path: root/doc/rfc/rfc5906.txt

Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)                  B. Haberman, Ed.
Request for Comments: 5906                                       JHU/APL
Category: Informational                                         D. Mills
ISSN: 2070-1721                                              U. Delaware
                                                               June 2010


         Network Time Protocol Version 4: Autokey Specification

Abstract

   This memo describes the Autokey security model for authenticating
   servers to clients using the Network Time Protocol (NTP) and public
   key cryptography.  Its design is based on the premise that IPsec
   schemes cannot be adopted intact, since that would preclude stateless
   servers and severely compromise timekeeping accuracy.  In addition,
   Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) schemes presume authenticated time
   values are always available to enforce certificate lifetimes;
   however, cryptographically verified timestamps require interaction
   between the timekeeping and authentication functions.

   This memo includes the Autokey requirements analysis, design
   principles, and protocol specification.  A detailed description of
   the protocol states, events, and transition functions is included.  A
   prototype of the Autokey design based on this memo has been
   implemented, tested, and documented in the NTP version 4 (NTPv4)
   software distribution for the Unix, Windows, and Virtual Memory
   System (VMS) operating systems at http://www.ntp.org.

Status of This Memo

   This document is not an Internet Standards Track specification; it is
   published for informational purposes.

   This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force
   (IETF).  It represents the consensus of the IETF community.  It has
   received public review and has been approved for publication by the
   Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG).  Not all documents
   approved by the IESG are a candidate for any level of Internet
   Standard; see Section 2 of RFC 5741.

   Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
   and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
   http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5906.







Haberman & Mills              Informational                     [Page 1]
^L
RFC 5906                      NTPv4 Autokey                    June 2010


Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2010 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.

   This document may contain material from IETF Documents or IETF
   Contributions published or made publicly available before November
   10, 2008.  The person(s) controlling the copyright in some of this
   material may not have granted the IETF Trust the right to allow
   modifications of such material outside the IETF Standards Process.
   Without obtaining an adequate license from the person(s) controlling
   the copyright in such materials, this document may not be modified
   outside the IETF Standards Process, and derivative works of it may
   not be created outside the IETF Standards Process, except to format
   it for publication as an RFC or to translate it into languages other
   than English.

























Haberman & Mills              Informational                     [Page 2]
^L
RFC 5906                      NTPv4 Autokey                    June 2010


Table of Contents

   1. Introduction ....................................................4
   2. NTP Security Model ..............................................4
   3. Approach ........................................................7
   4. Autokey Cryptography ............................................8
   5. Autokey Protocol Overview ......................................12
   6. NTP Secure Groups ..............................................14
   7. Identity Schemes ...............................................19
   8. Timestamps and Filestamps ......................................20
   9. Autokey Operations .............................................22
   10. Autokey Protocol Messages .....................................23
      10.1. No-Operation .............................................26
      10.2. Association Message (ASSOC) ..............................26
      10.3. Certificate Message (CERT) ...............................26
      10.4. Cookie Message (COOKIE) ..................................27
      10.5. Autokey Message (AUTO) ...................................27
      10.6. Leapseconds Values Message (LEAP) ........................27
      10.7. Sign Message (SIGN) ......................................27
      10.8. Identity Messages (IFF, GQ, MV) ..........................27
   11. Autokey State Machine .........................................28
      11.1. Status Word ..............................................28
      11.2. Host State Variables .....................................30
      11.3. Client State Variables (all modes) .......................33
      11.4. Protocol State Transitions ...............................34
           11.4.1. Server Dance ......................................34
           11.4.2. Broadcast Dance ...................................35
           11.4.3. Symmetric Dance ...................................36
      11.5. Error Recovery ...........................................37
   12. Security Considerations .......................................39
      12.1. Protocol Vulnerability ...................................39
      12.2. Clogging Vulnerability ...................................40
   13. IANA Considerations ...........................................42
   13. References ....................................................42
      13.1. Normative References .....................................42
      13.2. Informative References ...................................43
   Appendix A.  Timestamps, Filestamps, and Partial Ordering .........45
   Appendix B.  Identity Schemes .....................................46
   Appendix C.  Private Certificate (PC) Scheme ......................47
   Appendix D.  Trusted Certificate (TC) Scheme ......................47
   Appendix E.  Schnorr (IFF) Identity Scheme ........................48
   Appendix F.  Guillard-Quisquater (GQ) Identity Scheme .............49
   Appendix G.  Mu-Varadharajan (MV) Identity Scheme .................51
   Appendix H.  ASN.1 Encoding Rules .................................54
   Appendix I.  COOKIE Request, IFF Response, GQ Response, MV
                Response .............................................54
   Appendix J.  Certificates .........................................55




Haberman & Mills              Informational                     [Page 3]
^L
RFC 5906                      NTPv4 Autokey                    June 2010


1.  Introduction

   A distributed network service requires reliable, ubiquitous, and
   survivable provisions to prevent accidental or malicious attacks on
   the servers and clients in the network or the values they exchange.
   Reliability requires that clients can determine that received packets
   are authentic; that is, were actually sent by the intended server and
   not manufactured or modified by an intruder.  Ubiquity requires that
   a client can verify the authenticity of a server using only public
   information.  Survivability requires protection from faulty
   implementations, improper operation, and possibly malicious clogging
   and replay attacks.

   This memo describes a cryptographically sound and efficient
   methodology for use in the Network Time Protocol (NTP) [RFC5905].
   The various key agreement schemes [RFC4306][RFC2412][RFC2522]
   proposed require per-association state variables, which contradicts
   the principles of the remote procedure call (RPC) paradigm in which
   servers keep no state for a possibly large client population.  An
   evaluation of the PKI model and algorithms, e.g., as implemented in
   the OpenSSL library, leads to the conclusion that any scheme
   requiring every NTP packet to carry a PKI digital signature would
   result in unacceptably poor timekeeping performance.

   The Autokey protocol is based on a combination of PKI and a pseudo-
   random sequence generated by repeated hashes of a cryptographic value
   involving both public and private components.  This scheme has been
   implemented, tested, and deployed in the Internet of today.  A
   detailed description of the security model, design principles, and
   implementation is presented in this memo.

   This informational document describes the NTP extensions for Autokey
   as implemented in an NTPv4 software distribution available from
   http://www.ntp.org.  This description is provided to offer a basis
   for future work and a reference for the software release.  This
   document also describes the motivation for the extensions within the
   protocol.

2.  NTP Security Model

   NTP security requirements are even more stringent than most other
   distributed services.  First, the operation of the authentication
   mechanism and the time synchronization mechanism are inextricably
   intertwined.  Reliable time synchronization requires cryptographic
   keys that are valid only over designated time intervals; but, time
   intervals can be enforced only when participating servers and clients
   are reliably synchronized to UTC.  In addition, the NTP subnet is




Haberman & Mills              Informational                     [Page 4]
^L
RFC 5906                      NTPv4 Autokey                    June 2010


   hierarchical by nature, so time and trust flow from the primary
   servers at the root through secondary servers to the clients at the
   leaves.

   A client can claim authentic to dependent applications only if all
   servers on the path to the primary servers are bona fide authentic.
   In order to emphasize this requirement, in this memo, the notion of
   "authentic" is replaced by "proventic", an adjective new to English
   and derived from "provenance", as in the provenance of a painting.
   Having abused the language this far, the suffixes fixable to the
   various derivatives of authentic will be adopted for proventic as
   well.  In NTP, each server authenticates the next-lower stratum
   servers and proventicates (authenticates by induction) the lowest
   stratum (primary) servers.  Serious computer linguists would
   correctly interpret the proventic relation as the transitive closure
   of the authentic relation.

   It is important to note that the notion of proventic does not
   necessarily imply the time is correct.  An NTP client mobilizes a
   number of concurrent associations with different servers and uses a
   crafted agreement algorithm to pluck truechimers from the population
   possibly including falsetickers.  A particular association is
   proventic if the server certificate and identity have been verified
   by the means described in this memo.  However, the statement "the
   client is synchronized to proventic sources" means that the system
   clock has been set using the time values of one or more proventic
   associations and according to the NTP mitigation algorithms.

   Over the last several years, the IETF has defined and evolved the
   IPsec infrastructure for privacy protection and source authentication
   in the Internet.  The infrastructure includes the Encapsulating
   Security Payload (ESP) [RFC4303] and Authentication Header (AH)
   [RFC4302] for IPv4 and IPv6.  Cryptographic algorithms that use these
   headers for various purposes include those developed for the PKI,
   including various message digest, digital signature, and key
   agreement algorithms.  This memo takes no position on which message
   digest or digital signature algorithm is used.  This is established
   by a profile for each community of users.

   It will facilitate the discussion in this memo to refer to the
   reference implementation available at http://www.ntp.org.  It
   includes Autokey as described in this memo and is available to the
   general public; however, it is not part of the specification itself.
   The cryptographic means used by the reference implementation and its
   user community are based on the OpenSSL cryptographic software
   library available at http://www.openssl.org, but other libraries with
   equivalent functionality could be used as well.  It is important for




Haberman & Mills              Informational                     [Page 5]
^L
RFC 5906                      NTPv4 Autokey                    June 2010


   distribution and export purposes that the way in which these
   algorithms are used precludes encryption of any data other than
   incidental to the construction of digital signatures.

   The fundamental assumption in NTP about the security model is that
   packets transmitted over the Internet can be intercepted by those
   other than the intended recipient, remanufactured in various ways,
   and replayed in whole or part.  These packets can cause the client to
   believe or produce incorrect information, cause protocol operations
   to fail, interrupt network service, or consume precious network and
   processor resources.

   In the case of NTP, the assumed goal of the intruder is to inject
   false time values, disrupt the protocol or clog the network, servers,
   or clients with spurious packets that exhaust resources and deny
   service to legitimate applications.  The mission of the algorithms
   and protocols described in this memo is to detect and discard
   spurious packets sent by someone other than the intended sender or
   sent by the intended sender, but modified or replayed by an intruder.

   There are a number of defense mechanisms already built in the NTP
   architecture, protocol, and algorithms.  The on-wire timestamp
   exchange scheme is inherently resistant to spoofing, packet-loss, and
   replay attacks.  The engineered clock filter, selection, and
   clustering algorithms are designed to defend against evil cliques of
   Byzantine traitors.  While not necessarily designed to defeat
   determined intruders, these algorithms and accompanying sanity checks
   have functioned well over the years to deflect improperly operating
   but presumably friendly scenarios.  However, these mechanisms do not
   securely identify and authenticate servers to clients.  Without
   specific further protection, an intruder can inject any or all of the
   following attacks.

   1.  An intruder can intercept and archive packets forever, as well as
       all the public values ever generated and transmitted over the
       net.

   2.  An intruder can generate packets faster than the server, network,
       or client can process them, especially if they require expensive
       cryptographic computations.

   3.  In a wiretap attack, the intruder can intercept, modify, and
       replay a packet.  However, it cannot permanently prevent onward
       transmission of the original packet; that is, it cannot break the
       wire, only tell lies and congest it.  Except in the unlikely
       cases considered in Section 12, the modified packet cannot arrive
       at the victim before the original packet, nor does it have the
       server private keys or identity parameters.



Haberman & Mills              Informational                     [Page 6]
^L
RFC 5906                      NTPv4 Autokey                    June 2010


   4.  In a man-in-the-middle or masquerade attack, the intruder is
       positioned between the server and client, so it can intercept,
       modify, and replay a packet and prevent onward transmission of
       the original packet.  Except in unlikely cases considered in
       Section 12, the middleman does not have the server private keys.

   The NTP security model assumes the following possible limitations.

   1.  The running times for public key algorithms are relatively long
       and highly variable.  In general, the performance of the time
       synchronization function is badly degraded if these algorithms
       must be used for every NTP packet.

   2.  In some modes of operation, it is not feasible for a server to
       retain state variables for every client.  It is however feasible
       to regenerated them for a client upon arrival of a packet from
       that client.

   3.  The lifetime of cryptographic values must be enforced, which
       requires a reliable system clock.  However, the sources that
       synchronize the system clock must be cryptographically
       proventicated.  This circular interdependence of the timekeeping
       and proventication functions requires special handling.

   4.  Client security functions must involve only public values
       transmitted over the net.  Private values must never be disclosed
       beyond the machine on which they were created, except in the case
       of a special trusted agent (TA) assigned for this purpose.

   Unlike the Secure Shell (SSH) security model, where the client must
   be securely authenticated to the server, in NTP, the server must be
   securely authenticated to the client.  In SSH, each different
   interface address can be bound to a different name, as returned by a
   reverse-DNS query.  In this design, separate public/private key pairs
   may be required for each interface address with a distinct name.  A
   perceived advantage of this design is that the security compartment
   can be different for each interface.  This allows a firewall, for
   instance, to require some interfaces to authenticate the client and
   others not.

3.  Approach

   The Autokey protocol described in this memo is designed to meet the
   following objectives.  In-depth discussions on these objectives is in
   the web briefings and will not be elaborated in this memo.  Note that
   here, and elsewhere in this memo, mention of broadcast mode means
   multicast mode as well, with exceptions as noted in the NTP software
   documentation [RFC5905].



Haberman & Mills              Informational                     [Page 7]
^L
RFC 5906                      NTPv4 Autokey                    June 2010


   1.  It must interoperate with the existing NTP architecture model and
       protocol design.  In particular, it must support the symmetric
       key scheme described in [RFC1305].  As a practical matter, the
       reference implementation must use the same internal key
       management system, including the use of 32-bit key IDs and
       existing mechanisms to store, activate, and revoke keys.

   2.  It must provide for the independent collection of cryptographic
       values and time values.  An NTP packet is accepted for processing
       only when the required cryptographic values have been obtained
       and verified and the packet has passed all header sanity checks.

   3.  It must not significantly degrade the potential accuracy of the
       NTP synchronization algorithms.  In particular, it must not make
       unreasonable demands on the network or host processor and memory
       resources.

   4.  It must be resistant to cryptographic attacks, specifically those
       identified in the security model above.  In particular, it must
       be tolerant of operational or implementation variances, such as
       packet loss or disorder, or suboptimal configurations.

   5.  It must build on a widely available suite of cryptographic
       algorithms, yet be independent of the particular choice.  In
       particular, it must not require data encryption other than that
       which is incidental to signature and cookie encryption
       operations.

   6.  It must function in all the modes supported by NTP, including
       server, symmetric, and broadcast modes.

4.  Autokey Cryptography

   Autokey cryptography is based on the PKI algorithms commonly used in
   the Secure Shell and Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) applications.  As in
   these applications, Autokey uses message digests to detect packet
   modification, digital signatures to verify credentials, and public
   certificates to provide traceable authority.  What makes Autokey
   cryptography unique is the way in which these algorithms are used to
   deflect intruder attacks while maintaining the integrity and accuracy
   of the time synchronization function.

   Autokey, like many other remote procedure call (RPC) protocols,
   depends on message digests for basic authentication; however, it is
   important to understand that message digests are also used by NTP
   when Autokey is not available or not configured.  Selection of the
   digest algorithm is a function of NTP configuration and is
   transparent to Autokey.



Haberman & Mills              Informational                     [Page 8]
^L
RFC 5906                      NTPv4 Autokey                    June 2010


   The protocol design and reference implementation support both 128-bit
   and 160-bit message digest algorithms, each with a 32-bit key ID.  In
   order to retain backwards compatibility with NTPv3, the NTPv4 key ID
   space is partitioned in two subspaces at a pivot point of 65536.
   Symmetric key IDs have values less than the pivot and indefinite
   lifetime.  Autokey key IDs have pseudo-random values equal to or
   greater than the pivot and are expunged immediately after use.

   Both symmetric key and public key cryptography authenticate as shown
   in Figure 1.  The server looks up the key associated with the key ID
   and calculates the message digest from the NTP header and extension
   fields together with the key value.  The key ID and digest form the
   message authentication code (MAC) included with the message.  The
   client does the same computation using its local copy of the key and
   compares the result with the digest in the MAC.  If the values agree,
   the message is assumed authentic.

                +------------------+
                | NTP Header and   |
                | Extension Fields |
                +------------------+   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
                      |       |        |   Message Authentication Code |
                     \|/     \|/       +              (MAC)            +
                ********************   | +-------------------------+   |
                *   Compute Hash   *<----| Key ID | Message Digest |   +
                ********************   | +-------------------------+   |
                          |            +-+-+-+-+-+-+-|-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
                         \|/                        \|/
                +------------------+       +-------------+
                |  Message Digest  |------>|   Compare   |
                +------------------+       +-------------+

                     Figure 1: Message Authentication

   Autokey uses specially contrived session keys, called autokeys, and a
   precomputed pseudo-random sequence of autokeys that are saved in the
   autokey list.  The Autokey protocol operates separately for each
   association, so there may be several autokey sequences operating
   independently at the same time.

                   +-------------+-------------+--------+--------+
                   | Src Address | Dst Address | Key ID | Cookie |
                   +-------------+-------------+--------+--------+

                          Figure 2: NTPv4 Autokey






Haberman & Mills              Informational                     [Page 9]
^L
RFC 5906                      NTPv4 Autokey                    June 2010


   An autokey is computed from four fields in network byte order as
   shown in Figure 2.  The four values are hashed using the MD5
   algorithm to produce the 128-bit autokey value, which in the
   reference implementation is stored along with the key ID in a cache
   used for symmetric keys as well as autokeys.  Keys are retrieved from
   the cache by key ID using hash tables and a fast lookup algorithm.

   For use with IPv4, the Src Address and Dst Address fields contain 32
   bits; for use with IPv6, these fields contain 128 bits.  In either
   case, the Key ID and Cookie fields contain 32 bits.  Thus, an IPv4
   autokey has four 32-bit words, while an IPv6 autokey has ten 32-bit
   words.  The source and destination addresses and key ID are public
   values visible in the packet, while the cookie can be a public value
   or shared private value, depending on the NTP mode.

   The NTP packet format has been augmented to include one or more
   extension fields piggybacked between the original NTP header and the
   MAC.  For packets without extension fields, the cookie is a shared
   private value.  For packets with extension fields, the cookie has a
   default public value of zero, since these packets are validated
   independently using digital signatures.

   There are some scenarios where the use of endpoint IP addresses may
   be difficult or impossible.  These include configurations where
   network address translation (NAT) devices are in use or when
   addresses are changed during an association lifetime due to mobility
   constraints.  For Autokey, the only restriction is that the address
   fields that are visible in the transmitted packet must be the same as
   those used to construct the autokey list and that these fields be the
   same as those visible in the received packet.  (The use of
   alternative means, such as Autokey host names (discussed later) or
   hashes of these names may be a topic for future study.)



















Haberman & Mills              Informational                    [Page 10]
^L
RFC 5906                      NTPv4 Autokey                    June 2010


+-----------+-----------+------+------+   +---------+  +-----+------+
|Src Address|Dst Address|Key ID|Cookie|-->|         |  |Final|Final |
+-----------+-----------+------+------+   | Session |  |Index|Key ID|
     |           |         |        |     | Key ID  |  +-----+------+
    \|/         \|/       \|/      \|/    |  List   |     |       |
   *************************************  +---------+    \|/     \|/
   *          COMPUTE HASH             *             *******************
   *************************************             *COMPUTE SIGNATURE*
     |                    Index n                    *******************
    \|/                                                       |
   +--------+                                                 |
   |  Next  |                                                \|/
   | Key ID |                                           +-----------+
   +--------+                                           | Signature |
   Index n+1                                            +-----------+

                    Figure 3: Constructing the Key List

   Figure 3 shows how the autokey list and autokey values are computed.
   The key IDs used in the autokey list consist of a sequence starting
   with a random 32-bit nonce (autokey seed) greater than or equal to
   the pivot as the first key ID.  The first autokey is computed as
   above using the given cookie and autokey seed and assigned index 0.
   The first 32 bits of the result in network byte order become the next
   key ID.  The MD5 hash of the autokey is the key value saved in the
   key cache along with the key ID.  The first 32 bits of the key become
   the key ID for the next autokey assigned index 1.

   Operations continue to generate the entire list.  It may happen that
   a newly generated key ID is less than the pivot or collides with
   another one already generated (birthday event).  When this happens,
   which occurs only rarely, the key list is terminated at that point.
   The lifetime of each key is set to expire one poll interval after its
   scheduled use.  In the reference implementation, the list is
   terminated when the maximum key lifetime is about one hour, so for
   poll intervals above one hour, a new key list containing only a
   single entry is regenerated for every poll.














Haberman & Mills              Informational                    [Page 11]
^L
RFC 5906                      NTPv4 Autokey                    June 2010


                   +------------------+
                   |  NTP Header and  |
                   | Extension Fields |
                   +------------------+
                        |       |
                       \|/     \|/                     +---------+
                     ****************    +--------+    | Session |
                     * COMPUTE HASH *<---| Key ID |<---| Key ID  |
                     ****************    +--------+    |  List   |
                             |                |        +---------+
                            \|/              \|/
                   +-----------------------------------+
                   | Message Authentication Code (MAC) |
                   +-----------------------------------+

                      Figure 4: Transmitting Messages

   The index of the last autokey in the list is saved along with the key
   ID for that entry, collectively called the autokey values.  The
   autokey values are then signed for use later.  The list is used in
   reverse order as shown in Figure 4, so that the first autokey used is
   the last one generated.

   The Autokey protocol includes a message to retrieve the autokey
   values and verify the signature, so that subsequent packets can be
   validated using one or more hashes that eventually match the last key
   ID (valid) or exceed the index (invalid).  This is called the autokey
   test in the following and is done for every packet, including those
   with and without extension fields.  In the reference implementation,
   the most recent key ID received is saved for comparison with the
   first 32 bits in network byte order of the next following key value.
   This minimizes the number of hash operations in case a single packet
   is lost.

5.  Autokey Protocol Overview

   The Autokey protocol includes a number of request/response exchanges
   that must be completed in order.  In each exchange, a client sends a
   request message with data and expects a server response message with
   data.  Requests and responses are contained in extension fields, one
   request or response in each field, as described later.  An NTP packet
   can contain one request message and one or more response messages.
   The following is a list of these messages.

   o  Parameter exchange.  The request includes the client host name and
      status word; the response includes the server host name and status
      word.  The status word specifies the digest/signature scheme to
      use and the identity schemes supported.



Haberman & Mills              Informational                    [Page 12]
^L
RFC 5906                      NTPv4 Autokey                    June 2010


   o  Certificate exchange.  The request includes the subject name of a
      certificate; the response consists of a signed certificate with
      that subject name.  If the issuer name is not the same as the
      subject name, it has been signed by a host one step closer to a
      trusted host, so certificate retrieval continues for the issuer
      name.  If it is trusted and self-signed, the trail concludes at
      the trusted host.  If nontrusted and self-signed, the host
      certificate has not yet been signed, so the trail temporarily
      loops.  Completion of this exchange lights the VAL bit as
      described below.

   o  Identity exchange.  The certificate trail is generally not
      considered sufficient protection against man-in-the-middle attacks
      unless additional protection such as the proof-of-possession
      scheme described in [RFC2875] is available, but this is expensive
      and requires servers to retain state.  Autokey can use one of the
      challenge/response identity schemes described in Appendix B.
      Completion of this exchange lights the IFF bit as described below.

   o  Cookie exchange.  The request includes the public key of the
      server.  The response includes the server cookie encrypted with
      this key.  The client uses this value when constructing the key
      list.  Completion of this exchange lights the COOK bit as
      described below.

   o  Autokey exchange.  The request includes either no data or the
      autokey values in symmetric modes.  The response includes the
      autokey values of the server.  These values are used to verify the
      autokey sequence.  Completion of this exchange lights the AUT bit
      as described below.

   o  Sign exchange.  This exchange is executed only when the client has
      synchronized to a proventic source.  The request includes the
      self-signed client certificate.  The server acting as
      certification authority (CA) interprets the certificate as a
      X.509v3 certificate request.  It extracts the subject, issuer, and
      extension fields, builds a new certificate with these data along
      with its own serial number and expiration time, then signs it
      using its own private key and includes it in the response.  The
      client uses the signed certificate in its own role as server for
      dependent clients.  Completion of this exchange lights the SIGN
      bit as described below.

   o  Leapseconds exchange.  This exchange is executed only when the
      client has synchronized to a proventic source.  This exchange
      occurs when the server has the leapseconds values, as indicated in
      the host status word.  If so, the client requests the values and
      compares them with its own values, if available.  If the server



Haberman & Mills              Informational                    [Page 13]
^L
RFC 5906                      NTPv4 Autokey                    June 2010


      values are newer than the client values, the client replaces its
      own with the server values.  The client, acting as server, can now
      provide the most recent values to its dependent clients.  In
      symmetric mode, this results in both peers having the newest
      values.  Completion of this exchange lights the LPT bit as
      described below.

   Once the certificates and identity have been validated, subsequent
   packets are validated by digital signatures and the autokey sequence.
   The association is now proventic with respect to the downstratum
   trusted host, but is not yet selectable to discipline the system
   clock.  The associations accumulate time values, and the mitigation
   algorithms continue in the usual way.  When these algorithms have
   culled the falsetickers and cluster outliers and at least three
   survivors remain, the system clock has been synchronized to a
   proventic source.

   The time values for truechimer sources form a proventic partial
   ordering relative to the applicable signature timestamps.  This
   raises the interesting issue of how to differentiate between the
   timestamps of different associations.  It might happen, for instance,
   that the timestamp of some Autokey message is ahead of the system
   clock by some presumably small amount.  For this reason, timestamp
   comparisons between different associations and between associations
   and the system clock are avoided, except in the NTP intersection and
   clustering algorithms and when determining whether a certificate has
   expired.

6.  NTP Secure Groups

   NTP secure groups are used to define cryptographic compartments and
   security hierarchies.  A secure group consists of a number of hosts
   dynamically assembled as a forest with roots the trusted hosts (THs)
   at the lowest stratum of the group.  The THs do not have to be, but
   often are, primary (stratum 1) servers.  A trusted authority (TA),
   not necessarily a group host, generates private identity keys for
   servers and public identity keys for clients at the leaves of the
   forest.  The TA deploys the server keys to the THs and other
   designated servers using secure means and posts the client keys on a
   public web site.

   For Autokey purposes, all hosts belonging to a secure group have the
   same group name but different host names, not necessarily related to
   the DNS names.  The group name is used in the subject and issuer
   fields of the TH certificates; the host name is used in these fields
   for other hosts.  Thus, all host certificates are self-signed.
   During the use of the Autokey protocol, a client requests that the
   server sign its certificate and caches the result.  A certificate



Haberman & Mills              Informational                    [Page 14]
^L
RFC 5906                      NTPv4 Autokey                    June 2010


   trail is constructed by each host, possibly via intermediate hosts
   and ending at a TH.  Thus, each host along the trail retrieves the
   entire trail from its server(s) and provides this plus its own signed
   certificates to its clients.

   Secure groups can be configured as hierarchies where a TH of one
   group can be a client of one or more other groups operating at a
   lower stratum.  In one scenario, THs for groups RED and GREEN can be
   cryptographically distinct, but both be clients of group BLUE
   operating at a lower stratum.  In another scenario, THs for group
   CYAN can be clients of multiple groups YELLOW and MAGENTA, both
   operating at a lower stratum.  There are many other scenarios, but
   all must be configured to include only acyclic certificate trails.

   In Figure 5, the Alice group consists of THs Alice, which is also the
   TA, and Carol.  Dependent servers Brenda and Denise have configured
   Alice and Carol, respectively, as their time sources.  Stratum 3
   server Eileen has configured both Brenda and Denise as her time
   sources.  Public certificates are identified by the subject and
   signed by the issuer.  Note that the server group keys have been
   previously installed on Brenda and Denise and the client group keys
   installed on all machines.





























Haberman & Mills              Informational                    [Page 15]
^L
RFC 5906                      NTPv4 Autokey                    June 2010


                     +-------------+ +-------------+ +-------------+
                     | Alice Group | |    Brenda   | |    Denise   |
                     |    Alice    | |             | |             |
                     | +-+-+-+-+   | | +-+-+-+-+   | | +-+-+-+-+   |
   Certificate       | | Alice |   | | | Brenda|   | | | Denise|   |
   +-+-+-+-+-+       | +-+-+-+-+   | | +-+-+-+-+   | | +-+-+-+-+   |
   | Subject |       | | Alice*| 1 | | | Alice | 4 | | | Carol | 4 |
   +-+-+-+-+-+       | +-+-+-+-+   | | +-+-+-+-+   | | +-+-+-+-+   |
   | Issuer  | S     |             | |             | |             |
   +-+-+-+-+-+       | +=======+   | | +-+-+-+-+   | | +-+-+-+-+   |
                     | ||Alice|| 3 | | | Alice |   | | | Carol |   |
    Group Key        | +=======+   | | +-+-+-+-+   | | +-+-+-+-+   |
   +=========+       +-------------+ | | Alice*| 2 | | | Carol*| 2 |
   || Group || S     | Alice Group | | +-+-+-+-+   | | +-+-+-+-+   |
   +=========+       |     Carol   | |             | |             |
                     | +-+-+-+-+   | | +-+-+-+-+   | | +-+-+-+-+   |
    S = step         | | Carol |   | | | Brenda|   | | | Denise|   |
    * = trusted      | +-+-+-+-+   | | +-+-+-+-+   | | +-+-+-+-+   |
                     | | Carol*| 1 | | | Brenda| 1 | | | Denise| 1 |
                     | +-+-+-+-+   | | +-+-+-+-+   | | +-+-+-+-+   |
                     |             | |             | |             |
                     | +=======+   | | +=======+   | | +=======+   |
                     | ||Alice|| 3 | | ||Alice|| 3 | | ||Alice|| 3 |
                     | +=======+   | | +=======+   | | +=======+   |
                     +-------------+ +-------------+ +-------------+
                        Stratum 1                Stratum 2

























Haberman & Mills              Informational                    [Page 16]
^L
RFC 5906                      NTPv4 Autokey                    June 2010


                     +---------------------------------------------+
                     |                  Eileen                     |
                     |                                             |
                     |           +-+-+-+-+   +-+-+-+-+             |
                     |           | Eileen|   | Eileen|             |
                     |           +-+-+-+-+   +-+-+-+-+             |
                     |           | Brenda| 4 | Carol | 4           |
                     |           +-+-+-+-+   +-+-+-+-+             |
                     |                                             |
                     |           +-+-+-+-+   +-+-+-+-+             |
                     |           | Alice |   | Carol |             |
                     |           +-+-+-+-+   +-+-+-+-+             |
                     |           | Alice*| 2 | Carol*| 2           |
                     |           +-+-+-+-+   +-+-+-+-+             |
                     |                                             |
                     |           +-+-+-+-+   +-+-+-+-+             |
                     |           | Brenda|   | Denise|             |
                     |           +-+-+-+-+   +-+-+-+-+             |
                     |           | Alice | 2 | Carol | 2           |
                     |           +-+-+-+-+   +-+-+-+-+             |
                     |                                             |
                     |                 +-+-+-+-+                   |
                     |                 | Eileen|                   |
                     |                 +-+-+-+-+                   |
                     |                 | Eileen| 1                 |
                     |                 +-+-+-+-+                   |
                     |                                             |
                     |                 +=======+                   |
                     |                 ||Alice|| 3                 |
                     |                 +=======+                   |
                     +---------------------------------------------+
                                       Stratum 3

                        Figure 5: NTP Secure Groups

   The steps in hiking the certificate trails and verifying identity are
   as follows.  Note the step number in the description matches the step
   number in the figure.

   1.  The girls start by loading the host key, sign key, self-signed
       certificate, and group key.  Each client and server acting as a
       client starts the Autokey protocol by retrieving the server host
       name and digest/signature.  This is done using the ASSOC exchange
       described later.

   2.  They continue to load certificates recursively until a self-
       signed trusted certificate is found.  Brenda and Denise
       immediately find trusted certificates for Alice and Carol,



Haberman & Mills              Informational                    [Page 17]
^L
RFC 5906                      NTPv4 Autokey                    June 2010


       respectively, but Eileen will loop because neither Brenda nor
       Denise have their own certificates signed by either Alice or
       Carol.  This is done using the CERT exchange described later.

   3.  Brenda and Denise continue with the selected identity schemes to
       verify that Alice and Carol have the correct group key previously
       generated by Alice.  This is done using one of the identity
       schemes IFF, GQ, or MV, described later.  If this succeeds, each
       continues in step 4.

   4.  Brenda and Denise present their certificates for signature using
       the SIGN exchange described later.  If this succeeds, either one
       of or both Brenda and Denise can now provide these signed
       certificates to Eileen, which may be looping in step 2.  Eileen
       can now verify the trail via either Brenda or Denise to the
       trusted certificates for Alice and Carol.  Once this is done,
       Eileen can complete the protocol just as Brenda and Denise did.

   For various reasons, it may be convenient for a server to have client
   keys for more than one group.  For example, Figure 6 shows three
   secure groups Alice, Helen, and Carol arranged in a hierarchy.  Hosts
   A, B, C, and D belong to Alice with A and B as her THs.  Hosts R and
   S belong to Helen with R as her TH.  Hosts X and Y belong to Carol
   with X as her TH.  Note that the TH for a group is always the lowest
   stratum and that the hosts of the combined groups form an acyclic
   graph.  Note also that the certificate trail for each group
   terminates on a TH for that group.

                         *****     *****     @@@@@
           Stratum 1     * A *     * B *     @ R @
                         *****     *****     @@@@@
                             \     /         /
                              \   /         /
                              *****     @@@@@                *********
                   2          * C *     @ S @                * Alice *
                              *****     @@@@@                *********
                              /   \     /
                             /     \   /                     @@@@@@@@@
                         *****     #####                     @ Helen @
                   3     * D *     # X #                     @@@@@@@@@
                         *****     #####
                                   /   \                     #########
                                  /     \                    # Carol #
                              #####     #####                #########
                   4          # Y #     # Z #
                              #####     #####

                 Figure 6: Hierarchical Overlapping Groups



Haberman & Mills              Informational                    [Page 18]
^L
RFC 5906                      NTPv4 Autokey                    June 2010


   The intent of the scenario is to provide security separation, so that
   servers cannot masquerade as clients in other groups and clients
   cannot masquerade as servers.  Assume, for example, that Alice and
   Helen belong to national standards laboratories and their server keys
   are used to confirm identity between members of each group.  Carol is
   a prominent corporation receiving standards products and requiring
   cryptographic authentication.  Perhaps under contract, host X
   belonging to Carol has client keys for both Alice and Helen and
   server keys for Carol.  The Autokey protocol operates for each group
   separately while preserving security separation.  Host X can prove
   identity in Carol to clients Y and Z, but cannot prove to anybody
   that it belongs to either Alice or Helen.

7.  Identity Schemes

   A digital signature scheme provides secure server authentication, but
   it does not provide protection against masquerade, unless the server
   identity is verified by other means.  The PKI model requires a server
   to prove identity to the client by a certificate trail, but
   independent means such as a driver's license are required for a CA to
   sign the server certificate.  While Autokey supports this model by
   default, in a hierarchical ad hoc network, especially with server
   discovery schemes like NTP manycast, proving identity at each rest
   stop on the trail must be an intrinsic capability of Autokey itself.

   While the identity scheme described in [RFC2875] is based on a
   ubiquitous Diffie-Hellman infrastructure, it is expensive to generate
   and use when compared to others described in Appendix B.  In
   principle, an ordinary public key scheme could be devised for this
   purpose, but the most stringent Autokey design requires that every
   challenge, even if duplicated, results in a different acceptable
   response.

   1.  The scheme must have a relatively long lifetime, certainly longer
       than a typical certificate, and have no specific lifetime or
       expiration date.  At the time the scheme is used, the host has
       not yet synchronized to a proventic source, so the scheme cannot
       depend on time.

   2.  As the scheme can be used many times where the data might be
       exposed to potential intruders, the data must be either nonces or
       encrypted nonces.

   3.  The scheme should allow designated servers to prove identity to
       designated clients, but not allow clients acting as servers to
       prove identity to dependent clients.





Haberman & Mills              Informational                    [Page 19]
^L
RFC 5906                      NTPv4 Autokey                    June 2010


   4.  To the greatest extent possible, the scheme should represent a
       zero-knowledge proof; that is, the client should be able to
       verify that the server has the correct group key, but without
       knowing the key itself.

   There are five schemes now implemented in the NTPv4 reference
   implementation to prove identity: (1) private certificate (PC), (2)
   trusted certificate (TC), (3) a modified Schnorr algorithm (IFF aka
   Identify Friendly or Foe), (4) a modified Guillou-Quisquater (GQ)
   algorithm, and (5) a modified Mu-Varadharajan (MV) algorithm.  Not
   all of these provide the same level of protection and one, TC,
   provides no protection but is included for comparison.  The following
   is a brief summary description of each; details are given in
   Appendix B.

   The PC scheme involves a private certificate as group key.  The
   certificate is distributed to all other group members by secure means
   and is never revealed outside the group.  In effect, the private
   certificate is used as a symmetric key.  This scheme is used
   primarily for testing and development and is not recommended for
   regular use and is not considered further in this memo.

   All other schemes involve a conventional certificate trail as
   described in [RFC5280].  This is the default scheme when an identity
   scheme is not required.  While the remaining identity schemes
   incorporate TC, it is not by itself considered further in this memo.

   The three remaining schemes IFF, GQ, and MV involve a
   cryptographically strong challenge-response exchange where an
   intruder cannot deduce the server key, even after repeated
   observations of multiple exchanges.  In addition, the MV scheme is
   properly described as a zero-knowledge proof, because the client can
   verify the server has the correct group key without either the server
   or client knowing its value.  These schemes start when the client
   sends a nonce to the server, which then rolls its own nonce, performs
   a mathematical operation and sends the results to the client.  The
   client performs another mathematical operation and verifies the
   results are correct.

8.  Timestamps and Filestamps

   While public key signatures provide strong protection against
   misrepresentation of source, computing them is expensive.  This
   invites the opportunity for an intruder to clog the client or server
   by replaying old messages or originating bogus messages.  A client
   receiving such messages might be forced to verify what turns out to
   be an invalid signature and consume significant processor resources.
   In order to foil such attacks, every Autokey message carries a



Haberman & Mills              Informational                    [Page 20]
^L
RFC 5906                      NTPv4 Autokey                    June 2010


   timestamp in the form of the NTP seconds when it was created.  If the
   system clock is synchronized to a proventic source, a signature is
   produced with a valid (nonzero) timestamp.  Otherwise, there is no
   signature and the timestamp is invalid (zero).  The protocol detects
   and discards extension fields with old or duplicate timestamps,
   before any values are used or signatures are verified.

   Signatures are computed only when cryptographic values are created or
   modified, which is by design not very often.  Extension fields
   carrying these signatures are copied to messages as needed, but the
   signatures are not recomputed.  There are three signature types:

   1.  Cookie signature/timestamp.  The cookie is signed when created by
       the server and sent to the client.

   2.  Autokey signature/timestamp.  The autokey values are signed when
       the key list is created.

   3.  Public values signature/timestamp.  The public key, certificate,
       and leapsecond values are signed at the time of generation, which
       occurs when the system clock is first synchronized to a proventic
       source, when the values have changed and about once per day after
       that, even if these values have not changed.

   The most recent timestamp received of each type is saved for
   comparison.  Once a signature with a valid timestamp has been
   received, messages with invalid timestamps or earlier valid
   timestamps of the same type are discarded before the signature is
   verified.  This is most important in broadcast mode, which could be
   vulnerable to a clogging attack without this test.

   All cryptographic values used by the protocol are time sensitive and
   are regularly refreshed.  In particular, files containing
   cryptographic values used by signature and encryption algorithms are
   regenerated from time to time.  It is the intent that file
   regenerations occur without specific advance warning and without
   requiring prior distribution of the file contents.  While
   cryptographic data files are not specifically signed, every file is
   associated with a filestamp showing the NTP seconds at the creation
   epoch.

   Filestamps and timestamps can be compared in any combination and use
   the same conventions.  It is necessary to compare them from time to
   time to determine which are earlier or later.  Since these quantities
   have a granularity only to the second, such comparisons are ambiguous
   if the values are in the same second.





Haberman & Mills              Informational                    [Page 21]
^L
RFC 5906                      NTPv4 Autokey                    June 2010


   It is important that filestamps be proventic data; thus, they cannot
   be produced unless the producer has been synchronized to a proventic
   source.  As such, the filestamps throughout the NTP subnet represent
   a partial ordering of all creation epochs and serve as means to
   expunge old data and ensure new data are consistent.  As the data are
   forwarded from server to client, the filestamps are preserved,
   including those for certificate and leapseconds values.  Packets with
   older filestamps are discarded before spending cycles to verify the
   signature.

9.  Autokey Operations

   The NTP protocol has three principal modes of operation: client/
   server, symmetric, and broadcast and each has its own Autokey
   program, or dance.  Autokey choreography is designed to be non-
   intrusive and to require no additional packets other than for regular
   NTP operations.  The NTP and Autokey protocols operate simultaneously
   and independently.  When the dance is complete, subsequent packets
   are validated by the autokey sequence and thus considered proventic
   as well.  Autokey assumes NTP clients poll servers at a relatively
   low rate, such as once per minute or slower.  In particular, it
   assumes that a request sent at one poll opportunity will normally
   result in a response before the next poll opportunity; however, the
   protocol is robust against a missed or duplicate response.

   The server dance was suggested by Steve Kent over lunch some time
   ago, but considerably modified since that meal.  The server keeps no
   state for each client, but uses a fast algorithm and a 32-bit random
   private value (server seed) to regenerate the cookie upon arrival of
   a client packet.  The cookie is calculated as the first 32 bits of
   the autokey computed from the client and server addresses, key ID
   zero, and the server seed as cookie.  The cookie is used for the
   actual autokey calculation by both the client and server and is thus
   specific to each client separately.

   In the server dance, the client uses the cookie and each key ID on
   the key list in turn to retrieve the autokey and generate the MAC.
   The server uses the same values to generate the message digest and
   verifies it matches the MAC.  It then generates the MAC for the
   response using the same values, but with the client and server
   addresses interchanged.  The client generates the message digest and
   verifies it matches the MAC.  In order to deflect old replays, the
   client verifies that the key ID matches the last one sent.  In this
   dance, the sequential structure of the key list is not exploited, but
   doing it this way simplifies and regularizes the implementation while
   making it nearly impossible for an intruder to guess the next key ID.





Haberman & Mills              Informational                    [Page 22]
^L
RFC 5906                      NTPv4 Autokey                    June 2010


   In the broadcast dance, clients normally do not send packets to the
   server, except when first starting up.  At that time, the client runs
   the server dance to verify the server credentials and calibrate the
   propagation delay.  The dance requires the association ID of the
   particular server association, since there can be more than one
   operating in the same server.  For this purpose, the server packet
   includes the association ID in every response message sent and, when
   sending the first packet after generating a new key list, it sends
   the autokey values as well.  After obtaining and verifying the
   autokey values, no extension fields are necessary and the client
   verifies further server packets using the autokey sequence.

   The symmetric dance is similar to the server dance and requires only
   a small amount of state between the arrival of a request and
   departure of the response.  The key list for each direction is
   generated separately by each peer and used independently, but each is
   generated with the same cookie.  The cookie is conveyed in a way
   similar to the server dance, except that the cookie is a simple
   nonce.  There exists a possible race condition where each peer sends
   a cookie request before receiving the cookie response from the other
   peer.  In this case, each peer winds up with two values, one it
   generated and one the other peer generated.  The ambiguity is
   resolved simply by computing the working cookie as the EXOR of the
   two values.

   Once the Autokey dance has completed, it is normally dormant.  In all
   except the broadcast dance, packets are normally sent without
   extension fields, unless the packet is the first one sent after
   generating a new key list or unless the client has requested the
   cookie or autokey values.  If for some reason the client clock is
   stepped, rather than slewed, all cryptographic and time values for
   all associations are purged and the dances in all associations
   restarted from scratch.  This ensures that stale values never
   propagate beyond a clock step.

10.  Autokey Protocol Messages

   The Autokey protocol data unit is the extension field, one or more of
   which can be piggybacked in the NTP packet.  An extension field
   contains either a request with optional data or a response with
   optional data.  To avoid deadlocks, any number of responses can be
   included in a packet, but only one request can be.  A response is
   generated for every request, even if the requestor is not
   synchronized to a proventic source, but most contain meaningful data
   only if the responder is synchronized to a proventic source.  Some
   requests and most responses carry timestamped signatures.  The
   signature covers the entire extension field, including the timestamp




Haberman & Mills              Informational                    [Page 23]
^L
RFC 5906                      NTPv4 Autokey                    June 2010


   and filestamp, where applicable.  Only if the packet has correct
   format, length, and message digest are cycles spent to verify the
   signature.

   There are currently eight Autokey requests and eight corresponding
   responses.  The NTP packet format is described in [RFC5905] and the
   extension field format used for these messages is illustrated in
   Figure 7.

    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |R|E|   Code    |  Field Type   |            Length             |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                         Association ID                        |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                           Timestamp                           |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                           Filestamp                           |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                          Value Length                         |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   \                                                               /

   /                             Value                             \
   \                                                               /
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                        Signature Length                       |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   \                                                               /
   /                           Signature                           \
   \                                                               /
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   \                                                               /
   /                      Padding (if needed)                      \
   \                                                               /
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

                  Figure 7: NTPv4 Extension Field Format

   While each extension field is zero-padded to a 4-octet (word)
   boundary, the entire extension is not word-aligned.  The Length field
   covers the entire extension field, including the Length and Padding
   fields.  While the minimum field length is 8 octets, a maximum field
   length remains to be established.  The reference implementation
   discards any packet with a field length more than 1024 octets.






Haberman & Mills              Informational                    [Page 24]
^L
RFC 5906                      NTPv4 Autokey                    June 2010


   One or more extension fields follow the NTP packet header and the
   last followed by the MAC.  The extension field parser initializes a
   pointer to the first octet beyond the NTP packet header and
   calculates the number of octets remaining to the end of the packet.
   If the remaining length is 20 (128-bit digest plus 4-octet key ID) or
   22 (160-bit digest plus 4-octet key ID), the remaining data are the
   MAC and parsing is complete.  If the remaining length is greater than
   22, an extension field is present.  If the remaining length is less
   than 8 or not a multiple of 4, a format error has occurred and the
   packet is discarded; otherwise, the parser increments the pointer by
   the extension field length and then uses the same rules as above to
   determine whether a MAC is present or another extension field.

   In Autokey the 8-bit Field Type field is interpreted as the version
   number, currently 2.  For future versions, values 1-7 have been
   reserved for Autokey; other values may be assigned for other
   applications.  The 6-bit Code field specifies the request or response
   operation.  There are two flag bits: bit 0 is the Response Flag (R)
   and bit 1 is the Error Flag (E); the Reserved field is unused and
   should be set to 0.  The remaining fields will be described later.

   In the most common protocol operations, a client sends a request to a
   server with an operation code specified in the Code field and both
   the R bit and E bit dim.  The server returns a response with the same
   operation code in the Code field and lights the R bit.  The server
   can also light the E bit in case of error.  Note that it is not
   necessarily a protocol error to send an unsolicited response with no
   matching request.  If the R bit is dim, the client sets the
   Association ID field to the client association ID, which the server
   returns for verification.  If the two values do not match, the
   response is discarded as if never sent.  If the R bit is lit, the
   Association ID field is set to the server association ID obtained in
   the initial protocol exchange.  If the Association ID field does not
   match any mobilized association ID, the request is discarded as if
   never sent.

   In some cases, not all fields may be present.  For requests, until a
   client has synchronized to a proventic source, signatures are not
   valid.  In such cases, the Timestamp field and Signature Length field
   (which specifies the length of the Signature) are zero and the
   Signature field is absent.  Some request and error response messages
   carry no value or signature fields, so in these messages only the
   first two words (8 octets) are present.

   The Timestamp and Filestamp words carry the seconds field of an NTP
   timestamp.  The timestamp establishes the signature epoch of the data
   field in the message, while the filestamp establishes the generation
   epoch of the file that ultimately produced the data that is signed.



Haberman & Mills              Informational                    [Page 25]
^L
RFC 5906                      NTPv4 Autokey                    June 2010


   A signature and timestamp are valid only when the signing host is
   synchronized to a proventic source; otherwise, the timestamp is zero.
   A cryptographic data file can only be generated if a signature is
   possible; otherwise, the filestamp is zero, except in the ASSOC
   response message, where it contains the server status word.

   As in all other TCP/IP protocol designs, all data are sent in network
   byte order.  Unless specified otherwise in the descriptions to
   follow, the data referred to are stored in the Value field.  The
   Value Length field specifies the length of the data in the Value
   field.

10.1.  No-Operation

   A No-operation request (Code 0) does nothing except return an empty
   response, which can be used as a crypto-ping.

10.2.  Association Message (ASSOC)

   An Association Message (Code 1) is used in the parameter exchange to
   obtain the host name and status word.  The request contains the
   client status word in the Filestamp field and the Autokey host name
   in the Value field.  The response contains the server status word in
   the Filestamp field and the Autokey host name in the Value field.
   The Autokey host name is not necessarily the DNS host name.  A valid
   response lights the ENAB bit and possibly others in the association
   status word.

   When multiple identity schemes are supported, the host status word
   determines which ones are available.  In server and symmetric modes,
   the response status word contains bits corresponding to the supported
   schemes.  In all modes, the scheme is selected based on the client
   identity parameters that are loaded at startup.

10.3.  Certificate Message (CERT)

   A Certificate Message (Code 2) is used in the certificate exchange to
   obtain a certificate by subject name.  The request contains the
   subject name; the response contains the certificate encoded in X.509
   format with ASN.1 syntax as described in Appendix H.

   If the subject name in the response does not match the issuer name,
   the exchange continues with the issuer name replacing the subject
   name in the request.  The exchange continues until a trusted, self-
   signed certificate is found and lights the CERT bit in the
   association status word.





Haberman & Mills              Informational                    [Page 26]
^L
RFC 5906                      NTPv4 Autokey                    June 2010


10.4.  Cookie Message (COOKIE)

   The Cookie Message (Code 3) is used in server and symmetric modes to
   obtain the server cookie.  The request contains the host public key
   encoded with ASN.1 syntax as described in Appendix H.  The response
   contains the cookie encrypted by the public key in the request.  A
   valid response lights the COOKIE bit in the association status word.

10.5.  Autokey Message (AUTO)

   The Autokey Message (Code 4) is used to obtain the autokey values.
   The request contains no value for a client or the autokey values for
   a symmetric peer.  The response contains two 32-bit words, the first
   is the final key ID, while the second is the index of the final key
   ID.  A valid response lights the AUTO bit in the association status
   word.

10.6.  Leapseconds Values Message (LEAP)

   The Leapseconds Values Message (Code 5) is used to obtain the
   leapseconds values as parsed from the leapseconds table from the
   National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).  The request
   contains no values.  The response contains three 32-bit integers:
   first the NTP seconds of the latest leap event followed by the NTP
   seconds when the latest NIST table expires and then the TAI offset
   following the leap event.  A valid response lights the LEAP bit in
   the association status word.

10.7.  Sign Message (SIGN)

   The Sign Message (Code 6) requests that the server sign and return a
   certificate presented in the request.  The request contains the
   client certificate encoded in X.509 format with ASN.1 syntax as
   described in Appendix H.  The response contains the client
   certificate signed by the server private key.  A valid response
   lights the SIGN bit in the association status word.

10.8.  Identity Messages (IFF, GQ, MV)

   The Identity Messages (Code 7 (IFF), 8 (GQ), or 9 (MV)) contains the
   client challenge, usually a 160- or 512-bit nonce.  The response
   contains the result of the mathematical operation defined in
   Appendix B.  The Response is encoded in ASN.1 syntax as described in
   Appendix H.  A valid response lights the VRFY bit in the association
   status word.






Haberman & Mills              Informational                    [Page 27]
^L
RFC 5906                      NTPv4 Autokey                    June 2010


11.  Autokey State Machine

   This section describes the formal model of the Autokey state machine,
   its state variables and the state transition functions.

11.1.  Status Word

   The server implements a host status word, while each client
   implements an association status word.  These words have the format
   and content shown in Figure 8.  The low-order 16 bits of the status
   word define the state of the Autokey dance, while the high-order 16
   bits specify the Numerical Identifier (NID) as generated by the
   OpenSSL library of the OID for one of the message digest/signature
   encryption schemes defined in [RFC3279].  The NID values for the
   digest/signature algorithms defined in RFC 3279 are as follows:

          +------------------------+----------------------+-----+
          |        Algorithm       | OID                  | NID |
          +------------------------+----------------------+-----+
          |         pkcs-1         | 1.2.840.113549.1.1   |   2 |
          |           md2          | 1.2.840.113549.2.2   |   3 |
          |           md5          | 1.2.840.113549.2.5   |   4 |
          |      rsaEncryption     | 1.2.840.113549.1.1.1 |   6 |
          |  md2WithRSAEncryption  | 1.2.840.113549.1.1.2 |   7 |
          |  md5WithRSAEncryption  | 1.2.840.113549.1.1.4 |   8 |
          |         id-sha1        | 1.3.14.3.2.26        |  64 |
          | sha-1WithRSAEncryption | 1.2.840.113549.1.1.5 |  65 |
          |     id-dsa-wth-sha1    | 1.2.840.10040.4.3    | 113 |
          |         id-dsa         | 1.2.840.10040.4.1    | 116 |
          +------------------------+----------------------+-----+

   Bits 24-31 are reserved for server use, while bits 16-23 are reserved
   for client use.  In the host portion, bits 24-27 specify the
   available identity schemes, while bits 28-31 specify the server
   capabilities.  There are two additional bits implemented separately.

                        1                   2                   3
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |    Digest / Signature NID     |    Client     | Ident |  Host |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

                           Figure 8: Status Word








Haberman & Mills              Informational                    [Page 28]
^L
RFC 5906                      NTPv4 Autokey                    June 2010


   The host status word is included in the ASSOC request and response
   messages.  The client copies this word to the association status word
   and then lights additional bits as the dance proceeds.  Once enabled,
   these bits ordinarily never become dark unless a general reset occurs
   and the protocol is restarted from the beginning.

   The host status bits are defined as follows:

   o  ENAB (31) is lit if the server implements the Autokey protocol.

   o  LVAL (30) is lit if the server has installed leapseconds values,
      either from the NIST leapseconds file or from another server.

   o  Bits (28-29) are reserved - always dark.

   o  Bits 24-27 select which server identity schemes are available.
      While specific coding for various schemes is yet to be determined,
      the schemes available in the reference implementation and
      described in Appendix B include the following:

      *  none - Trusted Certificate (TC) Scheme (default).

      *  PC (27) Private Certificate Scheme.

      *  IFF (26) Schnorr aka Identify-Friendly-or-Foe Scheme.

      *  GQ (25) Guillard-Quisquater Scheme.

      *  MV (24) Mu-Varadharajan Scheme.

   o  The PC scheme is exclusive of any other scheme.  Otherwise, the
      IFF, GQ, and MV bits can be enabled in any combination.

   The association status bits are defined as follows:

   o  CERT (23): Lit when the trusted host certificate and public key
      are validated.

   o  VRFY (22): Lit when the trusted host identity credentials are
      confirmed.

   o  PROV (21): Lit when the server signature is verified using its
      public key and identity credentials.  Also called the proventic
      bit elsewhere in this memo.  When enabled, signed values in
      subsequent messages are presumed proventic.






Haberman & Mills              Informational                    [Page 29]
^L
RFC 5906                      NTPv4 Autokey                    June 2010


   o  COOK (20): Lit when the cookie is received and validated.  When
      lit, key lists with nonzero cookies are generated; when dim, the
      cookie is zero.

   o  AUTO (19): Lit when the autokey values are received and validated.
      When lit, clients can validate packets without extension fields
      according to the autokey sequence.

   o  SIGN (18): Lit when the host certificate is signed by the server.

   o  LEAP (17): Lit when the leapseconds values are received and
      validated.

   o  Bit 16: Reserved - always dark.

   There are three additional bits: LIST, SYNC, and PEER not included in
   the association status word.  LIST is lit when the key list is
   regenerated and dim when the autokey values have been transmitted.
   This is necessary to avoid livelock under some conditions.  SYNC is
   lit when the client has synchronized to a proventic source and never
   dim after that.  PEER is lit when the server has synchronized, as
   indicated in the NTP header, and never dim after that.

11.2.  Host State Variables

   The following is a list of host state variables.

   Host Name:           The name of the host, by default the string
                        returned by the Unix gethostname() library
                        function.  In the reference implementation, this
                        is a configurable value.

   Host Status Word:    This word is initialized when the host first
                        starts up.  The format is described above.

   Host Key:            The RSA public/private key pair used to encrypt/
                        decrypt cookies.  This is also the default sign
                        key.

   Sign Key:            The RSA or Digital Signature Algorithm (DSA)
                        public/private key pair used to encrypt/decrypt
                        signatures when the host key is not used for
                        this purpose.

   Sign Digest:         The message digest algorithm used to compute the
                        message digest before encryption.





Haberman & Mills              Informational                    [Page 30]
^L
RFC 5906                      NTPv4 Autokey                    June 2010


   IFF Parameters:      The parameters used in the optional IFF identity
                        scheme described in Appendix B.

   GQ Parameters:       The parameters used in the optional GQ identity
                        scheme described in Appendix B.

   MV Parameters:       The parameters used in the optional MV identity
                        scheme described in Appendix B.

   Server Seed:         The private value hashed with the IP addresses
                        and key identifier to construct the cookie.

   CIS:                 Certificate Information Structure.  This
                        structure includes certain information fields
                        from an X.509v3 certificate, together with the
                        certificate itself.  The fields extracted
                        include the subject and issuer names, subject
                        public key and message digest algorithm
                        (pointers), and the beginning and end of the
                        valid period in NTP seconds.

                        The certificate itself is stored as an extension
                        field in network byte order so it can be copied
                        intact to the message.  The structure is signed
                        using the sign key and carries the public values
                        timestamp at signature time and the filestamp of
                        the original certificate file.  The structure is
                        used by the CERT response message and SIGN
                        request and response messages.

                        A flags field in the CIS determines the status
                        of the certificate.  The field is encoded as
                        follows:

                        *  TRUST (0x01) - The certificate has been
                           signed by a trusted issuer.  If the
                           certificate is self-signed and contains
                           "trustRoot" in the Extended Key Usage field,
                           this bit is lit when the CIS is constructed.

                        *  SIGN (0x02) - The certificate signature has
                           been verified.  If the certificate is self-
                           signed and verified using the contained
                           public key, this bit is lit when the CIS is
                           constructed.






Haberman & Mills              Informational                    [Page 31]
^L
RFC 5906                      NTPv4 Autokey                    June 2010


                        *  VALID (0x04) - The certificate is valid and
                           can be used to verify signatures.  This bit
                           is lit when a trusted certificate has been
                           found on a valid certificate trail.

                        *  PRIV (0x08) - The certificate is private and
                           not to be revealed.  If the certificate is
                           self-signed and contains "Private" in the
                           Extended Key Usage field, this bit is lit
                           when the CIS is constructed.

                        *  ERROR (0x80) - The certificate is defective
                           and not to be used in any way.

   Certificate List:    CIS structures are stored on the certificate
                        list in order of arrival, with the most recently
                        received CIS placed first on the list.  The list
                        is initialized with the CIS for the host
                        certificate, which is read from the host
                        certificate file.  Additional CIS entries are
                        added to the list as certificates are obtained
                        from the servers during the certificate
                        exchange.  CIS entries are discarded if
                        overtaken by newer ones.

                        The following values are stored as an extension
                        field structure in network byte order so they
                        can be copied intact to the message.  They are
                        used to send some Autokey requests and
                        responses.  All but the Host Name Values
                        structure are signed using the sign key and all
                        carry the public values timestamp at signature
                        time.

   Host Name Values:    This is used to send ASSOC request and response
                        messages.  It contains the host status word and
                        host name.

   Public Key Values:   This is used to send the COOKIE request message.
                        It contains the public encryption key used for
                        the COOKIE response message.

   Leapseconds Values:  This is used to send the LEAP response message.
                        It contains the leapseconds values in the LEAP
                        message description.






Haberman & Mills              Informational                    [Page 32]
^L
RFC 5906                      NTPv4 Autokey                    June 2010


11.3.  Client State Variables (all modes)

   The following is a list of state variables used by the various dances
   in all modes.

   Association ID:           The association ID used in responses.  It
                             is assigned when the association is
                             mobilized.

   Association Status Word:  The status word copied from the ASSOC
                             response; subsequently modified by the
                             state machine.

   Subject Name:             The server host name copied from the ASSOC
                             response.

   Issuer Name:              The host name signing the certificate.  It
                             is extracted from the current server
                             certificate upon arrival and used to
                             request the next host on the certificate
                             trail.

   Server Public Key:        The public key used to decrypt signatures.
                             It is extracted from the server host
                             certificate.

   Server Message Digest:    The digest/signature scheme determined in
                             the parameter exchange.

   Group Key:                A set of values used by the identity
                             exchange.  It identifies the cryptographic
                             compartment shared by the server and
                             client.

   Receive Cookie Values:    The cookie returned in a COOKIE response,
                             together with its timestamp and filestamp.

   Receive Autokey Values:   The autokey values returned in an AUTO
                             response, together with its timestamp and
                             filestamp.

   Send Autokey Values:      The autokey values with signature and
                             timestamps.








Haberman & Mills              Informational                    [Page 33]
^L
RFC 5906                      NTPv4 Autokey                    June 2010


   Key List:                 A sequence of key IDs starting with the
                             autokey seed and each pointing to the next.
                             It is computed, timestamped, and signed at
                             the next poll opportunity when the key list
                             becomes empty.

   Current Key Number:       The index of the entry on the Key List to
                             be used at the next poll opportunity.

11.4.  Protocol State Transitions

   The protocol state machine is very simple but robust.  The state is
   determined by the client status word bits defined above.  The state
   transitions of the three dances are shown below.  The capitalized
   truth values represent the client status bits.  All bits are
   initialized as dark and are lit upon the arrival of a specific
   response message as detailed above.

11.4.1.  Server Dance

   The server dance begins when the client sends an ASSOC request to the
   server.  The clock is updated when PREV is lit and the dance ends
   when LEAP is lit.  In this dance, the autokey values are not used, so
   an autokey exchange is not necessary.  Note that the SIGN and LEAP
   requests are not issued until the client has synchronized to a
   proventic source.  Subsequent packets without extension fields are
   validated by the autokey sequence.  This example and others assumes
   the IFF identity scheme has been selected in the parameter exchange.























Haberman & Mills              Informational                    [Page 34]
^L
RFC 5906                      NTPv4 Autokey                    June 2010


1       while (1) {
2               wait_for_next_poll;
3               make_NTP_header;
4               if (response_ready)
5                       send_response;
6               if (!ENB)             /* parameter exchange */
7                       ASSOC_request;
8               else if (!CERT)       /* certificate exchange */
9                       CERT_request(Host_Name);
10              else if (!IFF)        /* identity exchange */
11                      IFF_challenge;
12              else if (!COOK)       /* cookie exchange */
13                      COOKIE_request;
14              else if (!SYNC)       /* wait for synchronization */
15                      continue;
16              else if (!SIGN)       /* sign exchange */
17                      SIGN_request(Host_Certificate);
18              else if (!LEAP)       /* leapsecond values exchange */
19                      LEAP_request;
20              send packet;
21      }

                         Figure 9: Server Dance

   If the server refreshes the private seed, the cookie becomes invalid.
   The server responds to an invalid cookie with a crypto-NAK message,
   which causes the client to restart the protocol from the beginning.

11.4.2.  Broadcast Dance

   The broadcast dance is similar to the server dance with the cookie
   exchange replaced by the autokey values exchange.  The broadcast
   dance begins when the client receives a broadcast packet including an
   ASSOC response with the server association ID.  This mobilizes a
   client association in order to proventicate the source and calibrate
   the propagation delay.  The dance ends when the LEAP bit is lit,
   after which the client sends no further packets.  Normally, the
   broadcast server includes an ASSOC response in each transmitted
   packet.  However, when the server generates a new key list, it
   includes an AUTO response instead.

   In the broadcast dance, extension fields are used with every packet,
   so the cookie is always zero and no cookie exchange is necessary.  As
   in the server dance, the clock is updated when PREV is lit and the







Haberman & Mills              Informational                    [Page 35]
^L
RFC 5906                      NTPv4 Autokey                    June 2010


   dance ends when LEAP is lit.  Note that the SIGN and LEAP requests
   are not issued until the client has synchronized to a proventic
   source.  Subsequent packets without extension fields are validated by
   the autokey sequence.
1       while (1) {
2               wait_for_next_poll;
3               make_NTP_header;
4               if (response_ready)
5                       send_response;
6               if (!ENB)              /* parameters exchange */
7                       ASSOC_request;
8               else if (!CERT)        /* certificate exchange */
9                       CERT_request(Host_Name);
10              else if (!IFF)         /* identity exchange */
11                      IFF_challenge;
12              else if (!AUT)         /* autokey values exchange */
13                      AUTO_request;
14              else if (!SYNC)        /* wait for synchronization */
15                      continue;
16              else if (!SIGN)        /* sign exchange */
17                      SIGN_request(Host_Certificate);
18              else if (!LEAP)        /* leapsecond values exchange */
19                      LEAP_request;
20              send NTP_packet;
21      }

                       Figure 10: Broadcast Dance

   If a packet is lost and the autokey sequence is broken, the client
   hashes the current autokey until either it matches the previous
   autokey or the number of hashes exceeds the count given in the
   autokey values.  If the latter, the client sends an AUTO request to
   retrieve the autokey values.  If the client receives a crypto-NAK
   during the dance, or if the association ID changes, the client
   restarts the protocol from the beginning.

11.4.3.  Symmetric Dance

   The symmetric dance is intricately choreographed.  It begins when the
   active peer sends an ASSOC request to the passive peer.  The passive
   peer mobilizes an association and both peers step a three-way dance
   where each peer completes a parameter exchange with the other.  Until
   one of the peers has synchronized to a proventic source (which could
   be the other peer) and can sign messages, the other peer loops
   waiting for a valid timestamp in the ensuing CERT response.






Haberman & Mills              Informational                    [Page 36]
^L
RFC 5906                      NTPv4 Autokey                    June 2010


1       while (1) {
2               wait_for_next_poll;
3               make_NTP_header;
4               if (!ENB)             /* parameters exchange */
5                       ASSOC_request;
6               else if (!CERT)       /* certificate exchange */
7                       CERT_request(Host_Name);
8               else if (!IFF)        /* identity exchange */
9                       IFF_challenge;
10              else if (!COOK && PEER) /* cookie exchange */
11                      COOKIE_request);
12              else if (!AUTO)       /* autokey values exchange */
13                      AUTO_request;
14              else if (LIST)        /* autokey values response */
15                      AUTO_response;
16              else if (!SYNC)       /* wait for synchronization */
17                      continue;
18              else if (!SIGN)       /* sign exchange */
19                      SIGN_request;
20              else if (!LEAP)       /* leapsecond values exchange */
21                      LEAP_request;
22              send NTP_packet;
23      }

                       Figure 11: Symmetric Dance

   Once a peer has synchronized to a proventic source, it includes
   timestamped signatures in its messages.  The other peer, which has
   been stalled waiting for valid timestamps, now mates the dance.  It
   retrieves the now nonzero cookie using a cookie exchange and then the
   updated autokey values using an autokey exchange.

   As in the broadcast dance, if a packet is lost and the autokey
   sequence broken, the peer hashes the current autokey until either it
   matches the previous autokey or the number of hashes exceeds the
   count given in the autokey values.  If the latter, the client sends
   an AUTO request to retrieve the autokey values.  If the peer receives
   a crypto-NAK during the dance, or if the association ID changes, the
   peer restarts the protocol from the beginning.

11.5.  Error Recovery

   The Autokey protocol state machine includes provisions for various
   kinds of error conditions that can arise due to missing files,
   corrupted data, protocol violations, and packet loss or misorder, not
   to mention hostile intrusion.  This section describes how the
   protocol responds to reachability and timeout events that can occur
   due to such errors.



Haberman & Mills              Informational                    [Page 37]
^L
RFC 5906                      NTPv4 Autokey                    June 2010


   A persistent NTP association is mobilized by an entry in the
   configuration file, while an ephemeral association is mobilized upon
   the arrival of a broadcast or symmetric active packet with no
   matching association.  Subsequently, a general reset reinitializes
   all association variables to the initial state when first mobilized.
   In addition, if the association is ephemeral, the association is
   demobilized and all resources acquired are returned to the system.

   Every NTP association has two variables that maintain the liveness
   state of the protocol, the 8-bit reach register and the unreach
   counter defined in [RFC5905].  At every poll interval, the reach
   register is shifted left, the low order bit is dimmed and the high
   order bit is lost.  At the same time, the unreach counter is
   incremented by one.  If an arriving packet passes all authentication
   and sanity checks, the rightmost bit of the reach register is lit and
   the unreach counter is set to zero.  If any bit in the reach register
   is lit, the server is reachable; otherwise, it is unreachable.

   When the first poll is sent from an association, the reach register
   and unreach counter are set to zero.  If the unreach counter reaches
   16, the poll interval is doubled.  In addition, if association is
   persistent, it is demobilized.  This reduces the network load for
   packets that are unlikely to elicit a response.

   At each state in the protocol, the client expects a particular
   response from the server.  A request is included in the NTP packet
   sent at each poll interval until a valid response is received or a
   general reset occurs, in which case the protocol restarts from the
   beginning.  A general reset also occurs for an association when an
   unrecoverable protocol error occurs.  A general reset occurs for all
   associations when the system clock is first synchronized or the clock
   is stepped or when the server seed is refreshed.

   There are special cases designed to quickly respond to broken
   associations, such as when a server restarts or refreshes keys.
   Since the client cookie is invalidated, the server rejects the next
   client request and returns a crypto-NAK packet.  Since the crypto-NAK
   has no MAC, the problem for the client is to determine whether it is
   legitimate or the result of intruder mischief.  In order to reduce
   the vulnerability in such cases, the crypto-NAK, as well as all
   responses, is believed only if the result of a previous packet sent
   by the client and not a replay, as confirmed by the NTP on-wire
   protocol.  While this defense can be easily circumvented by a man-in-
   the-middle, it does deflect other kinds of intruder warfare.

   There are a number of situations where some event happens that causes
   the remaining autokeys on the key list to become invalid.  When one
   of these situations happens, the key list and associated autokeys in



Haberman & Mills              Informational                    [Page 38]
^L
RFC 5906                      NTPv4 Autokey                    June 2010


   the key cache are purged.  A new key list, signature, and timestamp
   are generated when the next NTP message is sent, assuming there is
   one.  The following is a list of these situations:

   1.  When the cookie value changes for any reason.

   2.  When the poll interval is changed.  In this case, the calculated
       expiration times for the keys become invalid.

   3.  If a problem is detected when an entry is fetched from the key
       list.  This could happen if the key was marked non-trusted or
       timed out, either of which implies a software bug.

12.  Security Considerations

   This section discusses the most obvious security vulnerabilities in
   the various Autokey dances.  In the following discussion, the
   cryptographic algorithms and private values themselves are assumed
   secure; that is, a brute force cryptanalytic attack will not reveal
   the host private key, sign private key, cookie value, identity
   parameters, server seed or autokey seed.  In addition, an intruder
   will not be able to predict random generator values.

12.1.  Protocol Vulnerability

   While the protocol has not been subjected to a formal analysis, a few
   preliminary assertions can be made.  In the client/server and
   symmetric dances, the underlying NTP on-wire protocol is resistant to
   lost, duplicate, and bogus packets, even if the clock is not
   synchronized, so the protocol is not vulnerable to a wiretapper
   attack.  The on-wire protocol is resistant to replays of both the
   client request packet and the server reply packet.  A man-in-the-
   middle attack, even if it could simulate a valid cookie, could not
   prove identity.

   In the broadcast dance, the client begins with a volley in client/
   server mode to obtain the autokey values and signature, so has the
   same protection as in that mode.  When continuing in receive-only
   mode, a wiretapper cannot produce a key list with valid signed
   autokey values.  If it replays an old packet, the client will reject
   it by the timestamp check.  The most it can do is manufacture a
   future packet causing clients to repeat the autokey hash operations
   until exceeding the maximum key number.  If this happens the
   broadcast client temporarily reverts to client mode to refresh the
   autokey values.






Haberman & Mills              Informational                    [Page 39]
^L
RFC 5906                      NTPv4 Autokey                    June 2010


   By assumption, a man-in-the-middle attacker that intercepts a packet
   cannot break the wire or delay an intercepted packet.  If this
   assumption is removed, the middleman could intercept a broadcast
   packet and replace the data and message digest without detection by
   the clients.

   As mentioned previously in this memo, the TC identity scheme is
   vulnerable to a man-in-the-middle attack where an intruder could
   create a bogus certificate trail.  To foil this kind of attack,
   either the PC, IFF, GQ, or MV identity schemes must be used.

   A client instantiates cryptographic variables only if the server is
   synchronized to a proventic source.  A server does not sign values or
   generate cryptographic data files unless synchronized to a proventic
   source.  This raises an interesting issue: how does a client generate
   proventic cryptographic files before it has ever been synchronized to
   a proventic source?  (Who shaves the barber if the barber shaves
   everybody in town who does not shave himself?)  In principle, this
   paradox is resolved by assuming the primary (stratum 1) servers are
   proventicated by external phenomenological means.

12.2.  Clogging Vulnerability

   A self-induced clogging incident cannot happen, since signatures are
   computed only when the data have changed and the data do not change
   very often.  For instance, the autokey values are signed only when
   the key list is regenerated, which happens about once an hour, while
   the public values are signed only when one of them is updated during
   a dance or the server seed is refreshed, which happens about once per
   day.

   There are two clogging vulnerabilities exposed in the protocol
   design: an encryption attack where the intruder hopes to clog the
   victim server with needless cryptographic calculations, and a
   decryption attack where the intruder attempts to clog the victim
   client with needless cryptographic calculations.  Autokey uses public
   key cryptography and the algorithms that perform these functions
   consume significant resources.

   In client/server and peer dances, an encryption hazard exists when a
   wiretapper replays prior cookie request messages at speed.  There is
   no obvious way to deflect such attacks, as the server retains no
   state between requests.  Replays of cookie request or response
   messages are detected and discarded by the client on-wire protocol.

   In broadcast mode, a decryption hazard exists when a wiretapper
   replays autokey response messages at speed.  Once synchronized to a
   proventic source, a legitimate extension field with timestamp the



Haberman & Mills              Informational                    [Page 40]
^L
RFC 5906                      NTPv4 Autokey                    June 2010


   same as or earlier than the most recently received of that type is
   immediately discarded.  This foils a man-in-the-middle cut-and-paste
   attack using an earlier response, for example.  A legitimate
   extension field with timestamp in the future is unlikely, as that
   would require predicting the autokey sequence.  However, this causes
   the client to refresh and verify the autokey values and signature.

   A determined attacker can destabilize the on-wire protocol or an
   Autokey dance in various ways by replaying old messages before the
   client or peer has synchronized for the first time.  For instance,
   replaying an old symmetric mode message before the peers have
   synchronize will prevent the peers from ever synchronizing.
   Replaying out of order Autokey messages in any mode during a dance
   could prevent the dance from ever completing.  There is nothing new
   in these kinds of attack; a similar vulnerability even exists in TCP.




































Haberman & Mills              Informational                    [Page 41]
^L
RFC 5906                      NTPv4 Autokey                    June 2010


13.  IANA Consideration

   The IANA has added the following entries to the NTP Extensions Field
   Types registry:

      +------------+------------------------------------------+
      | Field Type | Meaning                                  |
      +------------+------------------------------------------+
      |   0x0002   | No-Operation Request                     |
      |   0x8002   | No-Operation Response                    |
      |   0xC002   | No-Operation Error Response              |
      |   0x0102   | Association Message Request              |
      |   0x8102   | Association Message Response             |
      |   0xC102   | Association Message Error Response       |
      |   0x0202   | Certificate Message Request              |
      |   0x8202   | Certificate Message Response             |
      |   0xC202   | Certificate Message Error Response       |
      |   0x0302   | Cookie Message Request                   |
      |   0x8302   | Cookie Message Response                  |
      |   0xC302   | Cookie Message Error Response            |
      |   0x0402   | Autokey Message Request                  |
      |   0x8402   | Autokey Message Response                 |
      |   0xC402   | Autokey Message Error Response           |
      |   0x0502   | Leapseconds Value Message Request        |
      |   0x8502   | Leapseconds Value Message Response       |
      |   0xC502   | Leapseconds Value Message Error Response |
      |   0x0602   | Sign Message Request                     |
      |   0x8602   | Sign Message Response                    |
      |   0xC602   | Sign Message Error Response              |
      |   0x0702   | IFF Identity Message Request             |
      |   0x8702   | IFF Identity Message Response            |
      |   0xC702   | IFF Identity Message Error Response      |
      |   0x0802   | GQ Identity Message Request              |
      |   0x8802   | GQ Identity Message Response             |
      |   0xC802   | GQ Identity Message Error Response       |
      |   0x0902   | MV Identity Message Request              |
      |   0x8902   | MV Identity Message Response             |
      |   0xC902   | MV Identity Message Error Response       |
      +------------+------------------------------------------+

14.  References

14.1.  Normative References

   [RFC5905]  Mills, D., Martin, J., Ed., Burbank, J., and W. Kasch,
              "Network Time Protocol Version 4: Protocol and Algorithms
              Specification", RFC 5905, June 2010.




Haberman & Mills              Informational                    [Page 42]
^L
RFC 5906                      NTPv4 Autokey                    June 2010


14.2.  Informative References

   [DASBUCH]  Mills, D., "Computer Network Time Synchronization - the
              Network Time Protocol", 2006.

   [GUILLOU]  Guillou, L. and J. Quisquatar, "A "paradoxical" identity-
              based signature scheme resulting from zero-knowledge",
              1990.

   [MV]       Mu, Y. and V. Varadharajan, "Robust and secure
              broadcasting", 2001.

   [RFC1305]  Mills, D., "Network Time Protocol (Version 3)
              Specification, Implementation", RFC 1305, March 1992.

   [RFC2412]  Orman, H., "The OAKLEY Key Determination Protocol",
              RFC 2412, November 1998.

   [RFC2522]  Karn, P. and W. Simpson, "Photuris: Session-Key Management
              Protocol", RFC 2522, March 1999.

   [RFC2875]  Prafullchandra, H. and J. Schaad, "Diffie-Hellman Proof-
              of-Possession Algorithms", RFC 2875, July 2000.

   [RFC3279]  Bassham, L., Polk, W., and R. Housley, "Algorithms and
              Identifiers for the Internet X.509 Public Key
              Infrastructure Certificate and Certificate Revocation List
              (CRL) Profile", RFC 3279, April 2002.

   [RFC4210]  Adams, C., Farrell, S., Kause, T., and T. Mononen,
              "Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure Certificate
              Management Protocol (CMP)", RFC 4210, September 2005.

   [RFC4302]  Kent, S., "IP Authentication Header", RFC 4302,
              December 2005.

   [RFC4303]  Kent, S., "IP Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP)",
              RFC 4303, December 2005.

   [RFC4306]  Kaufman, C., "Internet Key Exchange (IKEv2) Protocol",
              RFC 4306, December 2005.

   [RFC5280]  Cooper, D., Santesson, S., Farrell, S., Boeyen, S.,
              Housley, R., and W. Polk, "Internet X.509 Public Key
              Infrastructure Certificate and Certificate Revocation List
              (CRL) Profile", RFC 5280, May 2008.





Haberman & Mills              Informational                    [Page 43]
^L
RFC 5906                      NTPv4 Autokey                    June 2010


   [SCHNORR]  Schnorr, C., "Efficient signature generation for smart
              cards", 1991.

   [STINSON]  Stinson, D., "Cryptography - Theory and Practice", 1995.















































Haberman & Mills              Informational                    [Page 44]
^L
RFC 5906                      NTPv4 Autokey                    June 2010


Appendix A.  Timestamps, Filestamps, and Partial Ordering

   When the host starts, it reads the host key and host certificate
   files, which are required for continued operation.  It also reads the
   sign key and leapseconds values, when available.  When reading these
   files, the host checks the file formats and filestamps for validity;
   for instance, all filestamps must be later than the time the UTC
   timescale was established in 1972 and the certificate filestamp must
   not be earlier than its associated sign key filestamp.  At the time
   the files are read, the host is not synchronized, so it cannot
   determine whether the filestamps are bogus other than by using these
   simple checks.  It must not produce filestamps or timestamps until
   synchronized to a proventic source.

   In the following, the relation A --> B is Lamport's "happens before"
   relation, which is true if event A happens before event B. When
   timestamps are compared to timestamps, the relation is false if A
   <--> B; that is, false if the events are simultaneous.  For
   timestamps compared to filestamps and filestamps compared to
   filestamps, the relation is true if A <--> B. Note that the current
   time plays no part in these assertions except in (6) below; however,
   the NTP protocol itself ensures a correct partial ordering for all
   current time values.

   The following assertions apply to all relevant responses:

   1.  The client saves the most recent timestamp T0 and filestamp F0
       for the respective signature type.  For every received message
       carrying timestamp T1 and filestamp F1, the message is discarded
       unless T0 --> T1 and F0 --> F1.  The requirement that T0 --> T1
       is the primary defense against replays of old messages.

   2.  For timestamp T and filestamp F, F --> T; that is, the filestamp
       must happen before the timestamp.  If not, this could be due to a
       file generation error or a significant error in the system clock
       time.

   3.  For sign key filestamp S, certificate filestamp C, cookie
       timestamp D and autokey timestamp A, S --> C --> D --> A; that
       is, the autokey must be generated after the cookie, the cookie
       after the certificate, and the certificate after the sign key.

   4.  For sign key filestamp S and certificate filestamp C specifying
       begin time B and end time E, S --> C--> B --> E; that is, the
       valid period must not be retroactive.






Haberman & Mills              Informational                    [Page 45]
^L
RFC 5906                      NTPv4 Autokey                    June 2010


   5.  A certificate for subject S signed by issuer I and with filestamp
       C1 obsoletes, but does not necessarily invalidate, another
       certificate with the same subject and issuer but with filestamp
       C0, where C0 --> C1.

   6.  A certificate with begin time B and end time E is invalid and
       cannot be used to verify signatures if t --> B or E --> t, where
       t is the current proventic time.  Note that the public key
       previously extracted from the certificate continues to be valid
       for an indefinite time.  This raises the interesting possibility
       where a truechimer server with expired certificate or a
       falseticker with valid certificate are not detected until the
       client has synchronized to a proventic source.

Appendix B.  Identity Schemes

   There are five identity schemes in the NTPv4 reference
   implementation: (1) private certificate (PC), (2) trusted certificate
   (TC), (3) a modified Schnorr algorithm (IFF - Identify Friend or
   Foe), (4) a modified Guillou-Quisquater (GQ) algorithm, and (5) a
   modified Mu-Varadharajan (MV) algorithm.

   The PC scheme is intended for testing and development and not
   recommended for general use.  The TC scheme uses a certificate trail,
   but not an identity scheme.  The IFF, GQ, and MV identity schemes use
   a cryptographically strong challenge-response exchange where an
   intruder cannot learn the group key, even after repeated observations
   of multiple exchanges.  These schemes begin when the client sends a
   nonce to the server, which then rolls its own nonce, performs a
   mathematical operation and sends the results to the client.  The
   client performs a second mathematical operation to prove the server
   has the same group key as the client.



















Haberman & Mills              Informational                    [Page 46]
^L
RFC 5906                      NTPv4 Autokey                    June 2010


Appendix C.  Private Certificate (PC) Scheme

   The PC scheme shown in Figure 12 uses a private certificate as the
   group key.

                             Trusted
                            Authority
              Secure     +-------------+    Secure
          +--------------| Certificate |-------------+
          |              +-------------+             |
          |                                          |
         \|/                                        \|/
   +-------------+                            +-------------+
   | Certificate |                            | Certificate |
   +-------------+                            +-------------+
       Server                                     Client

            Figure 12: Private Certificate (PC) Identity Scheme

   A certificate is designated private when the X.509v3 Extended Key
   Usage extension field is present and contains "Private".  The private
   certificate is distributed to all other group members by secret
   means, so in fact becomes a symmetric key.  Private certificates are
   also trusted, so there is no need for a certificate trail or identity
   scheme.

Appendix D.  Trusted Certificate (TC) Scheme

   All other schemes involve a conventional certificate trail as shown
   in Figure 13.
                                                           Trusted
                   Host                 Host                 Host
              +-----------+        +-----------+        +-----------+
         +--->|  Subject  |   +--->|  Subject  |   +--->|  Subject  |
         |    +-----------+   |    +-----------+   |    +-----------+
   ...---+    |  Issuer   |---+    |  Issuer   |---+    |  Issuer   |
              +-----------+        +-----------+        +-----------+
              | Signature |        | Signature |        | Signature |
              +-----------+        +-----------+        +-----------+

            Figure 13: Trusted Certificate (TC) Identity Scheme

   As described in RFC 4210 [RFC4210], each certificate is signed by an
   issuer one step closer to the trusted host, which has a self-signed
   trusted certificate.  A certificate is designated trusted when an
   X.509v3 Extended Key Usage extension field is present and contains
   "trustRoot".  If no identity scheme is specified in the parameter
   exchange, this is the default scheme.



Haberman & Mills              Informational                    [Page 47]
^L
RFC 5906                      NTPv4 Autokey                    June 2010


Appendix E.  Schnorr (IFF) Identity Scheme

   The IFF scheme is useful when the group key is concealed, so that
   client keys need not be protected.  The primary disadvantage is that
   when the server key is refreshed all hosts must update the client
   key.  The scheme shown in Figure 14 involves a set of public
   parameters and a group key including both private and public
   components.  The public component is the client key.

                                     Trusted
                                    Authority
                                  +------------+
                                  | Parameters |
                       Secure     +------------+   Insecure
                    +-------------| Group Key  |-----------+
                    |             +------------+           |
                   \|/                                    \|/
              +------------+         Challenge       +------------+
              | Parameters |<------------------------| Parameters |
              +------------+                         +------------+
              |  Group Key |------------------------>| Client Key |
              +------------+         Response        +------------+
                  Server                                 Client

                 Figure 14: Schnorr (IFF) Identity Scheme

   By happy coincidence, the mathematical principles on which IFF is
   based are similar to DSA.  The scheme is a modification an algorithm
   described in [SCHNORR] and [STINSON] (p. 285).  The parameters are
   generated by routines in the OpenSSL library, but only the moduli p,
   q and generator g are used.  The p is a 512-bit prime, g a generator
   of the multiplicative group Z_p* and q a 160-bit prime that divides
   (p-1) and is a qth root of 1 mod p; that is, g^q = 1 mod p.  The TA
   rolls a private random group key b (0 < b < q), then computes public
   client key v = g^(q-b) mod p.  The TA distributes (p, q, g, b) to all
   servers using secure means and (p, q, g, v) to all clients not
   necessarily using secure means.

   The TA hides IFF parameters and keys in an OpenSSL DSA cuckoo
   structure.  The IFF parameters are identical to the DSA parameters,
   so the OpenSSL library can be used directly.  The structure shown in
   Figure 15 is written to a file as a DSA private key encoded in PEM.
   Unused structure members are set to one.








Haberman & Mills              Informational                    [Page 48]
^L
RFC 5906                      NTPv4 Autokey                    June 2010


              +----------------------------------+-------------+
              |   IFF   |   DSA    |   Item      |   Include   |
              +=========+==========+=============+=============+
              |    p    |    p     | modulus     |    all      |
              +---------+----------+-------------+-------------+
              |    q    |    q     | modulus     |    all      |
              +---------+----------+-------------+-------------+
              |    g    |    g     | generator   |    all      |
              +---------+----------+-------------+-------------+
              |    b    | priv_key | group key   |   server    |
              +---------+----------+-------------+-------------+
              |    v    | pub_key  | client key  |   client    |
              +---------+----------+-------------+-------------+

                 Figure 15: IFF Identity Scheme Structure

   Alice challenges Bob to confirm identity using the following protocol
   exchange.

   1.  Alice rolls random r (0 < r < q) and sends to Bob.

   2.  Bob rolls random k (0 < k < q), computes y = k + br mod q and x =
       g^k mod p, then sends (y, hash(x)) to Alice.

   3.  Alice computes z = g^y * v^r mod p and verifies hash(z) equals
       hash(x).

   If the hashes match, Alice knows that Bob has the group key b.
   Besides making the response shorter, the hash makes it effectively
   impossible for an intruder to solve for b by observing a number of
   these messages.  The signed response binds this knowledge to Bob's
   private key and the public key previously received in his
   certificate.

Appendix F.  Guillard-Quisquater (GQ) Identity Scheme

   The GQ scheme is useful when the server key must be refreshed from
   time to time without changing the group key.  The NTP utility
   programs include the GQ client key in the X.509v3 Subject Key
   Identifier extension field.  The primary disadvantage of the scheme
   is that the group key must be protected in both the server and
   client.  A secondary disadvantage is that when a server key is
   refreshed, old extension fields no longer work.  The scheme shown in
   Figure 16 involves a set of public parameters and a group key used to
   generate private server keys and client keys.






Haberman & Mills              Informational                    [Page 49]
^L
RFC 5906                      NTPv4 Autokey                    June 2010


                                     Trusted
                                    Authority
                                  +------------+
                                  | Parameters |
                       Secure     +------------+   Secure
                    +-------------| Group Key  |-----------+
                    |             +------------+           |
                   \|/                                    \|/
              +------------+         Challenge       +------------+
              | Parameters |<------------------------| Parameters |
              +------------+                         +------------+
              |  Group Key |                         |  Group Key |
              +------------+         Response        +------------+
              | Server Key |------------------------>| Client Key |
              +------------+                         +------------+
                  Server                                 Client

                 Figure 16: Schnorr (IFF) Identity Scheme

   By happy coincidence, the mathematical principles on which GQ is
   based are similar to RSA.  The scheme is a modification of an
   algorithm described in [GUILLOU] and [STINSON] (p. 300) (with
   errors).  The parameters are generated by routines in the OpenSSL
   library, but only the moduli p and q are used.  The 512-bit public
   modulus is n=pq, where p and q are secret large primes.  The TA rolls
   random large prime b (0 < b < n) and distributes (n, b) to all group
   servers and clients using secure means, since an intruder in
   possession of these values could impersonate a legitimate server.
   The private server key and public client key are constructed later.

   The TA hides GQ parameters and keys in an OpenSSL RSA cuckoo
   structure.  The GQ parameters are identical to the RSA parameters, so
   the OpenSSL library can be used directly.  When generating a
   certificate, the server rolls random server key u (0 < u < n) and
   client key its inverse obscured by the group key v = (u^-1)^b mod n.
   These values replace the private and public keys normally generated
   by the RSA scheme.  The client key is conveyed in a X.509 certificate
   extension.  The updated GQ structure shown in Figure 17 is written as
   an RSA private key encoded in PEM.  Unused structure members are set
   to one.











Haberman & Mills              Informational                    [Page 50]
^L
RFC 5906                      NTPv4 Autokey                    June 2010


              +---------------------------------+-------------+
              |   GQ    |   RSA    |   Item     |   Include   |
              +=========+==========+============+=============+
              |    n    |    n     | modulus    |    all      |
              +---------+----------+------------+-------------+
              |    b    |    e     | group key  |    all      |
              +---------+----------+------------+-------------+
              |    u    |    p     | server key |   server    |
              +---------+----------+------------+-------------+
              |    v    |    q     | client key |   client    |
              +---------+----------+------------+-------------+

                  Figure 17: GQ Identity Scheme Structure

   Alice challenges Bob to confirm identity using the following
   exchange.

   1.  Alice rolls random r (0 < r < n) and sends to Bob.

   2.  Bob rolls random k (0 < k < n) and computes y = ku^r mod n and x
       = k^b mod n, then sends (y, hash(x)) to Alice.

   3.  Alice computes z = (v^r)*(y^b) mod n and verifies hash(z) equals
       hash(x).

   If the hashes match, Alice knows that Bob has the corresponding
   server key u.  Besides making the response shorter, the hash makes it
   effectively impossible for an intruder to solve for u by observing a
   number of these messages.  The signed response binds this knowledge
   to Bob's private key and the client key previously received in his
   certificate.

Appendix G.  Mu-Varadharajan (MV) Identity Scheme

   The MV scheme is perhaps the most interesting and flexible of the
   three challenge/response schemes, but is devilishly complicated.  It
   is most useful when a small number of servers provide synchronization
   to a large client population where there might be considerable risk
   of compromise between and among the servers and clients.  The client
   population can be partitioned into a modest number of subgroups, each
   associated with an individual client key.

   The TA generates an intricate cryptosystem involving encryption and
   decryption keys, together with a number of activation keys and
   associated client keys.  The TA can activate and revoke individual
   client keys without changing the client keys themselves.  The TA
   provides to the servers an encryption key E, and partial decryption
   keys g-bar and g-hat which depend on the activated keys.  The servers



Haberman & Mills              Informational                    [Page 51]
^L
RFC 5906                      NTPv4 Autokey                    June 2010


   have no additional information and, in particular, cannot masquerade
   as a TA.  In addition, the TA provides to each client j individual
   partial decryption keys x-bar_j and x-hat_j, which do not need to be
   changed if the TA activates or deactivates any client key.  The
   clients have no further information and, in particular, cannot
   masquerade as a server or TA.

   The scheme uses an encryption algorithm similar to El Gamal
   cryptography and a polynomial formed from the expansion of product
   terms (x-x_1)(x-x_2)(x-x_3)...(x-x_n), as described in [MV].  The
   paper has significant errors and serious omissions.  The cryptosystem
   is constructed so that, for every encryption key E its inverse is
   (g-bar^x-hat_j)(g-hat^x-bar_j) mod p for every j.  This remains true
   if both quantities are raised to the power k mod p.  The difficulty
   in finding E is equivalent to the discrete log problem.

   The scheme is shown in Figure 18.  The TA generates the parameters,
   group key, server keys, and client keys, one for each client, all of
   which must be protected to prevent theft of service.  Note that only
   the TA has the group key, which is not known to either the servers or
   clients.  In this sense, the MV scheme is a zero-knowledge proof.

                                     Trusted
                                    Authority
                                  +------------+
                                  | Parameters |
                                  +------------+
                                  | Group Key  |
                                  +------------+
                                  | Server Key |
                       Secure     +------------+   Secure
                    +-------------| Client Key |-----------+
                    |             +------------+           |
                   \|/                                    \|/
              +------------+         Challenge       +------------+
              | Parameters |<------------------------| Parameters |
              +------------+                         +------------+
              | Server Key |------------------------>| Client Key |
              +------------+         Response        +------------+
                  Server                                 Client

              Figure 18: Mu-Varadharajan (MV) Identity Scheme

   The TA hides MV parameters and keys in OpenSSL DSA cuckoo structures.
   The MV parameters are identical to the DSA parameters, so the OpenSSL
   library can be used directly.  The structure shown in the figures
   below are written to files as a the fkey encoded in PEM.  Unused
   structure members are set to one.  The Figure 19 shows the data



Haberman & Mills              Informational                    [Page 52]
^L
RFC 5906                      NTPv4 Autokey                    June 2010


   structure used by the servers, while Figure 20 shows the client data
   structure associated with each activation key.

              +---------------------------------+-------------+
              |   MV    |   DSA    |   Item     |   Include   |
              +=========+==========+============+=============+
              |    p    |    p     | modulus    |    all      |
              +---------+----------+------------+-------------+
              |    q    |    q     | modulus    |   server    |
              +---------+----------+------------+-------------+
              |    E    |    g     | private    |   server    |
              |         |          | encrypt    |             |
              +---------+----------+------------+-------------+
              |  g-bar  | priv_key | public     |   server    |
              |         |          | decrypt    |             |
              +---------+----------+------------+-------------+
              |  g-hat  | pub_key  | public     |   server    |
              |         |          | decrypt    |             |
              +---------+----------+------------+-------------+

                   Figure 19: MV Scheme Server Structure


              +---------------------------------+-------------+
              |   MV    |   DSA    |   Item     |   Include   |
              +=========+==========+============+=============+
              |    p    |    p     | modulus    |    all      |
              +---------+----------+------------+-------------+
              | x-bar_j | priv_key | public     |   client    |
              |         |          | decrypt    |             |
              +---------+----------+------------+-------------+
              | x-hat_j | pub_key  | public     |   client    |
              |         |          | decrypt    |             |
              +---------+----------+------------+-------------+

                   Figure 20: MV Scheme Client Structure

   The devil is in the details, which are beyond the scope of this memo.
   The steps in generating the cryptosystem activating the keys and
   generating the partial decryption keys are in [DASBUCH] (page 170
   ff).

   Alice challenges Bob to confirm identity using the following
   exchange.

   1.  Alice rolls random r (0 < r < q) and sends to Bob.





Haberman & Mills              Informational                    [Page 53]
^L
RFC 5906                      NTPv4 Autokey                    June 2010


   2.  Bob rolls random k (0 < k < q) and computes the session
       encryption key E-prime = E^k mod p and partial decryption keys
       g-bar-prime = g-bar^k mod p and g-hat-prime = g-hat^k mod p.  He
       encrypts x = E-prime * r mod p and sends (x, g-bar-prime, g-hat-
       prime) to Alice.

   3.  Alice computes the session decryption key E^-1 = (g-bar-prime)^x-
       hat_j (g-hat-prime)^x-bar_j mod p and verifies that r = E^-1 x.

Appendix H.  ASN.1 Encoding Rules

   Certain value fields in request and response messages contain data
   encoded in ASN.1 distinguished encoding rules (DER).  The BNF grammar
   for each encoding rule is given below along with the OpenSSL routine
   used for the encoding in the reference implementation.  The object
   identifiers for the encryption algorithms and message digest/
   signature encryption schemes are specified in [RFC3279].  The
   particular algorithms required for conformance are not specified in
   this memo.

Appendix I.  COOKIE Request, IFF Response, GQ Response, MV Response

   The value field of the COOKIE request message contains a sequence of
   two integers (n, e) encoded by the i2d_RSAPublicKey() routine in the
   OpenSSL distribution.  In the request, n is the RSA modulus in bits
   and e is the public exponent.

   RSAPublicKey ::= SEQUENCE {
           n ::= INTEGER,
           e ::= INTEGER
   }

   The IFF and GQ responses contain a sequence of two integers (r, s)
   encoded by the i2d_DSA_SIG() routine in the OpenSSL distribution.  In
   the responses, r is the challenge response and s is the hash of the
   private value.

   DSAPublicKey ::= SEQUENCE {
           r ::= INTEGER,
           s ::= INTEGER
   }

   The MV response contains a sequence of three integers (p, q, g)
   encoded by the i2d_DSAparams() routine in the OpenSSL library.  In
   the response, p is the hash of the encrypted challenge value and (q,
   g) is the client portion of the decryption key.





Haberman & Mills              Informational                    [Page 54]
^L
RFC 5906                      NTPv4 Autokey                    June 2010


   DSAparameters ::= SEQUENCE {
           p ::= INTEGER,
           q ::= INTEGER,
           g ::= INTEGER
   }

Appendix J.  Certificates

   Certificate extension fields are used to convey information used by
   the identity schemes.  While the semantics of these fields generally
   conform with conventional usage, there are subtle variations.  The
   fields used by Autokey version 2 include:

   o  Basic Constraints.  This field defines the basic functions of the
      certificate.  It contains the string "critical,CA:TRUE", which
      means the field must be interpreted and the associated private key
      can be used to sign other certificates.  While included for
      compatibility, Autokey makes no use of this field.

   o  Key Usage.  This field defines the intended use of the public key
      contained in the certificate.  It contains the string
      "digitalSignature,keyCertSign", which means the contained public
      key can be used to verify signatures on data and other
      certificates.  While included for compatibility, Autokey makes no
      use of this field.

   o  Extended Key Usage.  This field further refines the intended use
      of the public key contained in the certificate and is present only
      in self-signed certificates.  It contains the string "Private" if
      the certificate is designated private or the string "trustRoot" if
      it is designated trusted.  A private certificate is always
      trusted.

   o  Subject Key Identifier.  This field contains the client identity
      key used in the GQ identity scheme.  It is present only if the GQ
      scheme is in use.

   The value field contains an X.509v3 certificate encoded by the
   i2d_X509() routine in the OpenSSL distribution.  The encoding follows
   the rules stated in [RFC5280], including the use of X.509v3 extension
   fields.

   Certificate ::= SEQUENCE {
           tbsCertificate                  TBSCertificate,
           signatureAlgorithm              AlgorithmIdentifier,
           signatureValue                  BIT STRING
   }




Haberman & Mills              Informational                    [Page 55]
^L
RFC 5906                      NTPv4 Autokey                    June 2010


   The signatureAlgorithm is the object identifier of the message
   digest/signature encryption scheme used to sign the certificate.  The
   signatureValue is computed by the certificate issuer using this
   algorithm and the issuer private key.

   TBSCertificate ::= SEQUENCE {
           version                         EXPLICIT v3(2),
           serialNumber                    CertificateSerialNumber,
           signature                       AlgorithmIdentifier,
           issuer                          Name,
           validity                        Validity,
           subject                         Name,
           subjectPublicKeyInfo            SubjectPublicKeyInfo,
           extensions                      EXPLICIT Extensions OPTIONAL
   }

   The serialNumber is an integer guaranteed to be unique for the
   generating host.  The reference implementation uses the NTP seconds
   when the certificate was generated.  The signature is the object
   identifier of the message digest/signature encryption scheme used to
   sign the certificate.  It must be identical to the
   signatureAlgorithm.

   CertificateSerialNumber
   SET { ::= INTEGER
           Validity ::= SEQUENCE {
                   notBefore              UTCTime,
                   notAfter               UTCTime
           }
   }

   The notBefore and notAfter define the period of validity as defined
   in Appendix B.

   SubjectPublicKeyInfo ::= SEQUENCE {
           algorithm                       AlgorithmIdentifier,
           subjectPublicKey                BIT STRING
   }

   The AlgorithmIdentifier specifies the encryption algorithm for the
   subject public key.  The subjectPublicKey is the public key of the
   subject.









Haberman & Mills              Informational                    [Page 56]
^L
RFC 5906                      NTPv4 Autokey                    June 2010


   Extensions ::= SEQUENCE SIZE (1..MAX) OF Extension
   Extension ::= SEQUENCE {
           extnID                          OBJECT IDENTIFIER,
           critical                        BOOLEAN DEFAULT FALSE,
           extnValue                       OCTET STRING
   }

   SET {
           Name ::= SEQUENCE {
                   OBJECT IDENTIFIER       commonName
                   PrintableString         HostName
           }
   }

   For trusted host certificates, the subject and issuer HostName is the
   NTP name of the group, while for all other host certificates the
   subject and issuer HostName is the NTP name of the host.  In the
   reference implementation, if these names are not explicitly
   specified, they default to the string returned by the Unix
   gethostname() routine (trailing NUL removed).  For other than self-
   signed certificates, the issuer HostName is the unique DNS name of
   the host signing the certificate.

   It should be noted that the Autokey protocol itself has no provisions
   to revoke certificates.  The reference implementation is purposely
   restarted about once a week, leading to the regeneration of the
   certificate and a restart of the Autokey protocol.  This restart is
   not enforced for the Autokey protocol but rather for NTP
   functionality reasons.

   Each group host operates with only one certificate at a time and
   constructs a trail by induction.  Since the group configuration must
   form an acyclic graph, with roots at the trusted hosts, it does not
   matter which, of possibly several, signed certificates is used.  The
   reference implementation chooses a single certificate and operates
   with only that certificate until the protocol is restarted.















Haberman & Mills              Informational                    [Page 57]
^L
RFC 5906                      NTPv4 Autokey                    June 2010


Authors' Addresses

   Brian Haberman (editor)
   The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory
   11100 Johns Hopkins Road
   Laurel, MD  20723-6099
   US

   Phone: +1 443 778 1319
   EMail: brian@innovationslab.net


   Dr. David L. Mills
   University of Delaware
   Newark, DE  19716
   US

   Phone: +1 302 831 8247
   EMail: mills@udel.edu
































Haberman & Mills              Informational                    [Page 58]
^L