   signaling channel can be in-band or out-of-band.  In this last case,
   the association between the signaling channel and that component link
   need to be explicitly configured.







Mannie                      Standards Track                    [Page 18]
^L
RFC 3945                   GMPLS Architecture               October 2004


4.3.2.  Mechanism 2: Explicit Indication by Numbered Interface ID

   This mechanism requires that the component link has a unique remote
   IP address.  The upstream node indicates the choice of the component
   link by including a new IF_ID RSVP_HOP object/IF_ID TLV carrying
   either an IPv4 or an IPv6 address in the Path/Label Request message
   (see [RFC3473]/[RFC3472], respectively).  For a bi-directional LSP, a
   component link is provided for each direction by the upstream node.

   This mechanism does not require each component link to have its own
   control channel.  In fact, it does not even require the whole
   (bundled) link to have its own control channel.

4.3.3.  Mechanism 3: Explicit Indication by Unnumbered Interface ID

   With this mechanism, each component link that is unnumbered is
   assigned a unique Interface Identifier (32 bits value).  The upstream
   node indicates the choice of the component link by including a new
   IF_ID RSVP_HOP object/IF_ID TLV in the Path/Label Request message
   (see [RFC3473]/[RFC3472], respectively).

   This object/TLV carries the component interface ID in the downstream
   direction for a unidirectional LSP, and in addition, the component
   interface ID in the upstream direction for a bi-directional LSP.

   The two LSRs at each end of the bundled link exchange these
   identifiers.  Exchanging the identifiers may be accomplished by
   configuration, by means of a protocol such as LMP (preferred
   solution), by means of RSVP-TE/CR-LDP (especially in the case where a
   component link is a Forwarding Adjacency), or by means of IS-IS or
   OSPF extensions.

   This mechanism does not require each component link to have its own
   control channel.  In fact, it does not even require the whole
   (bundled) link to have its own control channel.

4.4.  Unnumbered Bundled Link

   A bundled link may itself be numbered or unnumbered independent of
   whether the component links are numbered or not.  This affects how
   the bundled link is advertised in IS-IS/OSPF and the format of LSP
   EROs that traverse the bundled link.  Furthermore, unnumbered
   Interface Identifiers for all unnumbered outgoing links of a given
   LSR (whether component links, Forwarding Adjacencies or bundled
   links) must be unique in the context of that LSR.






Mannie                      Standards Track                    [Page 19]
^L
RFC 3945                   GMPLS Architecture               October 2004


4.5.  Forming Bundled Links

   The generic rule for bundling component links is to place those links
   that are correlated in some manner in the same bundle.  If links may
   be correlated based on multiple properties then the bundling may be
   applied sequentially based on these properties.  For instance, links
   may be first grouped based on the first property. Each of these
   groups may be then divided into smaller groups based on the second
   property and so on.  The main principle followed in this process is
   that the properties of the resulting bundles should be concisely
   summarizable.  Link bundling may be done automatically or by
   configuration.  Automatic link bundling can apply bundling rules
   sequentially to produce bundles.

   For instance, the first property on which component links may be
   correlated could be the Interface Switching Capability
   [GMPLS-ROUTING], the second property could be the Encoding
   [GMPLS-ROUTING], the third property could be the Administrative
   Weight (cost), the fourth property could be the Resource Classes and
   finally links may be correlated based on other metrics such as SRLG
   (Shared Risk Link Groups).

   When routing an alternate path for protection purposes, the general
   principle followed is that the alternate path is not routed over any
   link belonging to an SRLG that belongs to some link of the primary
   path.  Thus, the rule to be followed is to group links belonging to
   exactly the same set of SRLGs.

   This type of sequential sub-division may result in a number of
   bundles between two adjacent nodes.  In practice, however, the link
   properties may not be very heterogeneous among component links
   between two adjacent nodes.  Thus, the number of bundles in practice
   may not be large.

5.  Relationship with the UNI

   The interface between an edge GMPLS node and a GMPLS LSR on the
   network side may be referred to as a User to Network Interface (UNI),
   while the interface between two-network side LSRs may be referred to
   as a Network to Network Interface (NNI).

   GMPLS does not specify separately a UNI and an NNI.  Edge nodes are
   connected to LSRs on the network side, and these LSRs are in turn
   connected between them.  Of course, the behavior of an edge node is
   not exactly the same as the behavior of an LSR on the network side.
   Note also, that an edge node may run a routing protocol, however it
   is expected that in most of the cases it will not (see also section
   5.2 and the section about signaling with an explicit route).



Mannie                      Standards Track                    [Page 20]
^L
RFC 3945                   GMPLS Architecture               October 2004


   Conceptually, a difference between UNI and NNI make sense either if
   both interface uses completely different protocols, or if they use
   the same protocols but with some outstanding differences.  In the
   first case, separate protocols are often defined successively, with
   more or less success.

   The GMPLS approach consisted in building a consistent model from day
   one, considering both the UNI and NNI interfaces at the same time
   [GMPLS-OVERLAY].  For that purpose, a very few specific UNI
   particularities have been ignored in a first time.  GMPLS has been
   enhanced to support such particularities at the UNI by some other
   standardization bodies (see hereafter).

5.1.  Relationship with the OIF UNI

   This section is only given for reference to the OIF work related to
   GMPLS.  The current OIF UNI specification [OIF-UNI] defines an
   interface between a client SONET/SDH equipment and an SONET/SDH
   network, each belonging to a distinct administrative authority.  It
   is designed for an overlay model.  The OIF UNI defines additional
   mechanisms on the top of GMPLS for the UNI.

   For instance, the OIF service discovery procedure is a precursor to
   obtaining UNI services.  Service discovery allows a client to
   determine the static parameters of the interconnection with the
   network, including the UNI signaling protocol, the type of
   concatenation, the transparency level as well as the type of
   diversity (node, link, SRLG) supported by the network.

   Since the current OIF UNI interface does not cover photonic networks,
   G.709 Digital Wrapper, etc, it is from that perspective a subset of
   the GMPLS Architecture at the UNI.

5.2.  Reachability across the UNI

   This section discusses the selection of an explicit route by an edge
   node.  The selection of the first LSR by an edge node connected to
   multiple LSRs is part of that problem.

   An edge node (host or LSR) can participate more or less deeply in the
   GMPLS routing.  Four different routing models can be supported at the
   UNI: configuration based, partial peering, silent listening and full
   peering.

   -  Configuration based: this routing model requires the manual or
      automatic configuration of an edge node with a list of neighbor
      LSRs sorted by preference order.  Automatic configuration can be
      achieved using DHCP for instance.  No routing information is



Mannie                      Standards Track                    [Page 21]
^L
RFC 3945                   GMPLS Architecture               October 2004


      exchanged at the UNI, except maybe the ordered list of LSRs.  The
      only routing information used by the edge node is that list.  The
      edge node sends by default an LSP request to the preferred LSR.
      ICMP redirects could be send by this LSR to redirect some LSP
      requests to another LSR connected to the edge node.  GMPLS does
      not preclude that model.

   -  Partial peering: limited routing information (mainly reachability)
      can be exchanged across the UNI using some extensions in the
      signaling plane.  The reachability information exchanged at the
      UNI may be used to initiate edge node specific routing decision
      over the network.  GMPLS does not have any capability to support
      this model today.

   -  Silent listening: the edge node can silently listen to routing
      protocols and take routing decisions based on the information
      obtained.  An edge node receives the full routing information,
      including traffic engineering extensions.  One LSR should forward
      transparently all routing PDUs to the edge node.  An edge node can
      now compute a complete explicit route taking into consideration
      all the end-to-end routing information.  GMPLS does not preclude
      this model.

   -  Full peering: in addition to silent listening, the edge node
      participates within the routing, establish adjacencies with its
      neighbors and advertises LSAs.  This is useful only if there are
      benefits for edge nodes to advertise themselves traffic
      engineering information.  GMPLS does not preclude this model.

6.  Link Management

   In the context of GMPLS, a pair of nodes (e.g., a photonic switch)
   may be connected by tens of fibers, and each fiber may be used to
   transmit hundreds of wavelengths if DWDM is used.  Multiple fibers
   and/or multiple wavelengths may also be combined into one or more
   bundled links for routing purposes.  Furthermore, to enable
   communication between nodes for routing, signaling, and link
   management, control channels must be established between a node pair.

   Link management is a collection of useful procedures between adjacent
   nodes that provide local services such as control channel management,
   link connectivity verification, link property correlation, and fault
   management.  The Link Management Protocol (LMP) [LMP] has been
   defined to fulfill these operations.  LMP has been initiated in the
   context of GMPLS but is a generic toolbox that can be also used in
   other contexts.





Mannie                      Standards Track                    [Page 22]
^L
RFC 3945                   GMPLS Architecture               October 2004


   In GMPLS, the control channels between two adjacent nodes are no
   longer required to use the same physical medium as the data links
   between those nodes.  Moreover, the control channels that are used to
   exchange the GMPLS control-plane information exist independently of
   the links they manage.  Hence, LMP was designed to manage the data
   links, independently of the termination capabilities of those data
   links.

   Control channel management and link property correlation procedures
   are mandatory per LMP.  Link connectivity verification and fault
   management procedures are optional.

6.1.  Control Channel and Control Channel Management

   LMP control channel management is used to establish and maintain
   control channels between nodes.  Control channels exist independently
   of TE links, and can be used to exchange MPLS control-plane
   information such as signaling, routing, and link management
   information.

   An "LMP adjacency" is formed between two nodes that support the same
   LMP capabilities.  Multiple control channels may be active
   simultaneously for each adjacency.  A control channel can be either
   explicitly configured or automatically selected, however, LMP
   currently assume that control channels are explicitly configured
   while the configuration of the control channel capabilities can be
   dynamically negotiated.

   For the purposes of LMP, the exact implementation of the control
   channel is left unspecified.  The control channel(s) between two
   adjacent nodes is no longer required to use the same physical medium
   as the data-bearing links between those nodes.  For example, a
   control channel could use a separate wavelength or fiber, an Ethernet
   link, or an IP tunnel through a separate management network.

   A consequence of allowing the control channel(s) between two nodes to
   be physically diverse from the associated data-bearing links is that
   the health of a control channel does not necessarily correlate to the
   health of the data-bearing links, and vice-versa.  Therefore, new
   mechanisms have been developed in LMP to manage links, both in terms
   of link provisioning and fault isolation.

   LMP does not specify the signaling transport mechanism used in the
   control channel, however it states that messages transported over a
   control channel must be IP encoded.  Furthermore, since the messages
   are IP encoded, the link level encoding is not part of LMP.  A 32-bit
   non-zero integer Control Channel Identifier (CCId) is assigned to
   each direction of a control channel.



Mannie                      Standards Track                    [Page 23]
^L
RFC 3945                   GMPLS Architecture               October 2004


   Each control channel individually negotiates its control channel
   parameters and maintains connectivity using a fast Hello protocol.
   The latter is required if lower-level mechanisms are not available to
   detect link failures.

   The Hello protocol of LMP is intended to be a lightweight keep-alive
   mechanism that will react to control channel failures rapidly so that
   IGP Hellos are not lost and the associated link-state adjacencies are
   not removed uselessly.

   The Hello protocol consists of two phases: a negotiation phase and a
   keep-alive phase.  The negotiation phase allows negotiation of some
   basic Hello protocol parameters, like the Hello frequency.  The
   keep-alive phase consists of a fast lightweight bi-directional Hello
   message exchange.

   If a group of control channels share a common node pair and support
   the same LMP capabilities, then LMP control channel messages (except
   Configuration messages, and Hello's) may be transmitted over any of
   the active control channels without coordination between the local
   and remote nodes.

   For LMP, it is essential that at least one control channel is always
   available.  In case of control channel failure, it may be possible to
   use an alternate active control channel without coordination.

6.2.  Link Property Correlation

   As part of LMP, a link property correlation exchange is defined. The
   exchange is used to aggregate multiple data-bearing links (i.e.,
   component links) into a bundled link and exchange, correlate, or
   change TE link parameters.  The link property correlation exchange
   may be done at any time a link is up and not in the Verification
   process (see next section).

   It allows, for instance, the addition of component links to a link
   bundle, change of a link's minimum/maximum reservable bandwidth,
   change of port identifiers, or change of component identifiers in a
   bundle.  This mechanism is supported by an exchange of link summary
   messages.

6.3.  Link Connectivity Verification

   Link connectivity verification is an optional procedure that may be
   used to verify the physical connectivity of data-bearing links as
   well as to exchange the link identifiers that are used in the GMPLS
   signaling.




Mannie                      Standards Track                    [Page 24]
^L
RFC 3945                   GMPLS Architecture               October 2004


   This procedure should be performed initially when a data-bearing link
   is first established, and subsequently, on a periodic basis for all
   unallocated (free) data-bearing links.

   The verification procedure consists of sending Test messages in-band
   over the data-bearing links.  This requires that the unallocated
   links must be opaque; however, multiple degrees of opaqueness (e.g.,
   examining overhead bytes, terminating the payload, etc.), and hence
   different mechanisms to transport the Test messages, are specified.
   Note that the Test message is the only LMP message that is
   transmitted over the data-bearing link, and that Hello messages
   continue to be exchanged over the control channel during the link
   verification process.  Data-bearing links are tested in the transmit
   direction as they are unidirectional.  As such, it is possible for
   LMP neighboring nodes to exchange the Test messages simultaneously in
   both directions.

   To initiate the link verification procedure, a node must first notify
   the adjacent node that it will begin sending Test messages over a
   particular data-bearing link, or over the component links of a
   particular bundled link.  The node must also indicate the number of
   data-bearing links that are to be verified; the interval at which the
   test messages will be sent; the encoding scheme, the transport
   mechanisms that are supported, the data rate for Test messages; and,
   in the case where the data-bearing links correspond to fibers, the
   wavelength over which the Test messages will be transmitted.
   Furthermore, the local and remote bundled link identifiers are
   transmitted at this time to perform the component link association
   with the bundled link identifiers.

6.4.  Fault Management

   Fault management is an important requirement from the operational
   point of view.  Fault management includes usually: fault detection,
   fault localization and fault notification.  When a failure occurs and
   is detected (fault detection), an operator needs to know exactly
   where it happened (fault localization) and a source node may need to
   be notified in order to take some actions (fault notification).

   Note that fault localization can also be used to support some
   specific (local) protection/restoration mechanisms.

   In new technologies such as transparent photonic switching currently
   no method is defined to locate a fault, and the mechanism by which
   the fault information is propagated must be sent "out of band" (via
   the control plane).





Mannie                      Standards Track                    [Page 25]
^L
RFC 3945                   GMPLS Architecture               October 2004


   LMP provides a fault localization procedure that can be used to
   rapidly localize link failures, by notifying a fault up to the node
   upstream of that fault (i.e., through a fault notification
   procedure).

   A downstream LMP neighbor that detects data link failures will send
   an LMP message to its upstream neighbor notifying it of the failure.
   When an upstream node receives a failure notification, it can
   correlate the failure with the corresponding input ports to determine
   if the failure is between the two nodes.  Once the failure has been
   localized, the signaling protocols can be used to initiate link or
   path protection/restoration procedures.

6.5.  LMP for DWDM Optical Line Systems (OLSs)

   In an all-optical environment, LMP focuses on peer communications
   (e.g., OXC-to-OXC).  A great deal of information about a link between
   two OXCs is known by the OLS (Optical Line System or WDM Terminal
   multiplexer).  Exposing this information to the control plane can
   improve network usability by further reducing required manual
   configuration, and by greatly enhancing fault detection and recovery.

   LMP-WDM [LMP-WDM] defines extensions to LMP for use between an OXC
   and an OLS.  These extensions are intended to satisfy the Optical
   Link Interface Requirements described in [OLI-REQ].

   Fault detection is particularly an issue when the network is using
   all-optical photonic switches (PXC).  Once a connection is
   established, PXCs have only limited visibility into the health of the
   connection.  Although the PXC is all-optical, long-haul OLSs
   typically terminate channels electrically and regenerate them
   optically.  This provides an opportunity to monitor the health of a
   channel between PXCs.  LMP-WDM can then be used by the OLS to provide
   this information to the PXC.

   In addition to the link information known to the OLS that is
   exchanged through LMP-WDM, some information known to the OXC may also
   be exchanged with the OLS through LMP-WDM.  This information is
   useful for alarm management and link monitoring (e.g., trace
   monitoring).  Alarm management is important because the
   administrative state of a connection, known to the OXC (e.g., this
   information may be learned through the Admin Status object of GMPLS
   signaling [RFC3471]), can be used to suppress spurious alarms.  For
   example, the OXC may know that a connection is "up", "down", in a
   "testing" mode, or being deleted ("deletion-in-progress").  The OXC
   can use this information to inhibit alarm reporting from the OLS when
   a connection is "down", "testing", or being deleted.




Mannie                      Standards Track                    [Page 26]
^L
RFC 3945                   GMPLS Architecture               October 2004


   It is important to note that an OXC may peer with one or more OLSs
   and an OLS may peer with one or more OXCs.  Although there are many
   similarities between an OXC-OXC LMP session and an OXC-OLS LMP
   session, particularly for control management and link verification,
   there are some differences as well.  These differences can primarily
   be attributed to the nature of an OXC-OLS link, and the purpose of
   OXC-OLS LMP sessions.  The OXC-OXC links can be used to provide the
   basis for GMPLS signaling and routing at the optical layer.  The
   information exchanged over LMP-WDM sessions is used to augment
   knowledge about the links between OXCs.

   In order for the information exchanged over the OXC-OLS LMP sessions
   to be used by the OXC-OXC session, the information must be
   coordinated by the OXC.  However, the OXC-OXC and OXC-OLS LMP
   sessions are run independently and must be maintained separately. One
   critical requirement when running an OXC-OLS LMP session is the
   ability of the OLS to make a data link transparent when not doing the
   verification procedure.  This is because the same data link may be
   verified between OXC-OLS and between OXC-OXC.  The verification
   procedure of LMP is used to coordinate the Test procedure (and hence
   the transparency/opaqueness of the data links).  To maintain
   independence between the sessions, it must be possible for the LMP
   sessions to come up in any order.  In particular, it must be possible
   for an OXC-OXC LMP session to come up without an OXC-OLS LMP session
   being brought up, and vice-versa.

7.  Generalized Signaling

   The GMPLS signaling extends certain base functions of the RSVP-TE and
   CR-LDP signaling and, in some cases, adds functionality.  These
   changes and additions impact basic LSP properties: how labels are
   requested and communicated, the unidirectional nature of LSPs, how
   errors are propagated, and information provided for synchronizing the
   ingress and egress.

   The core GMPLS signaling specification is available in three parts:

      1. A signaling functional description [RFC3471].
      2. RSVP-TE extensions [RFC3473].
      3. CR-LDP extensions [RFC3472].

   In addition, independent parts are available per technology:

      1. GMPLS extensions for SONET and SDH control [RFC3946].
      2. GMPLS extensions for G.709 control [GMPLS-G709].






Mannie                      Standards Track                    [Page 27]
^L
RFC 3945                   GMPLS Architecture               October 2004


   The following MPLS profile expressed in terms of MPLS features
   [RFC3031] applies to GMPLS:

   -  Downstream-on-demand label allocation and distribution.

   -  Ingress initiated ordered control.

   -  Liberal (typical), or conservative (could) label retention mode.

   -  Request, traffic/data, or topology driven label allocation
      strategy.

   -  Explicit routing (typical), or hop-by-hop routing.

   The GMPLS signaling defines the following new building blocks on the
   top of MPLS-TE:

   1.  A new generic label request format.
   2.  Labels for TDM, LSC and FSC interfaces, generically known as
       Generalized Label.
   3.  Waveband switching support.
   4.  Label suggestion by the upstream for optimization purposes (e.g.,
       latency).
   5.  Label restriction by the upstream to support some optical
       constraints.
   6.  Bi-directional LSP establishment with contention resolution.
   7.  Rapid failure notification extensions.
   8.  Protection information currently focusing on link protection,
       plus primary and secondary LSP indication.
   9.  Explicit routing with explicit label control for a fine degree of
       control.
   10. Specific traffic parameters per technology.
   11. LSP administrative status handling.
   12. Control channel separation.

   These building blocks will be described in more details in the
   following.  A complete specification can be found in the
   corresponding documents.

   Note that GMPLS is highly generic and has many options.  Only
   building blocks 1, 2 and 10 are mandatory, and only within the
   specific format that is needed.  Typically, building blocks 6 and 9
   should be implemented.  Building blocks 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 11 and 12 are
   optional.







Mannie                      Standards Track                    [Page 28]
^L
RFC 3945                   GMPLS Architecture               October 2004


   A typical SONET/SDH switching network would implement building
   blocks: 1, 2 (the SONET/SDH label), 6, 9, 10 and 11.  Building blocks
   7 and 8 are optional since the protection can be achieved using
   SONET/SDH overhead bytes.

   A typical wavelength switching network would implement building
   blocks: 1, 2 (the generic format), 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 11.  Building
   block 3 is only needed in the particular case of waveband switching.

   A typical fiber switching network would implement building blocks:
   1, 2 (the generic format), 6, 7, 8, 9 and 11.

   A typical MPLS-IP network would not implement any of these building
   blocks, since the absence of building block 1 would indicate regular
   MPLS-IP.  Note however that building block 1 and 8 can be used to
   signal MPLS-IP as well.  In that case, the MPLS-IP network can
   benefit from the link protection type (not available in CR-LDP, some
   very basic form being available in RSVP-TE).  Building block 2 is
   here a regular MPLS label and no new label format is required.

   GMPLS does not specify any profile for RSVP-TE and CR-LDP
   implementations that have to support GMPLS - except for what is
   directly related to GMPLS procedures.  It is to the manufacturer to
   decide which are the optional elements and procedures of RSVP-TE and
   CR-LDP that need to be implemented.  Some optional MPLS-TE elements
   can be useful for TDM, LSC and FSC layers, for instance the setup and
   holding priorities that are inherited from MPLS-TE.

7.1.  Overview: How to Request an LSP

   A TDM, LSC or FSC LSP is established by sending a PATH/Label Request
   message downstream to the destination.  This message contains a
   Generalized Label Request with the type of LSP (i.e., the layer
   concerned), and its payload type.  An Explicit Route Object (ERO) is
   also normally added to the message, but this can be added and/or
   completed by the first/default LSR.

   The requested bandwidth is encoded in the RSVP-TE SENDER_TSPEC
   object, or in the CR-LDP Traffic Parameters TLV.  Specific parameters
   for a given technology are given in these traffic parameters, such as
   the type of signal, concatenation and/or transparency for a SONET/SDH
   LSP.  For some other technology there be could just one bandwidth
   parameter indicating the bandwidth as a floating-point value.

   The requested local protection per link may be requested using the
   Protection Information Object/TLV.  The end-to-end LSP protection is
   for further study and is introduced LSP protection/restoration
   section (see after).



Mannie                      Standards Track                    [Page 29]
^L
RFC 3945                   GMPLS Architecture               October 2004


   If the LSP is a bi-directional LSP, an Upstream Label is also
   specified in the Path/Label Request message.  This label will be the
   one to use in the upstream direction.

   Additionally, a Suggested Label, a Label Set and a Waveband Label can
   also be included in the message.  Other operations are defined in
   MPLS-TE.

   The downstream node will send back a Resv/Label Mapping message
   including one Generalized Label object/TLV that can contain several
   Generalized Labels.  For instance, if a concatenated SONET/SDH signal
   is requested, several labels can be returned.

   In case of SONET/SDH virtual concatenation, a list of labels is
   returned.  Each label identifying one element of the virtual
   concatenated signal.  This limits virtual concatenation to remain
   within a single (component) link.

   In case of any type of SONET/SDH contiguous concatenation, only one
   label is returned.  That label is the lowest signal of the contiguous
   concatenated signal (given an order specified in [RFC3946]).

   In case of SONET/SDH "multiplication", i.e., co-routing of circuits
   of the same type but without concatenation but all belonging to the
   same LSP, the explicit ordered list of all signals that take part in
   the LSP is returned.

7.2.  Generalized Label Request

   The Generalized Label Request is a new object/TLV to be added in an
   RSVP-TE Path message instead of the regular Label Request, or in a
   CR-LDP Request message in addition to the already existing TLVs. Only
   one label request can be used per message, so a single LSP can be
   requested at a time per signaling message.

   The Generalized Label Request gives three major characteristics
   (parameters) required to support the LSP being requested: the LSP
   Encoding Type, the Switching Type that must be used and the LSP
   payload type called Generalized PID (G-PID).

   The LSP Encoding Type indicates the encoding type that will be used
   with the data associated with the LSP, i.e., the type of technology
   being considered.  For instance, it can be SDH, SONET, Ethernet, ANSI
   PDH, etc.  It represents the nature of the LSP, and not the nature of
   the links that the LSP traverses.  This is used hop-by-hop by each
   node.





Mannie                      Standards Track                    [Page 30]
^L
RFC 3945                   GMPLS Architecture               October 2004


   A link may support a set of encoding formats, where support means
   that a link is able to carry and switch a signal of one or more of
   these encoding formats.  The Switching Type indicates then the type
   of switching that should be performed on a particular link for that
   LSP.  This information is needed for links that advertise more than
   one type of switching capability.

   Nodes must verify that the type indicated in the Switching Type is
   supported on the corresponding incoming interface; otherwise, the
   node must generate a notification message with a "Routing
   problem/Switching Type" indication.

   The LSP payload type (G-PID) identifies the payload carried by the
   LSP, i.e., an identifier of the client layer of that LSP.  For some
   technologies, it also indicates the mapping used by the client layer,
   e.g., byte synchronous mapping of E1.  This must be interpreted
   according to the LSP encoding type and is used by the nodes at the
   endpoints of the LSP to know to which client layer a request is
   destined, and in some cases by the penultimate hop.

   Other technology specific parameters are not transported in the
   Generalized Label Request but in technology specific traffic
   parameters as explained hereafter.  Currently, two set of traffic
   parameters are defined, one for SONET/SDH and one for G.709.

   Note that it is expected than specific traffic parameters will be
   defined in the future for photonic (all optical) switching.

7.3.  SONET/SDH Traffic Parameters

   The GMPLS SONET/SDH traffic parameters [RFC3946] specify a powerful
   set of capabilities for SONET [ANSI-T1.105] and SDH [ITUT-G.707].

   The first traffic parameter specifies the type of the elementary
   SONET/SDH signal that comprises the requested LSP, e.g., VC-11, VT6,
   VC-4, STS-3c, etc.  Several transforms can then be applied
   successively on the elementary Signal to build the final signal being
   actually requested for the LSP.

   These transforms are the contiguous concatenation, the virtual
   concatenation, the transparency and the multiplication.  Each one is
   optional.  They must be applied strictly in the following order:

   -  First, contiguous concatenation can be optionally applied on the
      Elementary Signal, resulting in a contiguously concatenated
      signal.





Mannie                      Standards Track                    [Page 31]
^L
RFC 3945                   GMPLS Architecture               October 2004


   -  Second, virtual concatenation can be optionally applied either
      directly on the elementary Signal, or on the contiguously
      concatenated signal obtained from the previous phase.

   -  Third, some transparency can be optionally specified when
      requesting a frame as signal rather than a container.  Several
      transparency packages are defined.

   -  Fourth, a multiplication can be optionally applied either directly
      on the elementary Signal, or on the contiguously concatenated
      signal obtained from the first phase, or on the virtually
      concatenated signal obtained from the second phase, or on these
      signals combined with some transparency.

   For RSVP-TE, the SONET/SDH traffic parameters are carried in a new
   SENDER_TSPEC and FLOWSPEC.  The same format is used for both.  There
   is no Adspec associated with the SENDER_TSPEC, it is omitted or a
   default value is used.  The content of the FLOWSPEC object received
   in a Resv message should be identical to the content of the
   SENDER_TSPEC of the corresponding Path message.  In other words, the
   receiver is normally not allowed to change the values of the traffic
   parameters.  However, some level of negotiation may be achieved as
   explained in [RFC3946].

   For CR-LDP, the SONET/SDH traffic parameters are simply carried in a
   new TLV.

   Note that a general discussion on SONET/SDH and GMPLS can be found in
   [SONET-SDH-GMPLS-FRM].

7.4.  G.709 Traffic Parameters

   Simply said, an [ITUT-G.709] based network is decomposed in two major
   layers: an optical layer (i.e., made of wavelengths) and a digital
   layer.  These two layers are divided into sub-layers and switching
   occurs at two specific sub-layers: at the OCh (Optical Channel)
   optical layer and at the ODU (Optical channel Data Unit) electrical
   layer.  The ODUk notation is used to denote ODUs at different
   bandwidths.

   The GMPLS G.709 traffic parameters [GMPLS-G709] specify a powerful
   set of capabilities for ITU-T G.709 networks.

   The first traffic parameter specifies the type of the elementary
   G.709 signal that comprises the requested LSP, e.g., ODU1, OCh at 40
   Gbps, etc.  Several transforms can then be applied successively on
   the elementary Signal to build the final signal being actually
   requested for the LSP.



Mannie                      Standards Track                    [Page 32]
^L
RFC 3945                   GMPLS Architecture               October 2004


   These transforms are the virtual concatenation and the
   multiplication.  Each one of these transforms is optional.  They must
   be applied strictly in the following order:

   -  First, virtual concatenation can be optionally applied directly on
      the elementary Signal,

   -  Second, a multiplication can be optionally applied, either
      directly on the elementary Signal, or on the virtually
      concatenated signal obtained from the first phase.

   Additional ODUk Multiplexing traffic parameters allow indicating an
   ODUk mapping (ODUj into ODUk) for an ODUk multiplexing LSP request.
   G.709 supports the following multiplexing capabilities: ODUj into
   ODUk (k > j) and ODU1 with ODU2 multiplexing into ODU3.

   For RSVP-TE, the G.709 traffic parameters are carried in a new
   SENDER-TSPEC and FLOWSPEC.  The same format is used for both.  There
   is no Adspec associated with the SENDER_TSPEC, it is omitted or a
   default value is used.  The content of the FLOWSPEC object received
   in a Resv message should be identical to the content of the
   SENDER_TSPEC of the corresponding Path message.

   For CR-LDP, the G.709 traffic parameters are simply carried in a new
   TLV.

7.5.  Bandwidth Encoding

   Some technologies that do not have (yet) specific traffic parameters
   just require a bandwidth encoding transported in a generic form.
   Bandwidth is carried in 32-bit number in IEEE floating-point format
   (the unit is bytes per second).  Values are carried in a per protocol
   specific manner.  For non-packet LSPs, it is useful to define
   discrete values to identify the bandwidth of the LSP.

   It should be noted that this bandwidth encoding do not apply to
   SONET/SDH and G.709, for which the traffic parameters fully define
   the requested SONET/SDH or G.709 signal.

   The bandwidth is coded in the Peak Data Rate field of Int-Serv
   objects for RSVP-TE in the SENDER_TSPEC and FLOWSPEC objects and in
   the Peak and Committed Data Rate fields of the CR-LDP Traffic
   Parameters TLV.








Mannie                      Standards Track                    [Page 33]
^L
RFC 3945                   GMPLS Architecture               October 2004


7.6.  Generalized Label

   The Generalized Label extends the traditional MPLS label by allowing
   the representation of not only labels that travel in-band with
   associated data packets, but also (virtual) labels that identify
   time-slots, wavelengths, or space division multiplexed positions.

   For example, the Generalized Label may identify (a) a single fiber in
   a bundle, (b) a single waveband within fiber, (c) a single wavelength
   within a waveband (or fiber), or (d) a set of time-slots within a
   wavelength (or fiber).  It may also be a generic MPLS label, a Frame
   Relay label, or an ATM label (VCI/VPI).  The format of a label can be
   as simple as an integer value such as a wavelength label or can be
   more elaborated such as an SONET/SDH or a G.709 label.

   SDH and SONET define each a multiplexing structure.  These
   multiplexing structures will be used as naming trees to create unique
   labels.  Such a label will identify the exact position (times-lot(s))
   of a signal in a multiplexing structure.  Since the SONET
   multiplexing structure may be seen as a subset of the SDH
   multiplexing structure, the same format of label is used for SDH and
   SONET.  A similar concept is applied to build a label at the G.709
   ODU layer.

   Since the nodes sending and receiving the Generalized Label know what
   kinds of link they are using, the Generalized Label does not identify
   its type.  Instead, the nodes are expected to know from the context
   what type of label to expect.

   A Generalized Label only carries a single level of label i.e., it is
   non-hierarchical.  When multiple levels of labels (LSPs within LSPs)
   are required, each LSP must be established separately.

7.7.  Waveband Switching

   A special case of wavelength switching is waveband switching.  A
   waveband represents a set of contiguous wavelengths, which can be
   switched together to a new waveband.  For optimization reasons, it
   may be desirable for a photonic cross-connect to optically switch
   multiple wavelengths as a unit.  This may reduce the distortion on
   the individual wavelengths and may allow tighter separation of the
   individual wavelengths.  A Waveband label is defined to support this
   special case.

   Waveband switching naturally introduces another level of label
   hierarchy and as such the waveband is treated the same way, all other
   upper layer labels are treated.  As far as the MPLS protocols are
   concerned, there is little difference between a waveband label and a



Mannie                      Standards Track                    [Page 34]
^L
RFC 3945                   GMPLS Architecture               October 2004


   wavelength label.  Exception is that semantically the waveband can be
   subdivided into wavelengths whereas the wavelength can only be
   subdivided into time or statistically multiplexed labels.

   In the context of waveband switching, the generalized label used to
   indicate a waveband contains three fields, a waveband ID, a Start
   Label and an End Label.  The Start and End Labels are channel
   identifiers from the sender perspective that identify respectively,
   the lowest value wavelength and the highest value wavelength making
   up the waveband.

7.8.  Label Suggestion by the Upstream

   GMPLS allows for a label to be optionally suggested by an upstream
   node.  This suggestion may be overridden by a downstream node but in
   some cases, at the cost of higher LSP setup time.  The suggested
   label is valuable when establishing LSPs through certain kinds of
   optical equipment where there may be a lengthy (in electrical terms)
   delay in configuring the switching fabric.  For example, micro
   mirrors may have to be elevated or moved, and this physical motion
   and subsequent damping takes time.  If the labels and hence switching
   fabric are configured in the reverse direction (the norm), the
   Resv/MAPPING message may need to be delayed by 10's of milliseconds
   per hop in order to establish a usable forwarding path.  It can be
   important for restoration purposes where alternate LSPs may need to
   be rapidly established as a result of network failures.

7.9.  Label Restriction by the Upstream

   An upstream node can optionally restrict (limit) the choice of label
   of a downstream node to a set of acceptable labels.  Giving lists
   and/or ranges of inclusive (acceptable) or exclusive (unacceptable)
   labels in a Label Set provides this restriction.  If not applied, all
   labels from the valid label range may be used.  There are at least
   four cases where a label restriction is useful in the "optical"
   domain.

   Case 1: the end equipment is only capable of transmitting and
      receiving on a small specific set of wavelengths/wavebands.

   Case 2: there is a sequence of interfaces, which cannot support
      wavelength conversion and require the same wavelength be used
      end-to-end over a sequence of hops, or even an entire path.

   Case 3: it is desirable to limit the amount of wavelength conversion
      being performed to reduce the distortion on the optical signals.

   Case 4: two ends of a link support different sets of wavelengths.



Mannie                      Standards Track                    [Page 35]
^L
RFC 3945                   GMPLS Architecture               October 2004


   The receiver of a Label Set must restrict its choice of labels to one
   that is in the Label Set.  A Label Set may be present across multiple
   hops.  In this case, each node generates its own outgoing Label Set,
   possibly based on the incoming Label Set and the node's hardware
   capabilities.  This case is expected to be the norm for nodes with
   conversion incapable interfaces.

7.10.  Bi-directional LSP

   GMPLS allows establishment of bi-directional symmetric LSPs (not of
   asymmetric LSPs).  A symmetric bi-directional LSP has the same
   traffic engineering requirements including fate sharing, protection
   and restoration, LSRs, and resource requirements (e.g., latency and
   jitter) in each direction.

   In the remainder of this section, the term "initiator" is used to
   refer to a node that starts the establishment of an LSP; the term
   "terminator" is used to refer to the node that is the target of the
   LSP.  For a bi-directional LSPs, there is only one initiator and one
   terminator.

   Normally to establish a bi-directional LSP when using RSVP-TE
   [RFC3209] or CR-LDP [RFC3212] two unidirectional paths must be
   independently established. This approach has the following
   disadvantages:

   1. The latency to establish the bi-directional LSP is equal to one
      round trip signaling time plus one initiator-terminator signaling
      transit delay.  This not only extends the setup latency for
      successful LSP establishment, but it extends the worst-case
      latency for discovering an unsuccessful LSP to as much as two
      times the initiator-terminator transit delay.  These delays are
      particularly significant for LSPs that are established for
      restoration purposes.

   2. The control overhead is twice that of a unidirectional LSP.  This
      is because separate control messages (e.g., Path and Resv) must be
      generated for both segments of the bi-directional LSP.

   3. Because the resources are established in separate segments, route
      selection is complicated.  There is also additional potential race
      for conditions in assignment of resources, which decreases the
      overall probability of successfully establishing the bi-
      directional connection.







Mannie                      Standards Track                    [Page 36]
^L
RFC 3945                   GMPLS Architecture               October 2004


   4. It is more difficult to provide a clean interface for SONET/SDH
      equipment that may rely on bi-directional hop-by-hop paths for
      protection switching.  Note that existing SONET/SDH equipment
      transmits the control information in-band with the data.

   5. Bi-directional optical LSPs (or lightpaths) are seen as a
      requirement for many optical networking service providers.

   With bi-directional LSPs both the downstream and upstream data paths,
   i.e., from initiator to terminator and terminator to initiator, are
   established using a single set of signaling messages.  This reduces
   the setup latency to essentially one initiator-terminator round trip
   time plus processing time, and limits the control overhead to the
   same number of messages as a unidirectional LSP.

   For bi-directional LSPs, two labels must be allocated.  Bi-
   directional LSP setup is indicated by the presence of an Upstream
   Label in the appropriate signaling message.

7.11.  Bi-directional LSP Contention Resolution

   Contention for labels may occur between two bi-directional LSP setup
   requests traveling in opposite directions.  This contention occurs
   when both sides allocate the same resources (ports) at effectively
   the same time.  GMPLS signaling defines a procedure to resolve that
   contention: the node with the higher node ID will win the contention.
   To reduce the probability of contention, some mechanisms are also
   suggested.

7.12.  Rapid Notification of Failure

   GMPLS defines several signaling extensions that enable expedited
   notification of failures and other events to nodes responsible for
   restoring failed LSPs, and error handling.

   1. Acceptable Label Set for notification on Label Error:

      There are cases in traditional MPLS and in GMPLS that result in an
      error message containing an "Unacceptable label value" indication.
      When these cases occur, it can useful for the node generating the
      error message to indicate which labels would be acceptable.  To
      cover this case, GMPLS introduces the ability to convey such
      information via the "Acceptable Label Set".  An Acceptable Label
      Set is carried in appropriate protocol specific error messages.
      The format of an Acceptable Label Set is identical to a Label Set.






Mannie                      Standards Track                    [Page 37]
^L
RFC 3945                   GMPLS Architecture               October 2004


   2. Expedited notification:

      Extensions to RSVP-TE enable expedited notification of failures
      and other events to determined nodes.  For CR-LDP, there is not
      currently a similar mechanism.  The first extension identifies
      where event notifications are to be sent.  The second provides for
      general expedited event notification with a Notify message.  Such
      extensions can be used by fast restoration mechanisms.
      Notifications may be requested in both the upstream and downstream
      directions.

      The Notify message is a generalized notification mechanism that
      differs from the currently defined error messages in that it can
      be "targeted" to a node other than the immediate upstream or
      downstream neighbor.  The Notify message does not replace existing
      error messages.  The Notify message may be sent either (a)
      normally, where non-target nodes just forward the Notify message
      to the target node, similar to ResvConf processing in [RFC2205];
      or (b) encapsulated in a new IP header whose destination is equal
      to the target IP address.

   3. Faster removal of intermediate states:

      A specific RSVP optimization allowing in some cases the faster
      removal of intermediate states.  This extension is used to deal
      with specific RSVP mechanisms.

7.13.  Link Protection

   Protection information is carried in the new optional Protection
   Information Object/TLV.  It currently indicates the desired link
   protection for each link of an LSP.  If a particular protection type,
   i.e., 1+1, or 1:N, is requested, then a connection request is
   processed only if the desired protection type can be honored.  Note
   that GMPLS advertises the protection capabilities of a link in the
   routing protocols.  Path computation algorithms may consider this
   information when computing paths for setting up LSPs.

   Protection information also indicates if the LSP is a primary or
   secondary LSP.  A secondary LSP is a backup to a primary LSP.  The
   resources of a secondary LSP are normally not used until the primary
   LSP fails, but they may be used by other LSPs until the primary LSP
   fails over the secondary LSP.  At that point, any LSP that is using
   the resources for the secondary LSP must be preempted.







Mannie                      Standards Track                    [Page 38]
^L
RFC 3945                   GMPLS Architecture               October 2004


   Six link protection types are currently defined as individual flags
   and can be combined: enhanced, dedicated 1+1, dedicated 1:1, shared,
   unprotected, extra traffic.  See [RFC3471] section 7.1 for a precise
   definition of each.

7.14.  Explicit Routing and Explicit Label Control

   By using an explicit route, the path taken by an LSP can be
   controlled more or less precisely.  Typically, the node at the head-
   end of an LSP finds an explicit route and builds an Explicit Route
   Object (ERO)/ Explicit Route (ER) TLV that contains that route.
   Possibly, the edge node does not build any explicit route, and just
   transmit a signaling request to a default neighbor LSR (as IP/MPLS
   hosts would).  For instance, an explicit route could be added to a
   signaling message by the first switching node, on behalf of the edge
   node.  Note also that an explicit route is altered by intermediate
   LSRs during its progression towards the destination.

   The explicit route is originally defined by MPLS-TE as a list of
   abstract nodes (i.e., groups of nodes) along the explicit route.
   Each abstract node can be an IPv4 address prefix, an IPv6 address
   prefix, or an AS number.  This capability allows the generator of the
   explicit route to have incomplete information about the details of
   the path.  In the simplest case, an abstract node can be a full IP
   address (32 bits) that identifies a specific node (called a simple
   abstract node).

   MPLS-TE allows strict and loose abstract nodes.  The path between a
   strict node and its preceding node must include only network nodes
   from the strict node and its preceding abstract node.  The path
   between a loose node and its preceding abstract node may include
   other network nodes that are not part of the loose node or its
   preceding abstract node.

   This explicit route was extended to include interface numbers as
   abstract nodes to support unnumbered interfaces; and further extended
   by GMPLS to include labels as abstract nodes.  Having labels in an
   explicit route is an important feature that allows controlling the
   placement of an LSP with a very fine granularity.  This is more
   likely to be used for TDM, LSC and FSC links.

   In particular, the explicit label control in the explicit route
   allows terminating an LSP on a particular outgoing port of an egress
   node.  Indeed, a label sub-object/TLV must follow a sub-object/TLV
   containing the IP address, or the interface identifier (in case of
   unnumbered interface), associated with the link on which it is to be
   used.




Mannie                      Standards Track                    [Page 39]
^L
RFC 3945                   GMPLS Architecture               October 2004


   This can also be used when it is desirable to "splice" two LSPs
   together, i.e., where the tail of the first LSP would be "spliced"
   into the head of the second LSP.

   When used together with an optimization algorithm, it can provide
   very detailed explicit routes, including the label (timeslot) to use
   on a link, in order to minimize the fragmentation of the SONET/SDH
   multiplex on the corresponding interface.

7.15.  Route Recording

   In order to improve the reliability and the manageability of the LSP
   being established, the concept of the route recording was introduced
   in RSVP-TE to function as:

   -  First, a loop detection mechanism to discover L3 routing loops, or
      loops inherent in the explicit route (this mechanism is strictly
      exclusive with the use of explicit routing objects).

   -  Second, a route recording mechanism collects up-to-date detailed
      path information on a hop-by-hop basis during the LSP setup
      process. This mechanism provides valuable information to the
      source and destination nodes.  Any intermediate routing change at
      setup time, in case of loose explicit routing, will be reported.

   -  Third, a recorded route can be used as input for an explicit
      route.  This is useful if a source node receives the recorded
      route from a destination node and applies it as an explicit route
      in order to "pin down the path".

   Within the GMPLS architecture, only the second and third functions
   are mainly applicable for TDM, LSC and FSC layers.

7.16.  LSP Modification and LSP Re-routing

   LSP modification and re-routing are two features already available in
   MPLS-TE.  GMPLS does not add anything new.  Elegant re-routing is
   possible with the concept of "make-before-break" whereby an old path
   is still used while a new path is set up by avoiding double
   reservation of resources.  Then, the node performing the re-routing
   can swap on the new path and close the old path.  This feature is
   supported with RSVP-TE (using shared explicit filters) and CR-LDP
   (using the action indicator flag).

   LSP modification consists in changing some LSP parameters, but
   normally without changing the route.  It is supported using the same
   mechanism as re-routing.  However, the semantic of LSP modification
   will differ from one technology to the other.  For instance, further



Mannie                      Standards Track                    [Page 40]
^L
RFC 3945                   GMPLS Architecture               October 2004


   studies are required to understand the impact of dynamically changing
   some SONET/SDH circuit characteristics such as the bandwidth, the
   protection type, the transparency, the concatenation, etc.

7.17.  LSP Administrative Status Handling

   GMPLS provides the optional capability to indicate the administrative
   status of an LSP by using a new Admin Status object/TLV.
   Administrative Status information is currently used in two ways.

   In the first usage, the Admin Status object/TLV is carried in a
   Path/Label Request or Resv/Label Mapping message to indicate the
   administrative state of an LSP.  In this usage, Administrative Status
   information indicates the state of the LSP, which include "up" or
   "down", if it in a "testing" mode, and if deletion is in progress.

   Based on that administrative status, a node can take local decisions,
   like inhibit alarm reporting when an LSP is in "down" or "testing"
   states, or report alarms associated with the connection at a priority
   equal to or less than "Non service affecting".

   It is possible that some nodes along an LSP will not support the
   Admin Status Object/TLV.  In the case of a non-supporting transit
   node, the object will pass through the node unmodified and normal
   processing can continue.

   In some circumstances, particularly optical networks, it is useful to
   set the administrative status of an LSP to "being deleted" before
   tearing it down in order to avoid non-useful generation of alarms.
   The ingress LSR precedes an LSP deletion by inserting an appropriate
   Admin Status Object/TLV in a Path/Label Request (with the
   modification action indicator flag set to modify) message.  Transit
   LSRs process the Admin Status Object/TLV and forward it.  The egress
   LSR answers in a Resv/Label Mapping (with the modification action
   indicator flag set to modify) message with the Admin Status object.
   Upon receiving this message and object, the ingress node sends a
   PathTear/Release message downstream to remove the LSP and normal
   RSVP-TE/CR-LDP processing takes place.

   In the second usage, the Admin Status object/TLV is carried in a
   Notification/Label Mapping (with the modification action indicator
   flag set to modify) message to request that the ingress node change
   the administrative state of an LSP.  This allows intermediate and
   egress nodes triggering the setting of administrative status.  In
   particular, this allows intermediate or egress LSRs requesting a
   release of an LSP initiated by the ingress node.





Mannie                      Standards Track                    [Page 41]
^L
RFC 3945                   GMPLS Architecture               October 2004


7.18.  Control Channel Separation

   In GMPLS, a control channel be separated from the data channel.
   Indeed, the control channel can be implemented completely out-of-
   band for various reason, e.g., when the data channel cannot carry
   in-band control information.  This issue was even originally
   introduced to MPLS in the context of link bundling.

   In traditional MPLS, there is an implicit one-to-one association of a
   control channel to a data channel.  When such an association is
   present, no additional or special information is required to
   associate a particular LSP setup transaction with a particular data
   channel.

   Otherwise, it is necessary to convey additional information in
   signaling to identify the particular data channel being controlled.
   GMPLS supports explicit data channel identification by providing
   interface identification information.  GMPLS allows the use of a
   number of interface identification schemes including IPv4 or IPv6
   addresses, interface indexes (for unnumbered interfaces) and
   component interfaces (for bundled interfaces), unnumbered bundled
   interfaces are also supported.

   The choice of the data interface to use is always made by the sender
   of the Path/Label Request message, and indicated by including the
   data channel's interface identifier in the message using a new
   RSVP_HOP object sub-type/Interface TLV.

   For bi-directional LSPs, the sender chooses the data interface in
   each direction.  In all cases but bundling, the upstream interface is
   implied by the downstream interface.  For bundling, the Path/Label
   Request sender explicitly identifies the component interface used in
   each direction.  The new object/TLV is used in Resv/Label Mapping
   message to indicate the downstream node's usage of the indicated
   interface(s).

   The new object/TLV can contain a list of embedded TLVs, each embedded
   TLV can be an IPv4 address, and IPv6 address, an interface index, a
   downstream component interface ID or an upstream component interface
   ID.  In the last three cases, the embedded TLV contains itself an IP
   address plus an Interface ID, the IP address being used to identify
   the interface ID (it can be the router ID for instance).

   There are cases where it is useful to indicate a specific interface
   associated with an error.  To support these cases the IF_ID
   ERROR_SPEC RSVP Objects are defined.





Mannie                      Standards Track                    [Page 42]
^L
RFC 3945                   GMPLS Architecture               October 2004


8.  Forwarding Adjacencies (FA)

   To improve scalability of MPLS TE (and thus GMPLS) it may be useful
   to aggregate multiple TE LSPs inside a bigger TE LSP.  Intermediate
   nodes see the external LSP only.  They do not have to maintain
   forwarding states for each internal LSP, less signaling messages need
   to be exchanged and the external LSP can be somehow protected instead
   (or in addition) to the internal LSPs.  This can considerably
   increase the scalability of the signaling.

   The aggregation is accomplished by (a) an LSR creating a TE LSP, (b)
   the LSR forming a forwarding adjacency out of that LSP (advertising
   this LSP as a Traffic Engineering (TE) link into IS-IS/OSPF), (c)
   allowing other LSRs to use forwarding adjacencies for their path
   computation, and (d) nesting of LSPs originated by other LSRs into
   that LSP (e.g., by using the label stack construct in the case of
   IP).

   ISIS/OSPF floods the information about "Forwarding Adjacencies" FAs
   just as it floods the information about any other links. Consequently
   to this flooding, an LSR has in its TE link state database the
   information about not just conventional links, but FAs as well.

   An LSR, when performing path computation, uses not just conventional
   links, but FAs as well.  Once a path is computed, the LSR uses RSVP-
   TE/CR-LDP for establishing label binding along the path.  FAs need
   simple extensions to signaling and routing protocols.

8.1.  Routing and Forwarding Adjacencies

   Forwarding adjacencies may be represented as either unnumbered or
   numbered links.  A FA can also be a bundle of LSPs between two nodes.

   FAs are advertised as GMPLS TE links such as defined in [HIERARCHY].
   GMPLS TE links are advertised in OSPF and IS-IS such as defined in
   [OSPF-TE-GMPLS] and [ISIS-TE-GMPLS].  These last two specifications
   enhance [OSPF-TE] and [ISIS-TE] that defines a base TE link.

   When a FA is created dynamically, its TE attributes are inherited
   from the FA-LSP that induced its creation.  [HIERARCHY] specifies how
   each TE parameter of the FA is inherited from the FA-LSP.  Note that
   the bandwidth of the FA must be at least as big as the FA-LSP that
   induced it, but may be bigger if only discrete bandwidths are
   available for the FA-LSP.  In general, for dynamically provisioned
   forwarding adjacencies, a policy-based mechanism may be needed to
   associate attributes to forwarding adjacencies.





Mannie                      Standards Track                    [Page 43]
^L
RFC 3945                   GMPLS Architecture               October 2004


   A FA advertisement could contain the information about the path taken
   by the FA-LSP associated with that FA.  Other LSRs may use this
   information for path computation.  This information is carried in a
   new OSPF and IS-IS TLV called the Path TLV.

   It is possible that the underlying path information might change over
   time, via configuration updates, or dynamic route modifications,
   resulting in the change of that TLV.

   If forwarding adjacencies are bundled (via link bundling), and if the
   resulting bundled link carries a Path TLV, the underlying path
   followed by each of the FA-LSPs that form the component links must be
   the same.

   It is expected that forwarding adjacencies will not be used for
   establishing IS-IS/OSPF peering relation between the routers at the
   ends of the adjacency.

   LSP hierarchy could exist both with the peer and with the overlay
   models.  With the peer model, the LSP hierarchy is realized via FAs
   and an LSP is both created and used as a TE link by exactly the same
   instance of the control plane.  Creating LSP hierarchies with
   overlays does not involve the concept of FA.  With the overlay model
   an LSP created (and maintained) by one instance of the GMPLS control
   plane is used as a TE link by another instance of the GMPLS control
   plane.  Moreover, the nodes using a TE link are expected to have a
   routing and signaling adjacency.

8.2.  Signaling Aspects

   For the purpose of processing the explicit route in a Path/Request
   message of an LSP that is to be tunneled over a forwarding adjacency,
   an LSR at the head-end of the FA-LSP views the LSR at the tail of
   that FA-LSP as adjacent (one IP hop away).

8.3.  Cascading of Forwarding Adjacencies

   With an integrated model, several layers are controlled using the
   same routing and signaling protocols.  A network may then have links
   with different multiplexing/demultiplexing capabilities.  For
   example, a node may be able to multiplex/demultiplex individual
   packets on a given link, and may be able to multiplex/demultiplex
   channels within a SONET payload on other links.

   A new OSPF and IS-IS sub-TLV has been defined to advertise the
   multiplexing capability of each interface: PSC, L2SC, TDM, LSC or
   FSC.  This sub-TLV is called the Interface Switching Capability
   Descriptor sub-TLV, which complements the sub-TLVs defined in



Mannie                      Standards Track                    [Page 44]
^L
RFC 3945                   GMPLS Architecture               October 2004


   [OSPF-TE-GMPLS] and [ISIS-TE-GMPLS].  The information carried in this
   sub-TLV is used to construct LSP regions, and determine region's
   boundaries.

   Path computation may take into account region boundaries when
   computing a path for an LSP.  For example, path computation may
   restrict the path taken by an LSP to only the links whose
   multiplexing/demultiplexing capability is PSC.  When an LSP need to
   cross a region boundary, it can trigger the establishment of an FA at
   the underlying layer (i.e., the L2SC layer).  This can trigger a
   cascading of FAs between layers with the following obvious order:
   L2SC, then TDM, then LSC, and then finally FSC.

9.  Routing and Signaling Adjacencies

   By definition, two nodes have a routing (IS-IS/OSPF) adjacency if
   they are neighbors in the IS-IS/OSPF sense.

   By definition, two nodes have a signaling (RSVP-TE/CR-LDP) adjacency
   if they are neighbors in the RSVP-TE/CR-LDP sense.  Nodes A and B are
   RSVP-TE neighbors if they directly exchange RSVP-TE messages
   (Path/Resv) (e.g., as described in sections 7.1.1 and 7.1.2 of
   [HIERARCHY]).  The neighbor relationship includes exchanging RSVP-TE
   Hellos.

   By definition, a Forwarding Adjacency (FA) is a TE Link between two
   GMPLS nodes whose path transits one or more other (G)MPLS nodes in
   the same instance of the (G)MPLS control plane.  If two nodes have
   one or more non-FA TE Links between them, these two nodes are
   expected (although not required) to have a routing adjacency.  If two
   nodes do not have any non-FA TE Links between them, it is expected
   (although not required) that these two nodes would not have a routing
   adjacency.  To state the obvious, if the TE links between two nodes
   are to be used for establishing LSPs, the two nodes must have a
   signaling adjacency.

   If one wants to establish routing and/or signaling adjacency between
   two nodes, there must be an IP path between them.  This IP path can
   be, for example, a TE Link with an interface switching capability of
   PSC, anything that looks likes an IP link (e.g., GRE tunnel, or a
   (bi-directional) LSP that with an interface switching capability of
   PSC).

   A TE link may not be capable of being used directly for maintaining
   routing and/or signaling adjacencies.  This is because GMPLS routing
   and signaling adjacencies requires exchanging data on a per frame/
   packet basis, and a TE link (e.g., a link between OXCs) may not be
   capable of exchanging data on a per packet basis.  In this case, the



Mannie                      Standards Track                    [Page 45]
^L
RFC 3945                   GMPLS Architecture               October 2004


   routing and signaling adjacencies are maintained via a set of one or
   more control channels (see [LMP]).

   Two nodes may have a TE link between them even if they do not have a
   routing adjacency.  Naturally, each node must run OSPF/IS-IS with
   GMPLS extensions in order for that TE link to be advertised.  More
   precisely, the node needs to run GMPLS extensions for TE Links with
   an interface switching capability (see [GMPLS-ROUTING]) other than
   PSC.  Moreover, this node needs to run either GMPLS or MPLS
   extensions for TE links with an interface switching capability of
   PSC.

   The mechanisms for Control Channel Separation [RFC3471] should be
   used (even if the IP path between two nodes is a TE link).  I.e.,
   RSVP-TE/CR-LDP signaling should use the Interface_ID (IF_ID) object
   to specify a particular TE link when establishing an LSP.

   The IP path could consist of multiple IP hops.  In this case, the
   mechanisms of sections 7.1.1 and 7.1.2 of [HIERARCHY] should be used
   (in addition to Control Channel Separation).

10.  Control Plane Fault Handling

   Two major types of faults can impact a control plane.  The first,
   referred to as control channel fault, relates to the case where
   control communication is lost between two neighboring nodes.  If the
   control channel is embedded with the data channel, data channel
   recovery procedure should solve the problem.  If the control channel
   is independent of the data channel, additional procedures are
   required to recover from that problem.

   The second, referred to as nodal faults, relates to the case where
   node loses its control state (e.g., after a restart) but does not
   loose its data forwarding state.

   In transport networks, such types of control plane faults should not
   have service impact on the existing connections.  Under such
   circumstances, a mechanism must exist to detect a control
   communication failure and a recovery procedure must guarantee
   connection integrity at both ends of the control channel.

   For a control channel fault, once communication is restored routing
   protocols are naturally able to recover but the underlying signaling
   protocols must indicate that the nodes have maintained their state
   through the failure.  The signaling protocol must also ensure that
   any state changes that were instantiated during the failure are
   synchronized between the nodes.




Mannie                      Standards Track                    [Page 46]
^L
RFC 3945                   GMPLS Architecture               October 2004


   For a nodal fault, a node's control plane restarts and loses most of
   its state information.  In this case, both upstream and downstream
   nodes must synchronize their state information with the restarted
   node.  In order for any resynchronization to occur the node
   undergoing the restart will need to preserve some information, such
   as it's mappings of incoming to outgoing labels.

   These issues are addressed in protocol specific fashions, see
   [RFC3473], [RFC3472], [OSPF-TE-GMPLS] and [ISIS-TE-GMPLS].  Note that
   these cases only apply when there are mechanisms to detect data
   channel failures independent of control channel failures.

   The LDP Fault tolerance (see [RFC3479]) specifies the procedures to
   recover from a control channel failure.  [RFC3473] specifies how to
   recover from both a control channel failure and a node failure.

11.  LSP Protection and Restoration

   This section discusses Protection and Restoration (P&R) issues for
   GMPLS LSPs.  It is driven by the requirements outlined in [RFC3386]
   and some of the principles outlined in [RFC3469].  It will be
   enhanced, as more GMPLS P&R mechanisms are defined.  The scope of
   this section is clarified hereafter:

   -  This section is only applicable when a fault impacting LSP(s)
      happens in the data/transport plane.  Section 10 deals with
      control plane fault handling for nodal and control channel faults.

   -  This section focuses on P&R at the TDM, LSC and FSC layers.  There
      are specific P&R requirements at these layers not present at the
      PSC layer.

   -  This section focuses on intra-area P&R as opposed to inter-area
      P&R and even inter-domain P&R.  Note that P&R can even be more
      restricted, e.g., to a collection of like customer equipment, or a
      collection of equipment of like capabilities, in one single
      routing area.

   -  This section focuses on intra-layer P&R (horizontal hierarchy as
      defined in [RFC3386]) as opposed to the inter-layer P&R (vertical
      hierarchy).

   -  P&R mechanisms are in general designed to handle single failures,
      which makes SRLG diversity a necessity.  Recovery from multiple
      failures requires further study.

   -  Both mesh and ring-like topologies are supported.




Mannie                      Standards Track                    [Page 47]
^L
RFC 3945                   GMPLS Architecture               October 2004


   In the following, we assume that:

   -  TDM, LSC and FSC devices are more generally committing recovery
      resources in a non-best effort way.  Recovery resources are either
      allocated (thus used) or at least logically reserved (whether used
      or not by preemptable extra traffic but unavailable anyway for
      regular working traffic).

   -  Shared P&R mechanisms are valuable to operators in order to
      maximize their network utilization.

   -  Sending preemptable excess traffic on recovery resources is a
      valuable feature for operators.

11.1.  Protection Escalation across Domains and Layers

   To describe the P&R architecture, one must consider two dimensions of
   hierarchy [RFC3386]:

   -  A horizontal hierarchy consisting of multiple P&R domains, which
      is important in an LSP based protection scheme.  The scope of P&R
      may extend over a link (or span), an administrative domain or
      sub-network, an entire LSP.

      An administrative domain may consist of a single P&R domain or as
      a concatenation of several smaller P&R domains.  The operator can
      configure P&R domains, based on customers' requirements, and on
      network topology and traffic engineering constraints.

   -  A vertical hierarchy consisting of multiple layers of P&R with
      varying granularities (packet flows, STS trails, lightpaths,
      fibers, etc).

      In the absence of adequate P&R coordination, a fault may propagate
      from one level to the next within a P&R hierarchy.  It can lead to
      "collisions" and simultaneous recovery actions may lead to race
      conditions, reduced resource utilization, or instabilities
      [MANCHESTER].  Thus, a consistent escalation strategy is needed to
      coordinate recovery across domains and layers.  The fact that
      GMPLS can be used at different layers could simplify this
      coordination.

      There are two types of escalation strategies: bottom-up and top-
      down.  The bottom-up approach assumes that "lower-level" recovery
      schemes are more expedient.  Therefore we can inhibit or hold off






Mannie                      Standards Track                    [Page 48]
^L
RFC 3945                   GMPLS Architecture               October 2004


      higher-level P&R.  The Top-down approach attempts service P&R at
      the higher levels before invoking "lower level" P&R.  Higher-layer
      P&R is service selective, and permits "per-CoS" or "per-LSP" re-
      routing.

   Service Level Agreements (SLAs) between network operators and their
   clients are needed to determine the necessary time scales for P&R at
   each layer and at each domain.

11.2.  Mapping of Services to P&R Resources

   The choice of a P&R scheme is a tradeoff between network utilization
   (cost) and service interruption time.  In light of this tradeoff,
   network service providers are expected to support a range of
   different service offerings or service levels.

   One can classify LSPs into one of a small set of service levels.
   Among other things, these service levels define the reliability
   characteristics of the LSP.  The service level associated with a
   given LSP is mapped to one or more P&R schemes during LSP
   establishment.  An advantage that mapping is that an LSP may use
   different P&E schemes in different segments of a network (e.g., some
   links may be span protected, whilst other segments of the LSP may
   utilize ring protection).  These details are likely to be service
   provider specific.

   An alternative to using service levels is for an application to
   specify the set of specific P&R mechanisms to be used when
   establishing the LSP.  This allows greater flexibility in using
   different mechanisms to meet the application requirements.

   A differentiator between these service levels is service interruption
   time in case of network failures, which is defined as the length of
   time between when a failure occurs and when connectivity is re-
   established.  The choice of service level (or P&R scheme) should be
   dictated by the service requirements of different applications.

11.3.  Classification of P&R Mechanism Characteristics

   The following figure provides a classification of the possible
   provisioning types of recovery LSPs, and of the levels of overbooking
   that is possible for them.









Mannie                      Standards Track                    [Page 49]
^L
RFC 3945                   GMPLS Architecture               October 2004


                 +-Computed on  +-Established     +-Resources pre-
                 | demand       | on demand       | allocated
                 |              |                 |
   Recovery LSP  |              |                 |
   Provisioning -+-Pre computed +-Pre established +-Resources allocated
                                                    on demand

                  +--- Dedicated (1:1, 1+1)
                  |
                  |
                  +--- Shared (1:N, Ring, Shared mesh)
                  |
   Level of       |
   Overbooking ---+--- Best effort

11.4.  Different Stages in P&R

   Recovery from a network fault or impairment takes place in several
   stages as discussed in [RFC3469], including fault detection, fault
   localization, notification, recovery (i.e., the P&R itself) and
   reversion of traffic (i.e., returning the traffic to the original
   working LSP or to a new one).

   -  Fault detection is technology and implementation dependent.  In
      general, failures are detected by lower layer mechanisms (e.g.,
      SONET/SDH, Loss-of-Light (LOL)).  When a node detects a failure,
      an alarm may be passed up to a GMPLS entity, which will take
      appropriate actions, or the alarm may be propagated at the lower
      layer (e.g., SONET/SDH AIS).

   -  Fault localization can be done with the help of GMPLS, e.g., using
      LMP for fault localization (see section 6.4).

   -  Fault notification can also be achieved through GMPLS, e.g., using
      GMPLS RSVP-TE/CR-LDP notification (see section 7.12).

   -  This section focuses on the different mechanisms available for
      recovery and reversion of traffic once fault detection,
      localization and notification have taken place.

11.5.  Recovery Strategies

   Network P&R techniques can be divided into Protection and
   Restoration.  In protection, resources between the protection
   endpoints are established before failure, and connectivity after
   failure is achieved simply by switching performed at the protection
   end-points.  In contrast, restoration uses signaling after failure to
   allocate resources along the recovery path.



Mannie                      Standards Track                    [Page 50]
^L
RFC 3945                   GMPLS Architecture               October 2004


   -  Protection aims at extremely fast reaction times and may rely on
      the use of overhead control fields for achieving end-point
      coordination.  Protection for SONET/SDH networks is described in
      [ITUT-G.841] and [ANSI-T1.105].  Protection mechanisms can be
      further classified by the level of redundancy and sharing.

   -  Restoration mechanisms rely on signaling protocols to coordinate
      switching actions during recovery, and may involve simple re-
      provisioning, i.e., signaling only at the time of recovery; or
      pre-signaling, i.e., signaling prior to recovery.

   In addition, P&R can be applied on a local or end-to-end basis.  In
   the local approach, P&R is focused on the local proximity of the
   fault in order to reduce delay in restoring service.  In the end-to-
   end approach, the LSP originating and terminating nodes control
   recovery.

   Using these strategies, the following recovery mechanisms can be
   defined.

11.6.  Recovery mechanisms: Protection schemes

   Note that protection schemes are usually defined in technology
   specific ways, but this does not preclude other solutions.

   -  1+1 Link Protection: Two pre-provisioned resources are used in
      parallel.  For example, data is transmitted simultaneously on two
      parallel links and a selector is used at the receiving node to
      choose the best source (see also [GMPLS-FUNCT]).

   -  1:N Link Protection: Working and protecting resources (N working,
      1 backup) are pre-provisioned.  If a working resource fails, the
      data is switched to the protecting resource, using a coordination
      mechanism (e.g., in overhead bytes).  More generally, N working
      and M protecting resources can be assigned for M:N link protection
      (see also [GMPLS-FUNCT]).

   -  Enhanced Protection: Various mechanisms such as protection rings
      can be used to enhance the level of protection beyond single link
      failures to include the ability to switch around a node failure or
      multiple link failures within a span, based on a pre-established
      topology of protection resources (note: no reference available at
      publication time).

   -  1+1 LSP Protection: Simultaneous data transmission on working and
      protecting LSPs and tail-end selection can be applied (see also
      [GMPLS-FUNCT]).




Mannie                      Standards Track                    [Page 51]
^L
RFC 3945                   GMPLS Architecture               October 2004


11.7.  Recovery mechanisms: Restoration schemes

   Thanks to the use of a distributed control plane like GMPLS,
   restoration is possible in multiple of tenths of milliseconds.  It is
   much harder to achieve when only an NMS is used and can only be done
   in that case in a multiple of seconds.

   -  End-to-end LSP restoration with re-provisioning: an end-to-end
      restoration path is established after failure.  The restoration
      path may be dynamically calculated after failure, or pre-
      calculated before failure (often during LSP establishment).
      Importantly, no signaling is used along the restoration path
      before failure, and no restoration bandwidth is reserved.
      Consequently, there is no guarantee that a given restoration path
      is available when a failure occurs.  Thus, one may have to
      crankback to search for an available path.

   -  End-to-end LSP restoration with pre-signaled recovery bandwidth
      reservation and no label pre-selection: an end-to-end restoration
      path is pre-calculated before failure and a signaling message is
      sent along this pre-selected path to reserve bandwidth, but labels
      are not selected (see also [GMPLS-FUNCT]).

      The resources reserved on each link of a restoration path may be
      shared across different working LSPs that are not expected to fail
      simultaneously.  Local node policies can be applied to define the
      degree to which capacity is shared across independent failures.
      Upon failure detection, LSP signaling is initiated along the
      restoration path to select labels, and to initiate the appropriate
      cross-connections.

   -  End-to-end LSP restoration with pre-signaled recovery bandwidth
      reservation and label pre-selection: An end-to-end restoration
      path is pre-calculated before failure and a signaling procedure is
      initiated along this pre-selected path on which bandwidth is
      reserved and labels are selected (see also [GMPLS-FUNCT]).

      The resources reserved on each link may be shared across different
      working LSPs that are not expected to fail simultaneously.  In
      networks based on TDM, LSC and FSC technology, LSP signaling is
      used after failure detection to establish cross-connections at the
      intermediate switches on the restoration path using the pre-
      selected labels.

   -  Local LSP restoration: the above approaches can be applied on a
      local basis rather than end-to-end, in order to reduce recovery
      time (note: no reference available at publication time).




Mannie                      Standards Track                    [Page 52]
^L
RFC 3945                   GMPLS Architecture               October 2004


11.8.  Schema Selection Criteria

   This section discusses criteria that could be used by the operator in
   order to make a choice among the various P&R mechanisms.

   -  Robustness: In general, the less pre-planning of the restoration
      path, the more robust the restoration scheme is to a variety of
      failures, provided that adequate resources are available.
      Restoration schemes with pre-planned paths will not be able to
      recover from network failures that simultaneously affect both the
      working and restoration paths.  Thus, these paths should ideally
      be chosen to be as disjoint as possible (i.e., SRLG and node
      disjoint), so that any single failure event will not affect both
      paths.  The risk of simultaneous failure of the two paths can be
      reduced by recalculating the restoration path whenever a failure
      occurs along it.

      The pre-selection of a label gives less flexibility for multiple
      failure scenarios than no label pre-selection.  If failures occur
      that affect two LSPs that are sharing a label at a common node
      along their restoration routes, then only one of these LSPs can be
      recovered, unless the label assignment is changed.

      The robustness of a restoration scheme is also determined by the
      amount of reserved restoration bandwidth - as the amount of
      restoration bandwidth sharing increases (reserved bandwidth
      decreases), the restoration scheme becomes less robust to
      failures.  Restoration schemes with pre-signaled bandwidth
      reservation (with or without label pre-selection) can reserve
      adequate bandwidth to ensure recovery from any specific set of
      failure events, such as any single SRLG failure, any two SRLG
      failures etc.  Clearly, more restoration capacity is allocated if
      a greater degree of failure recovery is required.  Thus, the
      degree to which the network is protected is determined by the
      policy that defines the amount of reserved restoration bandwidth.

   -  Recovery time: In general, the more pre-planning of the
      restoration route, the more rapid the P&R scheme.  Protection
      schemes generally recover faster than restoration schemes.
      Restoration with pre-signaled bandwidth reservation are likely to
      be (significantly) faster than path restoration with re-
      provisioning, especially because of the elimination of any
      crankback.  Local restoration will generally be faster than end-
      to-end schemes.







Mannie                      Standards Track                    [Page 53]
^L
RFC 3945                   GMPLS Architecture               October 2004


      Recovery time objectives for SONET/SDH protection switching (not
      including time to detect failure) are specified in [ITUT-G.841] at
      50 ms, taking into account constraints on distance, number of
      connections involved, and in the case of ring enhanced protection,
      number of nodes in the ring.

      Recovery time objectives for restoration mechanisms are being
      defined through a separate effort [RFC3386].

   -  Resource Sharing: 1+1 and 1:N link and LSP protection require
      dedicated recovery paths with limited ability to share resources:
      1+1 allows no sharing, 1:N allows some sharing of protection
      resources and support of extra (pre-emptable) traffic.
      Flexibility is limited because of topology restrictions, e.g.,
      fixed ring topology for traditional enhanced protection schemes.

      The degree to which restoration schemes allow sharing amongst
      multiple independent failures is directly dictated by the size of
      the restoration pool.  In restoration schemes with re-
      provisioning, a pool of restoration capacity can be defined from
      which all restoration routes are selected after failure.  Thus,
      the degree of sharing is defined by the amount of available
      restoration capacity.  In restoration with pre-signaled bandwidth
      reservation, the amount of reserved restoration capacity is
      determined by the local bandwidth reservation policies.  In all
      restoration schemes, pre-emptable resources can use spare
      restoration capacity when that capacity is not being used for
      failure recovery.

12.  Network Management

   Service Providers (SPs) use network management extensively to
   configure, monitor or provision various devices in their network.  It
   is important to note that a SP's equipment may be distributed across
   geographically separate sites thus making distributed management even
   more important.  The service provider should utilize an NMS system
   and standard management protocols such as SNMP (see [RFC3410],
   [RFC3411] and [RFC3416]) and the relevant MIB modules as standard
   interfaces to configure, monitor and provision devices at various
   locations.  The service provider may also wish to use the command
   line interface (CLI) provided by vendors with their devices. However,
   this is not a standard or recommended solution because there is no
   standard CLI language or interface, which results in N different CLIs
   in a network with devices from N different vendors. In the context of
   GMPLS, it is extremely important for standard interfaces to the SP's
   devices (e.g., SNMP) to exist due to the nature of the technology
   itself.  Since GMPLS comprises many different layers of control-plane




Mannie                      Standards Track                    [Page 54]
^L
RFC 3945                   GMPLS Architecture               October 2004


   and data-plane technology, it is important for management interfaces
   in this area to be flexible enough to allow the manager to manage
   GMPLS easily, and in a standard way.

12.1.  Network Management Systems (NMS)

   The NMS system should maintain the collective information about each
   device within the system.  Note that the NMS system may actually be
   comprised of several distributed applications (i.e., alarm
   aggregators, configuration consoles, polling applications, etc.)
   that collectively comprises the SP's NMS.  In this way, it can make
   provisioning and maintenance decisions with the full knowledge of the
   entire SP's network.  Configuration or provisioning information
   (i.e., requests for new services) could be entered into the NMS and
   subsequently distributed via SNMP to the remote devices.  Thus,
   making the SP's task of managing the network much more compact and
   effortless rather than having to manage each device individually
   (i.e., via CLI).

   Security and access control can be achieved using the SNMPv3 User-
   based Security Model (USM) [RFC3414] and the View-based Access
   Control Model (VACM) [RFC3415].  This approach can be very
   effectively used within a SP's network, since the SP has access to
   and control over all devices within its domain.  Standardized MIBs
   will need to be developed before this approach can be used
   ubiquitously to provision, configure and monitor devices in non-
   heterogeneous networks or across SP's network boundaries.

12.2.  Management Information Base (MIB)

   In the context of GMPLS, it is extremely important for standard
   interfaces to devices to exist due to the nature of the technology
   itself.  Since GMPLS comprises many different layers of control-plane
   technology, it is important for SNMP MIB modules in this area to be
   flexible enough to allow the manager to manage the entire control
   plane.  This should be done using MIB modules that may cooperate
   (i.e., coordinated row-creation on the agent) or through more
   generalized MIB modules that aggregate some of the desired actions to
   be taken and push those details down to the devices.  It is important
   to note that in certain circumstances, it may be necessary to
   duplicate some small subset of manageable objects in new MIB modules
   for management convenience.  Control of some parts of GMPLS may also
   be achieved using existing MIB interfaces (i.e., existing SONET MIB)
   or using separate ones, which are yet to be defined.  MIB modules may
   have been previously defined in the IETF or ITU.  Current MIB modules
   may need to be extended to facilitate some of the new functionality





Mannie                      Standards Track                    [Page 55]
^L
RFC 3945                   GMPLS Architecture               October 2004


   desired by GMPLS.  In these cases, the working group should work on
   new versions of these MIB modules so that these extensions can be
   added.

12.3.  Tools

   As in traditional networks, standard tools such as traceroute
   [RFC1393] and ping [RFC2151] are needed for debugging and performance
   monitoring of GMPLS networks, and mainly for the control plane
   topology, that will mimic the data plane topology. Furthermore, such
   tools provide network reachability information. The GMPLS control
   protocols will need to expose certain pieces of information in order
   for these tools to function properly and to provide information
   germane to GMPLS.  These tools should be made available via the CLI.
   These tools should also be made available for remote invocation via
   the SNMP interface [RFC2925].

12.4.  Fault Correlation between Multiple Layers

   Due to the nature of GMPLS, and that potential layers may be involved
   in the control and transmission of GMPLS data and control
   information, it is required that a fault in one layer be passed to
   the adjacent higher and lower layers to notify them of the fault.
   However, due to nature of these many layers, it is possible and even
   probable, that hundreds or even thousands of notifications may need
   to transpire between layers.  This is undesirable for several
   reasons.  First, these notifications will overwhelm the device.
   Second, if the device(s) are programmed to emit SNMP Notifications
   [RFC3417] then the large number of notifications the device may
   attempt to emit may overwhelm the network with a storm of
   notifications.  Furthermore, even if the device emits the
   notifications, the NMS that must process these notifications either
   will be overwhelmed or will be processing redundant information. That
   is, if 1000 interfaces at layer B are stacked above a single
   interface below it at layer A, and the interface at A goes down, the
   interfaces at layer B should not emit notifications.  Instead, the
   interface at layer A should emit a single notification.  The NMS
   receiving this notification should be able to correlate the fact that
   this interface has many others stacked above it and take appropriate
   action, if necessary.

   Devices that support GMPLS should provide mechanisms for aggregating,
   summarizing, enabling and disabling of inter-layer notifications for
   the reasons described above.  In the context of SNMP MIB modules, all
   MIB modules that are used by GMPLS must provide enable/disable
   objects for all notification objects. Furthermore, these MIBs must
   also provide notification summarization objects or functionality (as
   described above) as well.  NMS systems and standard tools which



Mannie                      Standards Track                    [Page 56]
^L
RFC 3945                   GMPLS Architecture               October 2004


   process notifications or keep track of the many layers on any given
   devices must be capable of processing the vast amount of information
   which may potentially be emitted by network devices running GMPLS at
   any point in time.

13.  Security Considerations

   GMPLS defines a control plane architecture for multiple technologies
   and types of network elements.  In general, since LSPs established
   using GMPLS may carry high volumes of data and consume significant
   network resources, security mechanisms are required to safeguard the
   underlying network against attacks on the control plane and/or
   unauthorized usage of data transport resources.  The GMPLS control
   plane should therefore include mechanisms that prevent or minimize
   the risk of attackers being able to inject and/or snoop on control
   traffic.  These risks depend on the level of trust between nodes that
   exchange GMPLS control messages, as well as the realization and
   physical characteristics of the control channel.  For example, an in-
   band, in-fiber control channel over SONET/SDH overhead bytes is, in
   general, considered less vulnerable than a control channel realized
   over an out-of-band IP network.

   Security mechanisms can provide authentication and confidentiality.
   Authentication can provide origin verification, message integrity and
   replay protection, while confidentiality ensures that a third party
   cannot decipher the contents of a message.  In situations where GMPLS
   deployment requires primarily authentication, the respective
   authentication mechanisms of the GMPLS component protocols may be
   used (see [RFC2747], [RFC3036], [RFC2385] and [LMP]).  Additionally,
   the IPsec suite of protocols (see [RFC2402], [RFC2406] and [RFC2409])
   may be used to provide authentication, confidentiality or both, for a
   GMPLS control channel.  IPsec thus offers the benefits of combined
   protection for all GMPLS component protocols as well as key
   management.

   A related issue is that of the authorization of requests for
   resources by GMPLS-capable nodes.  Authorization determines whether a
   given party, presumable already authenticated, has a right to access
   the requested resources.  This determination is typically a matter of
   local policy control [RFC2753], for example by setting limits on the
   total bandwidth available to some party in the presence of resource
   contention.  Such policies may become quite complex as the number of
   users, types of resources and sophistication of authorization rules
   increases.

   After authenticating requests, control elements should match them
   against the local authorization policy.  These control elements must
   be capable of making decisions based on the identity of the



Mannie                      Standards Track                    [Page 57]
^L
RFC 3945                   GMPLS Architecture               October 2004


   requester, as verified cryptographically and/or topologically.  For
   example, decisions may depend on whether the interface through which
   the request is made is an inter- or intra-domain one.  The use of
   appropriate local authorization policies may help in limiting the
   impact of security breaches in remote parts of a network.

   Finally, it should be noted that GMPLS itself introduces no new
   security considerations to the current MPLS-TE signaling (RSVP-TE,
   CR-LDP), routing protocols (OSPF-TE, IS-IS-TE) or network management
   protocols (SNMP).

14.  Acknowledgements

   This document is the work of numerous authors and consists of a
   composition of a number of previous documents in this area.

   Many thanks to Ben Mack-Crane (Tellabs) for all the useful SONET/SDH
   discussions we had together.  Thanks also to Pedro Falcao, Alexandre
   Geyssens, Michael Moelants, Xavier Neerdaels, and Philippe Noel from
   Ebone for their SONET/SDH and optical technical advice and support.
   Finally, many thanks also to Krishna Mitra (Consultant), Curtis
   Villamizar (Avici), Ron Bonica (WorldCom), and Bert Wijnen (Lucent)
   for their revision effort on Section 12.

15.  References

15.1.  Normative References

   [RFC3031]             Rosen, E., Viswanathan, A., and R. Callon,
                         "Multiprotocol Label Switching Architecture",
                         RFC 3031, January 2001.

   [RFC3209]             Awduche, D., Berger, L., Gan, D., Li, T.,
                         Srinivasan, V., and G. Swallow, "RSVP-TE:
                         Extensions to RSVP for LSP Tunnels", RFC 3209,
                         December 2001.

   [RFC3212]             Jamoussi, B., Andersson, L., Callon, R., Dantu,
                         R., Wu, L., Doolan, P., Worster, T., Feldman,
                         N., Fredette, A., Girish, M., Gray, E.,
                         Heinanen, J., Kilty, T., and A. Malis,
                         "Constraint-Based LSP Setup using LDP", RFC
                         3212, January 2002.

   [RFC3471]             Berger, L., "Generalized Multi-Protocol Label
                         Switching (GMPLS) Signaling Functional
                         Description", RFC 3471, January 2003.




Mannie                      Standards Track                    [Page 58]
^L
RFC 3945                   GMPLS Architecture               October 2004


   [RFC3472]             Ashwood-Smith, P. and L. Berger, "Generalized
                         Multi-Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS)
                         Signaling Constraint-based Routed Label
                         Distribution Protocol (CR-LDP) Extensions", RFC
                         3472, January 2003.

   [RFC3473]             Berger, L., "Generalized Multi-Protocol Label
                         Switching (GMPLS) Signaling Resource
                         ReserVation Protocol-Traffic Engineering
                         (RSVP-TE) Extensions", RFC 3473, January 2003.

15.2.  Informative References

   [ANSI-T1.105]         "Synchronous Optical Network (SONET): Basic
                         Description Including Multiplex Structure,
                         Rates, And Formats," ANSI T1.105, 2000.

   [BUNDLE]              Kompella, K., Rekhter, Y., and L. Berger, "Link
                         Bundling in MPLS Traffic Engineering", Work in
                         Progress.

   [GMPLS-FUNCT]         Lang, J.P., Ed. and B. Rajagopalan, Ed.,
                         "Generalized MPLS Recovery Functional
                         Specification", Work in Progress.

   [GMPLS-G709]          Papadimitriou, D., Ed., "GMPLS Signaling
                         Extensions for G.709 Optical Transport Networks
                         Control", Work in Progress.

   [GMPLS-OVERLAY]       Swallow, G., Drake, J., Ishimatsu, H., and Y.
                         Rekhter, "GMPLS UNI: RSVP Support for the
                         Overlay Model", Work in Progress.

   [GMPLS-ROUTING]       Kompella, K., Ed. and Y. Rekhter, Ed., "Routing
                         Extensions in Support of Generalized Multi-
                         Protocol Label Switching", Work in Progress.

   [RFC3946]             Mannie, E., Ed. and Papadimitriou D., Ed.,
                         "Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching
                         (GMPLS) Extensions for Synchronous Optical
                         Network (SONET) and Synchronous Digital
                         Hierarchy (SDH) Control", RFC 3946, October
                         2004.

   [HIERARCHY]           Kompella, K. and Y. Rekhter, "LSP Hierarchy
                         with Generalized MPLS TE", Work in Progress.





Mannie                      Standards Track                    [Page 59]
^L
RFC 3945                   GMPLS Architecture               October 2004


   [ISIS-TE]             Smit, H. and T. Li, "Intermediate System to
                         Intermediate System (IS-IS) Extensions for
                         Traffic Engineering (TE)", RFC 3784, June 2004.

   [ISIS-TE-GMPLS]       Kompella, K., Ed. and Y. Rekhter, Ed., "IS-IS
                         Extensions in Support of Generalized Multi-
                         Protocol Label Switching", Work in Progress.

   [ITUT-G.707]          ITU-T, "Network Node Interface for the
                         Synchronous Digital Hierarchy", Recommendation
                         G.707, October 2000.

   [ITUT-G.709]          ITU-T, "Interface for the Optical Transport
                         Network (OTN)," Recommendation G.709 version
                         1.0 (and Amendment 1), February 2001 (and
                         October 2001).

   [ITUT-G.841]          ITU-T, "Types and Characteristics of SDH
                         Network Protection Architectures,"
                         Recommendation G.841, October 1998.

   [LMP]                 Lang, J., Ed., "Link Management Protocol
                         (LMP)", Work in Progress.

   [LMP-WDM]             Fredette, A., Ed. and J. Lang Ed., "Link
                         Management Protocol (LMP) for Dense Wavelength
                         Division Multiplexing (DWDM) Optical Line
                         Systems", Work in Progress.

   [MANCHESTER]          J. Manchester, P. Bonenfant and C. Newton, "The
                         Evolution of Transport Network Survivability,"
                         IEEE Communications Magazine, August 1999.

   [OIF-UNI]             The Optical Internetworking Forum, "User
                         Network Interface (UNI) 1.0 Signaling
                         Specification - Implementation Agreement OIF-
                         UNI-01.0," October 2001.

   [OLI-REQ]             Fredette, A., Ed., "Optical Link Interface
                         Requirements," Work in Progress.

                         [OSPF-TE-GMPLS]       Kompella, K., Ed. and Y.
                         Rekhter, Ed., "OSPF Extensions in Support of
                         Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching",
                         Work in Progress.






Mannie                      Standards Track                    [Page 60]
^L
RFC 3945                   GMPLS Architecture               October 2004


   [OSPF-TE]             Katz, D., Kompella, K., and D. Yeung, "Traffic
                         Engineering (TE) Extensions to OSPF Version 2",
                         RFC 3630, September 2003.

   [RFC1393]             Malkin, G., "Traceroute Using an IP Option",
                         RFC 1393, January 1993.

   [RFC2151]             Kessler, G. and S. Shepard, "A Primer On
                         Internet and TCP/IP Tools and Utilities", RFC
                         2151, June 1997.

   [RFC2205]             Braden, R., Zhang, L., Berson, S., Herzog, S.,
                         and S. Jamin, "Resource ReSerVation Protocol
                         (RSVP) -- Version 1 Functional Specification",
                         RFC 2205, September 1997.

   [RFC2385]             Heffernan, A., "Protection of BGP Sessions via
                         the TCP MD5 Signature Option", RFC 2385, August
                         1998.

   [RFC2402]             Kent, S. and R. Atkinson, "IP Authentication
                         Header", RFC 2402, November 1998.

   [RFC2406]             Kent, S. and R. Atkinson, "IP Encapsulating
                         Security Payload (ESP)", RFC 2406, November
                         1998.

   [RFC2409]             Harkins, D. and D. Carrel, "The Internet Key
                         Exchange (IKE)", RFC 2409, November 1998.

                         [RFC2702]             Awduche, D., Malcolm, J.,
                         Agogbua, J., O'Dell, M., and J. McManus,
                         "Requirements for Traffic Engineering Over
                         MPLS", RFC 2702, September 1999.

   [RFC2747]             Baker, F., Lindell, B., and M. Talwar, "RSVP
                         Cryptographic Authentication", RFC 2747,
                         January 2000.

   [RFC2753]             Yavatkar, R., Pendarakis, D., and R. Guerin, "A
                         Framework for Policy-based Admission Control",
                         RFC 2753, January 2000.

   [RFC2925]             White, K., "Definitions of Managed Objects for
                         Remote Ping, Traceroute, and Lookup
                         Operations", RFC 2925, September 2000.





Mannie                      Standards Track                    [Page 61]
^L
RFC 3945                   GMPLS Architecture               October 2004


   [RFC3036]             Andersson, L., Doolan, P., Feldman, N.,
                         Fredette, A., and B. Thomas, "LDP
                         Specification", RFC 3036, January 2001.

   [RFC3386]             Lai, W. and D. McDysan, "Network Hierarchy and
                         Multilayer Survivability", RFC 3386, November
                         2002.

   [RFC3410]             Case, J., Mundy, R., Partain, D., and B.
                         Stewart, "Introduction and Applicability
                         Statements for Internet-Standard Management
                         Framework", RFC 3410, December 2002.

   [RFC3411]             Harrington, D., Presuhn, R., and B. Wijnen, "An
                         Architecture for Describing Simple Network
                         Management Protocol (SNMP) Management
                         Frameworks", STD 62, RFC 3411, December 2002.

   [RFC3414]             Blumenthal, U. and B. Wijnen, "User-based
                         Security Model (USM) for version 3 of the
                         Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMPv3)",
                         STD 62, RFC 3414, December 2002.

   [RFC3415]             Wijnen, B., Presuhn, R., and K. McCloghrie,
                         "View-based Access Control Model (VACM) for the
                         Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)", STD
                         62, RFC 3415, December 2002.

   [RFC3416]             Presuhn, R., "Version 2 of the Protocol
                         Operations for the Simple Network Management
                         Protocol (SNMP)", STD 62, RFC 3416, December
                         2002.

   [RFC3417]             Presuhn, R., "Transport Mappings for the Simple
                         Network Management Protocol (SNMP)", STD 62,
                         RFC 3417, December 2002.

   [RFC3469]             Sharma, V. and F. Hellstrand, "Framework for
                         Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS)-based
                         Recovery", RFC 3469, February 2003.

   [RFC3477]             Kompella, K. and Y. Rekhter, "Signalling
                         Unnumbered Links in Resource ReSerVation
                         Protocol - Traffic Engineering (RSVP-TE)", RFC
                         3477, January 2003.






Mannie                      Standards Track                    [Page 62]
^L
RFC 3945                   GMPLS Architecture               October 2004


   [RFC3479]             Farrel, A., "Fault Tolerance for the Label
                         Distribution Protocol (LDP)", RFC 3479,
                         February 2003.

   [RFC3480]             Kompella, K., Rekhter, Y., and A. Kullberg,
                         "Signalling Unnumbered Links in CR-LDP
                         (Constraint-Routing Label Distribution
                         Protocol)", RFC 3480, February 2003.

   [SONET-SDH-GMPLS-FRM] Bernstein, G., Mannie, E., and V. Sharma,
                         "Framework for GMPLS-based Control of SDH/SONET
                         Networks", Work in Progress.

16.  Contributors

   Peter Ashwood-Smith
   Nortel
   P.O. Box 3511 Station C,
   Ottawa, ON K1Y 4H7, Canada

   EMail: petera@nortelnetworks.com


   Eric Mannie
   Consult
   Phone:  +32 2 648-5023
   Mobile: +32 (0)495-221775

   EMail: eric_mannie@hotmail.com


   Daniel O. Awduche
   Consult

   EMail: awduche@awduche.com


   Thomas D. Nadeau
   Cisco
   250 Apollo Drive
   Chelmsford, MA 01824, USA

   EMail: tnadeau@cisco.com








Mannie                      Standards Track                    [Page 63]
^L
RFC 3945                   GMPLS Architecture               October 2004


   Ayan Banerjee
   Calient
   5853 Rue Ferrari
   San Jose, CA 95138, USA

   EMail: abanerjee@calient.net


   Lyndon Ong
   Ciena
   10480 Ridgeview Ct
   Cupertino, CA 95014, USA

   EMail: lyong@ciena.com


   Debashis Basak
   Accelight
   70 Abele Road, Bldg.1200
   Bridgeville, PA 15017, USA

   EMail: dbasak@accelight.com


   Dimitri Papadimitriou
   Alcatel
   Francis Wellesplein, 1
   B-2018 Antwerpen, Belgium

   EMail: dimitri.papadimitriou@alcatel.be


   Lou Berger
   Movaz
   7926 Jones Branch Drive
   MCLean VA, 22102, USA

   EMail: lberger@movaz.com


   Dimitrios Pendarakis
   Tellium
   2 Crescent Place, P.O. Box 901
   Oceanport, NJ 07757-0901, USA

   EMail: dpendarakis@tellium.com





Mannie                      Standards Track                    [Page 64]
^L
RFC 3945                   GMPLS Architecture               October 2004


   Greg Bernstein
   Grotto

   EMail: gregb@grotto-networking.com


   Bala Rajagopalan
   Tellium
   2 Crescent Place, P.O. Box 901
   Oceanport, NJ 07757-0901, USA

   EMail: braja@tellium.com


   Sudheer Dharanikota
   Consult

   EMail: sudheer@ieee.org


   Yakov Rekhter
   Juniper
   1194 N. Mathilda Ave.
   Sunnyvale, CA 94089, USA

   EMail: yakov@juniper.net


   John Drake
   Calient
   5853 Rue Ferrari
   San Jose, CA 95138, USA

   EMail: jdrake@calient.net


   Debanjan Saha
   Tellium
   2 Crescent Place
   Oceanport, NJ 07757-0901, USA

   EMail: dsaha@tellium.com









Mannie                      Standards Track                    [Page 65]
^L
RFC 3945                   GMPLS Architecture               October 2004


   Yanhe Fan
   Axiowave
   200 Nickerson Road
   Marlborough, MA 01752, USA

   EMail: yfan@axiowave.com


   Hal Sandick
   Shepard M.S.
   2401 Dakota Street
   Durham, NC 27705, USA

   EMail: sandick@nc.rr.com


   Don Fedyk
   Nortel
   600 Technology Park Drive
   Billerica, MA 01821, USA

   EMail: dwfedyk@nortelnetworks.com


   Vishal Sharma
   Metanoia
   1600 Villa Street, Unit 352
   Mountain View, CA 94041, USA

   EMail: v.sharma@ieee.org

   Gert Grammel
   Alcatel
   Lorenzstrasse, 10
   70435 Stuttgart, Germany

   EMail: gert.grammel@alcatel.de


   George Swallow
   Cisco
   250 Apollo Drive
   Chelmsford, MA 01824, USA

   EMail: swallow@cisco.com






Mannie                      Standards Track                    [Page 66]
^L
RFC 3945                   GMPLS Architecture               October 2004


   Dan Guo
   Turin
   1415 N. McDowell Blvd,
   Petaluma, CA 95454, USA

   EMail: dguo@turinnetworks.com


   Z. Bo Tang
   Tellium
   2 Crescent Place, P.O. Box 901
   Oceanport, NJ 07757-0901, USA

   EMail: btang@tellium.com


   Kireeti Kompella
   Juniper
   1194 N. Mathilda Ave.
   Sunnyvale, CA 94089, USA

   EMail: kireeti@juniper.net


   Jennifer Yates
   AT&T
   180 Park Avenue
   Florham Park, NJ 07932, USA

   EMail: jyates@research.att.com

   Alan Kullberg
   NetPlane
   888 Washington
   St.Dedham, MA 02026, USA

   EMail: akullber@netplane.com


   George R. Young
   Edgeflow
   329 March Road
   Ottawa, Ontario, K2K 2E1, Canada

   EMail: george.young@edgeflow.com






Mannie                      Standards Track                    [Page 67]
^L
RFC 3945                   GMPLS Architecture               October 2004


   Jonathan P. Lang
   Rincon Networks

   EMail: jplang@ieee.org


   John Yu
   Hammerhead Systems
   640 Clyde Court
   Mountain View, CA 94043, USA

   EMail: john@hammerheadsystems.com


   Fong Liaw
   Solas Research
   Solas Research, LLC

   EMail: fongliaw@yahoo.com


   Alex Zinin
   Alcatel
   1420 North McDowell Ave
   Petaluma, CA 94954, USA

   EMail: alex.zinin@alcatel.com

17.  Author's Address

   Eric Mannie (Consultant)
   Avenue de la Folle Chanson, 2
   B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
   Phone:  +32 2 648-5023
   Mobile: +32 (0)495-221775

   EMail:  eric_mannie@hotmail.com














Mannie                      Standards Track                    [Page 68]
^L
RFC 3945                   GMPLS Architecture               October 2004


Full Copyright Statement

   Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2004).

   This document is subject to the rights, licenses and restrictions
   contained in BCP 78, and except as set forth therein, the authors
   retain all their rights.

   This document and the information contained herein are provided on an
   "AS IS" basis and THE CONTRIBUTOR, THE ORGANIZATION HE/SHE
   REPRESENTS OR IS SPONSORED BY (IF ANY), THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE
   INTERNET ENGINEERING TASK FORCE DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR
   IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF
   THE INFORMATION HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED
   WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.

Intellectual Property

   The IETF takes no position regarding the validity or scope of any
   Intellectual Property Rights or other rights that might be claimed
   to pertain to the implementation or use of the technology
   described in this document or the extent to which any license
   under such rights might or might not be available; nor does it
   represent that it has made any independent effort to identify any
   such rights.  Information on the IETF's procedures with respect to
   rights in IETF Documents can be found in BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Copies of IPR disclosures made to the IETF Secretariat and any
   assurances of licenses to be made available, or the result of an
   attempt made to obtain a general license or permission for the use
   of such proprietary rights by implementers or users of this
   specification can be obtained from the IETF on-line IPR repository
   at http://www.ietf.org/ipr.

   The IETF invites any interested party to bring to its attention
   any copyrights, patents or patent applications, or other
   proprietary rights that may cover technology that may be required
   to implement this standard.  Please address the information to the
   IETF at ietf-ipr@ietf.org.

Acknowledgement

   Funding for the RFC Editor function is currently provided by the
   Internet Society.







Mannie                      Standards Track                    [Page 69]
^L