path: root/doc/rfc/rfc6068.txt

Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)                         M. Duerst
Request for Comments: 6068                      Aoyama Gakuin University
Obsoletes: 2368                                              L. Masinter
Category: Standards Track                     Adobe Systems Incorporated
ISSN: 2070-1721                                              J. Zawinski
                                                              DNA Lounge
                                                            October 2010


                        The 'mailto' URI Scheme

Abstract

   This document defines the format of Uniform Resource Identifiers
   (URIs) to identify resources that are reached using Internet mail.
   It adds better internationalization and compatibility with
   Internationalized Resource Identifiers (IRIs; RFC 3987) to the
   previous syntax of 'mailto' URIs (RFC 2368).

Status of This Memo

   This is an Internet Standards Track document.

   This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force
   (IETF).  It represents the consensus of the IETF community.  It has
   received public review and has been approved for publication by the
   Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG).  Further information on
   Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of RFC 5741.

   Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
   and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
   http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6068.



















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Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2010 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.

   This document may contain material from IETF Documents or IETF
   Contributions published or made publicly available before November
   10, 2008.  The person(s) controlling the copyright in some of this
   material may not have granted the IETF Trust the right to allow
   modifications of such material outside the IETF Standards Process.
   Without obtaining an adequate license from the person(s) controlling
   the copyright in such materials, this document may not be modified
   outside the IETF Standards Process, and derivative works of it may
   not be created outside the IETF Standards Process, except to format
   it for publication as an RFC or to translate it into languages other
   than English.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3
   2.  Syntax of a 'mailto' URI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3
   3.  Semantics and Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  7
   4.  Unsafe Header Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  7
   5.  Encoding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
   6.  Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  9
     6.1.  Basic Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  9
     6.2.  Examples of Complicated Email Addresses  . . . . . . . . . 10
     6.3.  Examples Using UTF-8-Based Percent-Encoding  . . . . . . . 11
   7.  Security Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
   8.  IANA Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
     8.1.  Update of the Registration of the 'mailto' URI Scheme  . . 14
     8.2.  Registration of the Body Header Field  . . . . . . . . . . 15
   9.  Main Changes from RFC 2368 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
   10. Acknowledgments  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
   11. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
     11.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
     11.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17




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1.  Introduction

   The 'mailto' URI scheme is used to identify resources that are
   reached using Internet mail.  In its simplest form, a 'mailto' URI
   contains an Internet mail address.  For interactions that require
   message headers or message bodies to be specified, the 'mailto' URI
   scheme also allows providing mail header fields and the message body.

   This specification extends the previous scheme definition to also
   allow character data to be percent-encoded based on UTF-8 [STD63],
   which offers a better and more consistent way of dealing with non-
   ASCII characters for internationalization.

   This specification does not address the needs of the ongoing Email
   Address Internationalization effort (see [RFC4952]).  In particular,
   this specification does not include syntax for fallback addresses.

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].

   In this document, URIs are enclosed in '<' and '>' as described in
   Appendix C of [STD66].  Extra whitespace and line breaks are added to
   present long URIs -- they are not part of the actual URI.

2.  Syntax of a 'mailto' URI

   The syntax of a 'mailto' URI is described using the ABNF of [STD68],
   non-terminal definitions from [RFC5322] (dot-atom-text, quoted-
   string), and non-terminal definitions from [STD66] (unreserved, pct-
   encoded):

      mailtoURI    = "mailto:" [ to ] [ hfields ]
      to           = addr-spec *("," addr-spec )
      hfields      = "?" hfield *( "&" hfield )
      hfield       = hfname "=" hfvalue
      hfname       = *qchar
      hfvalue      = *qchar
      addr-spec    = local-part "@" domain
      local-part   = dot-atom-text / quoted-string
      domain       = dot-atom-text / "[" *dtext-no-obs "]"
      dtext-no-obs = %d33-90 / ; Printable US-ASCII
                     %d94-126  ; characters not including
                               ; "[", "]", or "\"
      qchar        = unreserved / pct-encoded / some-delims
      some-delims  = "!" / "$" / "'" / "(" / ")" / "*"
                   / "+" / "," / ";" / ":" / "@"




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   <addr-spec> is a mail address as specified in [RFC5322], but
   excluding <comment> from [RFC5322].  However, the following changes
   apply:

   1.  A number of characters that can appear in <addr-spec> MUST be
       percent-encoded.  These are the characters that cannot appear in
       a URI according to [STD66] as well as "%" (because it is used for
       percent-encoding) and all the characters in gen-delims except "@"
       and ":" (i.e., "/", "?", "#", "[", and "]").  Of the characters
       in sub-delims, at least the following also have to be percent-
       encoded: "&", ";", and "=".  Care has to be taken both when
       encoding as well as when decoding to make sure these operations
       are applied only once.

   2.  <obs-local-part> and <NO-WS-CTL> as defined in [RFC5322] MUST NOT
       be used.

   3.  Whitespace and comments within <local-part> and <domain> MUST NOT
       be used.  They would not have any operational semantics.

   4.  Percent-encoding can be used in the <domain> part of an
       <addr-spec> in order to denote an internationalized domain name.
       The considerations for <reg-name> in [STD66] apply.  In
       particular, non-ASCII characters MUST first be encoded according
       to UTF-8 [STD63], and then each octet of the corresponding UTF-8
       sequence MUST be percent-encoded to be represented as URI
       characters.  URI-producing applications MUST NOT use
       percent-encoding in domain names unless it is used to represent a
       UTF-8 character sequence.  When the internationalized domain name
       is used to compose a message, the name MUST be transformed to the
       Internationalizing Domain Names in Applications (IDNA) encoding
       [RFC5891] where appropriate.  URI producers SHOULD provide these
       domain names in the IDNA encoding, rather than percent-encoded,
       if they wish to maximize interoperability with legacy 'mailto'
       URI interpreters.

   5.  Percent-encoding of non-ASCII octets in the <local-part> of an
       <addr-spec> is reserved for the internationalization of the
       <local-part>.  Non-ASCII characters MUST first be encoded
       according to UTF-8 [STD63], and then each octet of the
       corresponding UTF-8 sequence MUST be percent-encoded to be
       represented as URI characters.  Any other percent-encoding of
       non-ASCII characters is prohibited.  When a <local-part>
       containing non-ASCII characters will be used to compose a
       message, the <local-part> MUST be transformed to conform to
       whatever encoding may be defined in a future specification for
       the internationalization of email addresses.




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   <hfname> and <hfvalue> are encodings of an [RFC5322] header field
   name and value, respectively.  Percent-encoding is needed for the
   same characters as listed above for <addr-spec>. <hfname> is case-
   insensitive, but <hfvalue> in general is case-sensitive.  Note that
   [RFC5322] allows all US-ASCII printable characters except ":" in
   optional header field names (Section 3.6.8), which is the reason why
   <pct-encoded> is part of the header field name production.

   The special <hfname> "body" indicates that the associated <hfvalue>
   is the body of the message.  The "body" field value is intended to
   contain the content for the first text/plain body part of the
   message.  The "body" pseudo header field is primarily intended for
   the generation of short text messages for automatic processing (such
   as "subscribe" messages for mailing lists), not for general MIME
   bodies.  Except for the encoding of characters based on UTF-8 and
   percent-encoding, no additional encoding (such as e.g., base64 or
   quoted-printable; see [RFC2045]) is used for the "body" field value.
   As a consequence, header fields related to message encoding (e.g.,
   Content-Transfer-Encoding) in a 'mailto' URI are irrelevant and MUST
   be ignored.  The "body" pseudo header field name has been registered
   with IANA for this special purpose (see Section 8.2).

   Within 'mailto' URIs, the characters "?", "=", and "&" are reserved,
   serving as delimiters.  They have to be escaped (as "%3F", "%3D", and
   "%26", respectively) when not serving as delimiters.

   Additional restrictions on what characters are allowed might apply
   depending on the context where the URI is used.  Such restrictions
   can be addressed by context-specific escaping mechanisms.  For
   example, because the "&" (ampersand) character is reserved in HTML
   and XML, any 'mailto' URI that contains an ampersand has to be
   written with an HTML/XML entity ("&amp;") or numeric character
   reference ("&#x26;" or "&#38;").

   Non-ASCII characters can be encoded in <hfvalue> as follows:

   1.  MIME encoded words (as defined in [RFC2047]) are permitted in
       header field values, but not in an <hfvalue> of a "body"
       <hfname>.  Sequences of characters that look like MIME encoded
       words can appear in an <hfvalue> of a "body" <hfname>, but in
       that case have no special meaning.  Please note that the '=' and
       '?' characters used as delimiters in MIME encoded words have to
       be percent-encoded.  Also note that the use of MIME encoded words
       differs slightly for so-called structured and unstructured header
       fields.






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   2.  Non-ASCII characters can be encoded according to UTF-8 [STD63],
       and then each octet of the corresponding UTF-8 sequence is
       percent-encoded to be represented as URI characters.  When header
       field values encoded in this way are used to compose a message,
       the <hfvalue> has to be suitably encoded (transformed into MIME
       encoded words [RFC2047]), except for an <hfvalue> of a "body"
       <hfname>, which has to be encoded according to [RFC2045].  Please
       note that for MIME encoded words and for bodies in composed email
       messages, encodings other than UTF-8 MAY be used as long as the
       characters are properly transcoded.

   Also note that it is syntactically valid to specify both <to> and an
   <hfname> whose value is "to".  That is,

   <mailto:addr1@an.example,addr2@an.example>

   is equivalent to

   <mailto:?to=addr1@an.example,addr2@an.example>

   is equivalent to

   <mailto:addr1@an.example?to=addr2@an.example>

   However, the latter form is NOT RECOMMENDED because different user
   agents handle this case differently.  In particular, some existing
   clients ignore "to" <hfvalue>s.

   Implementations MUST NOT produce two "To:" header fields in a
   message; the "To:" header field may occur at most once in a message
   ([RFC5322], Section 3.6).  Also, creators of 'mailto' URIs MUST NOT
   include other message header fields multiple times if these header
   fields can only be used once in a message.

   To avoid interoperability problems, creators of 'mailto' URIs SHOULD
   NOT use the same <hfname> multiple times in the same URI.  If the
   same <hfname> appears multiple times in a URI, behavior varies widely
   for different user agents, and for each <hfname>.  Examples include
   using only the first or last <hfname>/<hfvalue> pair, creating
   multiple header fields, and combining each <hfvalue> by simple
   concatenation or in a way appropriate for the corresponding header
   field.

   Note that this specification, like any URI scheme specification, does
   not define syntax or meaning of a fragment identifier (see [STD66]),
   because these depend on the type of a retrieved representation.  In
   the currently known usage scenarios, a 'mailto' URI cannot be used to
   retrieve such representations.  Therefore, fragment identifiers are



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   meaningless, SHOULD NOT be used on 'mailto' URIs, and SHOULD be
   ignored upon resolution.  The character "#" in <hfvalue>s MUST be
   escaped as %23.

3.  Semantics and Operations

   A 'mailto' URI designates an "Internet resource", which is the
   mailbox specified in the address.  When additional header fields are
   supplied, the resource designated is the same address but with an
   additional profile for accessing the resource.  While there are
   Internet resources that can only be accessed via electronic mail, the
   'mailto' URI is not intended as a way of retrieving such objects
   automatically.

   The operation of how any URI scheme is resolved is not mandated by
   the URI specifications.  In current practice, resolving URIs such as
   those in the 'http' URI scheme causes an immediate interaction
   between client software and a host running an interactive server.
   The 'mailto' URI has unusual semantics because resolving such a URI
   does not cause an immediate interaction with a server.  Instead, the
   client creates a message to the designated address with the various
   header fields set as default.  The user can edit the message, send
   the message unedited, or choose not to send the message.

   The <hfname>/<hfvalue> pairs in a 'mailto' URI, although
   syntactically equivalent to header fields in a mail message, do not
   directly correspond to the header fields in a mail message.  In
   particular, the To, Cc, and Bcc <hfvalue>s don't necessarily result
   in a header field containing the specified value.  Mail client
   software MAY eliminate duplicate addresses.  Creators of 'mailto'
   URIs SHOULD avoid using the same address twice in a 'mailto' URI.

   Originator fields like From and Date, fields related to routing
   (Apparently-To, Resent-*, etc.), trace fields, and MIME header fields
   (MIME-Version, Content-*), when present in the URI, MUST be ignored.
   The mail client MUST create new fields when necessary, as it would
   for any new message.  Unrecognized header fields and header fields
   with values inconsistent with those the mail client would normally
   send SHOULD be treated as especially suspect.  For example, there may
   be header fields that are totally safe but not known to the MUA, so
   the MUA MAY choose to show them to the user.

4.  Unsafe Header Fields

   The user agent interpreting a 'mailto' URI SHOULD NOT create a
   message if any of the header fields are considered dangerous; it MAY
   also choose to create a message with only a subset of the header
   fields given in the URI.  Only a limited set of header fields such as



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   Subject and Keywords, as well as Body, are believed to be both safe
   and useful in the general case.  In cases where the source of a URI
   is well known, and/or specific header fields are limited to specific
   well-known values, other header fields MAY be considered safe, too.

   The creator of a 'mailto' URI cannot expect the resolver of a URI to
   understand more than the "subject" header field and "body".  Clients
   that resolve 'mailto' URIs into mail messages MUST be able to
   correctly create [RFC5322]-compliant mail messages using the
   "subject" header field and "body".

5.  Encoding

   [STD66] requires that many characters in URIs be encoded.  This
   affects the 'mailto' URI scheme for some common characters that might
   appear in addresses, header fields, or message contents.  One such
   character is space (" ", ASCII hex 20).  Note the examples below that
   use "%20" for space in the message body.  Also note that line breaks
   in the body of a message MUST be encoded with "%0D%0A".
   Implementations MAY add a final line break to the body of a message
   even if there is no trailing "%0D%0A" in the body <hfield> of the
   'mailto' URI.  Line breaks in other <hfield>s SHOULD NOT be used.

   When creating 'mailto' URIs, any reserved characters that are used in
   the URIs MUST be encoded so that properly written URI interpreters
   can read them.  Also, client software that reads URIs MUST decode
   strings before creating the mail message so that the mail message
   appears in a form that the recipient software will understand.  These
   strings SHOULD be decoded before showing the message to the sending
   user.

   Software creating 'mailto' URIs likewise has to be careful to encode
   any reserved characters that are used.  HTML forms are one kind of
   software that creates 'mailto' URIs.  Current implementations encode
   a space as '+', but this creates problems because such a '+' standing
   for a space cannot be distinguished from a real '+' in a 'mailto'
   URI.  When producing 'mailto' URIs, all spaces SHOULD be encoded as
   %20, and '+' characters MAY be encoded as %2B.  Please note that '+'
   characters are frequently used as part of an email address to
   indicate a subaddress, as for example in <bill+ietf@example.org>.

   The 'mailto' URI scheme is limited in that it does not provide for
   substitution of variables.  Thus, it is impossible to create a
   'mailto' URI that includes a user's email address in the message
   body.  This limitation also prevents 'mailto' URIs that are signed
   with public keys and other such variable information.





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6.  Examples

6.1.  Basic Examples

   A URI for an ordinary individual mailing address:

   <mailto:chris@example.com>

   A URI for a mail response system that requires the name of the file
   to be sent back in the subject:

   <mailto:infobot@example.com?subject=current-issue>

   A mail response system that requires a "send" request in the body:

   <mailto:infobot@example.com?body=send%20current-issue>

   A similar URI, with two lines with different "send" requests (in this
   case, "send current-issue" and, on the next line, "send index"):

   <mailto:infobot@
   example.com?body=send%20current-issue%0D%0Asend%20index>

   An interesting use of 'mailto' URIs occurs when browsing archives of
   messages.  A link can be provided that allows replying to a message
   and conserving threading information.  This is done by adding an
   In-Reply-To header field containing the Message-ID of the message
   where the link is added, for example:

   <mailto:list@example.org?In-Reply-To=%3C3469A91.D10AF4C@
   example.com%3E>

   A request to subscribe to a mailing list:

   <mailto:majordomo@example.com?body=subscribe%20bamboo-l>

   A URI that is for a single user and that includes a CC of another
   user:

   <mailto:joe@example.com?cc=bob@example.com&body=hello>

   Note the use of the "&" reserved character above.  The following
   example, using "?" twice, is incorrect:

   <mailto:joe@example.com?cc=bob@example.com?body=hello> ; WRONG!






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   According to [RFC5322], the characters "?", "&", and even "%" may
   occur in addr-specs.  The fact that they are reserved characters is
   not a problem: those characters may appear in 'mailto' URIs -- they
   just may not appear in unencoded form.  The standard URI encoding
   mechanisms ("%" followed by a two-digit hex number) MUST be used in
   these cases.

   To indicate the address "gorby%kremvax@example.com" one would use:

   <mailto:gorby%25kremvax@example.com>

   To indicate the address "unlikely?address@example.com", and include
   another header field, one would use:

   <mailto:unlikely%3Faddress@example.com?blat=foop>

   As described above, the "&" (ampersand) character is reserved in HTML
   and has to be replaced, e.g., with "&amp;".  Thus, a URI with an
   internal ampersand might look like:

   Click
   <a href="mailto:joe@an.example?cc=bob@an.example&amp;body=hello"
   >mailto:joe@an.example?cc=bob@an.example&amp;body=hello</a> to send a
   greeting message to Joe and Bob.

   When an email address itself includes an "&" (ampersand) character,
   that character has to be percent-encoded.  For example, the 'mailto'
   URI to send mail to "Mike&family@example.org" is
   <mailto:Mike%26family@example.org>.

6.2.  Examples of Complicated Email Addresses

   Following are a few examples of how to treat email addresses that
   contain complicated escaping syntax.

   Email address: "not@me"@example.org; corresponding 'mailto' URI:

   <mailto:%22not%40me%22@example.org>.

   Email address: "oh\\no"@example.org; corresponding 'mailto' URI:

   <mailto:%22oh%5C%5Cno%22@example.org>.

   Email address: "\\\"it's\ ugly\\\""@example.org; corresponding
   'mailto' URI:

   <mailto:%22%5C%5C%5C%22it's%5C%20ugly%5C%5C%5C%22%22@example.org>.




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6.3.  Examples Using UTF-8-Based Percent-Encoding

   Sending a mail with the subject "coffee" in French, i.e., "cafe"
   where the final e is an e-acute, using UTF-8 and percent-encoding:

   <mailto:user@example.org?subject=caf%C3%A9>

   The same subject, this time using an encoded-word (escaping the "="
   and "?" characters used in the encoded-word syntax, because they are
   reserved):

   <mailto:user@
   example.org?subject=%3D%3Futf-8%3FQ%3Fcaf%3DC3%3DA9%3F%3D>

   The same subject, this time encoded as iso-8859-1:

   <mailto:user@
   example.org?subject=%3D%3Fiso-8859-1%3FQ%3Fcaf%3DE9%3F%3D>

   Going back to straight UTF-8 and adding a body with the same value:

   <mailto:user@example.org?subject=caf%C3%A9&body=caf%C3%A9>

   This 'mailto' URI may result in a message looking like this:

      From: sender@example.net
      To: user@example.org
      Subject: =?utf-8?Q?caf=C3=A9?=
      Content-Type: text/plain;charset=utf-8
      Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable

      caf=C3=A9

   The software sending the email is not restricted to UTF-8, but can
   use other encodings.  The following shows the same email using
   iso-8859-1 two times:

      From: sender@example.net
      To: user@example.org
      Subject: =?iso-8859-1?Q?caf=E9?=
      Content-Type: text/plain;charset=iso-8859-1
      Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable

      caf=E9

   Different content transfer encodings (i.e., "8bit" or "base64"
   instead of "quoted-printable") and different encodings in encoded
   words (i.e., "B" instead of "Q") can also be used.



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   For more examples of encoding the word coffee in different languages,
   see [RFC2324].

   The following example uses the Japanese word "natto" (Unicode
   characters U+7D0D U+8C46) as a domain name label, sending a mail to a
   user at "natto".example.org:

   <mailto:user@%E7%B4%8D%E8%B1%86.example.org?subject=Test&body=NATTO>

   When constructing the email, the domain name label is converted to
   punycode.  The resulting message may look as follows:

      From: sender@example.net
      To: user@xn--99zt52a.example.org
      Subject: Test
      Content-Type: text/plain
      Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit

      NATTO

7.  Security Considerations

   The 'mailto' URI scheme can be used to send a message from one user
   to another, and thus can introduce many security concerns.  Mail
   messages can be logged at the originating site, the recipient site,
   and intermediary sites along the delivery path.  If the messages are
   not encrypted, they can also be read at any of those sites.

   A 'mailto' URI gives a template for a message that can be sent by
   mail client software.  The contents of that template may be opaque or
   difficult to read by the user at the time of specifying the URI, as
   well as being hidden in the user interface (for example, a link on an
   HTML Web page might display something other than the content of the
   corresponding 'mailto' URI that would be used when clicked).  Thus, a
   mail client SHOULD NOT send a message based on a 'mailto' URI without
   first disclosing and showing to the user the full message that will
   be sent (including all header fields that were specified by the
   'mailto' URI), fully decoded, and asking the user for approval to
   send the message as electronic mail.  The mail client SHOULD also
   make it clear that the user is about to send an electronic mail
   message, since the user may not be aware that this is the result of a
   'mailto' URI.  Users are strongly encouraged to ensure that the
   'mailto' URI presented to them matches the address included in the
   "To:" line of the email message.







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   Some header fields are inherently unsafe to include in a message
   generated from a URI.  For details, please see Section 3.  In
   general, the fewer header fields interpreted from the URI, the less
   likely it is that a sending agent will create an unsafe message.

   Examples of problems with sending unapproved mail include:

      mail that breaks laws upon delivery, such as making illegal
      threats;

      mail that identifies the sender as someone interested in breaking
      laws;

      mail that identifies the sender to an unwanted third party;

      mail that causes a financial charge to be incurred by the sender;

      mail that causes an action on the recipient machine that causes
      damage that might be attributed to the sender.

   Programs that interpret 'mailto' URIs SHOULD ensure that the SMTP
   envelope return path address, which is given as an argument to the
   SMTP MAIL FROM command, is set and correct, and that the resulting
   email is a complete, workable message.

   'mailto' URIs on public Web pages expose mail addresses for
   harvesting.  This applies to all mail addresses that are part of the
   'mailto' URI, including the addresses in a "bcc" <hfvalue>.  Those
   addresses will not be sent to the recipients in the 'to' field and in
   the "to" and "cc" <hfvalue>s, but will still be publicly visible in
   the URI.  Addresses in a "bcc" <hfvalue> may also leak to other
   addresses in the same <hfvalue> or become known otherwise, depending
   on the mail user agent used.

   Programs manipulating 'mailto' URIs have to take great care to not
   inadvertently double-escape or double-unescape 'mailto' URIs, and to
   make sure that escaping and unescaping conventions relating to URIs
   and relating to mail addresses are applied in the right order.

   Implementations parsing 'mailto' URIs must take care to sanity check
   'mailto' URIs in order to avoid buffer overflows and problems
   resulting from them (e.g., execution of code specified by the
   attacker).

   The security considerations of [STD66], [RFC5890], [RFC5891], and
   [RFC3987] also apply.  Implementers and users are advised to check
   them carefully.




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8.  IANA Considerations

8.1.  Update of the Registration of the 'mailto' URI Scheme

   This document changes the definition of the 'mailto' URI scheme; the
   registry of URI schemes has been updated to refer to this document
   rather than its predecessor, [RFC2368].  The registration template is
   as follows:

   URI scheme name:
      'mailto'

   Status:
      permanent

   URI scheme syntax:
      See the syntax section of RFC 6068.

   URI scheme semantics:
      See the semantics section of RFC 6068.

   Encoding considerations:
      See the syntax and encoding sections of RFC 6068.

   Applications/protocols that use this URI scheme name:
      The 'mailto' URI scheme is widely used since the start of the Web.

   Interoperability considerations:
      Interoperability for 'mailto' URIs with UTF-8-based percent-
      encoding might be somewhat lower than interoperability for
      'mailto' URIs with US-ASCII only.

   Security considerations:
      See the security considerations section of RFC 6068.

   Contact:
      IETF

   Author/Change controller:
      IETF

   References:
      RFC 6068








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8.2.  Registration of the Body Header Field

   IANA has registered the Body header field in the Message Header
   Fields Registry ([RFC3864]) as follows:

   Header field name:
      Body

   Applicable protocol:
      None.  This registration is made to assure that this header field
      name is not used at all, in order to not create any problems for
      'mailto' URIs.

   Status:
      reserved

   Author/Change controller:
      IETF

   Specification document(s):
      RFC 6068

   Related information:
      none

9.  Main Changes from RFC 2368

   The main changes from RFC 2368 are as follows:

   o  Changed syntax from RFC 2822 <mailbox> to [RFC5322] <addr-spec>.

   o  Allowed UTF-8-based percent-encoding for domain names and in
      <hfvalue>.

   o  Nailed down percent-encoding in <local-part> to be based on UTF-8,
      reserved for if and when there is a specification for the
      internationalization of email addresses.

   o  Removed prohibition against "Bcc:" header fields, but added a
      warning about their visibility and harvesting for spam.

   o  Added clarifications for escaping.

10.  Acknowledgments

   This document was derived from [RFC2368]; the acknowledgments from
   that specification still apply.  In addition, we thank Paul Hoffman
   for his work on [RFC2368].



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   Valuable input on this document was received from (in no particular
   order): Alexey Melnikov, Paul Hoffman, Charles Lindsey, Tim Kindberg,
   Frank Ellermann, Etan Wexler, Michael Haardt, Michael Anthony
   Puls II, Eliot Lear, Dave Crocker, Dan Harkins, Nevil Brownlee, John
   Klensin, Alfred Hoenes, Ned Freed, Sean Turner, Peter Saint-Andre,
   Adrian Farrel, Avshalom Houri, Robert Sparks, and many others.

11.  References

11.1.  Normative References

   [RFC2045]  Freed, N. and N. Borenstein, "Multipurpose Internet Mail
              Extensions (MIME) Part One: Format of Internet Message
              Bodies", RFC 2045, November 1996.

   [RFC2047]  Moore, K., "MIME Part Three: Message Header Extensions for
              Non-ASCII Text", RFC 2047, November 1996.

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.

   [RFC3864]  Klyne, G., Nottingham, M., and J. Mogul, "Registration
              Procedures for Message Header Fields", BCP 90, RFC 3864,
              September 2004.

   [RFC3987]  Duerst, M. and M. Suignard, "Internationalized Resource
              Identifiers (IRIs)", RFC 3987, January 2005.

   [RFC5322]  Resnik, P., "Internet Message Format", RFC 5322,
              October 2008.

   [RFC5890]  Klensin, J., "Internationalized Domain Names for
              Applications (IDNA): Definitions and Document Framework",
              RFC 5890, August 2010.

   [RFC5891]  Klensin, J., "Internationalized Domain Names in
              Applications (IDNA): Protocol", RFC 5891, August 2010.

   [STD63]    Yergeau, F., "UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO
              10646", STD 63, RFC 3629, November 2003.

   [STD66]    Berners-Lee, T., Fielding, R., and L. Masinter, "Uniform
              Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax", STD 66,
              RFC 3986, January 2005.

   [STD68]    Crocker, D. and P. Overell, "Augmented BNF for Syntax
              Specifications: ABNF", STD 68, RFC 5234, January 2008.




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11.2.  Informative References

   [RFC2324]  Masinter, L., "Hyper Text Coffee Pot Control Protocol
              (HTCPCP/1.0)", RFC 2324, April 1998.

   [RFC2368]  Hoffman, P., Masinter, L., and J. Zawinski, "The mailto
              URL scheme", RFC 2368, July 1998.

   [RFC4952]  Klensin, J. and Y. Ko, "Overview and Framework for
              Internationalized Email", RFC 4952, July 2007.

Authors' Addresses

   Martin Duerst (Note: Please write "Duerst" with u-umlaut wherever
                 possible, for example as "D&#252;rst" in XML and HTML.)
   Aoyama Gakuin University
   5-10-1 Fuchinobe
   Sagamihara, Kanagawa  229-8558
   Japan

   Phone: +81 42 759 6329
   Fax:   +81 42 759 6495
   EMail: duerst@it.aoyama.ac.jp
   URI:   http://www.sw.it.aoyama.ac.jp/D%C3%BCrst/


   Larry Masinter
   Adobe Systems Incorporated
   345 Park Ave
   San Jose, CA  95110
   USA

   Phone: +1-408-536-3024
   EMail: LMM@acm.org
   URI:   http://larry.masinter.net/


   Jamie Zawinski
   DNA Lounge
   375 Eleventh Street
   San Francisco, CA  94103
   USA

   EMail: jwz@jwz.org







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