path: root/doc/rfc/rfc4904.txt

Network Working Group                                         V. Gurbani
Request for Comments:  4904            Bell Laboratories, Alcatel-Lucent
Category: Standards Track                                    C. Jennings
                                                           Cisco Systems
                                                               June 2007


                  Representing Trunk Groups in tel/sip
                  Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs)

Status of This Memo

   This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the
   Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for
   improvements.  Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet
   Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state
   and status of this protocol.  Distribution of this memo is unlimited.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (C) The IETF Trust (2007).

Abstract

   This document describes a standardized mechanism to convey trunk
   group parameters in sip and tel Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs).
   An extension to the tel URI is defined for this purpose.
























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Table of Contents

   1.  Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3
   2.  Problem Statement  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
   3.  Conventions  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5
   4.  Requirements and Rationale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5
     4.1.  sip URI or tel URI?  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5
     4.2.  Trunk Group Namespace: Global or Local?  . . . . . . . . .  5
     4.3.  Originating Trunk Group and Terminating Trunk Group  . . .  6
     4.4.  Intermediary Processing of Trunk Groups  . . . . . . . . .  6
   5.  Trunk Group Identifier: ABNF and Examples  . . . . . . . . . .  6
   6.  Normative Behavior of SIP Entities Using Trunk Groups  . . . .  8
     6.1.  User Agent Client Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  9
     6.2.  User Agent Server Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
     6.3.  Proxy Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
   7.  Example Call Flows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
     7.1.  Reference Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
     7.2.  Basic Call Flow  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
     7.3.  Inter-Domain Call Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
   8.  Security Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
   9.  IANA considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
   10. Acknowledgments  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
   11. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
     11.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
     11.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17


























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1.  Background

   Call routing in the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) is
   accomplished by routing calls over specific circuits (commonly
   referred to as "trunks") between Time Division Multiplexed (TDM)
   circuit switches.  In switches, a group of trunks that connect to the
   same target switch or network is called a "trunk group".
   Consequently, trunk groups have labels, which are used as the main
   indication for the previous and next TDM switch participating in
   routing the call.

   Formally, we define a trunk and trunk group and related terminology
   as follows (definition of "trunk" and "trunk group" is from [5]).

      Trunk:  In a network, a communication path connecting two
      switching systems used in the establishment of an end-to-end
      connection.  In selected applications, it may have both its
      terminations in the same switching system.

      Trunk Group:  A set of trunks, traffic engineered as a unit, for
      the establishment of connections within or between switching
      systems in which all of the paths are interchangeable.  A single
      trunk group can be shared across multiple switches for redundancy
      purposes.

      Digital Signal 0 (DS0):  Digital Signal X is a term for a series
      of standard digital transmission rates based on DS0, a
      transmission rate of 64 kbps (the bandwidth normally used for one
      telephone voice channel).  The European E-carrier system of
      transmission also operates using the DS series as a base multiple.

   Since the introduction of ubiquitous digital trunking, which resulted
   in the allocation of DS0s between end offices in minimum groups of 24
   (in North America), it has become common to refer to bundles of DS0s
   as a trunk.  Strictly speaking, however, a trunk is a single DS0
   between two PSTN end offices; however, for the purposes of this
   document, the PSTN interface of a gateway acts effectively as an end
   office (i.e., if the gateway interfaces with Signaling System 7
   (SS7), it has its own SS7 point code, and so on).  A trunk group,
   then, is a bundle of DS0s (that need not be numerically contiguous in
   an SS7 Trunk Circuit Identification Code numbering scheme) that are
   grouped under a common administrative policy for routing.

   A Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) [3] to PSTN gateway may have
   trunks that are connected to different carriers.  It is entirely
   reasonable for a SIP proxy to choose -- based on factors not
   enumerated in this document -- which carrier a call is sent to when
   it proxies a session setup request to the gateway.  Since multiple



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   carriers can transport a call to a particular phone number, the phone
   number itself is not sufficient to identify the carrier at the
   gateway.  An additional piece of information in the form of a trunk
   group can be used to further pare down the choices at the gateway.
   As used in this document, trunks are necessarily tied to gateways,
   and a proxy that uses trunk groups during routing of the request to a
   particular gateway knows and controls which gateway the call will be
   routed to, and knows what trunking resources are present on that
   gateway.

   As another example, consider the case where an IP network is being
   used as a transit network between two PSTN networks.  Here, a SIP
   proxy can apply the originating trunk group to its routing logic to
   ensure that the same ingress and egress carrier is chosen.

   How the proxy picked a particular trunk group is outside the scope of
   this document ([6] provides one such way); however, once trunk group
   has been decided upon, this document provides a standardized means to
   represent it in the signaling messages.

2.  Problem Statement

   Currently, there isn't any standardized manner of transporting trunk
   groups between Internet signaling entities.  This leads to ambiguity
   on at least two fronts:

   1.  Positional ambiguity:  A SIP proxy that wants to send a call to
       an egress Voice over IP (VoIP) gateway may insert the trunk group
       as a parameter in the user portion of the Request-URI (R-URI), or
       it may insert it as a parameter to the R-URI itself.  This
       ambiguity persists in the reverse direction as well, that is,
       when an ingress VoIP gateway wants to send an incoming call
       notification to its default outbound proxy.

   2.  Semantic ambiguity:  The lack of any standardized grammar to
       represent trunk groups leads to the unfortunate choice of ad hoc
       names and values.

   VoIP routing entities in the Internet, such as SIP proxies, may be
   interested in using trunk groups for normal operations.  To that
   extent, any standards-driven requirements will enable proxies from
   one vendor to interoperate with gateways from yet another vendor.
   Absent such guidelines, interoperability will suffer, as a proxy
   vendor must conform to the expectations of a gateway as to where it
   expects trunk group parameters to be present (and vice versa).






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   The aim of this specification is to outline how to structure and
   represent the trunk group parameters as an extension to the tel URI
   [4] in a standardized manner.

3.  Conventions

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [1].

4.  Requirements and Rationale

   This section captures the motivations for the design decisions for
   the specification of a trunk group.  These motivations are captured
   as a set of requirements that are used to guide the eventual trunk
   group specification in this document.

4.1.  sip URI or tel URI?

   REQ 1:  Trunk group parameters must be defined as an extension to the
   tel URI [4].

   The trunk group parameters can be carried in either the sip URI or
   the tel URI.  Since trunk groups are intimately associated with the
   PSTN, it seems reasonable to define them as extensions to the tel URI
   (any SIP request that goes to a gateway could reasonably be expected
   to have a tel URI, in whole or in part, in its R-URI anyway).
   Furthermore, using the tel URI also allows this format to be reused
   by non-SIP VoIP protocols (which could include anything from MGCP or
   Megaco to H.323, if the proper information elements are created).

   Finally, once the trunk group is defined for a tel URI, the normative
   procedures of Section 19.1.6 of [3] can be used to derive an
   equivalent sip URI from a tel URI, complete with the trunk group
   parameters.

4.2.  Trunk Group Namespace: Global or Local?

   REQ 2:  Inter-domain trunk group name collisions must be prevented.

   Under normal operations, trunk groups are pertinent only within an
   administrative domain (i.e., local scope).  However, given that
   inadvertent cross-domain trunk group name collisions may occur, it is
   desirable to prevent them.  The judicious use of namespaces is a
   solution to this problem.  Thus, it seems appropriate to scope the
   trunk group through a namespace.





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      Note:  At first glance, it would appear that the use of the tel
      URI's "phone-context" parameter provides a satisfactory means of
      imposing a namespace on a trunk group.  The "phone-context"
      parameter identifies the scope of validity of a local telephone
      number.  And therein lies the problem.  Semantically, a "phone-
      context" tel URI parameter is applicable only to a local telephone
      number and not a global one (i.e., one preceded by a '+').  Trunk
      groups, on the other hand, may appear in local or global telephone
      numbers.  Thus, what is needed is a new parameter with equivalent
      functionality of the "phone-context" parameter of the tel URI, but
      one that is equally applicable to local and global telephone
      numbers.

4.3.  Originating Trunk Group and Terminating Trunk Group

   REQ 3:  Originating trunk group and destination trunk group must be
   able to appear separately and concurrently in a SIP message.

   SIP routing entities can make informed routing decisions based on
   either the originating or the terminating trunk groups.  Thus, it is
   required that both of these trunk groups be carried in SIP requests.

4.4.  Intermediary Processing of Trunk Groups

   REQ 4:  SIP network intermediaries (proxy servers and redirect
   servers) should be able to add the destination trunk group attribute
   to SIP sessions as a route is selected for a call.

5.   Trunk Group Identifier: ABNF and Examples

   The Augmented Backus Naur Form [2] syntax for a trunk group
   identifier is given below and extends the "par" production rule of
   the tel URI defined in [4]:

    par = parameter / extension / isdn-subaddress / trunk-group /
          trunk-context

    trunk-group = ";tgrp=" trunk-group-label
    trunk-context = ";trunk-context=" descriptor

    trunk-group-label = 1*( unreserved / escaped /
                            trunk-group-unreserved )
    trunk-group-unreserved = "/" / "&" / "+" / "$"

      descriptor is defined in [4].
      unreserved is defined in [3] and [4].
      escaped is defined in [3].




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   Trunk groups are identified by two parameters:  "tgrp" and "trunk-
   context"; both parameters MUST be present in a tel URI to identify a
   trunk group.  Collectively, these two parameters are called "trunk
   group parameters" in this specification.

   All implementations conforming to this specification MUST generate
   both of these parameters when using trunk groups.  If an
   implementation receives a tel URI with only one of the "tgrp" or
   "trunk-context" parameter, it MUST act as if there were not any trunk
   group parameters present at all in that URI.  Whether or not to
   further process such an URI is up to the discretion of the
   implementation; however, if a decision is made to process it, the
   implementation MUST act as if there were not any trunk group
   parameters present in the URI.

   The "trunk-context" parameter imposes a namespace on the trunk group
   by specifying a global number or any number of its leading digits
   (e.g., +33), or a domain name.  Syntactically, it is modeled after
   the "phone-context" parameter of the tel URI [4], except that unlike
   the "phone-context" parameter, the "trunk-context" parameter can
   appear in either a local or global tel URI.

   Semantically, the "trunk-context" parameter establishes a scope of
   the trunk group specified in the "tgrp" parameter, i.e., whether it
   is valid at a single gateway, a set of gateways, or an entire domain
   managed by a service provider.  The "trunk-context" can contain four
   discrete value types:

   1.  The value in the "trunk-context" literally identifies a host (a
       gateway), in which case, the trunk groups are scoped to the
       specific host.

   2.  The value in the "trunk-context" is a subdomain (e.g.,
       "north.example.com"), which identifies a subset of the gateways
       in a domain across which the trunk groups are shared.

   3.  The value in the "trunk-context" is a service provider domain
       (e.g., "example.com"), which identifies all gateways in the
       specific domain.

   4.  The value in the "trunk-context" is a global number or any number
       of its leading digits; this is useful for provider-wide scoping
       and does not lend itself very well to specifying trunk groups
       across a gateway or a set of gateways.







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   For equivalency purposes, two URIs containing trunk group parameters
   are equivalent according to the base comparison rules of the URIs.
   The base comparison rules of a tel URI are specified in Section 4 of
   [4], and the base comparison rules of a sip URI are specified in
   Section 19.1.4 of [3].

   Examples:

     1.  Trunk group in a local number, with a phone-context parameter
         (line breaks added for readability):

     tel:5550100;phone-context=+1-630;tgrp=TG-1;
       trunk-context=example.com

     Transforming this tel URI to a sip URI yields:
     sip:5550100;phone-context=+1-630;tgrp=TG-1;
       trunk-context=example.com@isp.example.net;user=phone


     2.  Trunk group in a global number, with a domain name
         trunk-context:

     tel:+16305550100;tgrp=TG-1;trunk-context=example.com

     Transforming this tel URI to a sip URI yields:
     sip:+16305550100;tgrp=TG-1;
       trunk-context=example.com@isp.example.net;user=phone


     3.  Trunk group in a global number, with a number prefix trunk-
         context:

     tel:+16305550100;tgrp=TG-1;trunk-context=+1-630

     Transforming this tel URI to a sip URI yields:
     sip:+16305550100;tgrp=TG-1;
       trunk-context=+1-630@isp.example.net;user=phone

6.  Normative Behavior of SIP Entities Using Trunk Groups

   The terminating (or egress) trunk group parameters MUST be specified
   in the R-URI.  This is an indication from a SIP entity to the next
   downstream entity that a specific terminating (or egress) trunk group
   should be used.







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      Note:  This is consistent with using the R-URI as a routing
      element; SIP routing entities may use the trunk group parameter in
      the R-URI to make intelligent routing decisions.  Furthermore,
      this also satisfies REQ 4, since a SIP network intermediary can
      modify the R-URI to include the trunk group parameters.

   Conversely, the appearance of the trunk group parameters in the
   Contact header URI signifies the trunk group over which the call
   arrived on, i.e., the originating (or ingress) trunk group.  Thus,
   the originating (or ingress) trunk group MUST appear in the Contact
   header of a SIP request.

   The behavior described in this section effectively addresses REQ 3.

6.1.  User Agent Client Behavior

   A User Agent Client (UAC) initiating a call that uses trunk groups
   and supports this specification MUST include the trunk group
   parameters in the Contact header URI (a Contact URI MUST be a sip or
   sips URI; thus, what appears in the Contact header is a SIP
   translation of the tel URI, complete with the trunk group
   parameters).  The trunk group parameters in the Contact header
   represent the originating trunk group.  As a consequence of the
   processing rules for the Contact header defined in RFC 3261 [3],
   subsequent requests in the dialog towards this user agent will
   contain this Contact URI in the R-URI.  Note that the user part of
   this URI, which contains the trunk group parameters, will be copied
   as a consequence of this processing.

      Note:  Arguably, the originating trunk group can be part of the
      From URI.  However, semantically, the URI in a From header is an
      abstract identifier that represents the resource thus identified
      on a long-term basis.  The presence of a trunk group, on the other
      hand, signifies a binding that is valid for the duration of the
      session only; a trunk group has no significance once the session
      is over.  Thus, the Contact URI is the best place to impart this
      information since it has exactly those semantics.

   If the UAC is aware of the routing topology, it MAY insert the
   destination trunk group parameters in the R-URI of the request.
   However, in most deployments, the UAC will use the services of a
   proxy to further route the request, and it will be up to the proxy to
   insert such parameters in the R-URI (see Section 6.3).








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6.2.  User Agent Server Behavior

   To the processing User Agent Server (UAS) associated with a gateway,
   the trunk group parameters in the R-URI implies that it should use
   the named trunk group for the outbound call.  If a UAS supports trunk
   groups, but finds that all the trunk circuit identification codes for
   that particular trunk group are occupied, it MAY send a 603 Decline
   final response.

   If a UAS supports trunk groups but is not configured with the
   particular trunk group identified in the R-URI, it SHOULD NOT use any
   other trunk group other than the one specified in the parameters.  In
   such a case, it MAY reject the request with a 404 final response; or
   if it makes a decision to process the request in any case, it MUST
   disregard the values in the "trunk-context" and the "tgrp"
   parameters.

   If the receiver of a SIP request is not authoritatively responsible
   for the value specified in the "trunk-context", it MUST treat the
   value in the "tgrp" parameter as if it were not there.  Whether or
   not to process the request further is up to the discretion of the
   processing entity; the request MAY be rejected with a 404 final
   response.  Alternatively, if a decision is made to process the
   request further, the processing entity MUST disregard the values in
   the "trunk-context" and the "tgrp" parameters since it is not
   authoritatively responsible for the value specified in "trunk-
   context".

6.3.  Proxy Behavior

   A proxy server receiving a request that contains the trunk group
   parameter in the Contact header SHOULD NOT change these parameters as
   the request traverses through it.  Changing these parameters may have
   adverse consequences, since the UAC that populated the parameters did
   so on some authoritative knowledge that the proxy may not be privy
   to.  Instead, the proxy SHOULD pass the trunk group parameters in the
   Contact header unchanged to the client transaction that the proxy
   creates to send the request downstream.

   A proxy that is aware of the routing topology and supports this
   specification MAY insert destination trunk group parameters in the
   R-URI if none are present (see Sections 7.1 and 7.2 for an example).
   However, if destination trunk group parameters are already present in
   the R-URI, the proxy SHOULD NOT change them unless it has further
   authoritative information about the routing topology than the
   upstream client did when it originally inserted the trunk group
   parameters in the R-URI.




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      Depending on the specific situation, it is perfectly reasonable
      for a proxy not to insert the destination trunk group parameters
      in the R-URI.  Consider, for instance, a proxy that understands
      the originating trunk group parameters and, in accordance with
      local policy, uses these to route the request to a destination
      other than a PSTN gateway.

7.  Example Call Flows

7.1.  Reference Architecture

   Consider Figure 1, which depicts a SIP proxy in a routing
   relationship with three gateways in its domain, GW1, GW2, and GW3.
   Requests arrive at the SIP proxy through GW1.  Gateways GW2 and GW3
   are used as egress gateways from the domain.  GW2 has two trunk
   groups configured, TG2-1 and TG2-2.  GW3 also has two trunk groups
   configured, TG3-1 and TG2-2 (TG2-2 is shared between gateways GW2 and
   GW3).

                                              +-----+ TG2-1
                                              |     |-------->  To
        TG1-1  +-----+    +-------+     +---->| GW2 | TG2-2     PSTN
   From  ----->|     |    | SIP   |     |     |     |-------->
   PSTN        | GW1 |--->| Proxy |-----+     +-----+
         ----->|     |    +-------+     |     +-----+ TG3-1
               +-----+                  |     |     |-------->  To
                                        +---->| GW3 | TG2-2     PSTN
                                              |     |-------->
                                              +-----+

                          Reference Architecture

   GW1 in Figure 1 is always cognizant of any requests that arrive over
   trunk group TG1-1.  If it wishes to propagate the ingress trunk group
   to the proxy, it must arrange for the trunk group to appear in the
   Contact header of the SIP request destined to the proxy.  The proxy
   will, in turn, propagate the ingress trunk group in the Contact
   header further downstream.

   The proxy uses GW2 and GW3 as egress gateways to the PSTN.  It is
   assumed that the proxy has access to a routing table for GW2 and GW3
   that includes the appropriate trunk groups to use when sending a call
   to the PSTN (exactly how this table is constructed is out of scope
   for this specification; [6] is one way to do so, a manually created
   and maintained routing table is another).  When the proxy sends a
   request to either of the egress gateways, and the gateway routing





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   table is so configured that a trunk group is required by the gateway,
   the proxy must arrange for the trunk group to appear in the SIP R-URI
   of the request destined to that gateway.

7.2.  Basic Call Flow

   This example uses the reference architecture of Figure 1.  Gateways
   GW1, GW2, and GW3, and the SIP proxy are assumed to be owned by a
   service provider whose domain is example.com.

         GW1           SIP Proxy           GW2
   From   |               |                 |
   PSTN-->|               |                 |
          +---F1--------->|                 |
          |               +---F2----------->|
         ...             ...               ...
          |               |                 |     Send to PSTN
          |               |                 | --> and receive Answer
          |               |                 |     Complete Message
         -----------------------------------------
         Call in progress
         -----------------------------------------
          |               |                 |
          |               |<-----------F3---+
          +<--------------+                 |
         ...             ...               ...

                              Basic Call Flow

   In the call flow below, certain headers and messages have been
   omitted for brevity.  In F1, GW1 receives a call setup request from
   the PSTN over a certain trunk group.  GW1 arranges for this trunk
   group to appear in the Contact header of the request destined to the
   SIP proxy.

   F1:
   INVITE sip:+16305550100@example.com;user=phone SIP/2.0
   ...
   Contact: <sip:0100;phone-context=example.com;tgrp=TG1-1;
      trunk-context=example.com@gw1.example.com;user=phone>
   ...

   In F2, the SIP proxy translates the R-URI and adds a destination
   trunk group to the R-URI.  The request is then sent to GW2.







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   F2:
   INVITE sip:+16305550100;tgrp=TG2-1;
     trunk-context=example.com@gw2.example.com;user=phone SIP/2.0
   ...
   Record-Route: <sip:proxy.example.com;lr>
   Contact: <sip:0100;phone-context=example.com;tgrp=TG1-1;
      trunk-context=example.com@gw1.example.com;user=phone>
   ...

   Once the call is established, either end can tear the call down.  For
   illustrative purposes, F3 depicts GW2 tearing the call down.  Note
   that the Contact from F1, including the trunk group parameters, is
   now the R-URI of the request.  When GW1 gets this request, it can
   associate the call with the appropriate trunk group to deallocate
   resources.

   F3:
   BYE sip:0100;phone-context=example.com;tgrp=TG1-1;
     trunk-context=example.com@gw1.example.com;user=phone SIP/2.0
   Route: <sip:proxy.example.com;lr>
   ...

   It is worth documenting the behavior when an incoming call from the
   PSTN is received at a gateway without a calling party number.
   Consider Figure 1, and assume that GW1 gets a call request from the
   PSTN without a calling party number.  This is not an uncommon case,
   and may happen for a variety of reasons, including privacy and
   interworking between different signaling protocols before the request
   reached GW1.  Under normal circumstances (i.e., instances where the
   calling party number is present in signaling), GW1 would derive a sip
   URI to insert into the Contact header.  This sip URI will contain, as
   its user portion, the calling party number from the incoming SS7
   signaling information.  The trunk group parameters then becomes part
   of the user portion as discussed previously.

   If a gateway receives an incoming call where the calling party number
   is not available, it MUST create a tel URI containing a token that is
   generated locally and has local significance to the gateway.  Details
   of generating such a token are implementation dependent; potential
   candidates include the gateway line number or port number where the
   call was accepted.  This tel URI is subsequently converted to a sip
   URI to be inserted in the Contact header of the SIP request going
   downstream from the gateway.








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      Note:  The tel scheme does not allow for an empty URI; thus, the
      global-number or local-number production rule of the tel URI [4]
      cannot contain an empty string.  Consequently, the behavior in the
      above paragraph is mandated for cases where the incoming SS7
      signaling message does not contain a calling party number.

7.3.  Inter-Domain Call Flow

   This example demonstrates the advantage of namespaces in trunk
   groups.  In the example flow below, GW1 and SIP Proxy 1 belong to the
   example.com domain, and SIP Proxy 2 belongs to another domain,
   example.net.  A call arrives at GW1 (F1) and is routed to the
   example.net domain.  In the call flow below, certain headers and
   messages have been omitted for brevity.

              example.com             example.net
       /-------------------------\   /-----------\
         GW1          SIP Proxy 1     SIP Proxy 2
   From   |               |                 |
   PSTN-->|               |                 |
          +---F1--------->|                 |
          |               +---F2----------->|
          |               |                 |
         ...             ...               ...
          |               +<--F3------------+
         ...             ...               ...

                          Inter-Domain Call Flow


   F1:
   INVITE sip:+16305550100@example.com;user=phone SIP/2.0
   ...
   Contact: <sip:0100;phone-context=example.com;tgrp=TG1-1;
      trunk-context=example.com@gw1.example.com;user=phone>
   ...

   In F2, the SIP proxy executes its routing logic and re-targets the
   R-URI to refer to a resource in example.net domain.

   F2:
   INVITE sip:+16305550100@example.net;user=phone SIP/2.0
   ...
   Record-Route: <sip:proxy.example.com;lr>
   Contact: <sip:0100;phone-context=example.com;tgrp=TG1-1;
      trunk-context=example.com@gw1.example.com;user=phone>
   ...




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   In F3, the example.net domain sends a request in the backwards
   direction.  The example.net domain does not interpret the trunk group
   parameters in the Contact header since they do not belong to that
   domain.  The Contact header, including the trunk group parameters, is
   simply used as the R-URI in a subsequent request going towards the
   example.com domain.

   F3:
   BYE sip:0100;phone-context=example.com;tgrp=TG1-1;
      trunk-context=example.com@gw1.example.com;user=phone
   Route: <sip:proxy.example.com;lr>
   ...

8.  Security Considerations

   The trunk group parameters are carried in R-URIs and Contact headers;
   they are simply a modifier of an address.  Any existing trust
   relationship between the originator of a request and an intermediary
   (or final recipient) that processes the request is not affected by
   such a modifier.

   Maliciously modifying a trunk group of a R-URI in transit may cause
   the receiving entity (say, a gateway) to prefer one trunk over
   another, thus leading to attacks that use resources not privy to the
   call.  For example, an attacker who knows the name of a toll-free
   trunk on a gateway may modify the trunk group in the R-URI to
   effectively receive free service, or he may modify the trunk group in
   a R-URI to affect the flow of traffic across trunks.  Similarly,
   modifying the trunk group in a Contact header may cause the routing
   intermediary to erroneously associate a call with a different source
   than it would normally be associated with.

   Although this specification imparts more information to the R-URI and
   the Contact header in the form of trunk groups, the class of attacks
   and possible protection mechanism are the same as that specified for
   baseline SIP systems [3].  The Security Session Initiation Protocol
   Secure (SIPS) scheme and the resulting Transport Layer Security (TLS)
   mechanism SHOULD be used to provide integrity protection, thereby
   mitigating these attacks.

   A question naturally arises:  how does the receiver determine whether
   the sender is authorized to use the resources represented by the
   trunk group parameters?  There are two cases to consider:  intra-
   domain signaling exchange as discussed in Section 7.2, and inter-
   domain signaling exchange as discussed in Section 7.3.






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   In the intra-domain case, a proxy receiving trunk group parameters
   from an upstream user agent (typically a gateway) should only accept
   them using the SIPS URI scheme; furthermore, it should use HTTP
   Digest to challenge and properly authorize the sender.  A user agent
   (or a gateway) receiving the trunk group parameters from a proxy will
   not be able to challenge the proxy using HTTP Digest, but it should
   examine the X.509 certificate of the proxy to determine whether the
   proxy is authorized to insert the resources represented by the trunk
   group parameters into the signaling flow.

   In the inter-domain case, a receiving proxy may depend on the
   identity stored in the X.509 certificate of the sending proxy to
   determine whether the sender is authorized to insert the resources
   represented by the trunk group parameters in the signaling message.

   Because of these considerations, the trunk group parameters are only
   applicable within a set of network nodes among which there is mutual
   trust.  If a node receives a call signaling request from an upstream
   node that it does not trust, it SHOULD remove the trunk group
   parameters.

   The privacy information revealed with a trunk group does not
   generally advertise much information about a particular (human) user.
   It does, however, convey two pieces of potentially private
   information that may be considered sensitive by carriers.  First, it
   may reveal how a carrier may be performing least-cost routing and
   peering; and secondly, it does introduce an additional means for
   network topology and information of a carrier.  It is up to the
   discretionary judgment of the carrier if it wants to include the
   trunk group parameters and reveal potentially sensitive information
   on its network topology.  If confidentiality is desired, TLS SHOULD
   be used to protect this information while in transit.

9.  IANA considerations

   This specification does not require any IANA considerations.

   The tel URI parameters introduced in this document are registered
   with IANA through the tel URI parameter registry document [7].

10.  Acknowledgments

   The authors would like to acknowledge the efforts of the participants
   of the SIPPING and IPTEL working group, especially Jeroen van Bemmel,
   Bryan Byerly, John Hearty, Alan Johnston, Shan Lu, Rohan Mahy, Jon
   Peterson, Mike Pierce, Adam Roach, Brian Rosen, Jonathan Rosenberg,
   Dave Oran, Takuya Sawada, Tom Taylor, and Al Varney.




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   Jon Peterson was also instrumental in the original formulation of
   this work.

   Alex Mayrhofer brought up the issue of lexicographic ordering of tel
   URI parameters when it is converted to a sip or sips URI.

   Ted Hardie, Sam Hartman, and Russ Housley took pains to ensure that
   the text around URI comparisons and security considerations was as
   unambiguous as possible.

11.  References

11.1.  Normative References

   [1]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement
        Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.

   [2]  Crocker, D. and P. Overell, "Augmented BNF for Syntax
        Specifications: ABNF", RFC 4234, October 2005.

   [3]  Rosenberg, J., Schulzrinne, H., Camarillo, G., Johnston, A.,
        Peterson, J., Sparks, R., Handley, M., and E. Schooler, "SIP:
        Session Initiation Protocol", RFC 3261, June 2002.

   [4]  Schulzrinne, H., "The tel URI for Telephone Calls", RFC 3966,
        December 2004.

11.2.  Informative References

   [5]  "Telcordia Notes on the Network", Telcordia SR-2275, Issue 04,
        October 2000, <http://telecom-info.telcordia.com>.

   [6]  Bangalore, M., Kumar, R., Rosenberg, J., Salama, H., and D.
        Shah, "A Telephony Gateway REgistration Protocol (TGREP)", Work
        in Progress, January 2007.

   [7]  Jennings, C. and V. Gurbani, "The Internet Assigned Number
        Authority (IANA) tel Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) Parameter
        Registry", Work in Progress, December 2006.












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Authors' Addresses

   Vijay K. Gurbani
   Bell Laboratories, Alcatel-Lucent
   2701 Lucent Lane
   Rm 9F-546
   Lisle, IL  60532
   USA

   Phone:  +1 630 224 0216
   EMail:  vkg@alcatel-lucent.com


   Cullen Jennings
   Cisco Systems
   170 West Tasman Drive
   Mailstop SJC-21/3
   San Jose, CA  95134
   USA

   Phone:  +1 408 421 9990
   EMail:  fluffy@cisco.com





























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Full Copyright Statement

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