path: root/doc/rfc/rfc6307.txt

Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)                     D. Black, Ed.
Request for Comments: 6307                               EMC Corporation
Category: Standards Track                                 L. Dunbar, Ed.
ISSN: 2070-1721                                      Huawei Technologies
                                                                 M. Roth
                                                                Infinera
                                                              R. Solomon
                                                        Orckit-Corrigent
                                                              April 2012


                 Encapsulation Methods for Transport of
                Fibre Channel Traffic over MPLS Networks

Abstract

   A Fibre Channel pseudowire (PW) is used to carry Fibre Channel
   traffic over an MPLS network.  This enables service providers to take
   advantage of MPLS to offer "emulated" Fibre Channel services.  This
   document specifies the encapsulation of Fibre Channel traffic within
   a pseudowire.  It also specifies the common procedures for using a PW
   to provide a Fibre Channel service.

Status of This Memo

   This is an Internet Standards Track document.

   This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force
   (IETF).  It represents the consensus of the IETF community.  It has
   received public review and has been approved for publication by the
   Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG).  Further information on
   Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of RFC 5741.

   Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
   and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
   http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6307.















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Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2012 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1. Introduction ....................................................3
      1.1. Transparency ...............................................3
      1.2. Bandwidth Efficiency .......................................4
      1.3. Reliability ................................................5
      1.4. Conventions Used in This Document ..........................5
   2. Reference Model .................................................6
   3. Encapsulation ...................................................8
      3.1. The Control Word ..........................................10
      3.2. MTU Requirements ..........................................11
      3.3. Mapping of FC Traffic to PW Packets........................11
           3.3.1. FC Data Frames (PT=0) and FC Login Frames (PT=1) ...11
           3.3.2. FC Primitive Sequences and Primitive
                  Signals (PT=2) .....................................12
           3.3.3. FC PW Control Frames (PT=6) ........................14
      3.4. PW Failure Mapping ........................................15
   4. Signaling of FC Pseudowires ....................................15
   5. Timing Considerations ..........................................15
   6. Security Considerations ........................................17
   7. Applicability Statement ........................................17
   8. IANA Considerations ............................................18
   9. Acknowledgments ................................................19
   10. Normative References ..........................................19
   11. Informative References ........................................20











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1.  Introduction

   Fibre Channel (FC) is a high-speed communications technology, used
   primarily for Storage Area Networks (SANs).  Within a single site
   (e.g., data center), an FC-based SAN connects servers to storage
   systems, and FC can be extended across sites.  When FC is extended
   across multiple sites, the most common usage is storage replication
   in support of recovery from disasters (e.g., flood or fire that takes
   a site out of operation).  This is particularly the case over longer
   distances where network latency results in unacceptable performance
   for a server whose storage is not at the same site.  Fibre Channel is
   standardized by the INternational Committee for Information
   Technology Standards (INCITS) Technical Committee T11 [T11], and
   multiple methods for encapsulating and transporting FC traffic over
   other networks have been developed [FC-BB-6].

   Fibre Channel Over TCP/IP (FCIP), as described in [RFC3821] and
   [FC-BB-6], interconnects otherwise isolated FC SANs over IP Networks.
   FCIP uses FC Frame Encapsulation [RFC3643] to encapsulate FC frames
   for tunneling over an IP-based network.  Since IP networks may drop
   or reorder packets, FCIP relies on TCP to retransmit dropped frames
   and restore the delivery order of reordered frames.  Due to possible
   delay variation and TCP timeouts, special timing mechanisms are
   required to ensure correct Fibre Channel operation over FCIP
   [FC-BB-6].

   MPLS networks can be provisioned and operated with very low loss
   rates and very low probability of reordering, making it possible to
   directly interconnect Fibre Channel ports over MPLS.  A Fibre Channel
   pseudowire (FC PW) is a method to transparently transport FC traffic
   over an MPLS network resulting in behavior similar to a pair of FC
   ports that are directly connected by a physical FC link.  The result
   is simpler control processing in comparison to FCIP.

   This document specifies the encapsulation of FC traffic into an MPLS
   pseudowire and related PW procedures to transport FC traffic over
   MPLS PWs.  The complete FC pseudowire specification consists of this
   document and the FC PW portion of the T11 [FC-BB-5/AM1] standard.
   The following subsections describe some of the requirements for
   transporting FC traffic over an MPLS network.

1.1.  Transparency

   Transparent extension of an FC link is a key requirement for
   transporting FC traffic over a PW.  This requires the FC PW to
   emulate an FC link between two FC ports, similar to the approach
   defined for FC over GFPT in [FC-BB-6].  GFPT is an Asynchronous
   Transparent Generic Framing Procedure specified by ITU-T; see



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   [FC-BB-6] for details and reference to the ITU-T specifications.
   This results in transparent forwarding of FC traffic over the MPLS
   network from both the FC fabric and the network operator points of
   view.

   Transparency distinguishes the FC PW approach from FCIP.  An FC PW
   logically connects the FC port on the FC link attached to one end of
   the PW directly with the FC port on the far end of the FC link
   attached to the other end of the PW, whereas FCIP introduces FC
   B_Ports at both ends of the extended FC link; each FC B_Port is
   connected to an FC E_Port in an FC switch on the same side of the
   link extension.

1.2.  Bandwidth Efficiency

   The bandwidth allocated to a PW may be less than the rate of the
   attached FC port.  When there is no data exchange on a native FC
   link, Idle Primitive Signals are continuously exchanged between the
   two FC ports.  In order to improve the bandwidth efficiency across
   the MPLS network, it is necessary for the FC PW Provider Edge (PE) to
   suppress (or drop) the Idle Primitive Signals generated by its
   adjacent FC ports.  The far-end FC PW PE regenerates Idle Primitive
   Signals to send to its adjacent FC port as required; see
   [FC-BB-5/AM1].

   FC link control protocols require an FC port to continuously send the
   same FC Primitive Sequence [FC-FS-2] until a reply is received or
   some other event occurs.  To improve bandwidth efficiency, the FC PW
   PE encapsulates a subset of repeated FC Primitive Sequences to send
   across the WAN [FC-BB-5/AM1].  For example, in a sequence of
   identical received primitives, only every fourth primitive may be
   sent across the MPLS network.  Alternatively, a time-based approach
   may be used to send a copy of the repeated FC Primitive Sequence once
   every few milliseconds.  The far-end FC PW PE regenerates the FC link
   behavior by continuously sending the Primitive Sequence most recently
   received from the WAN until a new primitive signal, primitive
   sequence, or data frame is received from the WAN.

   The sending FC PW PE may unilaterally choose any convenient subset
   for sending the same FC Primitive Sequence.  This is acceptable
   because the receiving FC PW PE generates a continuous stream of the
   most recently received FC Primitive Sequence on the outgoing native
   FC link, independent of the arrival rate of that FC Primitive
   Sequence from the WAN.  In practice, a 10:1 reduction in FC Primitive
   Sequence transmission rate achieves 90% of the bandwidth benefits
   without loss of FC functionality, and sending a copy every few
   milliseconds does not pose a serious risk of exceeding the timeouts
   specified in Section 5 below.



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   These bandwidth-efficiency techniques may cause changes in the FC
   traffic that traverses an FC PW (e.g., number of Idle Primitive
   Signals or number of identical Primitive Sequences), but the far-end
   FC PW PE's regeneration of FC link behavior on the attached FC port
   is transparent to the FC ports connected to each PW PE.

1.3.  Reliability

   Fibre Channel does not employ a native frame retransmission protocol
   and treats most frame delivery failures as errors.  FC SAN traffic
   requires a very low frame loss rate because the typical result of a
   failure to deliver a frame is an I/O operation failure.  Recovery
   from such I/O failures involves I/O operation retries after what may
   be a significant delay (30-second and 60-second timeouts are common).
   In addition, such retries are likely to be logged as errors
   indicating possible problems with FC equipment or cables.  Hence,
   drops, errors, and discards of FC frames must be very rare for an FC
   PW.

   FC SAN implementations have limited tolerance for frame reordering.
   Any reordering affecting more than a few frames within a single
   higher-level operation (e.g., a read or write I/O) is usually treated
   as an error by the destination FC port, resulting in discards of the
   frames involved; some deployed FC implementations treat all such
   within-operation frame reordering as errors that result in frame
   discards.  As a result, FC frame reordering must be minimized for an
   FC PW.

   The FC PW does not compensate for frame drops, discards, or
   reordering.  The MPLS network that hosts the FC PW is expected to be
   designed and operated in a fashion that makes such events very rare.

   In contrast to the Time to Live (TTL) field in an IP packet, FC uses
   a constant delivery timeout value (R_A_TOV) for which 10 seconds is
   the default.  Each FC frame must be delivered or discarded within
   that timeout period after it is sent; see Section 5.

1.4.  Conventions Used in This Document

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].









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2.  Reference Model

   An FC PW extends a native FC link over an MPLS network.  This
   document specifies the PW encapsulation for FC.  Figure 1 describes
   the reference models (derived from [RFC3985]) that support the FC PW.
   FC traffic is received by PE1's FC attachment channel, encapsulated
   at PE1, transported across MPLS network, decapsulated at PE2, and
   transmitted onward via the PE2's FC attachment channel.  This
   document assumes that a pseudowire can be provisioned statically or
   via a signaling protocol as defined in [RFC4447].

           |<-------------- Emulated Service ----------------->|
           |                                                   |
           |          |<------- Pseudowire -------->|          |
           |          |                             |          |
           |          |    |<-- MPLS Tunnel -->|    |          |
           |          V    V                   V    V          |
           V   AC     +----+                   +----+    AC    V
     +-----+    |     | PE1|===================| PE2|     |    +-----+
     |     |----------|............PW1..............|----------|     |
     | CE1 |    |     |    |                   |    |     |    | CE2 |
     |     |----------|............PW2..............|----------|     |
     +-----+  ^ |     |    |===================|    |     | ^  +-----+
           ^  |       +----+                   +----+     | |  ^
           |  |   Provider Edge 1          Provider Edge 2  |  |
           |  |                                             |  |
     Customer |                                             | Customer
     Edge 1   |                                             | Edge 2
              |                                             |
              |                                             |
       Native FC service                             Native FC service

           Figure 1 - PWE3 FC Interface Reference Configuration


















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   The following reference model describes the termination point of each
   end of the PW within the PE:

               +-----------------------------------+
               |                PE                 |
       +---+   +-+  +-----+  +------+  +------+  +-+
       |   |   |P|  |     |  |PW ter|  | MPLS |  |P|
       |   |<==|h|<=| NSP |<=|minati|<=|Tunnel|<=|h|<== From network
       |   |   |y|  |     |  |on    |  |      |  |y|
       | C |   +-+  +-----+  +------+  +------+  +-+
       | E |   |                                   |
       |   |   +-+  +-----+  +------+  +------+  +-+
       |   |   |P|  |     |  |PW ter|  | MPLS |  |P|
       |   |==>|h|=>| NSP |=>|minati|=>|Tunnel|=>|h|==> To network
       |   |   |y|  |     |  |on    |  |      |  |y|
       +---+   +-+  +-----+  +------+  +------+  +-+
               |                                   |
               +-----------------------------------+

               Figure 2 - PW Reference Diagram

   The Native Service Processing (NSP) function includes the following
   functionality:

   o  Idle Suppression: any FC Idle Primitive Signals received from the
      source PE's attached FC port are suppressed and regenerated at the
      destination PE to send on its attached FC port when there is no
      other FC traffic to send;

   o  FC Primitive Sequence Reduction: a subset of repetitive FC
      Primitive Sequences received from the attached FC port at the
      source PE is selected for WAN transmission, with the destination
      PE sending the FC Primitive Sequence most recently received from
      the WAN on the destination PE's attached FC port continuously
      until a new packet is received from the WAN; and

   o  Flow Control: the Alternate Simple Flow Control (ASFC) protocol is
      used for buffer management in concert with the peer PW PE's NSP
      function so that FC traffic is not dropped.  ASFC is a simple
      pause/resume protocol that allows operation repetition; the
      receiver responds to the first pause or resume operation in an
      identical sequence of operations and ignores the rest of the
      sequence.

   The NSP flow control functionality is required to extend FC's credit-
   based flow control to address situations where the number of buffer
   credits available to an FC link is insufficient to utilize the
   available bandwidth over the additional distance and latency



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   represented by the FC pseudowire.  The NSPs avoid this problem by
   inserting ASFC into FC's link flow control used on the attached FC
   ports; see [FC-BB-5/AM1].

   In contrast, Idle Suppression and FC Primitive Sequence Reduction are
   bandwidth optimizations that are included in the NSP for clarity in
   this document.  Analogous optimizations are not treated as part of
   the NSP by other pseudowires (e.g., Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
   idle frame suppression is not considered to be an NSP function by
   [RFC4717]).

   The NSP function is specified in detail by [FC-BB-5/AM1].

3.  Encapsulation

   This specification provides port-to-port transport of FC-encapsulated
   traffic.  There are a number of port types defined by Fibre Channel,
   including:

   o  N_port:  a port on the node (e.g., host or storage device) used
      with both FC-P2P (Point to Point) or FC-SW (switched fabric)
      topologies.  Also known as a Node port.

   o  NL_port:  a port on the node used with an FC-AL (Arbitrated Loop)
      topology.  Also known as a Node Loop port.

   o  F_port:  a port on the switch that connects to a node point- to-
      point (i.e., connects to an N_port).  Also known as a Fabric port.
      An F_port is not loop capable.

   o  FL_port:  a port on the switch that connects to an FC-AL loop
      (i.e., to NL_ports).  Also known as a Fabric Loop port.

   o  E_port:  a port used to connect two Fibre Channel switches.  Also
      known as an Expansion port.  When E_ports between two switches are
      connected to form a link, that link is referred to as an inter-
      switch link (ISL).

   Among the port types listed above, only the following FC connections
   (as specified in [FC-BB-5/AM1]) are supported by an FC PW over MPLS:

   o  N_Port to N_Port, established by an FC PLOGI (Port Login)
      operation

   o  N_Port to F_Port, established by an FC FLOGI (Fabric Login)
      operation





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   o  E_Port to E_Port, established by an FC ELP (Exchange Link
      Parameters) operation

   FC traffic flowing over an FC PW is subdivided into four payload
   types (PTs) that are encoded in the PW Control Word (see Section
   3.1):

   1.  FC login traffic (PT = 1): FC login operations and responses that
       establish connections between FC ports.  The three FC login
       operations are PLOGI, FLOGI, and ELP.  These operations and their
       responses may require the NSP to allocate buffer resources.  See
       the specification of Login Exchange Monitors in [FC-BB-5/AM1].

   2.  FC data traffic (PT = 0): All FC frames other than those involved
       in an FC login operation.

   3.  FC Primitive Sequences and Signals (PT = 2): Native FC link
       control operations; 4-character primitive sequences and signals
       that are not encapsulated in FC frames.  See [FC-BB-5/AM1] and
       [FC-FS-2].

   4.  FC PW Control (PT = 6): FC PW control operations exchanged only
       between the endpoints of the PW.  FC PW control operations are
       used for ASFC flow control, ping (e.g., for round-trip latency
       measurement), and reporting native FC link errors.  See
       [FC-BB-5/AM1].

   This FC PW specification is limited to use with FC service classes 2,
   3, and F; see [FC-FS-2].  Other FC service classes (e.g., 1, 4, and
   6) MUST NOT be used with an FC PW.  Numbered FC service classes are
   used for end-to-end FC traffic, whereas service class F is used for
   inter-switch traffic in an FC switched fabric.

   This FC PW specification is limited to native FC attachment links
   that employ an 8b/10b transmission code (see [FC-FS-2]).  The
   protocol specified in this document converts a received 10b code to
   its 8b counterpart for PW encapsulation and hence does not support
   attached FC links that use a 64b/66b transmission code (e.g., 10GFC
   and 16GFC); such links MUST NOT be attached to an FC PW PE unless
   their link speed can be negotiated to one that uses 8b/10b encoding.
   If an invalid 10b code that cannot be converted to an 8b code is
   received from an FC link, the PE sends an FC PW control frame to
   report the error (see [FC-BB-5/AM1]).








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3.1.  The Control Word

   The Generic PW Control Word, as defined in "Pseudowire Emulation
   Edge-to-Edge (PWE3) Control Word for Use over an MPLS PSN" [RFC4385],
   MUST be used for FC PW to facilitate the transport of short packets
   (by setting the Length field as detailed below) and convey the flag
   bits defined below.  The structure of the Control Word for the FC PW
   is as follows:

                           1                   2                   3
       0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |0 0 0 0| PT  |X|0 0|  Length   |     Sequence Number           |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

                     Figure 3 - Control Word Structure

   The first four bits of the PW Control Word MUST be set to 0 by the
   ingress PE to indicate PW data.

   Three of the four flag bits are used to convey the Payload Type (PT)
   indication.  The 3-bit binary value in this field identifies the
   payload type carried by a PW packet.  The following types are
   defined:

            PT = 0: FC data frame.

            PT = 1: FC login frame.

            PT = 2: FC Primitive Sequence(s) and/or Primitive Signal(s).

            PT = 6: FC PW control frame (refer to [FC-BB-5/AM1] for
            usage).

   Packets with other values in the PT field are not valid for the FC PW
   and MUST be discarded by the receiving FC PW PE.

   The X flag bit is not used by this version of the protocol.  It
   SHOULD be set to zero by the sender and MUST be ignored by the
   receiver.

   The fragmentation bits (bits 8-9) are not used by the FC PW protocol.
   These bits may be used in the future for FC-specific indications as
   defined in [RFC4385].  The fragmentation bits SHOULD be set to zero
   by the ingress PE and MUST be ignored by the egress PE.






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   The Length field enables recovery of the original pseudowire packet
   when a short packet is padded to the minimum 64-octet packet size
   required for Ethernet; see [RFC4385].  The Length field MUST be used
   for packets shorter than 64 octets, MUST be set to zero for longer
   packets, and MUST be processed according to the rules specified in
   [RFC4385].

   The sequence number is not used for the FC PW; it MUST be set to 0 by
   the ingress PE and MUST be ignored by the egress PE.

3.2.  MTU Requirements

   The MPLS network MUST be able to transport the largest Fibre Channel
   frame after encapsulation, including the overhead associated with the
   encapsulation.  The maximum FC frame size is 2164 octets without PW
   and MPLS labels (refer to Figure 4); this maximum size is a constant
   value that is required for all FC implementations [FC-FS-2].  The
   MPLS network SHOULD accommodate frames of up to 2500 octets in order
   to support possible future increases in the maximum FC frame size.

   Fragmentation, as described in [RFC4623], SHALL NOT be used for an FC
   PW; therefore, the network MUST be configured with a minimum MTU that
   is sufficient to transport the largest encapsulated FC frame.

3.3.  Mapping of FC Traffic to PW Packets

   FC frames, Primitive Sequences, and Primitive Signals are transported
   over the PW.  All packet types are carried over a single PW.  In
   addition to the PW Control Word, an FC Encapsulation Header is
   included in the PW packet.  This FC Encapsulation Header is not used
   in this version of the protocol; it SHOULD be set to zero by the
   sender and MUST be ignored by the receiver.

3.3.1.  FC Data Frames (PT=0) and FC Login Frames (PT=1)

   FC data frames and FC login frames share a common encapsulation
   format, except that the PT field in the FC PW Control Word is set to
   0 for data frames and is set to 1 for login frames.  An FC login
   frame contains an FC PLOGI, FLOGI, or ELP operation or response that
   requires special processing by the NSP in support of flow control;
   see [FC-BB-5/AM1].

   Each FC data frame or login frame is mapped to a PW packet, including
   the Start Of Frame (SOF) delimiter, frame header, Cyclic Redundancy
   Check (CRC) field, and the End Of Frame (EOF) delimiter, as shown in
   Figure 4.





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                           1                   2                   3
       0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
      +---------------------------------------------------------------+
      |                    FC PW Control Word                         |
      +---------------------------------------------------------------+
      |                  FC Encapsulation Header                      |
      +---------------+-----------------------------------------------+
      |     SOF Code  |             Reserved                          |
      +---------------+-----------------------------------------------+
      |                                                               |
      +-----                        FC Frame                      ----+
      |                                                               |
      +---------------------------------------------------------------+
      |                              CRC                              |
      +---------------+-----------------------------------------------+
      |     EOF Code  |                Reserved                       |
      +---------------+-----------------------------------------------+

      Figure 4 - FC Frame (SOF/Data/CRC/EOF) Encapsulation in PW Packet

   The SOF and EOF frame delimiters are each encoded into a single octet
   as specified in [RFC3643], except that the codes for delimiters that
   apply only to FC service class 4 (SOFi4, SOFc4, SOFn4, EOFdt, EOFdti,
   EOFrt, and EOFrti -- see [FC-FS-2]) MUST NOT be used.

   The CRC in the frame is obtained directly from the FC attachment
   channel, so that the PW PE is not required to recalculate the CRC or
   to check the CRC in the received frame.  The CRC will be checked by
   the FC port that receives the frame, ensuring that coverage is
   provided for data errors that occur between the PW endpoints.  This
   CRC behavior differs from the Frame Check Sequence (FCS) retention
   technique for PWs defined in [RFC4720], which states that "as usual,
   the FCS MUST be examined at the ingress PE, and errored frames MUST
   be discarded".

3.3.2.  FC Primitive Sequences and Primitive Signals (PT=2)

   FC Primitive Sequences and Primitive Signals are FC Ordered Sets.  On
   an 8b/10b-coded FC link, an Ordered Set consists of four 10b
   characters, starting with the K28.5 character, followed by three
   Dxx.y data characters.  All FC Ordered Sets start with a K28.5
   control character, but the three following Dxx.y data characters
   differ depending on the Ordered Set.  A Kxx.y control character has a
   different 10b code from the corresponding Dxx.y data character but
   uses the same 8b code (e.g., K28.5 and D28.5 both use the 8b code
   0xBC).  Here are two examples of Ordered Sets:





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   o  Idle (IDLE) is K28.5 - D21.4 - D21.5 - D21.5.  This FC Primitive
      Signal is sent when the FC link is idle; it is suppressed by the
      FC PW NSP and not sent over the WAN.

   o  Link Reset Response (LRR) is K28.5 - D21.1 - D31.5 - D9.2.  This
      FC Primitive Sequence is used as part of FC link initialization
      and recovery.

   Each Ordered Set is encapsulated in a PW packet containing the
   encoded K28.5 control character [FC-BB-5/AM1], followed by three
   encoded data characters, as shown in Figure 5.

                           1                   2                   3
       0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
      +---------------------------------------------------------------+
      |                    FC PW Control Word                         |
      +---------------------------------------------------------------+
      |                  FC Encapsulation Header                      |
      +---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+
      |     K28.5     |     Dxx.y     |     Dxx.y     |     Dxx.y     |
      +---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+
      |                                                               |
      +----                                                       ----+
      |                                                               |
      +---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+
      |     K28.5     |     Dxx.y     |     Dxx.y     |     Dxx.y     |
      +---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+

             Figure 5 - FC Ordered Sets Encapsulation in PW Packet

   The K28.5 10b control character received from the PE's attached FC
   link is encoded for the FC PW as its 8b counterpart (0xBC).  Because
   the same 8b value (0xBC) is used to encode a D28.5 data word, the
   receiving FC PW PE:

   o  MUST check for presence of an 8b K28.5 value (0xBC) at the start
      of each Ordered Set (see Figure 5) and MUST send that value as a
      10b K28.5 character on the attached FC link.

   o  MUST send the following three Dxx.y 8b values as Dxx.y 10b
      characters on the attached FC link and MUST NOT send any of these
      Dxx.y 8b values as 10b Kxx.y characters on the attached FC link.

   A PW packet may contain one or more encoded FC Ordered Sets
   [FC-BB-5/AM1].  The Length field in the FC PW Control Word is used to
   indicate the packet length when the PW packet contains multiple
   Ordered Sets.  For this reason, FC PW packets that contain FC Ordered




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   Sets MUST NOT be larger than 60 octets (8 octets of header words plus
   at most 13 Ordered Sets), in order to ensure that the Length field
   contains a non-zero value (see [RFC4385]).

   Idle Primitive Signals could be carried over the PW in the same
   manner as Primitive Sequences.  However, [FC-BB-5/AM1] requires that
   Idle Primitive Signals be dropped by the Ingress PE and regenerated
   by the egress PE in order to reduce bandwidth consumption (see
   [FC-BB-5/AM1] for further details).

   The egress PE extracts the Primitive Sequence or Primitive Signal
   from the received PW packet.  For a Primitive Sequence, the PE
   continues transmitting the same FC Ordered Set to its attached FC
   port until an FC frame or another Ordered Set is received over the
   PW; see Section 1.2 above for discussion of ingress PE transmission
   behavior for Primitive Sequences.  A Primitive Signal is sent once,
   except that Idle Primitive Signals are sent continuously when there
   is nothing else to send.

3.3.3.  FC PW Control Frames (PT=6)

   FC PW control frames are transported over the PW by encapsulating
   each frame in a PW packet with PT=6 in the Control Word.  FC PW
   control frame payloads are generated and terminated by the
   corresponding FC entity.  FC PW control frames are used for FC PW
   flow control (ASFC), ping, and transmission of error indications.
   [FC-BB-5/AM1] specifies the generation and processing of FC PW
   control frames.  FC PW control frames are always shorter than 64
   octets, and hence the Length field in the FC Control Word indicates
   their length.

                           1                   2                   3
       0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
      +---------------------------------------------------------------+
      |                    FC PW Control Word                         |
      +---------------------------------------------------------------+
      |                  FC Encapsulation Header                      |
      +---------------------------------------------------------------+
      |                                                               |
      +-----              FC PW Control Frame                     ----+
      |                                                               |
      +---------------------------------------------------------------+

             Figure 6 - FC PW Control Frame Encapsulation in PW Packet







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3.4.  PW Failure Mapping

   PW failures are detected through PW signaling failure, PW status
   notifications as defined in [RFC4447], or PW Operations,
   Administration, and Maintenance (OAM) mechanisms and MUST be mapped
   to emulated signal failure indications.  Sending the FC link failure
   indication to its attached FC link is performed by the NSP, as
   defined by [FC-BB-5/AM1].

4.  Signaling of FC Pseudowires

   [RFC4447] specifies the use of the MPLS Label Distribution Protocol
   (LDP) as a protocol for setting up and maintaining pseudowires.  This
   section describes the use of specific fields and error codes used to
   control FC PW.

   The PW Type field in the PWid Forwarding Equivalence Class (FEC)
   element and PW generalized ID FEC elements MUST be set to the "FC
   Port Mode" value in Section 8.

   The Control Word is REQUIRED for FC pseudowires.  Therefore, the
   C-Bit in the PWid FEC element and PW generalized ID FEC elements MUST
   be set.  If the C-Bit is not set, the pseudowire MUST NOT be
   established, and a Label Release MUST be sent with an "Illegal C-Bit"
   status code [RFC4447].

   The Fragmentation Indicator (Parameter ID = 0x09) is specified in
   [RFC4446], and its usage is defined in [RFC4623].  Since
   fragmentation is not used in FC PW, the fragmentation indicator
   parameter MUST be omitted from the Interface Parameter Sub-TLV.

   The Interface MTU Parameter (Parameter ID = 0x01) is specified in
   [RFC4447].  Since all FC interfaces have the same MTU, this parameter
   MUST be omitted from the Interface Parameter Sub-TLV.

   The FCS Retention Indicator (Parameter ID = 0x0A) is specified in
   [RFC4720].  Since the CRC treatment defined in this document differs
   from one that is specified in [RFC4720], this parameter MUST be
   omitted from the Interface Parameter Sub-TLV.

5.  Timing Considerations

   Correct Fibre Channel link operation requires that the FC link
   latency between CE1 and CE2 (refer to Figure 1) be:

   o  no more than one-half of the R_T_TOV (Receiver Transmitter Timeout
      Value, default value: 100 milliseconds) of the attached devices
      for Primitive Sequences;



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   o  no more than one-half of the E_D_TOV (Error Detect Timeout Value,
      default value: 2 seconds) of the attached devices for frames; and

   o  within the R_A_TOV (Resource Allocation Timeout Value, default
      value: 10 seconds) of the attached fabric(s), if any.  The FC
      standards require that the E_D_TOV value for each FC link be set
      so that the R_A_TOV value for the fabric is respected when the
      worst-case latency occurs for each link (see [FC-FS-2]).

   An FC PW MUST adhere to these three timing requirements and MUST NOT
   be used in environments where high or variable latency may cause
   these requirements to be violated.

   These three timeout values are ordered (R_T_TOV < E_D_TOV < R_A_TOV),
   so adherence to one-half of R_T_TOV for all FC PW traffic is
   sufficient.  See [FC-FS-2] for definitions of the FC timeout values.

   The R_T_TOV is used by the FC link initialization protocol.  If an FC
   PW's latency exceeds one-half R_T_TOV, initialization of the FC link
   that is encapsulated by the FC PW may fail, leaving that FC link in a
   non-operational state.

   The E_D_TOV is used to detect failures of operational FC links.  If
   an FC PW's latency exceeds the one-half E_D_TOV requirement, the FC
   link that is encapsulated by the FC PW may fail.  The usual FC
   response to such a link failure is to attempt to recover the FC link
   by initializing it.  That initialization will also fail if the FC PW
   latency exceeds one-half R_T_TOV (a tighter requirement).

   The R_A_TOV is used to determine when FC communication resources
   (e.g., values that identify FC frames) may be reused.  If an FC PW's
   violation of the one-half E_D_TOV requirement is sufficient to also
   cause the FC fabric to violate the R_A_TOV requirement, then FC reuse
   of frame identification values after an R_A_TOV timeout may result in
   multiple FC frames with the same identification values, causing
   incorrect Fibre Channel operation.  For example, if two such frames
   are swapped between I/O operations, the result may corrupt data in
   the I/O operations.

   The PING and PING_ACK FC PW control frames defined in Section 6.4.7
   of [FC-BB-5/AM1] SHOULD be used to measure the current FC pseudowire
   latency between the Customer Edge (CE) devices.  If the measured
   latency violates any of the timing requirements, then the FC PW PE
   MUST generate a WAN Down event as specified in [FC-BB-5/AM1].

   The WAN Down event causes the PE to continuously send NOS (an FC
   Primitive Sequence) on the native FC link to the FC port at the other
   end of that link (typically an E_Port on a switch in this case).



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   This immediately causes the FC link that is carried by the PW to
   become non-operational, halting transmission of FC traffic.  However,
   it is not necessary to tear down the pseudowire itself in this
   situation (e.g., destroy the MPLS path set up by LDP).

   The Transparent FC-BB initialization state machine in [FC-BB-5/AM1]
   specifies the protocol used to attempt to recover from a WAN Down
   event (i.e., bring the WAN back up).  If that protocol brings the WAN
   back up, FC traffic will resume and the standard FC link recovery
   protocol will bring the encapsulated FC link back up.  If the
   previous pseudowire was destroyed, attempts will be made to
   re-establish the path via LDP as part of recovering from the WAN Down
   event.  If the PW round-trip latency remains above R_T_TOV, the
   initialization protocol for the FC PW will repeatedly time out in
   attempting to recover from the WAN Down event, preventing recovery of
   the FC link carried by the PW; see [FC-BB-5/AM1].

6.  Security Considerations

   The FC PW is an MPLS pseudowire; for MPLS pseudowire security
   considerations, see the security considerations sections of [RFC3985]
   and [RFC4385].

   The protocols used to implement security in a Fibre Channel fabric
   are defined in [FC-SP].  These protocols operate at higher layers of
   the FC hierarchy and are transparent to the FC PW.

   The FC timing requirements (see Section 5) create an exposure of the
   FC PW to inserted latency.  Injection of latency sufficient to cause
   the round-trip time for an FC PW to exceed R_T_TOV (default: 100 ms)
   may cause the FC PW to fail in an active fashion because the FC link
   initialization protocol repeatedly times out.  OAM functionality for
   deployed FC PWs SHOULD monitor for persistence of this situation and
   respond accordingly (e.g., shut down the FC PW in order to avoid
   wasting WAN bandwidth on an FC PW whose FC link cannot be
   successfully initialized due to excessive latency).

7.  Applicability Statement

   FC PW allows the transparent transport of FC traffic between Fibre
   Channel ports while saving network bandwidth by removing FC Idle
   Primitive Signals and reducing the number of FC Primitive Sequences.

   o  The pair of CE devices operates as if they were directly connected
      by an FC link.  In particular, they react to Primitive Sequences
      on their local FC links as specified by the FC standards.





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   o  The FC PW carries only FC data frames, FC Primitive Signals, and a
      subset of the copies of an FC Primitive Sequence.  Idle Primitive
      Signals are suppressed, and long streams of the same Primitive
      Sequence are reduced over the PW, thus saving bandwidth.

   o  The PW PE MUST generate Idle Primitive Signals to the attached FC
      link when there is no other traffic to transmit on the attached FC
      link [FC-FS-2].

   o  The PW PE MUST send Primitive Sequences continuously to the
      attached FC port, as required by the FC standards [FC-FS-2].

   FC PW traffic should only traverse MPLS networks that are provisioned
   based on traffic engineering to provide dedicated bandwidth for FC PW
   traffic.  The MPLS network should enforce ingress traffic policing so
   that delivery of FC PW traffic can be assured.  To extend FC across a
   network that does not satisfy these requirements, FCIP SHOULD be used
   instead of an FC PW (see [RFC3821] and [FC-BB-6]).

   This document does not provide any mechanisms for protecting an FC PW
   against network outages.  As a consequence, resilience of the
   emulated FC service to such outages is dependent upon the underlying
   MPLS network, which should be protected against failures.  When a
   network outage is detected, the PE SHOULD use a WAN Down event (as
   specified in [FC-BB-5/AM1]) to convey the PW status to the CE and
   enable faster outage handling.

8.  IANA Considerations

   IANA has assigned a new MPLS Pseudowire (PW) type as follows:

      PW type      Description           Reference
      --------     --------------        ----------
      0x001F       FC Port Mode          RFC 6307

   IANA has reserved the following Pseudowire Interface Parameters
   Sub-TLV Types.  These Sub-TLV types were used for the FC PW Selective
   Retransmission protocol, which the PWE3 working group has decided to
   eliminate.  This action prevents future use of these values for other
   purposes, as there is at least one implementation of the Selective
   Retransmission protocol that has been deployed.

      Parameter  ID Length  Description  Reference
      ---------  ---------  -----------  ---------
      0x12                  Reserved     RFC 6307
      0x13                  Reserved     RFC 6307
      0x14                  Reserved     RFC 6307
      0x15                  Reserved     RFC 6307



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9.  Acknowledgments

   Previous versions of this document were authored by Moran Roth, Ronen
   Solomon, and Munefumi Tsurusawa; their efforts and contributions are
   gratefully acknowledged.  The authors would like to thank Stewart
   Bryant, Elwyn Davies, Steve Hanna, Dave Peterson, Yaakov Stein,
   Alexander Vainshtein, and the members of the IESG for helpful
   comments on this document.

   The protocol specified in this document is intended to be used in
   conjunction with the Fibre Channel pseudowire portion of the FC-BB-5
   Amendment 1 specification developed by INCITS Technical Committee
   T11.  The authors would like to thank the members of both the IETF
   and T11 organizations who have supported and contributed to this
   work.

10.  Normative References

   [FC-BB-5/AM1]  "Fibre Channel - Backbone-5 / Amendment 1", INCITS
                  462-2010/AM 1-2012, June 2012.

   [FC-FS-2]      "Fibre Channel - Framing and Signaling-2 (FC-FS-2)",
                  ANSI INCITS 424:2007, August 2007.

   [RFC2119]      Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
                  Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.

   [RFC3643]      Weber, R., Rajagopal, M., Travostino, F., O'Donnell,
                  M., Monia, C., and M. Merhar, "Fibre Channel (FC)
                  Frame Encapsulation", RFC 3643, December 2003.

   [RFC3985]      Bryant, S., Ed., and P. Pate, Ed., "Pseudo Wire
                  Emulation Edge-to-Edge (PWE3) Architecture", RFC 3985,
                  March 2005.

   [RFC4385]      Bryant, S., Swallow, G., Martini, L., and D.
                  McPherson, "Pseudowire Emulation Edge-to-Edge (PWE3)
                  Control Word for Use over an MPLS PSN", RFC 4385,
                  February 2006.

   [RFC4446]      Martini, L., "IANA Allocations for Pseudowire Edge to
                  Edge Emulation (PWE3)", BCP 116, RFC 4446, April 2006.

   [RFC4447]      Martini, L., Ed., Rosen, E., El-Aawar, N., Smith, T.,
                  and G. Heron, "Pseudowire Setup and Maintenance Using
                  the Label Distribution Protocol (LDP)", RFC 4447,
                  April 2006.




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   [RFC4623]      Malis, A. and M. Townsley, "Pseudowire Emulation Edge-
                  to-Edge (PWE3) Fragmentation and Reassembly", RFC
                  4623, August 2006.

   [RFC4720]      Malis, A., Allan, D., and N. Del Regno, "Pseudowire
                  Emulation Edge-to-Edge (PWE3) Frame Check Sequence
                  Retention", RFC 4720, November 2006.

11.  Informative References

   [FC-BB-6]      "Fibre Channel Backbone-6" (FC-BB-6), T11 Project
                  2159-D, Rev 1.04, Work in Progress, January 2012.

   [FC-SP]        "Fibre Channel - Security Protocols" (FC-SP), ANSI
                  INCITS 426:2007, February 2007.

   [RFC3821]      Rajagopal, M., Rodriguez, E., and R. Weber, "Fibre
                  Channel Over TCP/IP (FCIP)", RFC 3821, July 2004.

   [RFC4717]      Martini, L., Jayakumar, J., Bocci, M., El-Aawar, N.,
                  Brayley, J., and G. Koleyni, "Encapsulation Methods
                  for Transport of Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) over
                  MPLS Networks", RFC 4717, December 2006.

   [T11]          INCITS Technical Committee T11, http://www.t11.org,
                  January 2011.

























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Authors' Addresses

   David L. Black (editor)
   EMC Corporation
   176 South Street
   Hopkinton, MA 01748
   USA
   Phone: +1 (508) 293-7953
   EMail: david.black@emc.com

   Linda Dunbar (editor)
   Huawei Technologies
   1700 Alma Drive, Suite 500
   Plano, TX 75075
   USA
   Phone: +1 (972) 543-5849
   EMail: ldunbar@huawei.com

   Moran Roth
   Infinera Corporation
   169 Java Drive
   Sunnyvale, CA 94089
   USA
   Phone: (408) 572-5200
   EMail: MRoth@infinera.com

   Ronen Solomon
   Orckit-Corrigent Systems
   126, Yigal Alon st.
   Tel Aviv
   Israel
   Phone: +972-3-6945316
   EMail: ronens@corrigent.com


















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