path: root/doc/rfc/rfc7931.txt

Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)                    D. Noveck, Ed.
Request for Comments: 7931                                           HPE
Updates: 7530                                                  P. Shivam
Category: Standards Track                                       C. Lever
ISSN: 2070-1721                                                 B. Baker
                                                                  ORACLE
                                                               July 2016


                NFSv4.0 Migration: Specification Update

Abstract

   The migration feature of NFSv4 allows the transfer of responsibility
   for a single file system from one server to another without
   disruption to clients.  Recent implementation experience has shown
   problems in the existing specification for this feature in NFSv4.0.
   This document identifies the problem areas and provides revised
   specification text that updates the NFSv4.0 specification in RFC
   7530.

Status of This Memo

   This is an Internet Standards Track document.

   This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force
   (IETF).  It represents the consensus of the IETF community.  It has
   received public review and has been approved for publication by the
   Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG).  Further information on
   Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of RFC 7841.

   Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
   and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
   http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7931.

















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Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2016 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.





































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Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
   2.  Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
   3.  Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
     3.1.  Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
     3.2.  Data Type Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
   4.  Background  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
   5.  Client Identity Definition  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
     5.1.  Differences from Replaced Sections  . . . . . . . . . . .   7
     5.2.  Client Identity Data Items  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
       5.2.1.  Client Identity Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
       5.2.2.  Client Identity Shorthand . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
     5.3.  Server Release of Client ID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
     5.4.  Client ID String Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
     5.5.  Non-uniform Client ID String Approach . . . . . . . . . .  16
     5.6.  Uniform Client ID String Approach . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
     5.7.  Mixing Client ID String Approaches  . . . . . . . . . . .  18
     5.8.  Trunking Determination when Using Uniform Client ID
           Strings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  20
     5.9.  Client ID String Construction Details . . . . . . . . . .  26
   6.  Locking and Multi-Server Namespace  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  28
     6.1.  Lock State and File System Transitions  . . . . . . . . .  28
       6.1.1.  Migration and State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  29
         6.1.1.1.  Migration and Client IDs  . . . . . . . . . . . .  31
         6.1.1.2.  Migration and State Owner Information . . . . . .  32
       6.1.2.  Replication and State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  36
       6.1.3.  Notification of Migrated Lease  . . . . . . . . . . .  36
       6.1.4.  Migration and the lease_time Attribute  . . . . . . .  39
   7.  Server Implementation Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . .  39
     7.1.  Relation of Locking State Transfer to Other Aspects of
           File System Motion  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  39
     7.2.  Preventing Locking State Modification during Transfer . .  41
   8.  Additional Changes  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  44
     8.1.  Summary of Additional Changes from Previous Documents . .  45
     8.2.  NFS4ERR_CLID_INUSE Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  45
     8.3.  NFS4ERR_DELAY Return from RELEASE_LOCKOWNER . . . . . . .  45
     8.4.  Operation 35: SETCLIENTID -- Negotiate Client ID  . . . .  46
     8.5.  Security Considerations for Inter-server Information
           Transfer  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  51
     8.6.  Security Considerations Revision  . . . . . . . . . . . .  51
   9.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  52
   10. References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  52
     10.1.  Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  52
     10.2.  Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  52
   Acknowledgements  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  53
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  54




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1.  Introduction

   This Standards Track document corrects the existing definitive
   specification of the NFSv4.0 protocol described in [RFC7530].  Given
   this fact, one should take the current document into account when
   learning about NFSv4.0, particularly if one is concerned with issues
   that relate to:

   o  File system migration, particularly when it involves transparent
      state migration.

   o  The construction and interpretation of the nfs_client_id4
      structure and particularly the requirements on the id string
      within it, referred to below as a "client ID string".

2.  Conventions

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].

3.  Definitions

3.1.  Terminology

   The following definitions are included to provide an appropriate
   context for the reader.  This section is derived from Section 1.5 of
   [RFC7530] but has been adapted to the needs of this document.

   Boot Instance Id:  A boot instance id is an identifier, such as a
      boot time, allowing two different instances of the same client to
      be reliably distinguished.  A boot instance id is opaque to the
      server and is often used as the verifier field in the
      nfs_client_id4 structure, which identifies the client to the
      server.

   Client:  A client is an entity that accesses the NFS server's
      resources.  The client may be an application that contains the
      logic to access the NFS server directly.  The client may also be
      the traditional operating system client that provides remote file
      system services for a set of applications.

      With reference to byte-range locking, the client is also the
      entity that maintains a set of locks on behalf of one or more
      applications.  This client is responsible for crash or failure
      recovery for those locks it manages.





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      Note that multiple clients may share the same transport and
      connection, and multiple clients may exist on the same network
      node.

   Client ID:  A client ID is a 64-bit quantity (in the form of a
      clientid4) used as a unique, shorthand reference to a particular
      client instance, identified by a client-supplied verifier (in the
      form of a boot instance id) and client ID string.  The server is
      responsible for supplying the client ID.

   File System:  A file system is the collection of objects on a server
      that share the same fsid attribute (see Section 5.8.1.9 of
      [RFC7530]).

   Grace Period:  A grace period is an interval of time during which the
      server will only grant locking requests to reclaim existing locks
      but not those that create new locks.  This gives clients an
      opportunity to re-establish locking state in response to a
      potentially disruptive event.  The grace period may be general to
      help deal with server reboot, or it may be specific to a file
      system to deal with file system migration when transparent state
      migration is not provided.

   Lease:  A lease is an interval of time defined by the server for
      which the client is irrevocably granted a lock.  At the end of a
      lease period, the lock may be revoked if the lease has not been
      extended.  The lock must be revoked if a conflicting lock has been
      granted after the lease interval.

      All leases granted by a server have the same fixed duration.  Note
      that the fixed interval duration was chosen to alleviate the
      expense a server would have in maintaining state about variable-
      length leases across server failures.

   Lock:  The term "lock" is used to refer to record (byte-range) locks
      as well as share reservations unless specifically stated
      otherwise.

   Lock-Owner:  Each byte-range lock is associated with a specific lock-
      owner and an open-owner.  The lock-owner consists of a client ID
      and an opaque owner string.  The client presents this to the
      server to establish the ownership of the byte-range lock as
      needed.

   Open-Owner:  Each open file is associated with a specific open-owner,
      which consists of a client ID and an opaque owner string.  The
      client presents this to the server to establish the ownership of
      the open as needed.



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   Server:  A server is an entity responsible for coordinating client
      access to a set of file systems.

   Stateid:  A stateid is a 128-bit quantity returned by a server that
      uniquely identifies the open and locking states provided by the
      server for a specific open-owner or lock-owner/open-owner pair for
      a specific file and type of lock.

   Trunking:  A situation in which multiple physical addresses are
      connected to the same logical server.

   Verifier:  A verifier is a quantity, in the form of a verifier4, that
      allows one party to an interaction to be aware of a
      reinitialization or other significant change to the state of the
      other party.  In [RFC7530], this term most often designates the
      verifier field of an nfs_client_id4, in which a boot instance id
      is placed to allow the server to determine when there has been a
      client reboot, making it necessary to eliminate locking state
      associated with the previous instance of the same client.

3.2.  Data Type Definitions

   This section contains a table that shows where data types referred to
   in this document are defined.

           +-----------------+--------------------------------+
           | Item            | Section                        |
           +-----------------+--------------------------------+
           | cb_client4      | Section 2.2.11 in [RFC7530]    |
           | clientaddr4     | Section 2.2.10 in [RFC7530]    |
           | clientid4       | Section 2.1 in [RFC7530]       |
           | lock_owner4     | Section 2.2.14 in [RFC7530]    |
           | nfs_client_id4  | Section 5.2.1 (this document)  |
           | open_owner4     | Section 2.2.13 in [RFC7530]    |
           | verifier4       | Section 2.1 in [RFC7530]       |
           +-----------------+--------------------------------+

4.  Background

   Implementation experience with transparent state migration has
   exposed a number of problems with the then existing specifications of
   this feature in [RFC7530] and predecessors.  The symptoms were:

   o  After migration of a file system, a reboot of the associated
      client was not appropriately dealt with, in that the state
      associated with the rebooting client was not promptly freed.





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   o  Situations can arise whereby a given server has multiple leases
      with the same nfs_client_id4 (consisting of id and verifier
      fields), when the protocol clearly assumes there can be only one.

   o  Excessive client implementation complexity since clients have to
      deal with situations in which a single client can wind up with its
      locking state with a given server divided among multiple leases
      each with its own clientid4.

   An analysis of these symptoms leads to the conclusion that existing
   specifications have erred.  They assume that locking state, including
   both state ids and clientid4s, should be transferred as part of
   transparent state migration.  The troubling symptoms arise from the
   failure to describe how migrating state is to be integrated with
   existing client definition structures on the destination server.

   The need for the server to appropriately merge stateids associated
   with a common client boot instance encounters a difficult problem.
   The issue is that the common client practice with regard to the
   presentation of unique strings specifying client identity makes it
   essentially impossible for the client to determine whether or not two
   stateids, originally generated on different servers, are referable to
   the same client.  This practice is allowed and endorsed by the
   existing NFSv4.0 specification [RFC7530].

   However, upon the prototyping of clients implementing an alternative
   approach, it has been found that there exist servers that do not work
   well with these new clients.  It appears that current circumstances,
   in which a particular client implementation pattern had been adopted
   universally, have resulted in some servers not being able to
   interoperate against alternate client implementation patterns.  As a
   result, we have a situation that requires careful attention to
   untangling compatibility issues.

   This document updates the existing NFSv4.0 specification [RFC7530] as
   follows:

   o  It makes clear that NFSv4.0 supports multiple approaches to the
      construction of client ID strings, including those formerly
      endorsed by existing NFSV4.0 specifications and those currently
      being widely deployed.

   o  It explains how clients can effectively use client ID strings that
      are presented to multiple servers.







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   o  It addresses the potential compatibility issues that might arise
      for clients adopting a previously non-favored client ID string
      construction approach including the existence of servers that have
      problems with the new approach.

   o  It gives some guidance regarding the factors that might govern
      clients' choice of a client ID string construction approach and
      recommends that clients construct client ID strings in a manner
      that supports lease merger if they intend to support transparent
      state migration.

   o  It specifies how state is to be transparently migrated, including
      defining how state that arrives at a new server as part of
      migration is to be merged into existing leases for clients
      connected to the target server.

   o  It makes further clarifications and corrections to address cases
      where the specification text does not take proper account of the
      issues raised by state migration or where it has been found that
      the existing text is insufficiently clear.  This includes a
      revised definition of the SETCLIENTID operation in Section 8.4,
      which replaces Section 16.33 in [RFC7530].

   For a more complete explanation of the choices made in addressing
   these issues, see [INFO-MIGR].

5.  Client Identity Definition

   This section is a replacement for Sections 9.1.1 and 9.1.2 in
   [RFC7530].  The replaced sections are named "Client ID" and "Server
   Release of Client ID", respectively.

   It supersedes the replaced sections.

5.1.  Differences from Replaced Sections

   Because of the need for greater attention to and careful description
   of this area, this section is much larger than the sections it
   replaces.  The principal changes/additions made by this section are:

   o  It corrects inconsistencies regarding the possible role or non-
      role of the client IP address in construction of client ID
      strings.

   o  It clearly addresses the need to maintain a non-volatile record
      across reboots of client ID strings or any changeable values that
      are used in their construction.




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   o  It provides a more complete description of circumstances leading
      to clientid4 invalidity and the appropriate recovery actions.

   o  It presents, as valid alternatives, two approaches to client ID
      string construction (named "uniform" and "non-uniform") and gives
      some implementation guidance to help implementers choose one or
      the other of these.

   o  It adds a discussion of issues involved for clients in interacting
      with servers whose behavior is not consistent with use of uniform
      client ID strings.

   o  It adds a description of how server behavior might be used by the
      client to determine when multiple server IP addresses correspond
      to the same server.

5.2.  Client Identity Data Items

   The NFSv4 protocol contains a number of protocol entities to identify
   clients and client-based entities for locking-related purposes:

   o  The nfs_client_id4 structure, which uniquely identifies a specific
      client boot instance.  That identification is presented to the
      server by doing a SETCLIENTID operation.  The SETCLIENTID
      operation is described in Section 8.4, which modifies a
      description in Section 16.33 of [RFC7530].

   o  The clientid4, which is returned by the server upon completion of
      a successful SETCLIENTID operation.  This id is used by the client
      to identify itself when doing subsequent locking-related
      operations.  A clientid4 is associated with a particular lease
      whereby a client instance holds state on a server instance and may
      become invalid due to client reboot, server reboot, or other
      circumstances.

   o  Opaque arrays, which are used together with the clientid4 to
      designate within-client entities (e.g., processes) as the owners
      of opens (open-owners) and owners of byte-range locks (lock-
      owners).












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5.2.1.  Client Identity Structure

   The basis of the client identification infrastructure is encapsulated
   in the following data structure, which also appears in Section 9.1.1
   of [RFC7530]:

   struct nfs_client_id4 {
           verifier4       verifier;
           opaque          id<NFS4_OPAQUE_LIMIT>;
   };

   The nfs_client_id4 structure uniquely defines a particular client
   boot instance as follows:

   o  The id field is a variable-length string that uniquely identifies
      a specific client.  Although it is described here as a string and
      is often referred to as a "client string", it should be understood
      that the protocol defines this as opaque data.  In particular,
      those receiving such an id should not assume that it will be in
      the UTF-8 encoding.  Servers MUST NOT reject an nfs_client_id4
      simply because the id string does not follow the rules of UTF-8
      encoding.

      The encoding and decoding processes for this field (e.g., use of
      network byte order) need to result in the same internal
      representation whatever the endianness of the originating and
      receiving machines.

   o  The verifier field contains a client boot instance identifier that
      is used by the server to detect client reboots.  Only if the boot
      instance is different from that which the server has previously
      recorded in connection with the client (as identified by the id
      field) does the server cancel the client's leased state.  This
      cancellation occurs once it receives confirmation of the new
      nfs_clientd4 via SETCLIENTID_CONFIRM.  The SETCLIENTID_CONFIRM
      operation is described in Section 16.34 of [RFC7530].

      In order to prevent the possibility of malicious destruction of
      the locking state associated with a client, the server MUST NOT
      cancel a client's leased state if the principal that established
      the state for a given id string is not the same as the principal
      issuing the SETCLIENTID.









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   There are several considerations for how the client generates the id
   string:

   o  The string should be unique so that multiple clients do not
      present the same string.  The consequences of two clients
      presenting the same string range from one client getting an error
      to one client having its leased state abruptly and unexpectedly
      canceled.

   o  The string should be selected so that subsequent incarnations
      (e.g., reboots) of the same client cause the client to present the
      same string.  The implementer is cautioned against an approach
      that requires the string to be recorded in a local file because
      this precludes the use of the implementation in an environment
      where there is no local disk and all file access is from an NFSv4
      server.

   o  The string MAY be different for each server network address that
      the client accesses rather than common to all server network
      addresses.

      The considerations that might influence a client to use different
      strings for different network server addresses are explained in
      Section 5.4.

   o  The algorithm for generating the string should not assume that the
      clients' network addresses will remain the same for any set period
      of time.  Even while the client is still running in its current
      incarnation, changes might occur between client incarnations.

      Changes to the client ID string due to network address changes
      would result in successive SETCLIENTID operations for the same
      client appearing as from different clients, interfering with the
      use of the nfs_client_id4 verifier field to cancel state
      associated with previous boot instances of the same client.

      The difficulty is more severe if the client address is the only
      client-based information in the client ID string.  In such a case,
      there is a real risk that after the client gives up the network
      address, another client, using the same algorithm, would generate
      a conflicting id string.  This would be likely to cause an
      inappropriate loss of locking state.  See Section 5.9 for detailed
      guidance regarding client ID string construction.








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5.2.2.  Client Identity Shorthand

   Once a SETCLIENTID and SETCLIENTID_CONFIRM sequence has successfully
   completed, the client uses the shorthand client identifier, of type
   clientid4, instead of the longer and less compact nfs_client_id4
   structure.  This shorthand client identifier (a client ID) is
   assigned by the server and should be chosen so that it will not
   conflict with a client ID previously assigned by the same server and,
   to the degree practicable, by other servers as well.  This applies
   across server restarts or reboots.

   Establishment of the client ID by a new incarnation of the client
   also has the effect of immediately breaking any leased state that a
   previous incarnation of the client might have had on the server, as
   opposed to forcing the new client incarnation to wait for the leases
   to expire.  Breaking the lease state amounts to the server removing
   all locks, share reservations, and delegation states not requested
   using the CLAIM_DELEGATE_PREV claim type associated with a client
   having the same identity.  For a discussion of delegation state
   recovery, see Section 10.2.1 of [RFC7530].

   Note that the SETCLIENTID and SETCLIENTID_CONFIRM operations have a
   secondary purpose of establishing the information the server needs to
   make callbacks to the client for the purpose of supporting
   delegations.  The client is able to change this information via
   SETCLIENTID and SETCLIENTID_CONFIRM within the same incarnation of
   the client without causing removal of the client's leased state.

   Distinct servers MAY assign clientid4s independently, and they will
   generally do so.  Therefore, a client has to be prepared to deal with
   multiple instances of the same clientid4 value received on distinct
   IP addresses, denoting separate entities.  When trunking of server IP
   addresses is not a consideration, a client should keep track of
   <IP-address, clientid4> pairs, so that each pair is distinct.  For a
   discussion of how to address the issue in the face of possible
   trunking of server IP addresses, see Section 5.4.

   Owners of opens and owners of byte-range locks are separate entities
   and remain separate even if the same opaque arrays are used to
   designate owners of each.  The protocol distinguishes between open-
   owners (represented by open_owner4 structures) and lock-owners
   (represented by lock_owner4 structures).

   Both sorts of owners consist of a clientid4 and an opaque owner
   string.  For each client, there is a set of distinct owner values
   used with that client which constitutes the set of known owners of
   that type, for the given client.




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   Each open is associated with a specific open-owner while each byte-
   range lock is associated with a lock-owner and an open-owner, the
   latter being the open-owner associated with the open file under which
   the LOCK operation was done.

   When a clientid4 is presented to a server and that clientid4 is not
   valid, the server will reject the request with an error that depends
   on the reason for clientid4 invalidity.  The error
   NFS4ERR_ADMIN_REVOKED is returned when the invalidation is the result
   of administrative action.  When the clientid4 is unrecognizable, the
   error NFS4ERR_STALE_CLIENTID or NFS4ERR_EXPIRED may be returned.  An
   unrecognizable clientid4 can occur for a number of reasons:

   o  A server reboot causing loss of the server's knowledge of the
      client.  (Always returns NFS4ERR_STALE_CLIENTID.)

   o  Client error sending an incorrect clientid4 or a valid clientid4
      to the wrong server.  (May return either error.)

   o  Loss of lease state due to lease expiration.  (Always returns
      NFS4ERR_EXPIRED.)

   o  Client or server error causing the server to believe that the
      client has rebooted (i.e., receiving a SETCLIENTID with an
      nfs_client_id4 that has a matching id string and a non-matching
      boot instance id as the verifier).  (May return either error.)

   o  Migration of all state under the associated lease causes its non-
      existence to be recognized on the source server.  (Always returns
      NFS4ERR_STALE_CLIENTID.)

   o  Merger of state under the associated lease with another lease
      under a different client ID causes the clientid4 serving as the
      source of the merge to cease being recognized on its server.
      (Always returns NFS4ERR_STALE_CLIENTID.)

   In the event of a server reboot, loss of lease state due to lease
   expiration, or administrative revocation of a clientid4, the client
   must obtain a new clientid4 by use of the SETCLIENTID operation and
   then proceed to any other necessary recovery for the server reboot
   case (see Section 9.6.2 in [RFC7530]).  In cases of server or client
   error resulting in a clientid4 becoming unusable, use of SETCLIENTID
   to establish a new lease is desirable as well.

   In cases in which loss of server knowledge of a clientid4 is the
   result of migration, different recovery procedures are required.  See
   Section 6.1.1 for details.  Note that in cases in which there is any
   uncertainty about which sort of handling is applicable, the



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   distinguishing characteristic is that in reboot-like cases, the
   clientid4 and all associated stateids cease to exist while in
   migration-related cases, the clientid4 ceases to exist while the
   stateids are still valid.

   The client must also employ the SETCLIENTID operation when it
   receives an NFS4ERR_STALE_STATEID error using a stateid derived from
   its current clientid4, since this indicates a situation, such as a
   server reboot that has invalidated the existing clientid4 and
   associated stateids (see Section 9.1.5 in [RFC7530] for details).

   See the detailed descriptions of SETCLIENTID (in Section 8.4) and
   SETCLIENTID_CONFIRM (in Section 16.34 of [RFC7530]) for a complete
   specification of these operations.

5.3.  Server Release of Client ID

   If the server determines that the client holds no associated state
   for its clientid4, the server may choose to release that clientid4.
   The server may make this choice for an inactive client so that
   resources are not consumed by those intermittently active clients.
   If the client contacts the server after this release, the server must
   ensure the client receives the appropriate error so that it will use
   the SETCLIENTID/SETCLIENTID_CONFIRM sequence to establish a new
   identity.  It should be clear that the server must be very hesitant
   to release a client ID since the resulting work on the client to
   recover from such an event will be the same burden as if the server
   had failed and restarted.  Typically, a server would not release a
   client ID unless there had been no activity from that client for many
   minutes.

   Note that if the id string in a SETCLIENTID request is properly
   constructed, and if the client takes care to use the same principal
   for each successive use of SETCLIENTID, then, barring an active
   denial-of-service attack, NFS4ERR_CLID_INUSE should never be
   returned.

   However, client bugs, server bugs, or perhaps a deliberate change of
   the principal owner of the id string (such as may occur in the case
   in which a client changes security flavors, and under the new flavor,
   there is no mapping to the previous owner) will in rare cases result
   in NFS4ERR_CLID_INUSE.

   In situations in which there is an apparent change of principal, when
   the server gets a SETCLIENTID specifying a client ID string for which
   the server has a clientid4 that currently has no state, or for which
   it has state, but where the lease has expired, the server MUST allow
   the SETCLIENTID rather than returning NFS4ERR_CLID_INUSE.  The server



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   MUST then confirm the new client ID if followed by the appropriate
   SETCLIENTID_CONFIRM.

5.4.  Client ID String Approaches

   One particular aspect of the construction of the nfs_client_id4
   string has proved recurrently troublesome.  The client has a choice
   of:

   o  Presenting the same id string to multiple server addresses.  This
      is referred to as the "uniform client ID string approach" and is
      discussed in Section 5.6.

   o  Presenting different id strings to multiple server addresses.
      This is referred to as the "non-uniform client ID string approach"
      and is discussed in Section 5.5.

   Note that implementation considerations, including compatibility with
   existing servers, may make it desirable for a client to use both
   approaches, based on configuration information, such as mount
   options.  This issue will be discussed in Section 5.7.

   Construction of the client ID string has arisen as a difficult issue
   because of the way in which the NFS protocols have evolved.  It is
   useful to consider two points in that evolution.

   o  NFSv3 as a stateless protocol had no need to identify the state
      shared by a particular client-server pair (see [RFC1813]).  Thus,
      there was no need to consider the question of whether a set of
      requests come from the same client or whether two server IP
      addresses are connected to the same server.  As the environment
      was one in which the user supplied the target server IP address as
      part of incorporating the remote file system in the client's file
      namespace, there was no occasion to take note of server trunking.
      Within a stateless protocol, the situation was symmetrical.  The
      client has no server identity information, and the server has no
      client identity information.

   o  NFSv4.1 is a stateful protocol with full support for client and
      server identity determination (see [RFC5661]).  This enables the
      server to be aware when two requests come from the same client
      (they are on sessions sharing a clientid4) and the client to be
      aware when two server IP addresses are connected to the same
      server.  Section 2.10.5.1 of [RFC5661] explains how the client is
      able to assure itself that the connections are to the same logical
      server.





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   NFSv4.0 is unfortunately halfway between these two.  It introduced
   new requirements such as the need to identify specific clients and
   client instances without addressing server identity issues.  The two
   client ID string approaches have arisen in attempts to deal with the
   changing requirements of the protocol as implementation has
   proceeded, and features that were not very substantial in early
   implementations of NFSv4.0 became more substantial as implementation
   proceeded.

   o  In the absence of any implementation of features related to
      fs_locations (replication, referral, and migration), the situation
      is very similar to that of NFSv3 (see Section 8.1 and the
      subsections within Section 8.4 of [RFC7530] for discussion of
      these features).  In this case, locking state has been added, but
      there is no need for concern about the provision of accurate
      client and server identity determination.  This is the situation
      that gave rise to the non-uniform client ID string approach.

   o  In the presence of replication and referrals, the client may have
      occasion to take advantage of knowledge of server trunking
      information.  Even more important, transparent state migration, by
      transferring state among servers, causes difficulties for the non-
      uniform client ID string approach, in that the two different
      client ID strings sent to different IP addresses may wind up being
      processed by the same logical server, adding confusion.

   o  A further consideration is that client implementations typically
      provide NFSv4.1 by augmenting their existing NFSv4.0
      implementation, not by providing two separate implementations.
      Thus, the more NFSv4.0 and NFSv4.1 can work alike, the less
      complex the clients are.  This is a key reason why those
      implementing NFSv4.0 clients might prefer using the uniform client
      string model, even if they have chosen not to provide
      fs_locations-related features in their NFSv4.0 client.

   Both approaches have to deal with the asymmetry in client and server
   identity information between client and server.  Each seeks to make
   the client's and the server's views match.  In the process, each
   encounters some combination of inelegant protocol features and/or
   implementation difficulties.  The choice of which to use is up to the
   client implementer, and the sections below try to give some useful
   guidance.









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5.5.  Non-uniform Client ID String Approach

   The non-uniform client ID string approach is an attempt to handle
   these matters in NFSv4.0 client implementations in as NFSv3-like a
   way as possible.

   For a client using the non-uniform approach, all internal recording
   of clientid4 values is to include, whether explicitly or implicitly,
   the server IP address so that one always has an <IP-address,
   clientid4> pair.  Two such pairs from different servers are always
   distinct even when the clientid4 values are the same, as they may
   occasionally be.  In this approach, such equality is always treated
   as simple happenstance.

   Making the client ID string different on different server IP
   addresses results in a situation in which a server has no way of
   tying together information from the same client, when the client
   accesses multiple server IP addresses.  As a result, it will treat a
   single client as multiple clients with separate leases for each
   server network address.  Since there is no way in the protocol for
   the client to determine if two network addresses are connected to the
   same server, the resulting lack of knowledge is symmetrical and can
   result in simpler client implementations in which there is a single
   clientid4/lease per server network address.

   Support for migration, particularly with transparent state migration,
   is more complex in the case of non-uniform client ID strings.  For
   example, migration of a lease can result in multiple leases for the
   same client accessing the same server addresses, vitiating many of
   the advantages of this approach.  Therefore, client implementations
   that support migration with transparent state migration are likely to
   experience difficulties using the non-uniform client ID string
   approach and should not do so, except where it is necessary for
   compatibility with existing server implementations (for details of
   arranging use of multiple client ID string approaches, see
   Section 5.7).

5.6.  Uniform Client ID String Approach

   When the client ID string is kept uniform, the server has the basis
   to have a single clientid4/lease for each distinct client.  The
   problem that has to be addressed is the lack of explicit server
   identity information, which was made available in NFSv4.1.

   When the same client ID string is given to multiple IP addresses, the
   client can determine whether two IP addresses correspond to a single
   server, based on the server's behavior.  This is the inverse of the
   strategy adopted for the non-uniform approach in which different



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   server IP addresses are told about different clients, simply to
   prevent a server from manifesting behavior that is inconsistent with
   there being a single server for each IP address, in line with the
   traditions of NFS.  So, to compare:

   o  In the non-uniform approach, servers are told about different
      clients because, if the server were to use accurate client
      identity information, two IP addresses on the same server would
      behave as if they were talking to the same client, which might
      prove disconcerting to a client not expecting such behavior.

   o  In the uniform approach, the servers are told about there being a
      single client, which is, after all, the truth.  Then, when the
      server uses this information, two IP addresses on the same server
      will behave as if they are talking to the same client, and this
      difference in behavior allows the client to infer the server IP
      address trunking configuration, even though NFSv4.0 does not
      explicitly provide this information.

      The approach given in the section below shows one example of how
      this might be done.

   The uniform client ID string approach makes it necessary to exercise
   more care in the definition of the boot instance id sent as the
   verifier field in an nfs_client_id4:

   o  In [RFC7530], the client is told to change the verifier field
      value when reboot occurs, but there is no explicit statement as to
      the converse, so that any requirement to keep the verifier field
      constant unless rebooting is only present by implication.

   o  Many existing clients change the boot instance id every time they
      destroy and recreate the data structure that tracks an
      <IP-address, clientid4> pair.  This might happen if the last mount
      of a particular server is removed, and then a fresh mount is
      created.  Also, note that this might result in each <IP-address,
      clientid4> pair having its own boot instance id that is
      independent of the others.

   o  Within the uniform client ID string approach, an nfs_client_id4
      designates a globally known client instance, so that the verifier
      field should change if and only if a new client instance is
      created, typically as a result of a reboot.

      Clients using the uniform client ID string approach are therefore
      well advised to use a verifier established only once for each
      reboot, typically at reboot time.




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   The following are advantages for the implementation of using the
   uniform client ID string approach:

   o  Clients can take advantage of server trunking (and clustering with
      single-server-equivalent semantics) to increase bandwidth or
      reliability.

   o  There are advantages in state management so that, for example, one
      never has a delegation under one clientid4 revoked because of a
      reference to the same file from the same client under a different
      clientid4.

   o  The uniform client ID string approach allows the server to do any
      necessary automatic lease merger in connection with transparent
      state migration, without requiring any client involvement.  This
      consideration is of sufficient weight to cause us to recommend use
      of the uniform client ID string approach for clients supporting
      transparent state migration.

   The following implementation considerations might cause issues for
   client implementations.

   o  This approach is considerably different from the non-uniform
      approach, which most client implementations have been following.
      Until substantial implementation experience is obtained with this
      approach, reluctance to embrace something so new is to be
      expected.

   o  Mapping between server network addresses and leases is more
      complicated in that it is no longer a one-to-one mapping.

   Another set of relevant considerations relate to privacy concerns,
   which users of the client might have in that use of the uniform
   client ID string approach would enable multiple servers acting in
   concert to determine when multiple requests received at different
   times derive from the same NFSv4.0 client.  For example, this might
   enable determination that multiple distinct user identities in fact
   are likely to correspond to requests made by the same person, even
   when those requests are directed to different servers.

   How to balance these considerations depends on implementation goals.

5.7.  Mixing Client ID String Approaches

   As noted above, a client that needs to use the uniform client ID
   string approach (e.g., to support migration) may also need to support
   existing servers with implementations that do not work properly in
   this case.



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   Some examples of such server issues include:

   o  Some existing NFSv4.0 server implementations of IP address
      failover depend on clients' use of a non-uniform client ID string
      approach.  In particular, when a server supports both its own IP
      address and one failed over from a partner server, it may have
      separate sets of state applicable to the two IP addresses, owned
      by different servers but residing on a single one.

      In this situation, some servers have relied on clients' use of the
      non-uniform client ID string approach, as suggested but not
      mandated by [RFC7530], to keep these sets of state separate, and
      they will have problems handling clients using the uniform client
      ID string approach, in that such clients will see changes in
      trunking relationships whenever server failover and giveback
      occur.

   o  Some existing servers incorrectly return NFS4ERR_CLID_INUSE simply
      because there already exists a clientid4 for the same client,
      established using a different IP address.  This causes difficulty
      for a multihomed client using the uniform client ID string
      approach.

      Although this behavior is not correct, such servers still exist,
      and this specification should give clients guidance about dealing
      with the situation, as well as making the correct behavior clear.

   In order to support use of these sorts of servers, the client can use
   different client ID string approaches for different mounts, in order
   to assure that:

   o  The uniform client ID string approach is used when accessing
      servers that may return NFS4ERR_MOVED and when the client wishes
      to enable transparent state migration.

   o  The non-uniform client ID string approach is used when accessing
      servers whose implementations make them incompatible with the
      uniform client ID string approach.

   Since the client cannot easily determine which of the above are true,
   implementations are likely to rely on user-specified mount options to
   select the appropriate approach to use, in cases in which a client
   supports simultaneous use of multiple approaches.  Choice of a
   default to use in such cases is up to the client implementation.







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   In the case in which the same server has multiple mounts, and both
   approaches are specified for the same server, the client could have
   multiple clientid4s corresponding to the same server, one for each
   approach, and would then have to keep these separate.

5.8.  Trunking Determination when Using Uniform Client ID Strings

   This section provides an example of how trunking determination could
   be done by a client following the uniform client ID string approach
   (whether this is used for all mounts or not).  Clients need not
   follow this procedure, but implementers should make sure that the
   issues dealt with by this procedure are all properly addressed.

   It is best to clarify here the various possible purposes of trunking
   determination and the corresponding requirements as to server
   behavior.  The following points should be noted:

   o  The primary purpose of the trunking determination algorithm is to
      make sure that, if the server treats client requests on two IP
      addresses as part of the same client, the client will not be
      surprised and encounter disconcerting server behavior, as
      mentioned in Section 5.6.  Such behavior could occur if the client
      were unaware that all of its client requests for the two IP
      addresses were being handled as part of a single client talking to
      a single server.

   o  A second purpose is to be able to use knowledge of trunking
      relationships for better performance, etc.

   o  If a server were to give out distinct clientid4s in response to
      receiving the same nfs_client_id4 on different network addresses,
      and acted as if these were separate clients, the primary purpose
      of trunking determination would be met, as long as the server did
      not treat them as part of the same client.  In this case, the
      server would be acting, with regard to that client, as if it were
      two distinct servers.  This would interfere with the secondary
      purpose of trunking determination, but there is nothing the client
      can do about that.

   o  Suppose a server were to give such a client two different
      clientid4s but act as if they were one.  That is the only way that
      the server could behave in a way that would defeat the primary
      purpose of the trunking determination algorithm.

      Servers MUST NOT behave that way.

   For a client using the uniform approach, clientid4 values are treated
   as important information in determining server trunking patterns.



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   For two different IP addresses to return the same clientid4 value is
   a necessary, though not a sufficient condition for them to be
   considered as connected to the same server.  As a result, when two
   different IP addresses return the same clientid4, the client needs to
   determine, using the procedure given below or otherwise, whether the
   IP addresses are connected to the same server.  For such clients, all
   internal recording of clientid4 values needs to include, whether
   explicitly or implicitly, identification of the server from which the
   clientid4 was received so that one always has a (server, clientid4)
   pair.  Two such pairs from different servers are always considered
   distinct even when the clientid4 values are the same, as they may
   occasionally be.

   In order to make this approach work, the client must have certain
   information accessible for each nfs_client_id4 used by the uniform
   approach (only one in general).  The client needs to maintain a list
   of all server IP addresses, together with the associated clientid4
   values, SETCLIENTID principals, and authentication flavors.  As a
   part of the associated data structures, there should be the ability
   to mark a server IP structure as having the same server as another
   and to mark an IP address as currently unresolved.  One way to do
   this is to allow each such entry to point to another with the pointer
   value being one of:

   o  A pointer to another entry for an IP address associated with the
      same server, where that IP address is the first one referenced to
      access that server.

   o  A pointer to the current entry if there is no earlier IP address
      associated with the same server, i.e., where the current IP
      address is the first one referenced to access that server.  The
      text below refers to such an IP address as the lead IP address for
      a given server.

   o  The value NULL if the address's server identity is currently
      unresolved.

   In order to keep the above information current, in the interests of
   the most effective trunking determination, RENEWs should be
   periodically done on each server.  However, even if this is not done,
   the primary purpose of the trunking determination algorithm, to
   prevent confusion due to trunking hidden from the client, will be
   achieved.

   Given this apparatus, when a SETCLIENTID is done and a clientid4
   returned, the data structure can be searched for a matching clientid4
   and if such is found, further processing can be done to determine
   whether the clientid4 match is accidental, or the result of trunking.



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   In this algorithm, when SETCLIENTID is done initially, it will use
   the common nfs_client_id4 and specify the current target IP address
   as callback.cb_location within the callback parameters.  We call the
   clientid4 and SETCLIENTID verifier returned by this operation XC and
   XV, respectively.

   This choice of callback parameters is provisional and reflects the
   client's preferences in the event that the IP address is not trunked
   with other IP addresses.  The algorithm is constructed so that only
   the appropriate callback parameters, reflecting observed trunking
   patterns, are actually confirmed.

   Note that when the client has done previous SETCLIENTIDs to any IP
   addresses, with more than one principal or authentication flavor, one
   has the possibility of receiving NFS4ERR_CLID_INUSE, since it is not
   yet known which of the connections with existing IP addresses might
   be trunked with the current one.  In the event that the SETCLIENTID
   fails with NFS4ERR_CLID_INUSE, one must try all other combinations of
   principals and authentication flavors currently in use, and
   eventually one will be correct and not return NFS4ERR_CLID_INUSE.

   Note that at this point, no SETCLIENTID_CONFIRM has yet been done.
   This is because the SETCLIENTID just done has either established a
   new clientid4 on a previously unknown server or changed the callback
   parameters on a clientid4 associated with some already known server.
   Given it is undesirable to confirm something that should not happen,
   what is to be done next depends on information about existing
   clientid4s.

   o  If no matching clientid4 is found, the IP address X and clientid4
      XC are added to the list and considered as having no existing
      known IP addresses trunked with it.  The IP address is marked as a
      lead IP address for a new server.  A SETCLIENTID_CONFIRM is done
      using XC and XV.

   o  If a matching clientid4 is found that is marked unresolved,
      processing on the new IP address is suspended.  In order to
      simplify processing, there can only be one unresolved IP address
      for any given clientid4.

   o  If one or more matching clientid4s are found, none of which are
      marked unresolved, the new IP address X is entered and marked
      unresolved.  A SETCLIENTID_CONFIRM is done to X using XC and XV.

   When, as a result of encountering the last of the three cases shown
   above, an unresolved IP address exists, further processing is
   required.  After applying the steps below to each of the lead IP
   addresses with a matching clientid4, the address will have been



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   resolved: It may have been determined to be part of an already known
   server as a new IP address to be added to an existing set of IP
   addresses for that server.  Otherwise, it will be recognized as a new
   server.  At the point at which this determination is made, the
   unresolved indication is cleared and any suspended SETCLIENTID
   processing is restarted.

   For each lead IP address IPn with a clientid4 matching XC, the
   following steps are done.  Because the Remote Procedure Call (RPC) to
   do a SETCLIENTID could take considerable time, it is desirable for
   the client to perform these operations in parallel.  Note that
   because the clientid4 is a 64-bit value, the number of such IP
   addresses that would need to be tested is expected to be quite small,
   even when the client is interacting with many NFSv4.0 servers.  Thus,
   while parallel processing is desirable, it is not necessary.

   o  If the principal for IPn does not match that for X, the IP address
      is skipped, since it is impossible for IPn and X to be trunked in
      these circumstances.  If the principal does match but the
      authentication flavor does not, the authentication flavor already
      used should be used for address X as well.  This will avoid any
      possibility that NFS4ERR_CLID_INUSE will be returned for the
      SETCLIENTID and SETCLIENTID_CONFIRM to be done below, as long as
      the server(s) at IP addresses IPn and X is correctly implemented.

   o  A SETCLIENTID is done to update the callback parameters to reflect
      the possibility that X will be marked as associated with the
      server whose lead IP address is IPn.  The specific callback
      parameters chosen, in terms of cb_client4 and callback_ident, are
      up to the client and should reflect its preferences as to callback
      handling for the common clientid4, in the event that X and IPn are
      trunked together.  When a SETCLIENTID is done on IP address IPn, a
      setclientid_confirm value (in the form of a verifier4) is
      returned, which will be referred to as SCn.

      Note that the NFSv4.0 specification requires the server to make
      sure that such verifiers are very unlikely to be regenerated.
      Given that it is already highly unlikely that the clientid4 XC is
      duplicated by distinct servers, the probability that SCn is
      duplicated as well has to be considered vanishingly small.  Note
      also that the callback update procedure can be repeated multiple
      times to reduce the probability of further spurious matches.

   o  The setclientid_confirm value SCn is saved for later use in
      confirming the SETCLIENTID done to IPn.






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   Once the SCn values are gathered up by the procedure above, they are
   each tested by being used as the verifier for a SETCLIENTID_CONFIRM
   operation directed to the original IP address X, whose trunking
   relationships are to be determined.  These RPC operations may be done
   in parallel.

   There are a number of things that should be noted at this point.

   o  The SETCLIENTID operations done on the various IPn addresses in
      the procedure above will never be confirmed by SETCLIENTID_CONFIRM
      operations directed to the various IPn addresses.  If these
      callback updates are to be confirmed, they will be confirmed by
      SETCLIENTID_CONFIRM operations directed at the original IP address
      X, which can only happen if SCn was generated by an IPn that was
      trunked with X, allowing the SETCLIENTID to be successfully
      confirmed and allowing us to infer the existence of that trunking
      relationship.

   o  The number of successful SETCLIENTID_CONFIRM operations done
      should never be more than one.  If both SCn and SCm are accepted
      by X, then it indicates that both IPn and IPm are trunked with X,
      but that is only possible if IPn and IPm are trunked together.
      Since these two addresses were earlier recognized as not trunked
      together, this should be impossible, if the servers in question
      are implemented correctly.

   Further processing depends on the success or failure of the various
   SETCLIENTD_CONFIRM operations done in the step above.

   o  If the setclientid_confirm value generated by a particular IPn is
      accepted on X, then X and IPn are recognized as connected to the
      same server, and the entry for X is marked as associated with IPn.

   o  If none of the confirm operations are accepted, then X is
      recognized as a distinct server.  Its callback parameters will
      remain as the ones established by the original SETCLIENTID.

   In either of the cases, the entry is considered resolved and
   processing can be restarted for IP addresses whose clientid4 matched
   XC but whose resolution had been deferred.

   The procedure described above must be performed so as to exclude the
   possibility that multiple SETCLIENTIDs done to different server IP
   addresses and returning the same clientid4 might "race" in such a
   fashion that there is no explicit determination of whether they
   correspond to the same server.  The following possibilities for
   serialization are all valid, and implementers may choose among them




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   based on a tradeoff between performance and complexity.  They are
   listed in order of increasing parallelism:

   o  An NFSv4.0 client might serialize all instances of SETCLIENTID/
      SETCLIENTID_CONFIRM processing, either directly or by serializing
      mount operations involving use of NFSv4.0.  While doing so will
      prevent the races mentioned above, this degree of serialization
      can cause performance issues when there is a high volume of mount
      operations.

   o  One might instead serialize the period of processing that begins
      when the clientid4 received from the server is processed and ends
      when all trunking determination for that server is completed.
      This prevents the races mentioned above, without adding to delay
      except when trunking determination is common.

   o  One might avoid much of the serialization implied above, by
      allowing trunking determination for distinct clientid4 values to
      happen in parallel, with serialization of trunking determination
      happening independently for each distinct clientid4 value.

   The procedure above has made no explicit mention of the possibility
   that server reboot can occur at any time.  To address this
   possibility, the client should make sure the following steps are
   taken:

   o  When a SETCLIENTID_CONFIRM is rejected by a given IPn, the client
      should be aware of the possibility that the rejection is due to XC
      (rather than XV) being invalid.  This situation can be addressed
      by doing a RENEW specifying XC directed to the IP address X.  If
      that operation succeeds, then the rejection is to be acted on
      normally since either XV is invalid on IPn or XC has become
      invalid on IPn while it is valid on X, showing that IPn and X are
      not trunked.  If, on the other hand, XC is not valid on X, then
      the trunking detection process should be restarted once a new
      client ID is established on X.

   o  In the event of a reboot detected on any server-lead IP, the set
      of IP addresses associated with the server should not change, and
      state should be re-established for the lease as a whole, using all
      available connected server IP addresses.  It is prudent to verify
      connectivity by doing a RENEW using the new clientid4 on each such
      server address before using it, however.

   Another situation not discussed explicitly above is the possibility
   that a SETCLIENTID done to one of the IPn addresses might take so
   long that it is necessary to time out the operation, to prevent
   unacceptably delaying the MOUNT operation.  One simple possibility is



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   to simply fail the MOUNT at this point.  Because the average number
   of IP addresses that might have to be tested is quite small, this
   will not greatly increase the probability of MOUNT failure.  Other
   possible approaches are:

   o  If the IPn has sufficient state in existence, the existing
      stateids and sequence values might be validated by being used on
      IP address X.  In the event of success, X and IPn should be
      considered trunked together.

      What constitutes "sufficient" state in this context is an
      implementation decision that is affected by the implementer's
      willingness to fail the MOUNT in an uncertain case and the
      strength of the state verification procedure implemented.

   o  If IPn has no locking state in existence, X could be recorded as a
      lead IP address on a provisional basis, subject to trunking being
      tested again, once IPn starts becoming responsive.  To avoid
      confusion between IPn and X, and the need to merge distinct state
      corpora for X and IPn at a later point, this retest of trunking
      should occur after RENEWs on IPn are responded to and before
      establishing any new state for either IPn as a separate server or
      for IPn considered as a server address trunked with X.

   o  The client locking-related code could be made more tolerant of
      what would otherwise be considered anomalous results due to an
      unrecognized trunking relationship.  The client could use the
      appearance of behavior explainable by a previously unknown
      trunking relationship as the cue to consider the addresses as
      trunked.

      This choice has a lot of complexity associated with it, and it is
      likely that few implementations will use it.  When the set of
      locking state on IPn is small (e.g., a single stateid) but not
      empty, most client implementations are likely to either fail the
      MOUNT or implement a more stringent verification procedure using
      the existing stateid on IPn as a basis to generate further state
      as raw material for the trunking verification process.

5.9.  Client ID String Construction Details

   This section gives more detailed guidance on client ID string
   construction.  The guidance in this section will cover cases in which
   either the uniform or the non-uniform approach to the client ID
   string is used.






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   Note that among the items suggested for inclusion, there are many
   that may conceivably change.  In order for the client ID string to
   remain valid in such circumstances, the client SHOULD either:

   o  Use a saved copy of such value rather than the changeable value
      itself, or

   o  Save the constructed client ID string rather than constructing it
      anew at SETCLIENTID time, based on unchangeable parameters and
      saved copies of changeable data items.

   A file is not always a valid choice to store such information, given
   the existence of diskless clients.  In such situations, whatever
   facilities exist for a client to store configuration information such
   as boot arguments should be used.

   Given the considerations listed in Section 5.2.1, an id string would
   be one that includes as its basis:

   o  An identifier uniquely associated with the node on which the
      client is running.

   o  For a user-level NFSv4.0 client, it should contain additional
      information to distinguish the client from a kernel-based client
      and from other user-level clients running on the same node, such
      as a universally unique identifier (UUID).

   o  Where the non-uniform approach is to be used, the IP address of
      the server.

   o  Additional information that tends to be unique, such as one or
      more of:

      *  The timestamp of when the NFSv4 software was first installed on
         the client (though this is subject to the previously mentioned
         caution about using information that is stored in a file,
         because the file might only be accessible over NFSv4).

      *  A true random number, generally established once and saved.

   With regard to the identifier associated with the node on which the
   client is running, the following possibilities are likely candidates.

   o  The client machine's serial number.

   o  The client's IP address.  Note that this SHOULD be treated as a
      changeable value.




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   o  A Media Access Control (MAC) address.  Note that this also should
      be considered a changeable value because of the possibility of
      configuration changes.

   Privacy concerns may be an issue if some of the items above (e.g.,
   machine serial number and MAC address) are used.  When it is
   necessary to use such items to ensure uniqueness, application of a
   one-way hash function is desirable.  When the non-uniform approach is
   used, that hash function should be applied to all of the components
   chosen as a unit rather than to particular individual elements.

6.  Locking and Multi-Server Namespace

   This section contains a replacement for Section 9.14 of [RFC7530],
   "Migration, Replication, and State".

   The replacement is in Section 6.1 and supersedes the replaced
   section.

   The changes made can be briefly summarized as follows:

   o  Adding text to address the case of stateid conflict on migration.

   o  Specifying that when leases are moved, as a result of file system
      migration, they are to be merged with leases on the destination
      server that are connected to the same client.

   o  Adding text that deals with the case of a clientid4 being changed
      on state transfer as a result of conflict with an existing
      clientid4.

   o  Adding a section describing how information associated with open-
      owners and lock-owners is to be managed with regard to migration.

   o  The description of handling of the NFS4ERR_LEASE_MOVED has been
      rewritten for greater clarity.

6.1.  Lock State and File System Transitions

   File systems may transition to a different server in several
   circumstances:

   o  Responsibility for handling a given file system is transferred to
      a new server via migration.

   o  A client may choose to use an alternate server (e.g., in response
      to server unresponsiveness) in the context of file system
      replication.



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   In such cases, the appropriate handling of state shared between the
   client and server (i.e., locks, leases, stateids, and client IDs) is
   as described below.  The handling differs between migration and
   replication.

   If a server replica or a server immigrating a file system agrees to,
   or is expected to, accept opaque values from the client that
   originated from another server, then it is a wise implementation
   practice for the servers to encode the "opaque" values in network
   byte order (i.e., in a big-endian format).  When doing so, servers
   acting as replicas or immigrating file systems will be able to parse
   values like stateids, directory cookies, filehandles, etc., even if
   their native byte order is different from that of other servers
   cooperating in the replication and migration of the file system.

6.1.1.  Migration and State

   In the case of migration, the servers involved in the migration of a
   file system should transfer all server state associated with the
   migrating file system from source to the destination server.  If
   state is transferred, this MUST be done in a way that is transparent
   to the client.  This state transfer will ease the client's transition
   when a file system migration occurs.  If the servers are successful
   in transferring all state, the client will continue to use stateids
   assigned by the original server.  Therefore, the new server must
   recognize these stateids as valid and treat them as representing the
   same locks as they did on the source server.

   In this context, the phrase "the same locks" means that:

   o  They are associated with the same file.

   o  They represent the same types of locks, whether opens,
      delegations, advisory byte-range locks, or mandatory byte-range
      locks.

   o  They have the same lock particulars, including such things as
      access modes, deny modes, and byte ranges.

   o  They are associated with the same owner string(s).

   If transferring stateids from server to server would result in a
   conflict for an existing stateid for the destination server with the
   existing client, transparent state migration MUST NOT happen for that
   client.  Servers participating in using transparent state migration
   should coordinate their stateid assignment policies to make this
   situation unlikely or impossible.  The means by which this might be
   done, like all of the inter-server interactions for migration, are



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   not specified by the NFS version 4.0 protocol (neither in [RFC7530]
   nor this update).

   A client may determine the disposition of migrated state by using a
   stateid associated with the migrated state on the new server.

   o  If the stateid is not valid and an error NFS4ERR_BAD_STATEID is
      received, either transparent state migration has not occurred or
      the state was purged due to a mismatch in the verifier (i.e., the
      boot instance id).

   o  If the stateid is valid, transparent state migration has occurred.

   Since responsibility for an entire file system is transferred with a
   migration event, there is no possibility that conflicts will arise on
   the destination server as a result of the transfer of locks.

   The servers may choose not to transfer the state information upon
   migration.  However, this choice is discouraged, except where
   specific issues such as stateid conflicts make it necessary.  When a
   server implements migration and it does not transfer state
   information, it MUST provide a file-system-specific grace period, to
   allow clients to reclaim locks associated with files in the migrated
   file system.  If it did not do so, clients would have to re-obtain
   locks, with no assurance that a conflicting lock was not granted
   after the file system was migrated and before the lock was re-
   obtained.

   In the case of migration without state transfer, when the client
   presents state information from the original server (e.g., in a RENEW
   operation or a READ operation of zero length), the client must be
   prepared to receive either NFS4ERR_STALE_CLIENTID or
   NFS4ERR_BAD_STATEID from the new server.  The client should then
   recover its state information as it normally would in response to a
   server failure.  The new server must take care to allow for the
   recovery of state information as it would in the event of server
   restart.

   In those situations in which state has not been transferred, as shown
   by a return of NFS4ERR_BAD_STATEID, the client may attempt to reclaim
   locks in order to take advantage of cases in which the destination
   server has set up a file-system-specific grace period in support of
   the migration.








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6.1.1.1.  Migration and Client IDs

   The handling of clientid4 values is similar to that for stateids.
   However, there are some differences that derive from the fact that a
   clientid4 is an object that spans multiple file systems while a
   stateid is inherently limited to a single file system.

   The clientid4 and nfs_client_id4 information (id string and boot
   instance id) will be transferred with the rest of the state
   information, and the destination server should use that information
   to determine appropriate clientid4 handling.  Although the
   destination server may make state stored under an existing lease
   available under the clientid4 used on the source server, the client
   should not assume that this is always so.  In particular,

   o  If there is an existing lease with an nfs_client_id4 that matches
      a migrated lease (same id string and verifier), the server SHOULD
      merge the two, making the union of the sets of stateids available
      under the clientid4 for the existing lease.  As part of the lease
      merger, the expiration time of the lease will reflect renewal done
      within either of the ancestor leases (and so will reflect the
      latest of the renewals).

   o  If there is an existing lease with an nfs_client_id4 that
      partially matches a migrated lease (same id string and a different
      (boot) verifier), the server MUST eliminate one of the two,
      possibly invalidating one of the ancestor clientid4s.  Since boot
      instance ids are not ordered, the later lease renewal time will
      prevail.

   o  If the destination server already has the transferred clientid4 in
      use for another purpose, it is free to substitute a different
      clientid4 and associate that with the transferred nfs_client_id4.

   When leases are not merged, the transfer of state should result in
   creation of a confirmed client record with empty callback information
   but matching the {v, x, c} with v and x derived from the transferred
   client information and c chosen by the destination server.  For a
   description of this notation, see Section 8.4.5

   In such cases, the client SHOULD re-establish new callback
   information with the new server as soon as possible, according to
   sequences described in sections "Operation 35: SETCLIENTID --
   Negotiate Client ID" and "Operation 36: SETCLIENTID_CONFIRM --
   Confirm Client ID".  This ensures that server operations are not
   delayed due to an inability to recall delegations and prevents the





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   unwanted revocation of existing delegations.  The client can
   determine the new clientid4 (the value c) from the response to
   SETCLIENTID.

   The client can use its own information about leases with the
   destination server to see if lease merger should have happened.  When
   there is any ambiguity, the client MAY use the above procedure to set
   the proper callback information and find out, as part of the process,
   the correct value of its clientid4 with respect to the server in
   question.

6.1.1.2.  Migration and State Owner Information

   In addition to stateids, the locks they represent, and client
   identity information, servers also need to transfer information
   related to the current status of open-owners and lock-owners.

   This information includes:

   o  The sequence number of the last operation associated with the
      particular owner.

   o  Sufficient information regarding the results of the last operation
      to allow reissued operations to be correctly responded to.

   When individual open-owners and lock-owners have only been used in
   connection with a particular file system, the server SHOULD transfer
   this information together with the lock state.  The owner ceases to
   exist on the source server and is reconstituted on the destination
   server.  This will happen in the case of clients that have been
   written to isolate each owner to a specific file system, but it may
   happen for other clients as well.

   Note that when servers take this approach for all owners whose state
   is limited to the particular file system being migrated, doing so
   will not cause difficulties for clients not adhering to an approach
   in which owners are isolated to particular file systems.  As long as
   the client recognizes the loss of transferred state, the protocol
   allows the owner in question to disappear, and the client may have to
   deal with an owner confirmation request that would not have occurred
   in the absence of the migration.

   When migration occurs and the source server discovers an owner whose
   state includes the migrated file system but other file systems as
   well, it cannot transfer the associated owner state.  Instead, the






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   existing owner state stays in place, but propagation of owner state
   is done as specified below:

   o  When the current seqid for an owner represents an operation
      associated with the file system being migrated, owner status
      SHOULD be propagated to the destination file system.

   o  When the current seqid for an owner does not represent an
      operation associated with the file system being migrated, owner
      status MAY be propagated to the destination file system.

   o  When the owner in question has never been used for an operation
      involving the migrated file system, the owner information SHOULD
      NOT be propagated to the destination file system.

   Note that a server may obey all of the conditions above without the
   overhead of keeping track of a set of file systems that any
   particular owner has been associated with.  Consider a situation in
   which the source server has decided to keep lock-related state
   associated with a file system fixed, preparatory to propagating it to
   the destination file system.  If a client is free to create new locks
   associated with existing owners on other file systems, the owner
   information may be propagated to the destination file system, even
   though, at the time the file system migration is recognized by the
   client to have occurred, the last operation associated with the owner
   may not be associated with the migrating file system.

   When a source server propagates owner-related state associated with
   owners that span multiple file systems, it will propagate the owner
   sequence value to the destination server, while retaining it on the
   source server, as long as there exists state associated with the
   owner.  When owner information is propagated in this way, source and
   destination servers start with the same owner sequence value that is
   then updated independently, as the client makes owner-related
   requests to the servers.  Note that each server will have some period
   in which the associated sequence value for an owner is identical to
   the one transferred as part of migration.  At those times, when a
   server receives a request with a matching owner sequence value, it
   MUST NOT respond with the associated stored response if the
   associated file system is not, when the reissued request is received,
   part of the set of file systems handled by that server.

   One sort of case may require more complex handling.  When multiple
   file systems are migrated, in sequence, to a specific destination
   server, an owner may be migrated to a destination server, on which it
   was already present, leading to the issue of how the resident owner
   information and that being newly migrated are to be reconciled.




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   If file system migration encounters a situation where owner
   information needs to be merged, it MAY decline to transfer such
   state, even if it chooses to handle other cases in which locks for a
   given owner are spread among multiple file systems.

   As a way of understanding the situations that need to be addressed
   when owner information needs to be merged, consider the following
   scenario:

   o  There is client C and two servers, X and Y.  There are two
      clientid4s designating C, which are referred to as CX and CY.

   o  Initially, server X supports file systems F1, F2, F3, and F4.
      These will be migrated, one at a time, to server Y.

   o  While these migrations are proceeding, the client makes locking
      requests for file systems F1 through F4 on behalf of owner O
      (either a lock-owner or an open-owner), with each request going to
      X or Y depending on where the relevant file system is being
      supported at the time the request is made.

   o  Once the first migration event occurs, client C will maintain two
      instances for owner O, one for each server.

   o  It is always possible that C may make a request of server X
      relating to owner O, and before receiving a response, it finds the
      target file system has moved to Y and needs to reissue the request
      to server Y.

   o  At the same time, C may make a request of server Y relating to
      owner O, and this too may encounter a lost-response situation.

   As a result of such merger situations, the server will need to
   provide support for dealing with retransmission of owner-sequenced
   requests that diverge from the typical model in which there is
   support for retransmission of replies only for a request whose
   sequence value exactly matches the last one sent.  In some
   situations, there may be two requests, each of which had the last
   sequence when it was issued.  As a result of migration and owner
   merger, one of those will no longer be the last by sequence.

   When servers do support such merger of owner information on the
   destination server, the following rules are to be adhered to:

   o  When an owner sequence value is propagated to a destination server
      where it already exists, the resulting sequence value is to be the
      greater of the one present on the destination server and the one
      being propagated as part of migration.



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   o  In the event that an owner sequence value on a server represents a
      request applying to a file system currently present on the server,
      it is not to be rendered invalid simply because that sequence
      value is changed as a result of owner information propagation as
      part of file system migration.  Instead, it is retained until it
      can be deduced that the client in question has received the reply.

   As a result of the operation of these rules, there are three ways in
   which there can be more reply data than what is typically present,
   i.e., data for a single request per owner whose sequence is the last
   one received, where the next sequence to be used is one beyond that.

   o  When the owner sequence value for a migrating file system is
      greater than the corresponding value on the destination server,
      the last request for the owner in effect at the destination server
      needs to be retained, even though it is no longer one less than
      the next sequence to be received.

   o  When the owner sequence value for a migrating file system is less
      than the corresponding value on the destination server, the
      sequence number for last request for the owner in effect on the
      migrating file system needs to be retained, even though it is no
      longer than one less the next sequence to be received.

   o  When the owner sequence value for a migrating file system is equal
      to the corresponding value on the destination server, one has two
      different "last" requests that both must be retained.  The next
      sequence value to be used is one beyond the sequence value shared
      by these two requests.

   Here are some guidelines as to when servers can drop such additional
   reply data, which is created as part of owner information migration.

   o  The server SHOULD NOT drop this information simply because it
      receives a new sequence value for the owner in question, since
      that request may have been issued before the client was aware of
      the migration event.

   o  The server SHOULD drop this information if it receives a new
      sequence value for the owner in question, and the request relates
      to the same file system.

   o  The server SHOULD drop the part of this information that relates
      to non-migrated file systems if it receives a new sequence value
      for the owner in question, and the request relates to a non-
      migrated file system.





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   o  The server MAY drop this information when it receives a new
      sequence value for the owner in question for a considerable period
      of time (more than one or two lease periods) after the migration
      occurs.

6.1.2.  Replication and State

   Since client switch-over in the case of replication is not under
   server control, the handling of state is different.  In this case,
   leases, stateids, and client IDs do not have validity across a
   transition from one server to another.  The client must re-establish
   its locks on the new server.  This can be compared to the re-
   establishment of locks by means of reclaim-type requests after a
   server reboot.  The difference is that the server has no provision to
   distinguish requests reclaiming locks from those obtaining new locks
   or to defer the latter.  Thus, a client re-establishing a lock on the
   new server (by means of a LOCK or OPEN request) may have the requests
   denied due to a conflicting lock.  Since replication is intended for
   read-only use of file systems, such denial of locks should not pose
   large difficulties in practice.  When an attempt to re-establish a
   lock on a new server is denied, the client should treat the situation
   as if its original lock had been revoked.

6.1.3.  Notification of Migrated Lease

   A file system can be migrated to another server while a client that
   has state related to that file system is not actively submitting
   requests to it.  In this case, the migration is reported to the
   client during lease renewal.  Lease renewal can occur either
   explicitly via a RENEW operation or implicitly when the client
   performs a lease-renewing operation on another file system on that
   server.

   In order for the client to schedule renewal of leases that may have
   been relocated to the new server, the client must find out about
   lease relocation before those leases expire.  Similarly, when
   migration occurs but there has not been transparent state migration,
   the client needs to find out about the change soon enough to be able
   to reclaim the lock within the destination server's grace period.  To
   accomplish this, all operations that implicitly renew leases for a
   client (such as OPEN, CLOSE, READ, WRITE, RENEW, LOCK, and others)
   will return the error NFS4ERR_LEASE_MOVED if responsibility for any
   of the leases to be renewed has been transferred to a new server.
   Note that when the transfer of responsibility leaves remaining state
   for that lease on the source server, the lease is renewed just as it
   would have been in the NFS4ERR_OK case, despite returning the error.
   The transfer of responsibility happens when the server receives a
   GETATTR(fs_locations) from the client for each file system for which



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   a lease has been moved to a new server.  Normally, it does this after
   receiving an NFS4ERR_MOVED for an access to the file system, but the
   server is not required to verify that this happens in order to
   terminate the return of NFS4ERR_LEASE_MOVED.  By convention, the
   compounds containing GETATTR(fs_locations) SHOULD include an appended
   RENEW operation to permit the server to identify the client getting
   the information.

   Note that the NFS4ERR_LEASE_MOVED error is required only when
   responsibility for at least one stateid has been affected.  In the
   case of a null lease, where the only associated state is a clientid4,
   an NFS4ERR_LEASE_MOVED error SHOULD NOT be generated.

   Upon receiving the NFS4ERR_LEASE_MOVED error, a client that supports
   file system migration MUST perform the necessary GETATTR operation
   for each of the file systems containing state that have been
   migrated, so it gives the server evidence that it is aware of the
   migration of the file system.  Once the client has done this for all
   migrated file systems on which the client holds state, the server
   MUST resume normal handling of stateful requests from that client.

   One way in which clients can do this efficiently in the presence of
   large numbers of file systems is described below.  This approach
   divides the process into two phases: one devoted to finding the
   migrated file systems, and the second devoted to doing the necessary
   GETATTRs.

   The client can find the migrated file systems by building and issuing
   one or more COMPOUND requests, each consisting of a set of PUTFH/
   GETFH pairs, each pair using a filehandle in one of the file systems
   in question.  All such COMPOUND requests can be done in parallel.
   The successful completion of such a request indicates that none of
   the file systems interrogated have been migrated while termination
   with NFS4ERR_MOVED indicates that the file system getting the error
   has migrated while those interrogated before it in the same COMPOUND
   have not.  Those whose interrogation follows the error remain in an
   uncertain state and can be interrogated by restarting the requests
   from after the point at which NFS4ERR_MOVED was returned or by
   issuing a new set of COMPOUND requests for the file systems that
   remain in an uncertain state.

   Once the migrated file systems have been found, all that is needed is
   for the client to give evidence to the server that it is aware of the
   migrated status of file systems found by this process, by
   interrogating the fs_locations attribute for a filehandle within each
   of the migrated file systems.  The client can do this by building and
   issuing one or more COMPOUND requests, each of which consists of a
   set of PUTFH operations, each followed by a GETATTR of the



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   fs_locations attribute.  A RENEW is necessary to enable the
   operations to be associated with the lease returning
   NFS4ERR_LEASE_MOVED.  Once the client has done this for all migrated
   file systems on which the client holds state, the server will resume
   normal handling of stateful requests from that client.

   In order to support legacy clients that do not handle the
   NFS4ERR_LEASE_MOVED error correctly, the server SHOULD time out after
   a wait of at least two lease periods, at which time it will resume
   normal handling of stateful requests from all clients.  If a client
   attempts to access the migrated files, the server MUST reply with
   NFS4ERR_MOVED.  In this situation, it is likely that the client would
   find its lease expired, although a server may use "courtesy" locks
   (as described in Section 9.6.3.1 of [RFC7530]) to mitigate the issue.

   When the client receives an NFS4ERR_MOVED error, the client can
   follow the normal process to obtain the destination server
   information (through the fs_locations attribute) and perform renewal
   of those leases on the new server.  If the server has not had state
   transferred to it transparently, the client will receive either
   NFS4ERR_STALE_CLIENTID or NFS4ERR_STALE_STATEID from the new server,
   as described above.  The client can then recover state information as
   it does in the event of server failure.

   Aside from recovering from a migration, there are other reasons a
   client may wish to retrieve fs_locations information from a server.
   When a server becomes unresponsive, for example, a client may use
   cached fs_locations data to discover an alternate server hosting the
   same file system data.  A client may periodically request
   fs_locations data from a server in order to keep its cache of
   fs_locations data fresh.

   Since a GETATTR(fs_locations) operation would be used for refreshing
   cached fs_locations data, a server could mistake such a request as
   indicating recognition of an NFS4ERR_LEASE_MOVED condition.
   Therefore, a compound that is not intended to signal that a client
   has recognized a migrated lease SHOULD be prefixed with a guard
   operation that fails with NFS4ERR_MOVED if the filehandle being
   queried is no longer present on the server.  The guard can be as
   simple as a GETFH operation.

   Though unlikely, it is possible that the target of such a compound
   could be migrated in the time after the guard operation is executed
   on the server but before the GETATTR(fs_locations) operation is
   encountered.  When a client issues a GETATTR(fs_locations) operation
   as part of a compound not intended to signal recognition of a
   migrated lease, it SHOULD be prepared to process fs_locations data in
   the reply that shows the current location of the file system is gone.



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6.1.4.  Migration and the lease_time Attribute

   In order that the client may appropriately manage its leases in the
   case of migration, the destination server must establish proper
   values for the lease_time attribute.

   When state is transferred transparently, that state should include
   the correct value of the lease_time attribute.  The lease_time
   attribute on the destination server must never be less than that on
   the source since this would result in premature expiration of leases
   granted by the source server.  Upon migration in which state is
   transferred transparently, the client is under no obligation to
   refetch the lease_time attribute and may continue to use the value
   previously fetched (on the source server).

   In the case in which lease merger occurs as part of state transfer,
   the lease_time attribute of the destination lease remains in effect.
   The client can simply renew that lease with its existing lease_time
   attribute.  State in the source lease is renewed at the time of
   transfer so that it cannot expire, as long as the destination lease
   is appropriately renewed.

   If state has not been transferred transparently (i.e., the client
   needs to reclaim or re-obtain its locks), the client should fetch the
   value of lease_time on the new (i.e., destination) server, and use it
   for subsequent locking requests.  However, the server must respect a
   grace period at least as long as the lease_time on the source server,
   in order to ensure that clients have ample time to reclaim their
   locks before potentially conflicting non-reclaimed locks are granted.
   The means by which the new server obtains the value of lease_time on
   the old server is left to the server implementations.  It is not
   specified by the NFS version 4.0 protocol.

7.  Server Implementation Considerations

   This section provides suggestions to help server implementers deal
   with issues involved in the transparent transfer of file-system-
   related data between servers.  Servers are not obliged to follow
   these suggestions but should be sure that their approach to the
   issues handle all the potential problems addressed below.

7.1.  Relation of Locking State Transfer to Other Aspects of File System
      Motion

   In many cases, state transfer will be part of a larger function
   wherein the contents of a file system are transferred from server to
   server.  Although specifics will vary with the implementation, the
   relation between the transfer of persistent file data and metadata



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   and the transfer of state will typically be described by one of the
   cases below.

   o  In some implementations, access to the on-disk contents of a file
      system can be transferred from server to server by making the
      storage devices on which the file system resides physically
      accessible from multiple servers, and transferring the right and
      responsibility for handling that file system from server to
      server.

      In such implementations, the transfer of locking state happens on
      its own, as described in Section 7.2.  The transfer of physical
      access to the file system happens after the locking state is
      transferred and before any subsequent access to the file system.
      In cases where such transfer is not instantaneous, there will be a
      period in which all operations on the file system are held off,
      either by having the operations themselves return NFS4ERR_DELAY
      or, where this is not allowed, by using the techniques described
      below in Section 7.2.

   o  In other implementations, file system data and metadata must be
      copied from the server where they have existed to the destination
      server.  Because of the typical amounts of data involved, it is
      generally not practical to hold off access to the file system
      while this transfer is going on.  Normal access to the file
      system, including modifying operations, will generally happen
      while the transfer is going on.

      Eventually, the file system copying process will complete.  At
      this point, there will be two valid copies of the file system, one
      on each of the source and destination servers.  Servers may
      maintain that state of affairs by making sure that each
      modification to file system data is done on both the source and
      destination servers.

      Although the transfer of locking state can begin before the above
      state of affairs is reached, servers will often wait until it is
      arrived at to begin transfer of locking state.  Once the transfer
      of locking state is completed, as described in the section below,
      clients may be notified of the migration event and access the
      destination file system on the destination server.

   o  Another case in which file system data and metadata must be copied
      from server to server involves a variant of the pattern above.  In
      cases in which a single file system moves between or among a small
      set of servers, it will transition to a server on which a previous
      instantiation of that same file system existed before.  In such
      cases, it is often more efficient to update the previous file



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      system instance to reflect changes made while the active file
      system was residing elsewhere rather than copying the file system
      data anew.

      In such cases, the copying of file system data and metadata is
      replaced by a process that validates each visible file system
      object, copying new objects and updating those that have changed
      since the file system was last present on the destination server.
      Although this process is generally shorter than a complete copy,
      it is generally long enough that it is not practical to hold off
      access to the file system while this update is going on.

      Eventually, the file system updating process will complete.  At
      this point, there will be two valid copies of the file system, one
      on each of the source and destination servers.  Servers may
      maintain that state of affairs just as is done in the previous
      case.  Similarly, the transfer of locking state, once it is
      complete, allows the clients to be notified of the migration event
      and access the destination file system on the destination server.

7.2.  Preventing Locking State Modification during Transfer

   When transferring locking state from the source to a destination
   server, there will be occasions when the source server will need to
   prevent operations that modify the state being transferred.  For
   example, if the locking state at time T is sent to the destination
   server, any state change that occurs on the source server after that
   time but before the file system transfer is made effective will mean
   that the state on the destination server will differ from that on the
   source server, which matches what the client would expect to see.

   In general, a server can prevent some set of server-maintained data
   from changing by returning NFS4ERR_DELAY on operations that attempt
   to change that data.  In the case of locking state for NFSv4.0, there
   are two specific issues that might interfere:

   o  Returning NFS4ERR_DELAY will not prevent state from changing in
      that owner-based sequence values will still change, even though
      NFS4ERR_DELAY is returned.  For example, OPEN and LOCK will change
      state (in the form of owner seqid values) even when they return
      NFS4ERR_DELAY.

   o  Some operations that modify locking state are not allowed to
      return NFS4ERR_DELAY (i.e., OPEN_CONFIRM, RELEASE_LOCKOWNER, and
      RENEW).






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   Note that the first problem and most instances of the second can be
   addressed by returning NFS4ERR_DELAY on the operations that establish
   a filehandle within the target as one of the filehandles associated
   with the request, i.e., as either the current or saved filehandle.
   This would require returning NFS4ERR_DELAY under the following
   circumstances:

   o  On a PUTFH that specifies a filehandle within the target file
      system.

   o  On a LOOKUP or LOOKUPP that crosses into the target file system.

   As a result of doing this, OPEN_CONFIRM is dealt with, leaving only
   RELEASE_LOCKOWNER and RENEW still to be dealt with.

   Note that if the server establishes and maintains a situation in
   which no request has, as either the current or saved filehandle, a
   filehandle within the target file system, no special handling of
   SAVEFH or RESTOREFH is required.  Thus, the fact that these
   operations cannot return NFS4ERR_DELAY is not a problem since neither
   will establish a filehandle in the target file system as the current
   filehandle.

   If the server is to establish the situation described above, it may
   have to take special note of long-running requests that started
   before state migration.  Part of any solution to this issue will
   involve distinguishing two separate points in time at which handling
   for the target file system will change.  Let us distinguish:

   o  A time T after which the previously mentioned operations will
      return NFS4ERR_DELAY.

   o  A later time T' at which the server can consider file system
      locking state fixed, making it possible for it to be sent to the
      destination server.

   For a server to decide on T', it must ensure that requests started
   before T cannot change target file system locking state, given that
   all those started after T are dealt with by returning NFS4ERR_DELAY
   upon setting filehandles within the target file system.  Among the
   ways of doing this are:

   o  Keeping track of the earliest request started that is still in
      execution (for example, by keeping a list of active requests
      ordered by request start time).  Requests that started before and
      are still in progress at time T may potentially affect the locking
      state; once the starting time of the earliest-started active
      request is later than T, the starting time of the first such



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      request can be chosen as T' by the server since any request in
      progress after T' started after time T.  Accordingly, it would not
      have been allowed to change locking state for the migrating file
      system and would have returned NFS4ERR_DELAY had it tried to make
      a change.

   o  Keeping track of the count of requests started before time T that
      have a filehandle within the target file system as either the
      current or saved filehandle.  The server can then define T' to be
      the first time after T at which the count is zero.

   The set of operations that change locking state include two that
   cannot be dealt with by the above approach, because they are not
   specific to a particular file system and do not use a current
   filehandle as an implicit parameter.

   o  RENEW can be dealt with by applying the renewal to state for non-
      transitioning file systems.  The effect of renewal for the
      transitioning file system can be ignored, as long as the servers
      make sure that the lease on the destination server has an
      expiration time that is no earlier than the latest renewal done on
      the source server.  This can be easily accomplished by making the
      lease expiration on the destination server equal to the time in
      which the state transfer was completed plus the lease period.

   o  RELEASE_LOCKOWNER can be handled by propagating the fact of the
      lock-owner deletion (e.g., by using an RPC) to the destination
      server.  Such a propagation RPC can be done as part of the
      operation, or the existence of the deletion can be recorded
      locally and propagation of owner deletions to the destination
      server done as a batch later.  In either case, the actual
      deletions on the destination server have to be delayed until all
      of the other state information has been transferred.

      Alternatively, RELEASE_LOCKOWNER can be dealt with by returning
      NFS4ERR_DELAY.  In order to avoid compatibility issues for clients
      not prepared to accept NFS4ERR_DELAY in response to
      RELEASE_LOCKOWNER, care must be exercised.  (See Section 8.3 for
      details.)

   The approach outlined above, wherein NFS4ERR_DELAY is returned based
   primarily on the use of current and saved filehandles in the file
   system, prevents all reference to the transitioning file system
   rather than limiting the delayed operations to those that change
   locking state on the transitioning file system.  Because of this,
   servers may choose to limit the time during which this broad approach
   is used by adopting a layered approach to the issue.




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   o  During the preparatory phase, operations that change, create, or
      destroy locks or modify the valid set of stateids will return
      NFS4ERR_DELAY.  During this phase, owner-associated seqids may
      change, and the identity of the file system associated with the
      last request for a given owner may change as well.  Also,
      RELEASE_LOCKOWNER operations may be processed without returning
      NFS4ERR_DELAY as long as the fact of the lock-owner deletion is
      recorded locally for later transmission.

   o  During the restrictive phase, operations that change locking state
      for the file system in transition are prevented by returning
      NFS4ERR_DELAY on any attempt to make a filehandle within that file
      system either the current or saved filehandle for a request.
      RELEASE_LOCKOWNER operations may return NFS4ERR_DELAY, but if they
      are processed, the lock-owner deletion needs to be communicated
      immediately to the destination server.

   A possible sequence would be the following.

   o  The server enters the preparatory phase for the transitioning file
      system.

   o  At this point, locking state, including stateids, locks, and owner
      strings, is transferred to the destination server.  The seqids
      associated with owners are either not transferred or transferred
      on a provisional basis, subject to later change.

   o  After the above has been transferred, the server may enter the
      restrictive phase for the file system.

   o  At this point, the updated seqid values may be sent to the
      destination server.

      Reporting regarding pending owner deletions (as a result of
      RELEASE_LOCKOWNER operations) can be communicated at the same
      time.

   o  Once it is known that all of this information has been transferred
      to the destination server, and there are no pending
      RELEASE_LOCKOWNER notifications outstanding, the source server may
      treat the file system transition as having occurred and return
      NFS4ERR_MOVED when an attempt is made to access it.

8.  Additional Changes

   This section contains a number of items that relate to the changes in
   the section above, but which, for one reason or another, exist in
   different portions of the specification to be updated.



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8.1.  Summary of Additional Changes from Previous Documents

   Summarized here are all the remaining changes, not included in the
   two main sections.

   o  New definition of the error NFS4ERR_CLID_INUSE, appearing in
      Section 8.2.  This replaces the definition in Section 13.1.10.1 in
      [RFC7530].

   o  A revision of the error definitions section to allow
      RELEASE_LOCKOWNER to return NFS4ERR_DELAY, with appropriate
      constraints to assure interoperability with clients not expecting
      this error to be returned.  These changes are discussed in
      Section 8.2 and modify the error tables in Sections 13.2 and 13.4
      in [RFC7530].

   o  A revised description of SETCLIENTID, appearing in Section 8.4.
      This brings the description into sync with the rest of the
      specification regarding NFS4ERR_CLID_INUSE.  The revised
      description replaces the one in Section 16.33 of [RFC7530].

   o  Some security-related changes appear in Sections 8.5 and 8.6.  The
      Security Considerations section of this document (Section 9)
      describes the effect on the corresponding section (Section 19) in
      [RFC7530].

8.2.  NFS4ERR_CLID_INUSE Definition

   The definition of this error is now as follows:

      The SETCLIENTID operation has found that the id string within the
      specified nfs_client_id4 was previously presented with a different
      principal and that client instance currently holds an active
      lease.  A server MAY return this error if the same principal is
      used, but a change in authentication flavor gives good reason to
      reject the new SETCLIENTID operation as not bona fide.

8.3.  NFS4ERR_DELAY Return from RELEASE_LOCKOWNER

   The existing error tables should be considered modified to allow
   NFS4ERR_DELAY to be returned by RELEASE_LOCKOWNER.  However, the
   scope of this addition is limited and is not to be considered as
   making this error return generally acceptable.

   It needs to be made clear that servers may not return this error to
   clients not prepared to support file system migration.  Such clients
   may be following the error specifications in [RFC7530] and so might
   not expect NFS4ERR_DELAY to be returned on RELEASE_LOCKOWNER.



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   The following constraint applies to this additional error return, as
   if it were a note appearing together with the newly allowed error
   code:

      In order to make server state fixed for a file system being
      migrated, a server MAY return NFS4ERR_DELAY in response to a
      RELEASE_LOCKOWNER that will affect locking state being propagated
      to a destination server.  The source server MUST NOT do so unless
      it is likely that it will later return NFS4ERR_MOVED for the file
      system in question.

      In the context of lock-owner release, the set of file systems,
      such that server state being made fixed can result in
      NFS4ERR_DELAY, must include the file system on which the operation
      associated with the current lock-owner seqid was performed.

      In addition, this set may include other file systems on which an
      operation associated with an earlier seqid for the current lock-
      owner seqid was performed, since servers will have to deal with
      the issue of an owner being used in succession for multiple file
      systems.

      Thus, if a client is prepared to receive NFS4ERR_MOVED after
      creating state associated with a given file system, it also needs
      to be prepared to receive NFS4ERR_DELAY in response to
      RELEASE_LOCKOWNER, if it has used that owner in connection with a
      file on that file system.

8.4.  Operation 35: SETCLIENTID -- Negotiate Client ID

8.4.1.  SYNOPSIS

     client, callback, callback_ident -> clientid, setclientid_confirm

8.4.2.  ARGUMENT

   struct SETCLIENTID4args {
           nfs_client_id4  client;
           cb_client4      callback;
           uint32_t        callback_ident;
   };










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8.4.3.  RESULT

   struct SETCLIENTID4resok {
           clientid4       clientid;
           verifier4       setclientid_confirm;
   };

   union SETCLIENTID4res switch (nfsstat4 status) {
    case NFS4_OK:
            SETCLIENTID4resok      resok4;
    case NFS4ERR_CLID_INUSE:
            clientaddr4    client_using;
   default:
            void;
   };

8.4.4.  DESCRIPTION

   The client uses the SETCLIENTID operation to notify the server of its
   intention to use a particular client identifier, callback, and
   callback_ident for subsequent requests that entail creating lock,
   share reservation, and delegation state on the server.  Upon
   successful completion, the server will return a shorthand client ID
   that, if confirmed via a separate step, will be used in subsequent
   file locking and file open requests.  Confirmation of the client ID
   must be done via the SETCLIENTID_CONFIRM operation to return the
   client ID and setclientid_confirm values, as verifiers, to the
   server.  The reason why two verifiers are necessary is that it is
   possible to use SETCLIENTID and SETCLIENTID_CONFIRM to modify the
   callback and callback_ident information but not the shorthand client
   ID.  In that event, the setclientid_confirm value is effectively the
   only verifier.

   The callback information provided in this operation will be used if
   the client is provided an open delegation at a future point.
   Therefore, the client must correctly reflect the program and port
   numbers for the callback program at the time SETCLIENTID is used.

   The callback_ident value is used by the server on the callback.  The
   client can leverage the callback_ident to eliminate the need for more
   than one callback RPC program number, while still being able to
   determine which server is initiating the callback.









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8.4.5.  IMPLEMENTATION

   To specify the implementation of SETCLIENTID, the following notations
   are used.

   Let:

   x  be the value of the client.id subfield of the SETCLIENTID4args
      structure.

   v  be the value of the client.verifier subfield of the
      SETCLIENTID4args structure.

   c  be the value of the client ID field returned in the
      SETCLIENTID4resok structure.

   k  represent the value combination of the callback and callback_ident
      fields of the SETCLIENTID4args structure.

   s  be the setclientid_confirm value returned in the SETCLIENTID4resok
      structure.

   { v, x, c, k, s }  be a quintuple for a client record.  A client
      record is confirmed if there has been a SETCLIENTID_CONFIRM
      operation to confirm it.  Otherwise, it is unconfirmed.  An
      unconfirmed record is established by a SETCLIENTID call.

8.4.5.1.  IMPLEMENTATION (Preparatory Phase)

   Since SETCLIENTID is a non-idempotent operation, our treatment
   assumes use of a duplicate request cache (DRC).  For a discussion of
   the DRC, see Section 9.1.7 of [RFC7530].

   When the server gets a SETCLIENTID { v, x, k } request, it first does
   a number of preliminary checks as listed below before proceeding to
   the main part of SETCLIENTID processing.

   o  It first looks up the request in the DRC.  If there is a hit, it
      returns the result cached in the DRC.  The server does NOT remove
      client state (locks, shares, delegations) nor does it modify any
      recorded callback and callback_ident information for client { x }.
      The server now proceeds to the main part of SETCLIENTID.

   o  Otherwise (i.e., in the case of any DRC miss), the server takes
      the client ID string x and searches for confirmed client records
      for x that the server may have recorded from previous SETCLIENTID
      calls.  If there are no such records, or if all such records have




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      a recorded principal that matches that of the current request's
      principal, then the preparatory phase proceeds as follows.

      *  If there is a confirmed client record with a matching client ID
         string and a non-matching principal, the server checks the
         current state of the associated lease.  If there is no
         associated state for the lease, or the lease has expired, the
         server proceeds to the main part of SETCLIENTID.

      *  Otherwise, the server is being asked to do a SETCLIENTID for a
         client by a non-matching principal while there is active state.
         In this case, the server rejects the SETCLIENTID request
         returning an NFS4ERR_CLID_INUSE error, since use of a single
         client with multiple principals is not allowed.  Note that even
         though the previously used clientaddr4 is returned with this
         error, the use of the same id string with multiple clientaddr4s
         is not prohibited, while its use with multiple principals is
         prohibited.

8.4.5.2.  IMPLEMENTATION (Main Phase)

   If the SETCLIENTID has not been dealt with by DRC processing, and has
   not been rejected with an NFS4ERR_CLID_INUSE error, then the main
   part of SETCLIENTID processing proceeds, as described below.

   o  The server checks if it has recorded a confirmed record for { v,
      x, c, l, s }, where l may or may not equal k.  If so, and since
      the id verifier v of the request matches that which is confirmed
      and recorded, the server treats this as a probable callback
      information update and records an unconfirmed { v, x, c, k, t }
      and leaves the confirmed { v, x, c, l, s } in place, such that t
      != s.  It does not matter if k equals l or not.  Any pre-existing
      unconfirmed { v, x, c, *, * } is removed.

      The server returns { c, t }.  It is indeed returning the old
      clientid4 value c, because the client apparently only wants to
      update callback value k to value l.  It's possible this request is
      one from the Byzantine router that has stale callback information,
      but this is not a problem.  The callback information update is
      only confirmed if followed up by a SETCLIENTID_CONFIRM { c, t }.

      The server awaits confirmation of k via SETCLIENTID_CONFIRM { c, t
      }.

      The server does NOT remove client (lock/share/delegation) state
      for x.





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   o  The server has previously recorded a confirmed { u, x, c, l, s }
      record such that v != u, l may or may not equal k, and has not
      recorded any unconfirmed { *, x, *, *, * } record for x.  The
      server records an unconfirmed { v, x, d, k, t } (d != c, t != s).

      The server returns { d, t }.

      The server awaits confirmation of { d, k } via SETCLIENTID_CONFIRM
      { d, t }.

      The server does NOT remove client (lock/share/delegation) state
      for x.

   o  The server has previously recorded a confirmed { u, x, c, l, s }
      record such that v != u, l may or may not equal k, and recorded an
      unconfirmed { w, x, d, m, t } record such that c != d, t != s, m
      may or may not equal k, m may or may not equal l, and k may or may
      not equal l.  Whether w == v or w != v makes no difference.  The
      server simply removes the unconfirmed { w, x, d, m, t } record and
      replaces it with an unconfirmed { v, x, e, k, r } record, such
      that e != d, e != c, r != t, r != s.

      The server returns { e, r }.

      The server awaits confirmation of { e, k } via SETCLIENTID_CONFIRM
      { e, r }.

      The server does NOT remove client (lock/share/delegation) state
      for x.

   o  The server has no confirmed { *, x, *, *, * } for x.  It may or
      may not have recorded an unconfirmed { u, x, c, l, s }, where l
      may or may not equal k, and u may or may not equal v.  Any
      unconfirmed record { u, x, c, l, * }, regardless whether u == v or
      l == k, is replaced with an unconfirmed record { v, x, d, k, t }
      where d != c, t != s.

      The server returns { d, t }.

      The server awaits confirmation of { d, k } via SETCLIENTID_CONFIRM
      { d, t }.  The server does NOT remove client (lock/share/
      delegation) state for x.

   The server generates the clientid and setclientid_confirm values and
   must take care to ensure that these values are extremely unlikely to
   ever be regenerated.





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8.5.  Security Considerations for Inter-server Information Transfer

   Although the means by which the source and destination server
   communicate is not specified by NFSv4.0, the following security-
   related considerations for inter-server communication should be
   noted.

   o  Communication between source and destination servers needs to be
      carried out in a secure manner, with protection against deliberate
      modification of data in transit provided by using either a private
      network or a security mechanism that ensures integrity.  In many
      cases, privacy will also be required, requiring a strengthened
      security mechanism if a private network is not used.

   o  Effective implementation of the file system migration function
      requires that a trust relationship exist between source and
      destination servers.  The details of that trust relationship
      depend on the specifics of the inter-server transfer protocol,
      which is outside the scope of this specification.

   o  The source server may communicate to the destination server
      security-related information in order to allow it to more
      rigorously validate clients' identity.  For example, the
      destination server might reject a SETCLIENTID done with a
      different principal or with a different IP address than was done
      previously by the client on the source server.  However, the
      destination server MUST NOT use this information to allow any
      operation to be performed by the client that would not be allowed
      otherwise.

8.6.  Security Considerations Revision

   The penultimate paragraph of Section 19 of [RFC7530] should be
   revised to read as follows:

      Because the operations SETCLIENTID/SETCLIENTID_CONFIRM are
      responsible for the release of client state, it is imperative that
      the principal used for these operations be checked against and
      match the previous use of these operations.  In addition, use of
      integrity protection is desirable on the SETCLIENTID operation, to
      prevent an attack whereby a change in the boot instance id
      (verifier) forces an undesired loss of client state.  See
      Section 5 for further discussion.








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9.  Security Considerations

   The security considerations of [RFC7530] remain appropriate with the
   exception of the modification to the penultimate paragraph specified
   in Section 8.6 of this document and the addition of the material in
   Section 8.5.

10.  References

10.1.  Normative References

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.

   [RFC7530]  Haynes, T., Ed. and D. Noveck, Ed., "Network File System
              (NFS) Version 4 Protocol", RFC 7530, DOI 10.17487/RFC7530,
              March 2015, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7530>.

10.2.  Informative References

   [INFO-MIGR]
              Noveck, D., Ed., Shivam, P., Lever, C., and B. Baker,
              "NFSv4 migration: Implementation experience and spec
              issues to resolve", Work in Progress, draft-ietf-nfsv4-
              migration-issues-09, February 2016.

   [RFC1813]  Callaghan, B., Pawlowski, B., and P. Staubach, "NFS
              Version 3 Protocol Specification", RFC 1813,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC1813, June 1995,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1813>.

   [RFC5661]  Shepler, S., Ed., Eisler, M., Ed., and D. Noveck, Ed.,
              "Network File System (NFS) Version 4 Minor Version 1
              Protocol", RFC 5661, DOI 10.17487/RFC5661, January 2010,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5661>.














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Acknowledgements

   The editor and authors of this document gratefully acknowledge the
   contributions of Trond Myklebust of Primary Data and Robert Thurlow
   of Oracle.  We also thank Tom Haynes of Primary Data and Spencer
   Shepler of Microsoft for their guidance and suggestions.

   Special thanks go to members of the Oracle Solaris NFS team,
   especially Rick Mesta and James Wahlig, for their work implementing
   an NFSv4.0 migration prototype and identifying many of the issues
   addressed here.








































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Authors' Addresses

   David Noveck (editor)
   Hewlett Packard Enterprise
   165 Dascomb Road
   Andover, MA  01810
   United States of America

   Phone: +1 978 474 2011
   Email: davenoveck@gmail.com


   Piyush Shivam
   Oracle Corporation
   5300 Riata Park Ct.
   Austin, TX  78727
   United States of America

   Phone: +1 512 401 1019
   Email: piyush.shivam@oracle.com


   Charles Lever
   Oracle Corporation
   1015 Granger Avenue
   Ann Arbor, MI  48104
   United States of America

   Phone: +1 734 274 2396
   Email: chuck.lever@oracle.com


   Bill Baker
   Oracle Corporation
   5300 Riata Park Ct.
   Austin, TX  78727
   United States of America

   Phone: +1 512 401 1081
   Email: bill.baker@oracle.com











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