path: root/doc/rfc/rfc5866.txt

Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)                       D. Sun, Ed.
Request for Comments: 5866                                Alcatel-Lucent
Category: Standards Track                                      P. McCann
ISSN: 2070-1721                                            Motorola Labs
                                                           H. Tschofenig
                                                  Nokia Siemens Networks
                                                                 T. Tsou
                                                                  Huawei
                                                                A. Doria
                                          Lulea University of Technology
                                                            G. Zorn, Ed.
                                                             Network Zen
                                                                May 2010


                Diameter Quality-of-Service Application

Abstract

   This document describes the framework, messages, and procedures for
   the Diameter Quality-of-Service (QoS) application.  The Diameter QoS
   application allows network elements to interact with Diameter servers
   when allocating QoS resources in the network.  In particular, two
   modes of operation, namely "Pull" and "Push", are defined.

Status of This Memo

   This is an Internet Standards Track document.

   This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force
   (IETF).  It represents the consensus of the IETF community.  It has
   received public review and has been approved for publication by the
   Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG).  Further information on
   Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of RFC 5741.

   Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
   and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
   http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5866.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2010 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents



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   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3
   2.  Terminology  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3
   3.  Framework  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5
     3.1.  Network Element Functional Model . . . . . . . . . . . . .  7
     3.2.  Implications of Endpoint QoS Capabilities  . . . . . . . .  8
       3.2.1.  Endpoint Categories  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
       3.2.2.  Interaction Modes between the Authorizing Entity
               and Network Element  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  9
     3.3.  Authorization Schemes  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
       3.3.1.  Pull Mode Schemes  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
       3.3.2.  Push Mode Schemes  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
     3.4.  QoS Application Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
   4.  QoS Application Session Establishment and Management . . . . . 17
     4.1.  Parties Involved . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
     4.2.  Session Establishment  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
       4.2.1.  Session Establishment for Pull Mode  . . . . . . . . . 18
       4.2.2.  Session Establishment for Push Mode  . . . . . . . . . 21
       4.2.3.  Discovery and Selection of Peer Diameter QoS
               Application Node . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
     4.3.  Session Re-Authorization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
       4.3.1.  Client-Side Initiated Re-Authorization . . . . . . . . 25
       4.3.2.  Server-Side Initiated Re-Authorization . . . . . . . . 26
     4.4.  Session Termination  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
       4.4.1.  Client-Side Initiated Session Termination  . . . . . . 28
       4.4.2.  Server-Side Initiated Session Termination  . . . . . . 28
   5.  QoS Application Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
     5.1.  QoS-Authorization Request (QAR)  . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
     5.2.  QoS-Authorization-Answer (QAA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
     5.3.  QoS-Install Request (QIR)  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
     5.4.  QoS-Install Answer (QIA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
     5.5.  Re-Auth-Request (RAR)  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
     5.6.  Re-Auth-Answer (RAA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
   6.  QoS Application State Machine  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
     6.1.  Supplemented States for Push Mode  . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
   7.  QoS Application AVPs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
     7.1.  Reused Base Protocol AVPs  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
     7.2.  QoS Application-Defined AVPs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
   8.  Accounting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37





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   9.  Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
     9.1.  Example Call Flow for Pull Mode (Success Case) . . . . . . 38
     9.2.  Example Call Flow for Pull Mode (Failure Case) . . . . . . 40
     9.3.  Example Call Flow for Push Mode  . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
   10. IANA Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
     10.1. AVP Codes  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
     10.2. Application IDs  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
     10.3. Command Codes  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
   11. Security Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
   12. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
   13. Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
   14. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
     14.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
     14.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

1.  Introduction

   This document describes the framework, messages, and procedures for
   the Diameter [RFC3588] Quality-of-Service (QoS) application.  The
   Diameter QoS application allows Network Elements (NEs) to interact
   with Diameter servers when allocating QoS resources in the network.

   Two modes of operation are defined.  In the first, called "Pull"
   mode, the network element requests QoS authorization from the
   Diameter server based on some trigger (such as a QoS signaling
   protocol) that arrives along the data path.  In the second, called
   "Push" mode, the Diameter server proactively sends a command to the
   network element(s) to install QoS authorization state.  This could be
   triggered, for instance, by off-path signaling, such as Session
   Initiation Protocol (SIP) [RFC3261] call control.

   A set of command codes is specified that allows a single Diameter QoS
   application server to support both Pull and Push modes based on the
   requirements of network technologies, deployment scenarios, and end-
   host capabilities.  In conjunction with Diameter Attribute Value
   Pairs (AVPs) defined in [RFC5777] and in [RFC5624], this document
   depicts basic call-flow procedures used to establish, modify, and
   terminate a Diameter QoS application session.

   This document defines a number of Diameter-encoded AVPs, which are
   described using a modified version of the Augmented Backus-Naur Form
   (ABNF), see [RFC3588].

2.  Terminology

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119].



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   The following terms are used in this document:

   AAA Cloud
      An infrastructure of Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting
      (AAA) entities (clients, agents, servers) communicating via a AAA
      protocol over trusted, secure connections.  It offers
      authentication, authorization, and accounting services to
      applications in local and roaming scenarios.  Diameter and RADIUS
      [RFC2865] are both widely deployed AAA protocols.

   Application Endpoint (AppE)
      An Application Endpoint is an entity in an end-user device that
      exchanges signaling messages with Application Servers or directly
      with other Application Endpoints.  Based on the result of this
      signaling, the endpoint may make a request for QoS from the
      network.  For example, a SIP User Agent is one kind of Application
      Endpoint.

   Application Server (AppS)
      An Application Server is an entity that exchanges signaling
      messages with an Application Endpoint (see above).  It may be a
      source of authorization for QoS-enhanced application flows.  For
      example, a SIP server is one kind of Application Server.

   Authorizing Entity (AE)
      The Authorizing Entity is a Diameter server that supports the QoS
      application.  It is responsible for authorizing QoS requests for a
      particular application flow or aggregate.  The Authorizing Entity
      may be a standalone entity or may be integrated with an
      Application Server and may be co-located with a subscriber
      database.  This entity corresponds to the Policy Decision Point
      (PDP) [RFC2753].

   Network Element (NE)
      A QoS-aware router that acts as a Diameter client for the QoS
      application.  This entity triggers the protocol interaction for
      Pull mode, and it is the recipient of QoS information in Push
      mode.  The Diameter client at a Network Element corresponds to the
      Policy Enforcement Point (PEP) [RFC2753].

   Pull Mode
      In this mode, the QoS authorization process is invoked by the QoS
      reservation request received from the Application Endpoint.  The
      Network Element then requests the QoS authorization decision from
      the Authorizing Entity.






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   Push Mode
      In this mode, the QoS authorization process is invoked by the
      request from the Application Server or local policies in the
      Authorizing Entity.  The Authorizing Entity then installs the QoS
      authorization decision to the Network Element directly.

   Resource Requesting Entity (RRE)
      A Resource Requesting Entity is a logical entity that supports the
      protocol interaction for QoS resources.  The RRE resides in the
      end-host and is able to communicate with peer logical entities in
      an Authorizing Entity or a Network Element to trigger the QoS
      authorization process.

3.  Framework

   The Diameter QoS application runs between an NE (acting as a Diameter
   client) and the resource AE (acting as a Diameter server).  A high-
   level picture of the resulting architecture is shown in Figure 1.

               +-------+---------+
               |   Authorizing   |
               |     Entity      |
               |(Diameter Server)|
               +-------+---------+
                       |
                       |
                /\-----+-----/\
            ////               \\\\
          ||       AAA Cloud       ||
         |   (Diameter application)  |
          ||                       ||
            \\\\               ////
                \-------+-----/
                        |
       +---+--+   +-----+----+   +---+--+
       |      |   |    NE    |   |      |    Media
       +  NE  +===+(Diameter +===+  NE  +=============>>
       |      |   |  Client) |   |      |    Flow
       +------+   +----------+   +------+

               Figure 1: An Architecture Supporting QoS-AAA

   Figure 1 depicts NEs through which media flows need to pass, a cloud
   of AAA servers, and an AE.  Note that there may be more than one
   router that needs to interact with the AAA cloud along the path of a
   given application flow, although the figure only depicts one for
   clarity.




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   In some deployment scenarios, NEs may request authorization through
   the AAA cloud based on an incoming QoS reservation request.  The NE
   will route the request to a designated AE.  The AE will return the
   result of the authorization decision.  In other deployment scenarios,
   the authorization will be initiated upon dynamic application state,
   so that the request must be authenticated and authorized based on
   information from one or more AppSs.  After receiving the
   authorization request from the AppS or the NE, the AE decides the
   appropriate mode (i.e., Push or Pull).  The usage of Push or Pull
   mode can be determined by the Authorizing Entity either statically or
   dynamically.  Static determination might be based on a configurable
   defined policy in the Authorizing Entity, while dynamic determination
   might be based on information received from an application server.
   For Push mode, the Authorizing Entity needs to identify the
   appropriate NE(s) to which QoS authorization information needs to be
   pushed.  It might determine this based on information received from
   the AppS, such as the IP addresses of media flows.

   In some deployment scenarios, there is a mapping between access
   network type and the service logic (e.g., selection of Push or Pull
   mode and other differentiated handling of the resource admission and
   control).  The access network type might be derived from the
   authorization request from the AppS or the NE, and in this case, the
   Authorizing Entity can identify the corresponding service logic based
   on the mapping.

   If the interface between the NEs and the AAA cloud is identical
   regardless of whether or not the AE communicates with an AppS,
   routers are insulated from the details of particular applications and
   need not know that Application Servers are involved.  Also, the AAA
   cloud may also encompass business relationships such as those between
   network operators and third-party application providers.  This
   enables flexible intra- or inter-domain authorization, accounting,
   and settlement.

















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3.1.  Network Element Functional Model

   Figure 2 depicts a logical operational model of resource management
   in a router.

               +-------------------------------------------------------+
               | DIAMETER Client                                       |
               | Functionality                                         |
               | +---------------++-----------------++---------------+ |
               | | User          || QoS Application || Accounting    | |
               | | Authentication|| Client          || Client (e.g., | |
               | | Client        || (Authorization  ||for QoS Traffic| |
               | +---------------+| of QoS Requests)|+---------------+ |
               |                  +-----------------+                  |
               +-------------------------------------------------------+
                                              ^
                                              v
            +--------------+            +----------+
            |QoS Signaling |            | Resource |
            |Msg Processing|<<<<<>>>>>>>|Management|
            +--------------+            +----------+
                 .  ^   |              *      ^
                 |  v   .            *        ^
            +-------------+        *          ^
            |Signaling msg|       *           ^
            | Processing  |       *           V
            +-------------+       *           V
                 |      |         *           V
     ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
                 .      .         *           V
                 |      |         *     .............................
                 .      .         *     .   Traffic Control         .
                 |      |         *     .                +---------+.
                 .      .         *     .                |Admission|.
                 |      |         *     .                | Control |.
       +----------+    +------------+   .                +---------+.
   <.->|  Input   |    | Outgoing   |<.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.->
       |  Packet  |    | Interface  |   .+----------+    +---------+.
   ===>|Processing|====| Selection  |===.|  Packet  |====| Packet  |.=>
       |          |    |(Forwarding)|   .|Classifier|     Scheduler|.
       +----------+    +------------+   .+----------+    +---------+.
                                        .............................
           <.-.-> = signaling flow
           =====> = data flow (sender --> receiver)
           <<<>>> = control and configuration operations
           ****** = routing table manipulation

                Figure 2: Network Element Functional Model



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   The processing of incoming QoS reservation requests includes three
   actions: admission control, authorization, and resource reservation.

   The admission control function provides information about available
   resources and determines whether there are enough resources to
   fulfill the request.  Authorization is performed by the Diameter
   client, which involves contacting an authorization entity through the
   AAA cloud shown in Section 3.  If both checks are successful, the
   authorized QoS parameters are set in the packet classifier and the
   packet scheduler.  Note that the parameters passed to the Traffic
   Control function may be different from the ones that requested QoS
   (depending on the authorization decision).  Once the requested
   resource is granted, the Resource Management function provides
   accounting information to the AE via the Diameter client.

3.2.  Implications of Endpoint QoS Capabilities

3.2.1.  Endpoint Categories

   The QoS capabilities of Application Endpoints are varied, and can be
   categorized as follows:

   Category 1
      A Category 1 Application Endpoint has no QoS capability at either
      the application or the network level.  This type of AppE may set
      up a connection through application signaling, but it is incapable
      of specifying resource/QoS requirements through either
      application- or network-level signaling.

   Category 2
      A Category 2 Application Endpoint only has QoS capability at the
      application level.  This type of AppE is able to set up a
      connection through application signaling with certain resource/QoS
      requirements (e.g., application attributes), but it is unable to
      signal any resource/QoS requirements at the network level.

   Category 3
      A Category 3 Application Endpoint has QoS capability at the
      network level.  This type of AppE may set up a connection through
      application signaling, translate service characteristics into
      network resource/QoS requirements (e.g., network QoS class)
      locally, and request the resources through network signaling,
      e.g., Resource ReSerVation Protocol (RSVP) [RFC2205] or Next Steps
      in Signaling (NSIS) [NSIS-QOS].







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3.2.2.  Interaction Modes between the Authorizing Entity and Network
        Element

   Different QoS mechanisms are employed in packet networks.  Those QoS
   mechanisms can be categorized into two schemes: IntServ [RFC2211]
   [RFC2212] and Diffserv [RFC2474].  In the IntServ scheme, network
   signaling (e.g., RSVP, NSIS, or link-specific signaling) is commonly
   used to initiate a request from an AppE for the desired QoS resource.
   In the Diffserv scheme, QoS resources are provisioned based upon some
   predefined QoS service classes rather than AppE-initiated, flow-based
   QoS requests.

   It is obvious that the eligible QoS scheme is correlated to the
   AppE's capability in the context of QoS authorization.  Since
   Category 1 and 2 AppEs cannot initiate the QoS resource requests by
   means of network signaling, using the current mechanism of the
   IntServ model to signal QoS information across the network is not
   applicable to them in general.  Depending on network technology and
   operator requirements, a Category 3 AppE may either make use of
   network signaling for resource requests or not.

   The diversity of QoS capabilities of endpoints and QoS schemes of
   network technology leads to the distinction on the interaction mode
   between the QoS authorization system and underlying NEs.  When the
   IntServ scheme is employed by a Category 3 endpoint, the
   authorization process is typically initiated by an NE when a trigger
   is received from the endpoint such as network QoS signaling.  In the
   Diffserv scheme, since the NE is unable to request the resource
   authorization on its own initiative, the authorization process is
   typically triggered by either the request of AppSs or policies
   defined by the operator.

   As a consequence, two interaction modes are needed in support of
   different combinations of QoS schemes and endpoint's QoS
   capabilities: Push mode and Pull mode.

   Push mode
      The QoS authorization process is triggered by AppSs or local
      network conditions (e.g., time of day on resource usage and QoS
      classes), and the authorization decisions are installed by the AE
      to the network element on its own initiative without explicit
      request.  In order to support Push mode, the AE (i.e., Diameter
      server) should be able to initiate a Diameter authorization
      session to communicate with the NE (i.e., Diameter client) without
      any preestablished connection from the network element.






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   Pull mode
      The QoS authorization process is triggered by the network
      signaling received from end-user equipment or by a local event in
      the NE according to pre-configured policies, and authorization
      decisions are produced upon the request of the NE.  In order to
      support Pull mode, the NE (i.e., Diameter client) will initiate a
      Diameter authorization session to communicate with the Authorizing
      Entity (i.e., Diameter server).

   For Category 1 and 2 Application Endpoints, Push mode is REQUIRED.
   For a Category 3 AppE, either Push mode or Pull mode MAY be used.

   Push mode is applicable to certain networks, for example, Cable
   network, DSL, Ethernet, and Diffserv-enabled IP/MPLS.  Pull mode is
   more appropriate to IntServ-enabled IP networks or certain wireless
   networks such as the General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) networks
   defined by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP).  Some
   networks (for example, Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave
   Access (WiMAX)) may require both Push and Pull modes.

3.3.  Authorization Schemes

3.3.1.  Pull Mode Schemes

   Three types of basic authorization schemes for Pull mode exist: one
   type of two-party scheme and two types of three-party schemes.  The
   notation adopted here is in respect to the entity that performs the
   QoS authorization (QoS Authz).  The authentication of the QoS
   requesting entity might be done at the NE as part of the QoS
   signaling protocol, or by an off-path protocol (on the application
   layer or for network access authentication) or the AE might be
   contacted with a request for authentication and authorization of the
   QoS requesting entity.  From the Diameter QoS application's point of
   view, these schemes differ in type of information that need to be
   carried.  Here we focus on the "Basic Three-Party Scheme" (see
   Figure 3) and the "Token-Based Three-Party Scheme" (see Figure 4).
   In the "Two-Party Scheme", the QoS RRE is authenticated by the NE and
   the authorization decision is made either locally at the NE itself or
   offloaded to a trusted entity (most likely within the same
   administrative domain).  In the two-party case, no Diameter QoS
   protocol interaction is required.










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                                        +--------------+
                                        | Authorizing  |
                                        | Entity       |
                                        | authorizing  | <......+
                                        | resource     |        .
                                        | request      |        .
                                        +------------+-+        .
                                        --^----------|--   .    .
                                   /////  |          |  \\\\\   .
                                 //       |          |       \\ .
                                |     QoS | QoS AAA  | QoS     |.
                                |    authz| protocol |authz    |.
                                |     req.|          | res.    |.
                                 \\       |          |       // .
                                   \\\\\  |          |  /////   .
                          QoS           --|----------v--   .    .
       +-------------+    request       +-+------------+        .
       |  Entity     |----------------->| NE           |        .
       |  requesting |                  | performing   |        .
       |  resource   |granted / rejected| QoS          |  <.....+
       |             |<-----------------| reservation  | financial
       +-------------+                  +--------------+ settlement

                       Figure 3: Three-Party Scheme

   In the "Basic Three-Party Scheme", a QoS reservation request that
   arrives at the NE is forwarded to the Authorizing Entity (e.g., in
   the user's home network), where the authorization decision is made.
   As shown, financial settlement -- a business relationship, such as a
   roaming agreement -- between the visited network and the home network
   ensures that the visited network is compensated for the resources
   consumed by the user via the home network.



















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                               financial settlement
                                ...........................+
      Authorization             V             -------      .
      Token Request   +--------------+      / QoS AAA \    .
      +-------------->|              |     /  protocol \   .
      |               | Authorizing  +--------------+   \  .
      |               | Entity       |   |          |    | .
      |        +------+              |<--+----+     |    | .
      |        |      +--------------+  |QoS  |     |QoS  |.
      |        |                        |authz|     |authz|.
      |        |Authorization           |req.+|     |res. |.
      |        |Token                   |Token|     |     |.
      |        |                         |    |     | .  | .
      |        |                          \   |     | . /  .
      |        |                            \ |     | /    .
      |        |      QoS request             |-----V .    .
    +-------------+ + Authz  Token   +--------+-----+      .
    |  Entity     |----------------->| NE           |      .
    |  requesting |                  | performing   |      .
    |  resource   |granted / rejected| QoS          | <....+
    |             |<-----------------| reservation  |
    +-------------+                  +--------------+

                 Figure 4: Token-Based Three-Party Scheme

   The "Token-Based Three-Party Scheme" is applicable to environments
   where a previous protocol interaction is used to request
   authorization tokens to assist the authorization process at the NE or
   the AE [RFC3521].

   The QoS RRE may be involved in an application-layer protocol
   interaction, for example, using SIP [RFC3313], with the AE.  As part
   of this interaction, authentication and authorization at the
   application layer might take place.  As a result of a successful
   authorization decision, which might involve the user's home AAA
   server, an authorization token is generated by the AE (e.g., the SIP
   proxy and an entity trusted by the SIP proxy) and returned to the
   end-host for inclusion into the QoS signaling protocol.  The
   authorization token will be used by an NE that receives the QoS
   signaling message to authorize the QoS request.  Alternatively, the
   Diameter QoS application will be used to forward the authorization
   token to the user's home network.  The authorization token allows for
   the authorization decision performed at the application layer to be
   associated with a corresponding QoS signaling session.  Note that the
   authorization token might either refer to established state
   concerning the authorization decision or the token might itself carry
   the authorized parameters (protected by a digital signature or a
   keyed message digest to prevent tampering).  In the latter case, the



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   authorization token may contain several pieces of information
   pertaining to the authorized application session, but at minimum it
   should contain:

   o  An identifier for the AE (for example, an AppS) that issued the
      authorization token;

   o  An identifier referring to a specific application protocol session
      for which the token was issued; and

   o  A keyed message digest or digital signature protecting the content
      of the authorization token.

   A possible structure for the authorization token and the policy
   element carrying it are proposed in the context of RSVP [RFC3520].

   In the scenario mentioned above, where the QoS resource requesting
   entity is involved in an application-layer protocol interaction with
   the AE, it may be worthwhile to consider a token-less binding
   mechanism also.  The application-layer protocol interaction may have
   indicated the transport port numbers at the QoS RRE where it might
   receive media streams (for example, in SIP/SDP [RFC4566] signaling,
   these port numbers are advertised).  The QoS RRE may also use these
   port numbers in some IP filter indications to the NE performing QoS
   reservation so that it may properly tunnel the inbound packets.  The
   NE performing QoS reservation will forward the QoS resource
   requesting entity's IP address and the IP filter indications to the
   AE in the QoS authorization request.  The AE will use the QoS RRE's
   IP address and the port numbers in the IP filter indication, which
   will match the port numbers advertised in the earlier application-
   layer protocol interaction, to identify the right piece of policy
   information to be sent to the NE performing the QoS reservation in
   the QoS Authorization response.

3.3.2.  Push Mode Schemes

   Push mode can be further divided into two types: endpoint-initiated
   and network-initiated.  In the former case, the authorization process
   is triggered by AppS in response to an explicit QoS request from an
   endpoint through application signaling, e.g., SIP; in the latter
   case, the authorization process is triggered by the AppS without an
   explicit QoS request from an endpoint.

   In the endpoint-initiated scheme, the QoS RRE (i.e., the AppE)
   determines the required application-level QoS and sends a QoS request
   through an application signaling message.  The AppS will extract
   application-level QoS information and trigger the authorization
   process to the AE.  In the network-initiated scheme, the AE and/or



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   AppS should derive and determine the QoS requirements according to
   application attribute, subscription, and endpoint capability when the
   endpoint does not explicitly indicate the QoS attributes.  The AE
   makes an authorization decision based on application-level QoS
   information, network policies, end-user subscription, network
   resource availability, etc., and installs the decision to the NE
   directly.

   A Category 1 AppE requires network-initiated Push mode and a Category
   2 AppE may use either type of Push Mode.

                               financial settlement
                                ...........................+
      Application               V             -------      .
      signaling msg   +--------------+      / QoS AAA \    .
      +-------------->|              |     /  protocol \   .
      |               | Authorizing  +--------------+   \  .
      |               | Entity       |   |          |    | .
      |               +              |<--+----+     |    | .
      |               +--------------+  |QoS  |     |QoS  |.
      |                                install|     |install
      |                                 |rsp. |     |req. |.
      |                                 |     |     |     |.
      |                                  |    |     | .  | .
      |                                   \   |     | . /  .
      |                                     \ |     | /    .
      V                                       |-----V .    .
    +-------------+                  +--------+-----+      .
    |  Entity     |                  | NE           |      .
    |  requesting |                  | performing   |      .
    |  resource   |QoS rsrc granted  | QoS          | <....+
    |             |<-----------------| reservation  |
    +-------------+                  +--------------+

                      Figure 5: Scheme for Push Mode

3.4.  QoS Application Requirements

   A QoS application must meet a number of requirements applicable to a
   diverse set of networking environments and services.  It should be
   compatible with different deployment scenarios having specific QoS
   signaling models and security issues.  Satisfying the requirements
   listed below while interworking with QoS signaling protocols, a
   Diameter QoS application should accommodate the capabilities of the
   QoS signaling protocols rather than introduce functional requirements
   on them.  A list of requirements for a QoS authorization application
   is provided here:




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   Identity-based Routing
      The Diameter QoS application MUST route AAA requests to the
      Authorizing Entity, based on the provided identity of the QoS
      requesting entity or the identity of the AE encoded in the
      provided authorization token.

   Flexible Authentication Support
      The Diameter QoS application MUST support a variety of different
      authentication protocols for verification of authentication
      information present in QoS signaling messages.  The support for
      these protocols MAY be provided indirectly by tying the signaling
      communication for QoS to a previous authentication protocol
      exchange (e.g., using network access authentication).

   Making an Authorization Decision
      The Diameter QoS application MUST exchange sufficient information
      between the AE and the enforcing entity (and vice versa) to
      compute an authorization decision and to execute this decision.

   Triggering an Authorization Process
      The Diameter QoS application MUST allow periodic and event-
      triggered execution of the authorization process, originated at
      the enforcing entity or even at the AE.

   Associating QoS Reservations and Application State
      The Diameter QoS application MUST carry information sufficient for
      an AppS to identify the appropriate application session and
      associate it with a particular QoS reservation.

   Dynamic Authorization
      It MUST be possible for the Diameter QoS application to push
      updates towards the NE(s) from Authorizing Entities.

   Bearer Gating
      The Diameter QoS application MUST allow the AE to gate (i.e.,
      enable/disable) authorized application flows based on, e.g.,
      application state transitions.

   Accounting Records
      The Diameter QoS application MAY define QoS accounting records
      containing duration, volume (byte count) usage information, and a
      description of the QoS attributes (e.g., bandwidth, delay, loss
      rate) that were supported for the flow.

   Sending Accounting Records
      The NE SHOULD be able to send accounting records for a particular
      QoS reservation state to an accounting entity.




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   Failure Notification
      The Diameter QoS application MUST allow the NE to report failures,
      such as loss of connectivity due to movement of a mobile node or
      other reasons for packet loss, to the Authorizing Entity.

   Accounting Correlation
      The Diameter QoS application MAY support the exchange of
      sufficient information to allow for correlation between accounting
      records generated by the NEs and accounting records generated by
      an AppS.

   Interaction with Other AAA Applications
      Interaction with other AAA applications, such as the Diameter
      Network Access Server Application [RFC4005], may be required for
      exchange of authorization, authentication, and accounting
      information.

   In deployment scenarios where authentication of the QoS reservation
   requesting entity (e.g., the user) is done by means outside the
   Diameter QoS application protocol interaction, the AE is contacted
   only with a request for QoS authorization.  Authentication might have
   taken place already via the interaction with the Diameter application
   [RFC4005] or as part of the QoS signaling protocol (e.g., Transport
   Layer Security (TLS) [RFC5246] in the General Internet Signaling
   Transport (GIST) protocol [NSIS-NTLP]).

   Authentication of the QoS reservation requesting entity to the AE is
   necessary if a particular Diameter QoS application protocol cannot be
   related (or if there is no intention to relate it) to a prior
   authentication.  In this case, the AE MUST authenticate the QoS
   reservation requesting entity in order to authorize the QoS request
   as part of the Diameter QoS protocol interaction.

   This document refers to three types of sessions that need to be
   properly correlated.

   QoS Signaling Session
      The time period during which a QoS signaling protocol establishes,
      maintains, and deletes a QoS reservation state at the QoS network
      element is referred to as a QoS signaling session.  Different QoS
      signaling protocols use different ways to identify QoS signaling
      sessions.  The same applies to different usage environments.
      Currently, this document supports three types of QoS session
      identifiers, namely a signaling session id (e.g., the Session
      Identifier used by the NSIS protocol suite), a flow id (e.g.,
      identifier assigned by an application to a certain flow as used in
      the 3GPP), and a flow description based on the IP parameters of
      the flow's endpoints.



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   Diameter Authorization Session
      The time period for which a Diameter server authorizes a requested
      service (i.e., QoS resource reservation) is referred to as a
      Diameter authorization session.  It is identified by a Session-Id
      included in all Diameter messages used for management of the
      authorized service (initial authorization, re-authorization,
      termination), see [RFC3588].

   Application-Layer Session
      The application-layer session identifies the duration of an
      application-layer service that requires provision of a certain
      QoS.  An application-layer session identifier is provided by the
      QoS requesting entity in the QoS signaling messages, for example
      as part of the authorization token.  In general, the application
      session identifier is opaque to the QoS-aware NEs.  It is included
      in the authorization request message sent to the AE and helps it
      to correlate the QoS authorization request to the application
      session state information.

   Correlating these sessions is done at each of the three involved
   entities: The QoS requesting entity correlates the application with
   the QoS signaling sessions.  The QoS NE correlates the QoS signaling
   session with the Diameter authorization sessions.  The AE SHOULD bind
   the information about the three sessions together.  Note that in
   certain scenarios, not all of the sessions are present.  For example,
   the application session might not be visible to the QoS signaling
   protocol directly if there is no binding between the application
   session and the QoS requesting entity using the QoS signaling
   protocol.

4.  QoS Application Session Establishment and Management

4.1.  Parties Involved

   Authorization models supported by this application include three
   parties:

   o  Resource Requesting Entity

   o  Network Elements (Diameter QoS application (DQA) client)

   o  Authorizing Entity (Diameter QoS application (DQA) server)

   Note that the QoS RRE is only indirectly involved in the message
   exchange.  This entity provides the trigger to initiate the Diameter
   QoS protocol interaction by transmitting QoS signaling messages.  The
   Diameter QoS application is only executed between the Network Element
   (i.e., DQA client) and the Authorizing Entity (i.e., DQA server).



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   The QoS RRE may communicate with the AE using application-layer
   signaling for the negotiation of service parameters.  As part of this
   application-layer protocol interaction, for example using SIP,
   authentication and authorization might take place.  This message
   exchange is, however, outside the scope of this document.  The
   protocol communication between the QoS resource requesting entity and
   the QoS NE might be accomplished using the NSIS protocol suite, RSVP,
   or a link-layer signaling protocol.  A description of these protocols
   is also outside the scope of this document.

4.2.  Session Establishment

   Pull and Push modes use a different set of command codes for session
   establishment.  For other operations, such as session modification
   and termination, they use the same set of command codes.

   The selection of Pull mode or Push mode operation is based on the
   trigger of the QoS authorization session.  When a QoS-Authorization-
   Request (QAR, see Section 5.1) message with a new Session-Id is
   received, the AE operates in Pull mode; when other triggers are
   received, the AE operates in Push mode.  Similarly, when a QoS-
   Install-Request (QIR, see Section 5.3} with a new Session-Id is
   received, the NE operates in Push mode; when other triggers are
   received, the NE operates in Pull mode.

   The QoS authorization session is typically established per subscriber
   base (i.e., all requests with the same User-ID), but it is also
   possible to be established on a per node or per request base.  The
   concurrent sessions between an NE and an AE are identified by
   different Session-Ids.

4.2.1.  Session Establishment for Pull Mode

   A request for a QoS reservation or local events received by an NE can
   trigger the initiation of a Diameter QoS authorization session.  The
   NE converts the required objects from the QoS signaling message to
   Diameter AVPs and generates a QAR message.

   Figure 6 shows the protocol interaction between a Resource Requesting
   Entity, a Network Element, and the Authorizing Entity.

   The AE's identity, information about the application session and/or
   identity and credentials of the QoS RRE, requested QoS parameters,
   and the signaling session identifier and/or QoS-enabled data flows
   identifiers MAY be encapsulated into respective Diameter AVPs and
   included in the Diameter message sent to the AE.  The QAR is sent to
   a Diameter server that can be either the home server of the QoS
   requesting entity or an AppS.



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   +------------------------------------------+------------------------+
   | QoS-Specific Input Data                  | Diameter AVPs          |
   +------------------------------------------+------------------------+
   | Authorizing Entity ID (e.g.,             | Destination-Host       |
   | Destination-Host taken from              | Destination-Realm      |
   | authorization token, Destination-Realm,  |                        |
   | or derived from the Network Access       |                        |
   | Identifier (NAI) of the QoS requesting   |                        |
   | entity)                                  |                        |
   | Authorization Token Credentials of the   | QoS-Authorization-Data |
   | QoS requesting entity                    | User-Name              |
   | QoS-Resources (including QoS parameters) |                        |
   +------------------------------------------+------------------------+

           Table 1: Mapping Input Data to QoS AVPs -- Pull Mode

   Authorization processing starts at the Diameter QoS server when it
   receives the QAR.  Based on the information in the QoS-
   Authentication-Data, User-Name, and QoS-Resources AVPs, the server
   determines the authorized QoS resources and flow state (enabled/
   disabled) from locally available information (e.g., policy
   information that may be previously established as part of an
   application-layer signaling exchange or the user's subscription
   profile).  The QoS-Resources AVP is defined in [RFC5777].  The
   authorization decision is then reflected in the response returned to
   the Diameter client with the QoS-Authorization-Answer (QAA) message.

























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                                               Authorizing
     End-Host         Network Element             Entity
   requesting QoS       (Diameter               (Diameter
                        QoS Client)             QoS Server)
       |                   |                         |
       +---QoS-Reserve---->|                         |
       |                   +- - - - - QAR - - - - - >|
       |                   |(QoS-Resources,          |
       |                   |   QoS-Auth-Data,User-ID)|
       |                   |                +--------+--------------+
       |                   |                |  Authorize request    |
       |                   |                |  Keep session data    |
       |                   |                |/Authz-time,Session-Id/|
       |                   |                +--------+--------------+
       |                   |< - - - - QAA - - - - - -+
       |                   |(Result-Code,            |
       |                   |QoS-Resources,Authz-time)|
       |           +-------+---------+
       |           |Install QoS state|
       |           |       +         |
       |           | Authz  session  |
       |           | /Authz-time/    |                QoS Responder
       |           |                 |                    Node
       |           +-------+---------+                      |
       |                   +----------QoS-Reserve---....--->|
       |                   |                                |
       |                   |<---------QoS-Response--....----|
       |<--QoS-Response----+                                |
       |                   |                                |
       |=====================Data Flow==============....===>|

         Figure 6: Initial QoS Request Authorization for Pull Mode

   The Authorizing Entity keeps authorization session state and SHOULD
   save additional information for management of the session (e.g.,
   Signaling-Session-Id, authentication data) as part of the session
   state information.

   The final result of the authorization request is provided in the
   Result-Code AVP of the QAA message sent by the Authorizing Entity.
   In the case of successful authorization (i.e., Result-Code =
   DIAMETER_LIMITED_SUCCESS (see Section 7.1)), information about the
   authorized QoS resources and the status of the authorized flow
   (enabled/disabled) is provided in the QoS-Resources AVP of the QAA
   message.  The QoS information provided via the QAA is installed by
   the QoS Traffic Control function of the NE.  The value





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   DIAMETER_LIMITED_SUCCESS indicates that the AE expects confirmation
   via another QAR message for successful QoS resource reservation and
   for final reserved QoS resources (see below).

   One important piece of information returned from the Authorizing
   Entity is the authorization lifetime (carried inside the QAA).  The
   authorization lifetime allows the NE to determine how long the
   authorization decision is valid for this particular QoS reservation.
   A number of factors may influence the authorized session duration,
   such as the user's subscription plan or the currently available
   credits at the user's account (see Section 8).  The authorization
   duration is time-based, as specified in [RFC3588].  For an extension
   of the authorization period, a new QoS-Authorization-Request/Answer
   message exchange SHOULD be initiated.  Further aspects of QoS
   authorization session maintenance are discussed in Sections 4.3, 4.4,
   and 8.

   The indication of a successful QoS reservation and activation of the
   data flow is provided by the transmission of a QAR message, which
   reports the parameters of the established QoS state: reserved
   resources, duration of the reservation, and identification of the QoS
   enabled flow/QoS signaling session.  The Diameter QoS server
   acknowledges the reserved QoS resources with the QA Answer (QAA)
   message where the Result-Code is set to 'DIAMETER_SUCCESS'.  Note
   that the reserved QoS resources reported in this QAR message MAY be
   different than those authorized with the initial QAA message, due to
   the QoS-signaling-specific behavior (e.g., receiver-initiated
   reservations with One-Path-With-Advertisements) or specific process
   of QoS negotiation along the data path.

4.2.2.  Session Establishment for Push Mode

   The Diameter QoS server in the AE initiates a Diameter QoS
   authorization session upon the request for a QoS reservation
   triggered by application-layer signaling or by local events, and
   generates a QoS-Install-Request (QIR) message to the Diameter QoS
   client in the NE in which it maps required objects to Diameter
   payload objects.

   Figure 7 shows the protocol interaction between the AE, a Network
   Element, and an RRE.

   The NE's identity, information about the application session and/or
   identity and credentials of the QoS resource requesting entity,
   requested QoS parameters, and signaling session identifier and/or QoS
   enabled data flows identifiers MAY be encapsulated into respective
   Diameter AVPs and included in the Diameter message sent from a
   Diameter QoS server in the Authorizing Entity to a Diameter QoS



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   client in the NE.  This requires that the AE has knowledge of
   specific information for allocating and identifying the NE that
   should be contacted and the data flow for which the QoS reservation
   should be established.  This information can be statically configured
   or dynamically discovered, see Section 4.2.3 for details.

   +-----------------------------------------+-------------------------+
   | QoS-Specific Input Data                 | Diameter AVPs           |
   +-----------------------------------------+-------------------------+
   | Network Element ID                      | Destination-Host        |
   |                                         | Destination-Realm       |
   | Authorization Token Credentials of the  | QoS-Authorization-Data  |
   | QoS requesting entity                   | User-Name               |
   | QoS-Resources (including QoS            |                         |
   | parameters)                             |                         |
   +-----------------------------------------+-------------------------+

           Table 2: Mapping Input Data to QoS AVPs -- Push Mode

   Authorization processing starts at the Diameter QoS server when it
   receives a request from an RRE through an AppS (e.g., SIP Invite) or
   is triggered by a local event (e.g., a pre-configured timer).  Based
   on the received information, the server determines the authorized QoS
   resources and flow state (enabled/disabled) from locally available
   information (e.g., policy information that may be previously
   established as part of an application-layer signaling exchange, or
   the user's subscription profile).  The authorization decision is then
   reflected in the QoS-Install-Request (QIR) message to the Diameter
   QoS client.






















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                                               Authorizing
     End-Host         Network Element             Entity
   requesting QoS       (Diameter               (Diameter
                        QoS Client)             QoS Server)
       |                   |                          |
       |                   |                          |<-- Trigger --
       |                   |                 +--------+--------------+
       |                   |                 |  Authorize request    |
       |                   |                 |  Keep session data    |
       |                   |                 |/Authz-time,Session-Id/|
       |                   |                 +--------+--------------+
       |                   |                          |
       |                   |<-- - -- - QIR - - - - - -+
       |                   |(Initial Request,Decision |
       |                   |(QoS-Resources,Authz-time)|
       |           +-------+---------+
       |           |Install QoS state|
       |           |       +         |
       |           | Authz  session  |
       |           | /Authz-time/    |
       |           |                 |
       |           +-------+---------+
       |                   + - - - - QIA - - - - - ->|
       |                   |    (Result-Code,        |
       |                   |     QoS-Resources)      |
       |                   |                +--------+--------------+
       |                   |                | Report for successful |
       |                   |                |   QoS reservation     |
       |                   |                |Update of reserved QoS |
       |                   |                |      resources        |
       |                   |                +--------+--------------+
       |                   |                         QoS Responder
       |                   |                               Node
       |                   |                                |
       |=====================Data Flow==============....===>|

         Figure 7: Initial QoS Request Authorization for Push Mode

   The AE keeps authorization session state and SHOULD save additional
   information for management of the session (e.g.,
   Signaling-Session-Id, authentication data) as part of the session
   state information.

   The final result of the authorization decision is provided in the
   QoS-Resources AVP of the QIR message sent by the AE.  The QoS
   information provided via the QIR is installed by the QoS Traffic
   Control function of the NE.




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   One important piece of information from the AE is the authorization
   lifetime (carried inside the QIR).  The authorization lifetime allows
   the NE to determine how long the authorization decision is valid for
   this particular QoS reservation.  A number of factors may influence
   the authorized session duration, such as the user's subscription plan
   or the currently available credits at the user's account (see
   Section 8).  The authorization duration is time-based as specified in
   [RFC3588].  For an extension of the authorization period, a new QoS-
   Install-Request/Answer message or QoS-Authorization-Request/Answer
   message exchange SHOULD be initiated.  Further aspects of QoS
   authorization session maintenance are discussed in Sections 4.3, 4.4,
   and 8.

   The indication of QoS reservation and activation of the data flow can
   be provided by the QoS-Install-Answer message immediately.  In the
   case of successful enforcement, the Result-Code (= DIAMETER_SUCCESS,
   (see Section 7.1)) information is provided in the QIA message.  Note
   that the reserved QoS resources reported in the QIA message may be
   different than those initially authorized with the QIR message, due
   to the QoS signaling-specific behavior (e.g., receiver-initiated
   reservations with One-Path-With-Advertisements) or specific process
   of QoS negotiation along the data path.  In the case that Multiple
   AEs control the same NE, the NE should make the selection on the
   authorization decision to be enforced based on the priority of the
   request.

4.2.3.  Discovery and Selection of Peer Diameter QoS Application Node

   The Diameter QoS application node may obtain information of its peer
   nodes (e.g., Fully-Qualified Domain Name (FQDN), IP address) through
   static configuration or dynamic discovery as described in Section 5.2
   of [RFC3588].  In particular, the NE shall perform the relevant
   operation for Pull mode; the AE shall perform the relevant operations
   for Push mode.

   Upon receipt of a trigger to initiate a new Diameter QoS
   authorization session, the Diameter QoS application node selects and
   retrieves the location information of the peer node that is
   associated with the affected user based on some index information
   provided by the RRE.  For instance, it can be the Authorization
   Entity's ID stored in the authorization token, the end-user identity
   (e.g., NAI [RFC4282]), or a globally routable IP address.

4.3.  Session Re-Authorization

   Client- and server-side initiated re-authorizations are considered in
   the design of the Diameter QoS application.  Whether the
   re-authorization events are transparent for the resource requesting



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   entity or result in specific actions in the QoS signaling protocol is
   outside the scope of the Diameter QoS application.  It is directly
   dependent on the capabilities of the QoS signaling protocol.

   There are a number of options for policy rules according to which the
   NE (AAA client) contacts the AE for re-authorization.  These rules
   depend on the semantics and contents of the QAA message sent by the
   AE:

   a.  The QAA message contains the authorized parameters of the flow
       and its QoS and sets their limits (presumably upper).  With these
       parameters, the AE specifies the services that the NE can provide
       and for which it will be financially compensated.  Therefore, any
       change or request for change of the parameters of the flow and
       its QoS that do not conform to the authorized limits requires
       contacting the AE for authorization.

   b.  The QAA message contains authorized parameters of the flow and
       its QoS.  The rules that determine whether parameters' changes
       require re-authorization are agreed out of band, based on a
       Service Level Agreement (SLA) between the domains of the NE and
       the AE.

   c.  The QAA message contains the authorized parameters of the flow
       and its QoS.  Any change or request for change of these
       parameters requires contacting the AE for re-authorization.

   d.  In addition to the authorized parameters of the flow and its QoS,
       the QAA message contains policy rules that determine the NEs
       actions in case of a change or a request for change in authorized
       parameters.

   Provided options are not exhaustive.  Elaborating on any of the
   listed approaches is deployment/solution specific and is not
   considered in the current document.

   In addition, the AE may use an RAR (Re-Authorization-Request) to
   perform re-authorization with the authorized parameters directly when
   the re-authorization is triggered by service request or local events/
   policy rules.

4.3.1.  Client-Side Initiated Re-Authorization

   The AE provides the duration of the authorization session as part of
   the QoS-Authorization-Answer (QAA) message.  At any time before the
   expiration of this period, a new QoS-Authorization-Request (QAR)
   message MAY be sent to the AE.  The transmission of the QAR MAY be
   triggered when the NE receives a QoS signaling message that requires



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   modification of the authorized parameters of an ongoing QoS session,
   or authorization lifetime expires.

                                               Authorizing
     End-Host         Network Element             Entity
   requesting QoS       (Diameter               (Diameter
                        QoS Client)             QoS Server)
       |                   |                         |
       |=====================Data Flow==========================>
       |                   |                         |
       |           +-------+----------+              |
       |           |Authz-time/CC-Time|              |
       |           |    expires       |              |
       |           +-------+----------+              |
       |                   +- - - - - QAR - - - - - >|
       |                   |(QoS-Resources,          |
       |                   | QoS-Authorization-Data,User-ID) |
                           |                +--------+--------------+
    NOTE:                  |                |  Authorize request    |
    Re-authorization       |                | Update session data   |
    is transparent to      |                |/Authz-time,Session-Id/|
    the End-Host           |                +--------+--------------+
                           |< - - - - QAA - - - - - -+
       |                   |(Result-Code,            |
       |                   |QoS-Resources,Authz-time)|
       |           +-------+---------+               |
       |           |Update QoS state |               |
       |           |       +         |               |
       |           | Authz  session  |               |
       |           | /Authz-time/    |               |
       |           |                 |               |
       |           +-------+---------+               |
       |                   |                         |
       |=====================Data Flow==========================>
       |                   |

           Figure 8: Client-side Initiated QoS Re-Authorization

4.3.2.  Server-Side Initiated Re-Authorization

   The AE MAY initiate a QoS re-authorization by issuing a
   Re-Authorization-Request (RAR) message as defined in the Diameter
   base protocol [RFC3588], which may include the parameters of the
   re-authorized QoS state: reserved resources, duration of the
   reservation, identification of the QoS-enabled flow/QoS signaling
   session for re-installation of the resource state by the QoS Traffic
   Control function of the NE.




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   An NE that receives such an RAR message with Session-Id matching a
   currently active QoS session acknowledges the request by sending the
   Re-Auth-Answer (RAA) message towards the AE.

   If the RAR does not include any parameters of the re-authorized QoS
   state, the NE MUST initiate a QoS re-authorization by sending a
   QoS-Authorization-Request (QAR) message towards the AE.

                                               Authorizing
     End-Host         Network Element             Entity
   requesting QoS       (Diameter               (Diameter
                        QoS Client)             QoS Server)
       |                   |                          |
       |                   |                          |<-- Trigger --
       |                   |                 +--------+--------------+
       |                   |                 |  Authorize request    |
       |                   |                 |  Keep session data    |
       |                   |                 |/Authz-time,Session-Id/|
       |                   |                 +--------+--------------+
       |                   |                          |
       |                   |<-- - -- - RAR - - - - - -+
       |                   |(Request,Decision         |
       |                   |(QoS-Resources,Authz-time)|
       |           +-------+---------+
       |           |Install QoS state|
       |           |       +         |
       |           | Authz  session  |
       |           | /Authz-time/    |
       |           |                 |
       |           +-------+---------+
       |                   + - - - - RAA - - - - - ->|
       |                   |    (Result-Code,        |
       |                   |     QoS-Resources)      |
       |                   |                +--------+--------------+
       |                   |                | Report for successful |
       |                   |                |   QoS reservation     |
       |                   |                |Update of reserved QoS |
       |                   |                |      resources        |
       |                   |                +--------+--------------+
       |                   |                         |

           Figure 9: Server-Side Initiated QoS Re-Authorization









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4.4.  Session Termination

4.4.1.  Client-Side Initiated Session Termination

   The authorization session for an installed QoS reservation state MAY
   be terminated by the Diameter client by sending a Session-
   Termination-Request (STR) message to the Diameter server with a
   response Session-Termination-Acknowledgement (STA) message.  This is
   a Diameter base protocol function and it is defined in [RFC3588].
   Session termination can be caused by a QoS signaling message
   requesting deletion of the existing QoS reservation state, or it can
   be caused as a result of a soft-state expiration of the QoS
   reservation state.

                                               Authorizing
     End-Host         Network Element             Entity
   requesting QoS       (Diameter               (Diameter
                        QoS Client)             QoS Server)
       |                   |                         |
       |==Data Flow==>X /Stop of the data flow/      |
       |                   |                         |
       +---QoS-Reserve---->|                         |
       |  (Delete QoS      +- - - - - STR - - - - - >|
       |   reservation)    |                +--------+--------------+
       |                   |                | Remove authorization  |
       |                   |                | session state         |
       |                   |                +--------+--------------+
       |                   |< - - - - STA - - - - - -+
       |           +-------+--------+                |
       |           |Delete QoS state|
       |           +-------+--------+                   QoS Responder
       |                   |                                Node
       |                   +----------QoS-Reserve-----....--->|
       |                   |         (Delete QoS              |
       |                   |          reservation)            |
       |                   |<---------QoS-Response----....----+
       |<--QoS-Response----+                                  |

           Figure 10: Client-Side Initiated Session Termination

4.4.2.  Server-Side Initiated Session Termination

   At any time during a session, the AE MAY send an Abort-Session-
   Request (ASR) message to the NE.  This is a Diameter base protocol
   function and it is defined in [RFC3588].  Possible reasons for
   initiating the ASR message to the NE are insufficient credits or
   session termination at the application layer.  The ASR message
   results in termination of the authorized session, release of the



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   reserved resources at the NE, and transmission of an appropriate QoS
   signaling message indicating a notification to other Network Elements
   aware of the signaling session.

                                               Authorizing
     End-Host         Network Element             Entity
   requesting QoS       (Diameter               (Diameter
                        QoS Client)             QoS Server)
       |                   |                         |
       |=====================Data Flow==========================>
       |                   |
       |                   |< - - - - ASR - - - - - -+
       |                   |                         |
       |====Data Flow=====>X                         |  QoS Responder
       |                   |                         |      Node
       |<--QoS-Notify------+----------QoS-Reserve-----....--->|
       |                   |         (Delete QoS     |        |
                           |          reservation)   |
                   +-------+--------+                |
                   |Delete QoS state|                |
                   +-------+--------+                |
                           +- - - - - ASA - - - - - >|
                           |                +--------+--------------+
                           |                | Remove authorization  |
                           |                |     session state     |
                           |                +--------+--------------+
                           |                            QoS Responder
                           |                                Node
                           |<---------QoS-Response----....----+
                           |                                  |

           Figure 11: Server-Side Initiated Session Termination

5.  QoS Application Messages

   The Diameter QoS application requires the definition of new mandatory
   AVPs and Command-Codes (see Section 3 of [RFC3588]).  Four new
   Diameter messages are defined along with Command-Codes whose values
   MUST be supported by all Diameter implementations that conform to
   this specification.











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       +---------------------------+---------+------+-------------+
       | Command Name              | Abbrev. | Code | Reference   |
       +---------------------------+---------+------+-------------+
       | QoS-Authorization-Request |   QAR   |  326 | Section 5.1 |
       | QoS-Authorization-Answer  |   QAA   |  326 | Section 5.2 |
       | QoS-Install-Request       |   QIR   |  327 | Section 5.3 |
       | QoS-Install-Answer        |   QIA   |  327 | Section 5.4 |
       +---------------------------+---------+------+-------------+

                      Table 3: Diameter QoS Commands

   In addition, the following Diameter base protocol messages are used
   in the Diameter QoS application:

          +-----------------------+---------+------+-----------+
          | Command-Name          | Abbrev. | Code | Reference |
          +-----------------------+---------+------+-----------+
          | Re-Auth-Request       |   RAR   |  258 | [RFC3588] |
          | Re-Auth-Answer        |   RAA   |  258 | [RFC3588] |
          | Abort-Session-Request |   ASR   |  274 | [RFC3588] |
          | Abort-Session-Answer  |   ASA   |  274 | [RFC3588] |
          | Session-Term-Request  |   STR   |  275 | [RFC3588] |
          | Session-Term-Answer   |   STA   |  275 | [RFC3588] |
          +-----------------------+---------+------+-----------+

                      Table 4: Diameter Base Commands

   Diameter nodes conforming to this specification MAY advertise support
   for the Diameter QoS application by including the value of 9 in the
   Auth-Application-Id or the Acct-Application-Id AVP of the
   Capabilities-Exchange-Request and Capabilities-Exchange-Answer
   commands, see [RFC3588].

   The value of 9 MUST be used as the Application-Id in all QAR/QAA and
   QIR/QIA commands.

   The value of zero (0) SHOULD be used as the Application-Id in all
   STR/STA, ASR/ASA, and RAR/RAA commands.

5.1.  QoS-Authorization Request (QAR)

   The QoS-Authorization-Request (QAR) message, indicated by the
   Command-Code field (see Section 3 of [RFC3588]) being set to 326 and
   the 'R' bit being set in the Command Flags field, is used by NEs to
   request quality of service related resource authorization for a given
   flow.





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   The QAR message MUST carry information for signaling session
   identification, AE identification, information about the requested
   QoS, and the identity of the QoS requesting entity.  In addition,
   depending on the deployment scenario, an authorization token and
   credentials of the QoS requesting entity SHOULD be included.

   The message format is defined as follows:

    <QoS-Authorization-Request> ::= < Diameter Header: 326, REQ, PXY >
                                    < Session-Id >
                                    { Auth-Application-Id }
                                    { Origin-Host }
                                    { Origin-Realm }
                                    { Destination-Realm }
                                    { Auth-Request-Type }
                                    [ Destination-Host ]
                                    [ User-Name ]
                                 *  [ QoS-Resources ]
                                    [ QoS-Authorization-Data ]
                                    [ Bound-Auth-Session-Id ]
                                 *  [ AVP ]

5.2.  QoS-Authorization-Answer (QAA)

   The QoS-Authorization-Answer (QAA) message, indicated by the Command-
   Code field being set to 326 and the 'R' bit being cleared in the
   Command Flags field, is sent in response to the QoS-Authorization-
   Request (QAR) message.  If the QoS authorization request is
   successfully authorized, the response will include the AVPs to allow
   authorization of the QoS resources and transport plane gating
   information.

   The message format is defined as follows:

    <QoS-Authorization-Answer> ::= < Diameter Header: 326, PXY >
                                   < Session-Id >
                                   { Auth-Application-Id }
                                   { Auth-Request-Type }
                                   { Result-Code }
                                   { Origin-Host }
                                   { Origin-Realm }
                                *  [ QoS-Resources ]
                                   [ Acct-Multisession-Id ]
                                   [ Session-Timeout ]
                                   [ Authorization-Session-Lifetime ]
                                   [ Authorization-Grace-Period ]
                                *  [ AVP ]




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5.3.  QoS-Install Request (QIR)

   The QoS-Install Request (QIR) message, indicated by the Command-Code
   field being set to 327 and the 'R' bit being set in the Command Flags
   field, is used by the AE to install or update the QoS parameters and
   the flow state of an authorized flow at the transport plane element.

   The message MUST carry information for signaling-session
   identification or identification of the flow to which the provided
   QoS rules apply, identity of the transport plane element, description
   of provided QoS parameters, flow state, and duration of the provided
   authorization.

   The message format is defined as follows:

    <QoS-Install-Request> ::= < Diameter Header: 327, REQ, PXY >
                              < Session-Id >
                              { Auth-Application-Id }
                              { Origin-Host }
                              { Origin-Realm }
                              { Destination-Realm }
                              { Auth-Request-Type }
                              [ Destination-Host ]
                           *  [ QoS-Resources ]
                              [ Session-Timeout ]
                              [ Authorization-Session-Lifetime ]
                              [ Authorization-Grace-Period ]
                              [ Authorization-Session-Volume ]
                           *  [ AVP ]

5.4.  QoS-Install Answer (QIA)

   The QoS-Install Answer (QIA) message, indicated by the Command-Code
   field being set to 327 and the 'R' bit being cleared in the Command
   Flags, field is sent in response to the QoS-Install Request (QIR)
   message for confirmation of the result of the installation of the
   provided QoS reservation instructions.

   The message format is defined as follows:

     <QoS-Install-Answer> ::= < Diameter Header: 327, PXY >
                              < Session-Id >
                              { Auth-Application-Id }
                              { Origin-Host }
                              { Origin-Realm }
                              { Result-Code }
                           *  [ QoS-Resources ]
                           *  [ AVP ]



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5.5.  Re-Auth-Request (RAR)

   The Re-Auth-Request (RAR) message, indicated by the Command-Code
   field being set to 258 and the 'R' bit being set in the Command Flags
   field, is sent by the AE to the NE in order to initiate the QoS
   re-authorization from the DQA server side.

   If the RAR command is received by the NE without any parameters of
   the re-authorized QoS state, the NE MUST initiate a QoS
   re-authorization by sending a QoS-Authorization-Request (QAR) message
   towards the AE.

   The message format is defined as follows:

         <RAR>  ::= < Diameter Header: 258, REQ, PXY >
                    < Session-Id >
                    { Origin-Host }
                    { Origin-Realm }
                    { Destination-Realm }
                    { Destination-Host }
                    { Auth-Application-Id }
                    { Re-Auth-Request-Type }
                    [ User-Name ]
                    [ Origin-State-Id ]
                  * [ Proxy-Info ]
                  * [ Route-Record ]
                  * [ QoS-Resources ]
                    [ Session-Timeout ]
                    [ Authorization-Session-Lifetime ]
                    [ Authorization-Grace-Period ]
                    [ Authorization-Session-Volume ]
                  * [ AVP ]



















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5.6.  Re-Auth-Answer (RAA)

   The Re-Auth-Answer (RAA) message, indicated by the Command-Code field
   being set to 258 and the 'R' bit being cleared in the Command Flags
   field, is sent by the NE to the AE in response to the RAR command.

   The message format is defined as follows:

         <RAA>  ::= < Diameter Header: 258, PXY >
                    < Session-Id >
                    { Result-Code }
                    { Origin-Host }
                    { Origin-Realm }
                    [ User-Name ]
                    [ Origin-State-Id ]
                    [ Error-Message ]
                    [ Error-Reporting-Host ]
                  * [ Failed-AVP ]
                  * [ Redirect-Host ]
                    [ Redirect-Host-Usage ]
                    [ Redirect-Host-Max-Cache-Time ]
                  * [ Proxy-Info ]
                  * [ QoS-Resources ]
                  * [ AVP ]

6.  QoS Application State Machine

   The QoS application defines its own state machine that is based on
   the authorization state machine defined in Section 8.1 of the
   Diameter base protocol ([RFC3588]).  The QoS state machine uses its
   own messages, as defined in Section 5, and QoS AVPs, as defined in
   Section 7.

6.1.  Supplemented States for Push Mode

   Using the Diameter base protocol state machine as a basis, the
   following states are supplemented to the first two state machines in
   which the session state is maintained on the server.  These MUST be
   supported in any QoS application implementations in support of
   server-initiated Push mode (see Section 4.2.2).











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   The following states are supplemented to the state machine on the
   server when state is maintained on the client, as defined in Section
   8.1 of the Diameter base protocol[RFC3588]:

                                 SERVER, STATEFUL
         State     Event                          Action     New State
         -------------------------------------------------------------
         Idle      An application or local        Send        Pending
                   event triggers an initial      QIR initial
                   QoS request to the server      request

         Pending   Received QIA with a failed     Clean up    Idle
                   Result-Code

         Pending   Received QIA with Result-Code  Update      Open
                   = SUCCESS                      session
         Pending   Error in processing received   Send        Discon
                   QIA with Result-Code = SUCCESS ASR

   The following states are supplemented to the state machine on the
   client when state is maintained on the server, as defined in Section
   8.1 of the Diameter base protocol [RFC3588]:

                                 CLIENT, STATEFUL
         State     Event                          Action     New State
         -------------------------------------------------------------
         Idle      QIR initial request            Send         Open
                   received and successfully      QIA initial
                   processed                      answer,
                                                  reserve
                                                  resources

         Idle      QIR initial request            Send         Idle
                   received but not               QIA initial
                   successfully processed         answer with
                                                  Result-Code
                                                  != SUCCESS

7.  QoS Application AVPs

   Each of the AVPs identified in the QoS-Authorization-Request/Answer
   and QoS-Install-Request/Answer messages and the assignment of their
   value(s) is given in this section.








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7.1.  Reused Base Protocol AVPs

   The QoS application uses a number of session management AVPs, defined
   in the base protocol ([RFC3588]).

   Attribute Name                AVP Code     Reference [RFC3588]
   Origin-Host                   264          Section 6.3
   Origin-Realm                  296          Section 6.4
   Destination-Host              293          Section 6.5
   Destination-Realm             283          Section 6.6
   Auth-Application-Id           258          Section 6.8
   Result-Code                   268          Section 7.1
   Auth-Request-Type             274          Section 8.7
   Session-Id                    263          Section 8.8
   Authorization-Lifetime        291          Section 8.9
   Auth-Grace-Period             276          Section 8.10
   Session-Timeout                27          Section 8.13
   User-Name                       1          Section 8.14

   The Auth-Application-Id AVP (AVP Code 258) is assigned by IANA to
   Diameter applications.  The value of the Auth-Application-Id for the
   Diameter QoS application is 9.

7.2.  QoS Application-Defined AVPs

   This document reuses the AVPs defined in Section 4 of [RFC5777].

   This section lists the AVPs that are introduced specifically for the
   QoS application.  The following new AVPs are defined: Bound-Auth-
   Session-Id and the QoS-Authorization-Data AVP.

   The following table describes the Diameter AVPs newly defined in this
   document for use with the QoS Application, their AVP code values,
   types, possible flag values, and to determine whether the AVP may be
   encrypted.
















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                                                  +-------------------+
                                                  |    AVP Flag rules |
   +----------------------------------------------|----+--------+-----+
   |                       AVP  Section           |    |    SHLD| MUST|
   | Attribute Name        Code Defined Data Type |MUST|     NOT|  NOT|
   +----------------------------------------------+----+--------+-----+
   |QoS-Authorization-Data 579    7.2  OctetString| M  |        |  V  |
   |Bound-Auth-Session-Id  580    7.2  UTF8String | M  |        |  V  |
   +----------------------------------------------+----+--------+-----+
   |M - Mandatory bit. An AVP with the "M" bit set and its value MUST |
   |    be supported and recognized by a Diameter entity in order for |
   |    the message, which carries this AVP, to be accepted.          |
   |V - Vendor-specific bit that indicates whether the AVP belongs to |
   |    an address space.                                              |
   +------------------------------------------------------------------+

   QoS-Authorization-Data
      The QoS-Authorization-Data AVP (AVP Code 579) is of type
      OctetString.  It is a container that carries application-session
      or user-specific data that has to be supplied to the AE as input
      to the computation of the authorization decision.

   Bound-Authentication-Session-Id
      The Bound-Authentication-Session AVP (AVP Code 580) is of type
      UTF8String.  It carries the ID of the Diameter authentication
      session that is used for the network access [RFC4005].  It is used
      to tie the QoS authorization request to a prior authentication of
      the end-host done by a co-located application for network access
      authentication ([RFC4005]) at the QoS NE.

8.  Accounting

   An NE MAY start an accounting session by sending an Accounting-
   Request (ACR) message after successful QoS reservation and activation
   of the data flow (see Figures 6 and 7).  After every successful re-
   authorization procedure (see Figures 8 and 9), the NE MAY initiate an
   interim accounting message exchange.  After successful session
   termination (see Figures 10 and 11), the NE may initiate a final
   exchange of accounting messages for the termination of the accounting
   session and report final records for the use of the QoS resources
   reserved.  It should be noted that the two sessions (authorization
   and accounting) have independent management by the Diameter base
   protocol, which allows for finalizing the accounting session after
   the end of the authorization session.

   The detailed QoS accounting procedures are out of scope in this
   document.




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9.  Examples

9.1.  Example Call Flow for Pull Mode (Success Case)

   This section presents an example of the interaction between the end-
   host and Diameter QoS application entities using Pull mode.  The
   application-layer signaling is, in this example, provided using SIP.
   Signaling for a QoS resource reservation is done using the QoS NSIS
   Signaling Layer Protocol (NSLP).  The authorization of the QoS
   reservation request is done by the Diameter QoS application (DQA).

     End-Host                                 SIP Proxy  Correspondent
   requesting QoS                            (DQA Server)        Node
         |                                          |              |
       ..|....Application-layer SIP signaling.......|..............|..
       . |  Invite (SDP)                            |              | .
       . +.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.->              | .
       . |  100 Trying                              |              | .
       . <.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-+  Invite (SDP)| .
       . |                                          +-.-.-.....-.-.> .
       . |                                          |  180 SDP'    | .
       . |                                          <-.-.-.....-.-.+ .
       . |                                 +--------+--------+     | .
       . |                                 |Authorize session|     | .
       . |                                 |   parameters    |     | .
       . | 180 (Session parameters)        +--------+--------+     | .
       . <.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-+              | .
       ..|..........................................|... ..........|..
         |                                          |              |
         |           +------------+                 |              |
         |           |     NE     |                 |              |
         |           |(DQA Client)|                 |              |
         |           +------+-----+                 |              |
         |                  |                       |              |
         |QoS NSLP Reserve  |                       |              |
         +------------------> QAR                   |              |
         | (POLICY_DATA>v   +- - - - -<<AAA>>- - - ->              |
         |  QSPEC)  v   >===>(Destination-Host,     |              |
         |      v   >=======>QoS-Authorization-Data++------------+ |
         |      >===========>QoS-Resources)        |Authorize    | |
         |                  |                      |QoS resources| |
         |                  |                      ++------------+ |
         |                  | QAA                   |              |
         |                  <- - - - -<<AAA>>- - - -+              |
         |                  |(Result-Code,          |              |
         |                  |QoS-Resources,         |              |
         |                  |Authorization-Lifetime)|              |




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         |        +---------+--------+              |              |
         |        |Install QoS state1|              |              |
         |        |+ Authz  session  |              |              |
         |        +---------+--------+              |              |
         |                  |QoS NSLP Reserve                      |
         |                  +---------------..............--------->
         |                  |                                      |
         |                  |                     QoS NSLP Response|
         |QoS NSLP Response <---------------..............---------+
         <------------------+                                      |
         |                  |                        QoS NSLP Query|
         |QoS NSLP Query    <---------------..............---------+
         <------------------+                                      |
         |QoS NSLP Reserve  |                                      |
         +------------------> QAR                   |              |
         |                  +- - - - -<<AAA>>- - - ->              |
         |                  |                   +---+---------+    |
         |                  |                   |Authorize    |    |
         |                  |                   |QoS resources|    |
         |                  | QAA               +---+---------+    |
         |                  <- - - - -<<AAA>>- - - -+              |
         |        +---------+--------+              |              |
         |        |Install QoS state2|                             |
         |        |+ Authz  session  |                             |
         |        +---------+--------+                             |
         |                  |  QoS NSLP Reserve                    |
         |                  +---------------..............--------->
         |                  |                     QoS NSLP Response|
         |QoS NSLP Response <---------------..............---------+
         <------------------+                                      |
         |                  |                                      |
         /------------------+--Data Flow---------------------------\
         \------------------+--------------------------------------/
         |                  |                                      |

         .-.-.-.-.  SIP signaling
         ---------  QoS NSLP signaling
         - - - - -  Diameter QoS Application messages
         =========  Mapping of objects between QoS and AAA protocol

             Figure 12: QoS Authorization Example - Pull Mode










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   The communication starts with SIP signaling between the two endpoints
   and the SIP proxy for negotiation and authorization of the requested
   service and its parameters (see Figure 12).  As a part of the
   process, the SIP proxy verifies whether the user at Host A is
   authorized to use the requested service (and potentially the ability
   to be charged for the service usage).  Negotiated session parameters
   are provided to the end-host.

   Subsequently, Host A initiates a QoS signaling message towards Host
   B. It sends a QoS NSLP Reserve message, in which it includes
   description of the required QoS (QSPEC object) and authorization data
   for negotiated service session (part of the POLICY_DATA object).
   Authorization data includes, as a minimum, the identity of the AE
   (e.g., the SIP proxy) and an identifier of the application-service
   session for which QoS resources are requested.

   A QoS NSLP reserve message is intercepted and processed by the first
   QoS-aware Network Element.  The NE uses the Diameter QoS application
   to request authorization for the received QoS reservation request.
   The identity of the AE (in this case, the SIP server that is co-
   located with a Diameter server) is put into the Destination-Host AVP,
   any additional session authorization data is encapsulated into the
   QoS-Authorization-Data AVP, and the description of the QoS resources
   is included into the QoS-Resources AVP.  These AVPs are included into
   a QoS Authorization Request message, which is sent to the AE.

   A QAR message will be routed through the AAA network to the AE.  The
   AE verifies the requested QoS against the QoS resources negotiated
   for the service session and replies with a QoS-Authorization-Answer
   (QAA) message.  It carries the authorization result (Result-Code AVP)
   and the description of the authorized QoS parameters (QoS-Resources
   AVP), as well as duration of the authorization session
   (Authorization-Lifetime AVP).

   The NE interacts with the Traffic Control function and installs the
   authorized QoS resources and forwards the QoS NSLP reserve message
   farther along the data path.  Moreover, the NE may serve as a
   signaling proxy and process the QoS signaling (e.g., initiation or
   termination of QoS signaling) based on the QoS decision received from
   the Authorizing Entity.

9.2.  Example Call Flow for Pull Mode (Failure Case)

   This section repeats the scenario outlined in Section 9.1; however,
   in this case, we show a session authorization failure instead of
   success.  Failures can occur in various steps throughout the protocol
   execution, and in this example, we assume that the Diameter QAR
   request processed by the Diameter server leads to an unsuccessful



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   result.  The QAA message responds, in this example, with a permanent
   error "DIAMETER_AUTHORIZATION_REJECTED" (5003) set in the Result-Code
   AVP.  When the NE receives this response, it discontinues the QoS
   reservation signaling downstream and provides an error message back
   to the end-host that initiated the QoS signaling request.  The QoS
   NSLP response signaling message would in this case carry an INFO_SPEC
   object indicating the permanent failure as "Authorization failure"
   (0x02).











































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     End-Host                                 SIP Proxy  Correspondent
   requesting QoS                            (DQA Server)        Node

         |                                          |              |
       ..|...................SIP Signaling..........|..............|..
       . |  Invite (SDP)                            |              | .
       . +.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.->              | .
       . |  100 Trying                              |              | .
       . <.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-+  Invite (SDP)| .
       . |                                          +-.-.-.....-.-.> .
       . |                                          |  180 SDP'    | .
       . |                                          <-.-.-.....-.-.+ .
       . |                                 +--------+--------+     | .
       . |                                 |Authorize session|     | .
       . |                                 |   parameters    |     | .
       . | 180 (Session parameters)        +--------+--------+     | .
       . <.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-+              | .
       ..|..........................................|... ..........|..
         |                                          |              |
         |           +------------+                 |              |
         |           |     NE     |                 |              |
         |           |(DQA Client)|                 |              |
         |           +------+-----+                 |              |
         |                  |                       |              |
         |QoS NSLP Reserve  |                       |              |
         +------------------> QAR                   |              |
         | (POLICY_DATA>v   +- - - - -<<AAA>>- - - ->              |
         |  QSPEC)  v   >===>(Destination-Host,     |              |
         |      v   >=======>QoS-Authorization-Data++------------+ |
         |      >===========>QoS-Resources)        |Authorize    | |
         |                  |                      |QoS resources| |
         |                  |                      ++------------+ |
         |                  | QAA                   |              |
         |                  <- - - - -<<AAA>>- - - -+              |
         |                  |(Result-Code = 5003)   |              |
         |                  |                       |              |
         |QoS NSLP Response |                       |              |
         |(with error 0x02) |                       |              |
         <------------------+                       |              |
         |                  |                       |              |
         |                  |                       |              |

         .-.-.-.-.  SIP signaling
         ---------  QoS NSLP signaling
         - - - - -  Diameter QoS Application messages
         =========  Mapping of objects between QoS and AAA protocol

      Figure 13: QoS Authorization Example - Pull Mode (Failure Case)



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9.3.  Example Call Flow for Push Mode

   This section presents an example of the interaction between the end-
   host and Diameter QoS application entities using Push mode.  The
   application-layer signaling is, in this example, provided using SIP.
   Signaling for a QoS resource reservation is done using the QoS NSLP.
   The authorization of the QoS reservation request is done by the
   Diameter QoS application (DQA).

    End-Host              NE                  SIP Proxy  Correspondent
  requesting QoS      (DQA Client)           (DQA Server)        Node

        |                  |                          |              |
      ..|..................|...SIP Signaling..........|..............|..
      . | Invite(SDP Offer)|                          |              | .
      . +.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.+-.-.-.-.-.-.->| .
      . |                  |                          |   180        | .
      . |<-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.+-.-.-.-.-.-.-.| .
      ..|.............................................|..............|..
        |                  |                +---------+-------------+|
        |                  |                |  Authorize Request    ||
        |                  |                |  Keep Session Data    ||
        |                  |                |/Authz-time,Session-Id/||
        |                  |                +---------+-------------+|
        |                  |                          |              |
        |                  |<-- - -- - QIR - -- - -- -+              |
        |                  |(Initial Request,Decision |              |
        |                  |(QoS-Resources,Authz-time)|              |
        |          +-------+---------+                |              |
        |          |Install QoS State|                |              |
        |          |       +         |                |              |
        |          | Authz  Session  |                |              |
        |          | /Authz-time/    |                |              |
        |          +-------+---------+                |              |
        |                  + - - -- - QIA - - - - - ->|              |
        |                  |     (Result-Code,        |              |
        |                  |      QoS-Resources)      |              |
        |                  |               +----------+------------+ |
        |                  |               |     Successful        | |
        |                  |               |     QoS Reservation   | |
        |                  |               +----------+------------+ |










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      ..|.............................................|..............|..
      . |                  |                          |              | .
      . |                  |                          |  200 OK (SDP)| .
      . |                  |                          <-.-.-.....-.-.+ .
      . |                  |                 +--------+-----------+  | .
      . |                  |                 |   Activate Session |  | .
      . |                  |                 |   Parameters       |  | .
      . |                  |                 +--------+-----------+  | .
      . | 200 (SDP)        |                          |              | .
      . <.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.+              | .
      ..|.............................................|..............|..
        |                  <- - - - - - RAR - - - - - +              |
        |        +---------+--------+                 |              |
        |        |Activate QoS State|                 |              |
        |        +---------+--------+                 |              |
        |                  +- - - - - - RAA - - - - - >              |
        |                  |                                         |
        /------------------+-----Data Flow---------------------------\
        \------------------+-----------------------------------------/
        |                  |                                         |

        .-.-.-.-.  SIP signaling
        - - - - -  Diameter QoS Application messages

             Figure 14: QoS Authorization Example - Push Mode

   The communication starts with SIP signaling between the two endpoints
   and the SIP proxy for negotiation and authorization of the requested
   service and its parameters (see Figure 14).  As a part of the
   process, the SIP proxy verifies whether the user at Host A is
   authorized to use the requested service (and potentially the ability
   to be charged for the service usage).

   A few implementation choices exist regarding the decision about when
   to initiate the QoS reservation.  [MMUSIC-MEDIA] discusses this
   aspect with a focus on firewalling.  In the example above, the DQA
   server is triggered to authorize the QoS request based on session
   parameters from the Session Description Protocol (SDP) payload.  It
   will use a QIR message to do so.  For this example message flow, we
   assume a two-stage commit, i.e., the SIP proxy interacts with the NE
   twice.  First, it only prepares the QoS reservation, and then, with
   the arrival of the 200 OK, the QoS reservation is activated.

   This example does not describe how the DQA server learns which DQA
   client to contact.  We assume pre-configuration in this example.  In
   any case, the address of the DQA client is put into the Destination-
   Host AVP, the description of the QoS resources is included into the




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   QoS-Resources AVP, and the duration of the authorization session is
   carried in the Authorization-Lifetime AVP.

   When the DQA client receives the QIR, it interacts with the Traffic
   Control function and reserves the authorized QoS resources
   accordingly.  At this point in time, the QoS reservation is not yet
   activated.

   When a 200 OK is returned, the DQA server may verify the accepted QoS
   against the pre-authorized QoS resources and send a Diameter RAR
   message to the DQA client in the NE for activating the installed
   policies and commit the resource allocation.

10.  IANA Considerations

   This section contains the namespaces that have either been created in
   this specification or had their values assigned to existing
   namespaces managed by IANA.

10.1.  AVP Codes

   IANA has allocated two AVP codes to the registry defined in
   [RFC3588]:

   Registry:
   AVP Code         AVP Name                      Reference
   -----------------------------------------------------------
     579        QoS-Authorization-Data           Section 7.2
     580        Bound-Auth-Session-Id            Section 7.2

10.2.  Application IDs

   IANA has allocated the following application ID from the registry
   defined in [RFC3588] (using the next available value from the
   7-16777215 range).

   Registry:
   ID values           Name                         Reference
   -----------------------------------------------------------
     9           Diameter QoS application           Section 5











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10.3.  Command Codes

   IANA has allocated command code values from the registry defined in
   [RFC3588].

   Registry:
   Code Value  Name                                Reference
   -----------------------------------------------------------
   326         QoS-Authorization-Request (QAR)     Section 5.1
   326         QoS-Authorization-Answer  (QAA)     Section 5.2
   327         QoS-Install-Request (QIR)           Section 5.3
   327         QoS-Install-Answer (QIA)            Section 5.4

11.  Security Considerations

   This document describes a mechanism for performing authorization of a
   QoS reservation at a third-party entity.  The Authorizing Entity
   needs sufficient information to make such an authorization decision
   and this information may come from various sources, including the
   application-layer signaling, the Diameter protocol (with its security
   mechanisms), policy information stored available with a AAA server,
   and a QoS signaling protocol.

   Below there is a discussion about considerations for the Diameter QoS
   interaction between an Authorizing Entity and a Network Element.
   Security between the Authorizing Entity and the Network Element has a
   number of components: authentication, authorization, integrity, and
   confidentiality.

   Authentication refers to confirming the identity of an originator for
   all datagrams received from the originator.  Lack of authentication
   of Diameter messages between the Authorizing Entity and the Network
   Element can seriously jeopardize the fundamental service rendered by
   the Network Element.  A consequence of not authenticating the message
   sender by the Network Element would be that an attacker could spoof
   the identity of a "legitimate" Authorizing Entity in order to
   allocate resources, change resource assignments, or free resources.
   The adversary can also manipulate the state at the Network Element in
   such a way that it leads to a denial-of-service attack by, for
   example, setting the allowed bandwidth to zero or allocating the
   entire bandwidth available to a single flow.

   A consequence of not authenticating the Network Element to an
   Authorizing Entity is that an attacker could impact the policy-based
   admission control procedure operated by the Authorizing Entity that
   provides a wrong view of the resources used in the network.  Failing
   to provide the required credentials should be subject to logging.




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   Authorization refers to whether a particular Authorizing Entity is
   authorized to signal a Network Element with requests for one or more
   applications, adhering to a certain policy profile.  Failing the
   authorization process might indicate a resource theft attempt or
   failure due to administrative and/or credential deficiencies.  In
   either case, the Network Element should take the proper measures to
   log such attempts.

   Integrity is required to ensure that a Diameter message has not been
   maliciously altered.  The result of a lack of data integrity
   enforcement in an untrusted environment could be that an imposter
   will alter the messages exchanged between a Network Entity and an
   Authorizing Entity potentially causing a denial of service.

   Confidentiality protection of Diameter messages ensures that the
   signaling data is accessible only to the authorized entities.  When
   signaling messages from the Application Server (via the Authorizing
   Entity towards the Network Element) traverse untrusted networks, lack
   of confidentiality will allow eavesdropping and traffic analysis.
   Additionally, Diameter QoS messages may carry authorization tokens
   that require confidentiality protection.

   Diameter offers security mechanisms to deal with the functionality
   demanded in the paragraphs above.  In particular, Diameter offers
   communication security between neighboring Diameter peers using
   Transport Layer Security (TLS) or IPsec.  Authorization capabilities
   are application specific and part of the overall implementation.

12.  Acknowledgements

   The authors would like to thank John Loughney and Allison Mankin for
   their input to this document.  In September 2005, Robert Hancock,
   Jukka Manner, Cornelia Kappler, Xiaoming Fu, Georgios Karagiannis,
   and Elwyn Davies provided a detailed review.  Robert also provided us
   with good feedback earlier in 2005.  Jerry Ash provided us review
   comments in late 2005/early 2006.  Rajith R provided some inputs to
   the document in early 2007.

   We would also like to thanks Alexey Melnikov, Adrian Farrel, and
   Robert Sparks for their IESG reviews.

13.  Contributors

   The authors would like to thank Tseno Tsenov and Frank Alfano for
   starting the Diameter Quality of Service work within the IETF, for
   their significant contributions and for being the driving force for
   the first few draft versions.




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14.  References

14.1.  Normative References

   [RFC2119]       Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
                   Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.

   [RFC3588]       Calhoun, P., Loughney, J., Guttman, E., Zorn, G., and
                   J. Arkko, "Diameter Base Protocol", RFC 3588,
                   September 2003.

   [RFC4005]       Calhoun, P., Zorn, G., Spence, D., and D. Mitton,
                   "Diameter Network Access Server Application",
                   RFC 4005, August 2005.

   [RFC5624]       Korhonen, J., Tschofenig, H., and E. Davies, "Quality
                   of Service Parameters for Usage with Diameter",
                   RFC 5624, August 2009.

   [RFC5777]       Korhonen, J., Tschofenig, H., Arumaithurai, M.,
                   Jones, M., and A. Lior, "Traffic Classification and
                   Quality of Service (QoS) Attributes for Diameter",
                   RFC 5777, February 2010.

14.2.  Informative References

   [MMUSIC-MEDIA]  Stucker, B. and H. Tschofenig, "Analysis of Middlebox
                   Interactions for Signaling Protocol Communication
                   along the Media Path", Work in Progress, March 2009.

   [NSIS-NTLP]     Schulzrinne, H. and M. Stiemerling, "GIST: General
                   Internet Signalling Transport", Work in Progress,
                   June 2009.

   [NSIS-QOS]      Manner, J., Karagiannis, G., and A. McDonald, "NSLP
                   for Quality-of-Service Signaling", Work in Progress,
                   January 2010.

   [RFC2205]       Braden, B., Zhang, L., Berson, S., Herzog, S., and S.
                   Jamin, "Resource ReSerVation Protocol (RSVP) --
                   Version 1 Functional Specification", RFC 2205,
                   September 1997.

   [RFC2211]       Wroclawski, J., "Specification of the Controlled-Load
                   Network Element Service", RFC 2211, September 1997.






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   [RFC2212]       Shenker, S., Partridge, C., and R. Guerin,
                   "Specification of Guaranteed Quality of Service",
                   RFC 2212, September 1997.

   [RFC2474]       Nichols, K., Blake, S., Baker, F., and D. Black,
                   "Definition of the Differentiated Services Field (DS
                   Field) in the IPv4 and IPv6 Headers", RFC 2474,
                   December 1998.

   [RFC2753]       Yavatkar, R., Pendarakis, D., and R. Guerin, "A
                   Framework for Policy-based Admission Control",
                   RFC 2753, January 2000.

   [RFC2865]       Rigney, C., Willens, S., Rubens, A., and W. Simpson,
                   "Remote Authentication Dial In User Service
                   (RADIUS)", RFC 2865, June 2000.

   [RFC3261]       Rosenberg, J., Schulzrinne, H., Camarillo, G.,
                   Johnston, A., Peterson, J., Sparks, R., Handley, M.,
                   and E. Schooler, "SIP: Session Initiation Protocol",
                   RFC 3261, June 2002.

   [RFC3313]       Marshall, W., "Private Session Initiation Protocol
                   (SIP) Extensions for Media Authorization", RFC 3313,
                   January 2003.

   [RFC3520]       Hamer, L-N., Gage, B., Kosinski, B., and H. Shieh,
                   "Session Authorization Policy Element", RFC 3520,
                   April 2003.

   [RFC3521]       Hamer, L-N., Gage, B., and H. Shieh, "Framework for
                   Session Set-up with Media Authorization", RFC 3521,
                   April 2003.

   [RFC4282]       Aboba, B., Beadles, M., Arkko, J., and P. Eronen,
                   "The Network Access Identifier", RFC 4282,
                   December 2005.

   [RFC4566]       Handley, M., Jacobson, V., and C. Perkins, "SDP:
                   Session Description Protocol", RFC 4566, July 2006.

   [RFC5246]       Dierks, T. and E. Rescorla, "The Transport Layer
                   Security (TLS) Protocol Version 1.2", RFC 5246,
                   August 2008.







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Authors' Addresses

   Dong Sun (editor)
   Alcatel-Lucent
   600 Mountain Ave
   Murray Hill, NJ  07974
   USA

   Phone: +1 908 582 2617
   EMail: d.sun@alcatel-lucent.com


   Peter J. McCann
   Motorola Labs
   1301 E. Algonquin Rd
   Schaumburg, IL  60196
   USA

   Phone: +1 847 576 3440
   EMail: pete.mccann@motorola.com


   Hannes Tschofenig
   Nokia Siemens Networks
   Linnoitustie 6
   Espoo  02600
   Finland

   Phone: +358 (50) 4871445
   EMail: Hannes.Tschofenig@gmx.net
   URI:   http://www.tschofenig.priv.at


   Tina Tsou
   Huawei
   Shenzhen,
   P.R.C

   EMail: tena@huawei.com


   Avri Doria
   Lulea University of Technology
   Arbetsvetenskap
   Lulea,   SE-97187
   Sweden

   EMail: avri@ltu.se



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   Glen Zorn (editor)
   Network Zen
   1310 East Thomas Street
   #306
   Seattle, Washington  98102
   USA

   Phone: +1 (206) 377-9035
   EMail: gwz@net-zen.net










































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