path: root/doc/rfc/rfc8018.txt

Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)                  K. Moriarty, Ed.
Request for Comments: 8018                                      Dell EMC
Obsoletes: 2898                                               B. Kaliski
Category: Informational                                         Verisign
ISSN: 2070-1721                                                 A. Rusch
                                                                     RSA
                                                            January 2017


           PKCS #5: Password-Based Cryptography Specification
                              Version 2.1

Abstract

   This document provides recommendations for the implementation of
   password-based cryptography, covering key derivation functions,
   encryption schemes, message authentication schemes, and ASN.1 syntax
   identifying the techniques.

   This document represents a republication of PKCS #5 v2.1 from RSA
   Laboratories' Public-Key Cryptography Standards (PKCS) series.  By
   publishing this RFC, change control is transferred to the IETF.

   This document also obsoletes RFC 2898.

Status of This Memo

   This document is not an Internet Standards Track specification; it is
   published for informational purposes.

   This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force
   (IETF).  It represents the consensus of the IETF community.  It has
   received public review and has been approved for publication by the
   Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG).  Not all documents
   approved by the IESG are a candidate for any level of Internet
   Standard; see Section 2 of RFC 7841.

   Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
   and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
   http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8018.











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Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2017 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.





































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Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
   2.  Notation  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
   3.  Overview  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
   4.  Salt and Iteration Count  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
     4.1.  Salt  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
     4.2.  Iteration Count . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
   5.  Key Derivation Functions  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
     5.1.  PBKDF1  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
     5.2.  PBKDF2  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
   6.  Encryption Schemes  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
     6.1.  PBES1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
       6.1.1.  PBES1 Encryption Operation  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
       6.1.2.  PBES1 Decryption Operation  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
     6.2.  PBES2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
       6.2.1.  PBES2 Encryption Operation  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
       6.2.2.  PBES2 Decryption Operation  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
   7.  Message Authentication Schemes  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
     7.1.  PBMAC1  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
       7.1.1.  PBMAC1 Generation Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
       7.1.2.  PBMAC1 Verification Operation . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
   8.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
   9.  Normative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19
   Appendix A.  ASN.1 Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  23
     A.1.  PBKDF1  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  23
     A.2.  PBKDF2  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  23
     A.3.  PBES1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  25
     A.4.  PBES2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  26
     A.5.  PBMAC1  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  26
   Appendix B.  Supporting Techniques  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  27
     B.1.  Pseudorandom Functions  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  28
       B.1.1.  HMAC-SHA-1  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  28
       B.1.2.  HMAC-SHA-2  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  29
     B.2.  Encryption Schemes  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  29
       B.2.1.  DES-CBC-Pad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  30
       B.2.2.  DES-EDE3-CBC-Pad  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  30
       B.2.3.  RC2-CBC-Pad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  30
       B.2.4.  RC5-CBC-Pad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  31
       B.2.5.  AES-CBC-Pad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  32
     B.3.  Message Authentication Schemes  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  33
       B.3.1.  HMAC-SHA-1  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  33
       B.3.2.  HMAC-SHA-2  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  33
   Appendix C.  ASN.1 Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  34
   Appendix D.  Revision History of PKCS #5  . . . . . . . . . . . .  38
   Appendix E.  About PKCS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  39
   Acknowledgements  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  40
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  40



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1. Introduction

   This document provides recommendations for the implementation of
   password-based cryptography, covering the following aspects:

   -  key derivation functions
   -  encryption schemes
   -  message authentication schemes
   -  ASN.1 syntax identifying the techniques

   The recommendations are intended for general application within
   computer and communications systems and, as such, include a fair
   amount of flexibility.  They are particularly intended for the
   protection of sensitive information such as private keys as in
   PKCS #8 [PKCS8] [RFC5958].  It is expected that application standards
   and implementation profiles based on these specifications may include
   additional constraints.

   Other cryptographic techniques based on passwords, such as password-
   based key entity authentication and key establishment protocols
   [BELLOV] [JABLON] [WU] are outside the scope of this document.
   Guidelines for the selection of passwords are also outside the scope.
   This document supersedes PKCS #5 version 2.0 [RFC2898] but includes
   compatible techniques.

   This document represents a republication of PKCS #5 v2.1 [PKCS5_21]
   from RSA Laboratories' Public-Key Cryptography Standards (PKCS)
   series.

2.  Notation

   C       ciphertext, an octet string

   c       iteration count, a positive integer

   DK      derived key, an octet string

   dkLen   length in octets of derived key, a positive integer

   EM      encoded message, an octet string

   Hash    underlying hash function

   hLen    length in octets of pseudorandom function output, a positive
           integer

   l       length in blocks of derived key, a positive integer




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   IV      initialization vector, an octet string

   K       encryption key, an octet string

   KDF     key derivation function

   M       message, an octet string

   P       password, an octet string

   PRF     underlying pseudorandom function

   PS      padding string, an octet string

   psLen   length in octets of padding string, a positive integer

   S       salt, an octet string

   T       message authentication code, an octet string

   T_1, ..., T_l, U_1, ..., U_c
           intermediate values, octet strings

   01, 02, ..., 08
           octets with value 1, 2, ..., 8

   \xor    bit-wise exclusive-or of two octet strings

   ||  ||  octet length operator

   ||      concatenation operator

   <i..j>  substring extraction operator: extracts octets i through j,
           0 <= i <= j

3.  Overview

   In many applications of public-key cryptography, user security is
   ultimately dependent on one or more secret text values or passwords.
   Since a password is not directly applicable as a key to any
   conventional cryptosystem, however, some processing of the password
   is required to perform cryptographic operations with it.  Moreover,
   as passwords are often chosen from a relatively small space, special
   care is required in that processing to defend against search attacks.

   A general approach to password-based cryptography, as described by
   Morris and Thompson [MORRIS] for the protection of password tables,
   is to combine a password with a salt to produce a key.  The salt can



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   be viewed as an index into a large set of keys derived from the
   password and need not be kept secret.  Although it may be possible
   for an opponent to construct a table of possible passwords (a so-
   called "dictionary attack"), constructing a table of possible keys
   will be difficult, since there will be many possible keys for each
   password.  An opponent will thus be limited to searching through
   passwords separately for each salt.

   Another approach to password-based cryptography is to construct key
   derivation techniques that are relatively expensive, thereby
   increasing the cost of exhaustive search.  One way to do this is to
   include an iteration count in the key derivation technique,
   indicating how many times to iterate some underlying function by
   which keys are derived.  A modest number of iterations (say, 1000) is
   not likely to be a burden for legitimate parties when computing a
   key, but will be a significant burden for opponents.

   Salt and iteration count formed the basis for password-based
   encryption in PKCS #5 v2.0, and are adopted here as well for the
   various cryptographic operations.  Thus, password-based key
   derivation as defined here is a function of a password, a salt, and
   an iteration count, where the latter two quantities need not be kept
   secret.

   From a password-based key derivation function, it is straightforward
   to define password-based encryption and message authentication
   schemes.  As in PKCS #5 v2.0, the password-based encryption schemes
   here are based on an underlying, conventional encryption scheme,
   where the key for the conventional scheme is derived from the
   password.  Similarly, the password-based message authentication
   scheme is based on an underlying conventional scheme.  This
   two-layered approach makes the password-based techniques modular in
   terms of the underlying techniques they can be based on.

   It is expected that the password-based key derivation functions may
   find other applications than just the encryption and message
   authentication schemes defined here.  For instance, one might derive
   a set of keys with a single application of a key derivation function,
   rather than derive each key with a separate application of the
   function.  The keys in the set would be obtained as substrings of the
   output of the key derivation function.  This approach might be
   employed as part of key establishment in a session-oriented protocol.
   Another application is password checking, where the output of the key
   derivation function is stored (along with the salt and iteration
   count) for the purposes of subsequent verification of a password.

   Throughout this document, a password is considered to be an octet
   string of arbitrary length whose interpretation as a text string is



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   unspecified.  In the interest of interoperability, however, it is
   recommended that applications follow some common text encoding rules.
   ASCII and UTF-8 [RFC3629] are two possibilities.  (ASCII is a subset
   of UTF-8.)

   Although the selection of passwords is outside the scope of this
   document, guidelines have been published [NISTSP63] that may well be
   taken into account.

4.  Salt and Iteration Count

   Inasmuch as salt and iteration count are central to the techniques
   defined in this document, some further discussion is warranted.

4.1.  Salt

   A salt in password-based cryptography has traditionally served the
   purpose of producing a large set of keys corresponding to a given
   password, one of which is selected at random according to the salt.
   An individual key in the set is selected by applying a key derivation
   function KDF, as

                              DK = KDF (P, S)

   where DK is the derived key, P is the password, and S is the salt.
   This has two benefits:

      1.  It is difficult for an opponent to precompute all the keys, or
          even the most likely keys, corresponding to a dictionary of
          passwords.  If the salt is 64 bits long, for instance, there
          will be as many as 2^64 keys for each password.  An opponent
          is thus limited to searching for passwords after a password-
          based operation has been performed and the salt is known.

      2.  It is unlikely that the same key will be selected twice.
          Again, if the salt is 64 bits long, the chance of "collision"
          between keys does not become significant until about 2^32 keys
          have been produced, according to the Birthday Paradox.  The
          fact that collisions are unlikely addresses some concerns
          about interactions between multiple uses of the same key that
          may arise when using some encryption and authentication
          techniques.

   In password-based encryption, the party encrypting a message can gain
   assurance that these benefits are realized simply by selecting a
   large and sufficiently random salt when deriving an encryption key
   from a password.  A party generating a message authentication code
   can gain such assurance in a similar fashion.



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   The party decrypting a message or verifying a message authentication
   code, however, cannot be sure that a salt supplied by another party
   has actually been generated at random.  It is possible, for instance,
   that the salt may have been copied from another password-based
   operation in an attempt to exploit interactions between multiple uses
   of the same key.  For instance, suppose two legitimate parties
   exchange an encrypted message, where the encryption key is an 80-bit
   key derived from a shared password with some salt.  An opponent could
   take the salt from that encryption and provide it to one of the
   parties as though it were for a 40-bit key.  If the party reveals the
   result of decryption with the 40-bit key, the opponent may be able to
   solve for the 40-bit key.  In the case that 40-bit key is the first
   half of the 80-bit key, the opponent can then readily solve for the
   remaining 40 bits of the 80-bit key.

   To defend against such attacks, either the interaction between
   multiple uses of the same key should be carefully analyzed, or the
   salt should contain data that explicitly distinguishes between
   different operations.  For instance, the salt might have an
   additional, non-random octet that specifies whether the derived key
   is for encryption, for message authentication, or for some other
   operation.

   Based on this, the following is recommended for salt selection:

      1.  If there is no concern about interactions between multiple
          uses of the same key (or a prefix of that key) with the
          password-based encryption and authentication techniques
          supported for a given password, then the salt may be generated
          at random and need not be checked for a particular format by
          the party receiving the salt.  It should be at least eight
          octets (64 bits) long.

      2.  Otherwise, the salt should contain data that explicitly
          distinguishes between different operations and different key
          lengths, in addition to a random part that is at least eight
          octets long, and this data should be checked or regenerated by
          the party receiving the salt.  For instance, the salt could
          have an additional non-random octet that specifies the purpose
          of the derived key.  Alternatively, it could be the encoding
          of a structure that specifies detailed information about the
          derived key, such as the encryption or authentication
          technique and a sequence number among the different keys
          derived from the password.  The particular format of the
          additional data is left to the application.






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   Note: If a random number generator or pseudorandom generator is not
   available, a deterministic alternative for generating the salt (or
   the random part of it) is to apply a password-based key derivation
   function to the password and the message M to be processed.  For
   instance, the salt could be computed with a key derivation function
   as S = KDF (P, M).  This approach is not recommended if the message M
   is known to belong to a small message space (e.g., "Yes" or "No"),
   however, since then there will only be a small number of possible
   salts.

4.2.  Iteration Count

   An iteration count has traditionally served the purpose of increasing
   the cost of producing keys from a password, thereby also increasing
   the difficulty of attack.  Mathematically, an iteration count of c
   will increase the security strength of a password by log2(c) bits
   against trial-based attacks like brute force or dictionary attacks.

   Choosing a reasonable value for the iteration count depends on
   environment and circumstances, and varies from application to
   application.  This document follows the recommendations made in FIPS
   Special Publication 800-132 [NISTSP132], which says

      The iteration count shall be  selected as large as possible, as
      long as the time required to generate the key using the entered
      password is acceptable for the users. [...] A minimum iteration
      count of 1,000 is recommended.  For especially critical keys, or
      for very powerful systems or systems where user-perceived
      performance is not critical, an iteration count of 10,000,000 may
      be appropriate.

5.  Key Derivation Functions

   A key derivation function produces a derived key from a base key and
   other parameters.  In a password-based key derivation function, the
   base key is a password, and the other parameters are a salt value and
   an iteration count, as outlined in Section 3.

   The primary application of the password-based key derivation
   functions defined here is in the encryption schemes in Section 6 and
   the message authentication scheme in Section 7.  Other applications
   are certainly possible, hence the independent definition of these
   functions.

   Two functions are specified in this section: PBKDF1 and PBKDF2.
   PBKDF2 is recommended for new applications; PBKDF1 is included only
   for compatibility with existing applications and is not recommended
   for new applications.



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   A typical application of the key derivation functions defined here
   might include the following steps:

      1.  Select a salt S and an iteration count c, as outlined in
          Section 4.

      2.  Select a length in octets for the derived key, dkLen.

      3.  Apply the key derivation function to the password, the salt,
          the iteration count and the key length to produce a derived
          key.

      4.  Output the derived key.

   Any number of keys may be derived from a password by varying the
   salt, as described in Section 3.

5.1.  PBKDF1

   PBKDF1 applies a hash function, which shall be MD2 [RFC1319], MD5
   [RFC1321], or SHA-1 [NIST180], to derive keys.  The length of the
   derived key is bounded by the length of the hash function output,
   which is 16 octets for MD2 and MD5 and 20 octets for SHA-1.  PBKDF1
   is compatible with the key derivation process in PKCS #5 v1.5
   [PKCS5_15].

   PBKDF1 is recommended only for compatibility with existing
   applications since the keys it produces may not be large enough for
   some applications.

   PBKDF1 (P, S, c, dkLen)

   Options:        Hash       underlying hash function

   Input:          P          password, an octet string
                   S          salt, an octet string
                   c          iteration count, a positive integer
                   dkLen      intended length in octets of derived key,
                              a positive integer, at most 16 for MD2 or
                              MD5 and 20 for SHA-1
   Output:         DK         derived key, a dkLen-octet string

   Steps:

      1.  If dkLen > 16 for MD2 and MD5, or dkLen > 20 for SHA-1, output
          "derived key too long" and stop.





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      2.  Apply the underlying hash function Hash for c iterations to
          the concatenation of the password P and the salt S, then
          extract the first dkLen octets to produce a derived key DK:

                            T_1 = Hash (P || S) ,
                            T_2 = Hash (T_1) ,
                            ...
                            T_c = Hash (T_{c-1}) ,
                            DK = T_c<0..dkLen-1>

      3.  Output the derived key DK.

5.2.  PBKDF2

   PBKDF2 applies a pseudorandom function (see Appendix B.1 for an
   example) to derive keys.  The length of the derived key is
   essentially unbounded.  (However, the maximum effective search space
   for the derived key may be limited by the structure of the underlying
   pseudorandom function.  See Appendix B.1 for further discussion.)
   PBKDF2 is recommended for new applications.

   PBKDF2 (P, S, c, dkLen)

   Options:        PRF        underlying pseudorandom function (hLen
                              denotes the length in octets of the
                              pseudorandom function output)

   Input:          P          password, an octet string
                   S          salt, an octet string
                   c          iteration count, a positive integer
                   dkLen      intended length in octets of the derived
                              key, a positive integer, at most
                              (2^32 - 1) * hLen

   Output:         DK         derived key, a dkLen-octet string

   Steps:

      1.  If dkLen > (2^32 - 1) * hLen, output "derived key too long"
          and stop.

      2.  Let l be the number of hLen-octet blocks in the derived key,
          rounding up, and let r be the number of octets in the last
          block:

                   l = CEIL (dkLen / hLen)
                   r = dkLen - (l - 1) * hLen




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          Here, CEIL (x) is the "ceiling" function, i.e., the smallest
          integer greater than, or equal to, x.

      3.  For each block of the derived key apply the function F defined
          below to the password P, the salt S, the iteration count c,
          and the block index to compute the block:

                   T_1 = F (P, S, c, 1) ,
                   T_2 = F (P, S, c, 2) ,
                   ...
                   T_l = F (P, S, c, l) ,

          where the function F is defined as the exclusive-or sum of the
          first c iterates of the underlying pseudorandom function PRF
          applied to the password P and the concatenation of the salt S
          and the block index i:

                   F (P, S, c, i) = U_1 \xor U_2 \xor ... \xor U_c

          where
                   U_1 = PRF (P, S || INT (i)) ,
                   U_2 = PRF (P, U_1) ,
                   ...
                   U_c = PRF (P, U_{c-1}) .

          Here, INT (i) is a four-octet encoding of the integer i, most
          significant octet first.

      4.  Concatenate the blocks and extract the first dkLen octets to
          produce a derived key DK:

                   DK = T_1 || T_2 ||  ...  || T_l<0..r-1>

      5.  Output the derived key DK.

   Note: The construction of the function F follows a "belt-and-
   suspenders" approach.  The iterates U_i are computed recursively to
   remove a degree of parallelism from an opponent; they are exclusive-
   ored together to reduce concerns about the recursion degenerating
   into a small set of values.











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6.  Encryption Schemes

   An encryption scheme, in the symmetric setting, consists of an
   encryption operation and a decryption operation, where the encryption
   operation produces a ciphertext from a message under a key, and the
   decryption operation recovers the message from the ciphertext under
   the same key.  In a password-based encryption scheme, the key is a
   password.

   A typical application of a password-based encryption scheme is a
   private-key protection method, where the message contains private-key
   information, as in PKCS #8.  The encryption schemes defined here
   would be suitable encryption algorithms in that context.

   Two schemes are specified in this section: PBES1 and PBES2.  PBES2 is
   recommended for new applications; PBES1 is included only for
   compatibility with existing applications and is not recommended for
   new applications.

6.1.  PBES1

   PBES1 combines the PBKDF1 function (Section 5.1) with an underlying
   block cipher, which shall be either DES [NIST46] or RC2 [RFC2268] in
   cipher block chaining (CBC) mode [NIST81].  PBES1 is compatible with
   the encryption scheme in PKCS #5 v1.5 [PKCS5_15].

   PBES1 is recommended only for compatibility with existing
   applications, since it supports only two underlying encryption
   schemes, each of which has a key size (56 or 64 bits) that may not be
   large enough for some applications.

6.1.1.  PBES1 Encryption Operation

   The encryption operation for PBES1 consists of the following steps,
   which encrypt a message M under a password P to produce a ciphertext
   C:

      1.  Select an eight-octet salt S and an iteration count c, as
          outlined in Section 4.

      2.  Apply the PBKDF1 key derivation function (Section 5.1) to the
          password P, the salt S, and the iteration count c to produce a
          derived key DK of length 16 octets:

                    DK = PBKDF1 (P, S, c, 16)






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      3.  Separate the derived key DK into an encryption key K
          consisting of the first eight octets of DK and an
          initialization vector IV consisting of the next eight octets:

                    K   = DK<0..7>
                    IV  = DK<8..15>

      4.  Concatenate M and a padding string PS to form an encoded
          message EM:

                    EM = M || PS

          where the padding string PS consists of 8-(||M|| mod 8) octets
          each with value 8-(||M|| mod 8).  The padding string PS will
          satisfy one of the following statements:

                    PS = 01, if ||M|| mod 8 = 7 ;
                    PS = 02 02, if ||M|| mod 8 = 6 ;
                    ...
                    PS = 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08, if ||M|| mod 8 = 0.

          The length in octets of the encoded message will be a multiple
          of eight, and it will be possible to recover the message M
          unambiguously from the encoded message.  (This padding rule is
          taken from RFC 1423 [RFC1423].)

      5.  Encrypt the encoded message EM with the underlying block
          cipher (DES or RC2) in CBC mode under the encryption key K
          with initialization vector IV to produce the ciphertext C.
          For DES, the key K shall be considered as a 64-bit encoding of
          a 56-bit DES key with parity bits ignored (see [NIST46]).  For
          RC2, the "effective key bits" shall be 64 bits.

      6.  Output the ciphertext C.

   The salt S and the iteration count c may be conveyed to the party
   performing decryption in an AlgorithmIdentifier value (see Appendix
   A.3).













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6.1.2.  PBES1 Decryption Operation

   The decryption operation for PBES1 consists of the following steps,
   which decrypt a ciphertext C under a password P to recover a message
   M:

      1.  Obtain the eight-octet salt S and the iteration count c.

      2.  Apply the PBKDF1 key derivation function (Section 5.1) to the
          password P, the salt S, and the iteration count c to produce a
          derived key DK of length 16 octets:

                    DK = PBKDF1 (P, S, c, 16)

      3.  Separate the derived key DK into an encryption key K
          consisting of the first eight octets of DK and an
          initialization vector IV consisting of the next eight octets:

                     K = DK<0..7>
                     IV  = DK<8..15>

      4.  Decrypt the ciphertext C with the underlying block cipher (DES
          or RC2) in CBC mode under the encryption key K with
          initialization vector IV to recover an encoded message EM.  If
          the length in octets of the ciphertext C is not a multiple of
          eight, output "decryption error" and stop.

      5.  Separate the encoded message EM into a message M and a padding
          string PS:

                     EM = M || PS

          where the padding string PS consists of some number psLen
          octets each with value psLen, where psLen is between 1 and 8.
          If it is not possible to separate the encoded message EM in
          this manner, output "decryption error" and stop.

      6.  Output the recovered message M.

6.2.  PBES2

   PBES2 combines a password-based key derivation function, which shall
   be PBKDF2 (Section 5.2) for this version of PKCS #5, with an
   underlying encryption scheme (see Appendix B.2 for examples).  The
   key length and any other parameters for the underlying encryption
   scheme depend on the scheme.

   PBES2 is recommended for new applications.



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6.2.1.  PBES2 Encryption Operation

   The encryption operation for PBES2 consists of the following steps,
   which encrypt a message M under a password P to produce a ciphertext
   C, applying a selected key derivation function KDF and a selected
   underlying encryption scheme:

      1.  Select a salt S and an iteration count c, as outlined in
          Section 4.

      2.  Select the length in octets, dkLen, for the derived key for
          the underlying encryption scheme.

      3.  Apply the selected key derivation function to the password P,
          the salt S, and the iteration count c to produce a derived key
          DK of length dkLen octets:

                     DK = KDF (P, S, c, dkLen)

      4.  Encrypt the message M with the underlying encryption scheme
          under the derived key DK to produce a ciphertext C.  (This
          step may involve selection of parameters such as an
          initialization vector and padding, depending on the underlying
          scheme.)

      5.  Output the ciphertext C.

   The salt S, the iteration count c, the key length dkLen, and
   identifiers for the key derivation function and the underlying
   encryption scheme may be conveyed to the party performing decryption
   in an AlgorithmIdentifier value (see Appendix A.4).

6.2.2.  PBES2 Decryption Operation

   The decryption operation for PBES2 consists of the following steps,
   which decrypt a ciphertext C under a password P to recover a message
   M:

      1.  Obtain the salt S for the operation.

      2.  Obtain the iteration count c for the key derivation function.

      3.  Obtain the key length in octets, dkLen, for the derived key
          for the underlying encryption scheme.







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      4.  Apply the selected key derivation function to the password P,
          the salt S, and the iteration count c to produce a derived key
          DK of length dkLen octets:

                    DK = KDF (P, S, c, dkLen)

      5.  Decrypt the ciphertext C with the underlying encryption scheme
          under the derived key DK to recover a message M.  If the
          decryption function outputs "decryption error", then output
          "decryption error" and stop.

      6.  Output the recovered message M.

7.  Message Authentication Schemes

   A message authentication scheme consists of a MAC (Message
   Authentication Code) generation operation and a MAC verification
   operation, where the MAC generation operation produces a MAC from a
   message under a key, and the MAC verification operation verifies the
   message authentication code under the same key.  In a password-based
   message authentication scheme, the key is a password.

   One scheme is specified in this section: PBMAC1.

7.1.  PBMAC1

   PBMAC1 combines a password-based key derivation function, which shall
   be PBKDF2 (Section 5.2) for this version of PKCS #5, with an
   underlying message authentication scheme (see Appendix B.3 for an
   example).  The key length and any other parameters for the underlying
   message authentication scheme depend on the scheme.

7.1.1.  PBMAC1 Generation Operation

   The MAC generation operation for PBMAC1 consists of the following
   steps, which process a message M under a password P to generate a
   message authentication code T, applying a selected key derivation
   function KDF and a selected underlying message authentication scheme:

      1.  Select a salt S and an iteration count c, as outlined in
          Section 4.

      2.  Select a key length in octets, dkLen, for the derived key for
          the underlying message authentication function.







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      3.  Apply the selected key derivation function to the password P,
          the salt S, and the iteration count c to produce a derived key
          DK of length dkLen octets:

                    DK = KDF (P, S, c, dkLen)

      4.  Process the message M with the underlying message
          authentication scheme under the derived key DK to generate a
          message authentication code T.

      5.  Output the message authentication code T.

   The salt S, the iteration count c, the key length dkLen, and
   identifiers for the key derivation function and underlying message
   authentication scheme may be conveyed to the party performing
   verification in an AlgorithmIdentifier value (see Appendix A.5).

7.1.2.  PBMAC1 Verification Operation

   The MAC verification operation for PBMAC1 consists of the following
   steps, which process a message M under a password P to verify a
   message authentication code T:

      1.  Obtain the salt S and the iteration count c.

      2.  Obtain the key length in octets, dkLen, for the derived key
          for the underlying message authentication scheme.

      3.  Apply the selected key derivation function to the password P,
          the salt S, and the iteration count c to produce a derived key
          DK of length dkLen octets:

                    DK = KDF (P, S, c, dkLen)

      4.  Process the message M with the underlying message
          authentication scheme under the derived key DK to verify the
          message authentication code T.

      5.  If the message authentication code verifies, output "correct";
          else output "incorrect".

8.  Security Considerations

   Password-based cryptography is generally limited in the security that
   it can provide, particularly for methods such as those defined in
   this document where offline password search is possible.  While the
   use of salt and iteration count can increase the complexity of attack
   (see Section 4 for recommendations), it is essential that passwords



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   are selected well, and relevant guidelines (e.g., [NISTSP63]) should
   be taken into account.  It is also important that passwords be
   protected well if stored.

   In general, different keys should be derived from a password for
   different uses to minimize the possibility of unintended
   interactions.  For password-based encryption with a single algorithm,
   a random salt is sufficient to ensure that different keys will be
   produced.  In certain other situations, as outlined in Section 4, a
   structured salt is necessary.  The recommendations in Section 4
   should thus be taken into account when selecting the salt value.

   For information on security considerations for MD2 [RFC1319], see
   [RFC6149]; for MD5 [RFC1321], see [RFC6151]; and for SHA-1 [NIST180],
   see [RFC6194].

9.  Normative References

   [ANSIX952] ANSI, "Triple Data Encryption Algorithm Modes of
              Operation", Accredited Standards Committee X9, X9.52-1998,
              July 1998.

   [BELLOV]   Bellovin, S. and M. Merritt, "Encrypted Key Exchange:
              Password-based Protocols Secure against Dictionary
              Attacks", Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium on Research in
              Security and Privacy, pages 72-84, IEEE Computer Society,
              DOI 10.1109/RISP.1992.213269, 1992.

   [COCHRAN]  Cochran, M., "Notes on the Wang et al. 2^63 SHA-1
              Differential Path", Cryptology ePrint Archive: Report
              2007/474, August 2008, <http://eprint.iacr.org/2007/474>.

   [ISO8824-1]
              International Organization for Standardization,
              "Information technology - Abstract Syntax Notation One
              (ASN.1) - Specification of basic notation", ISO/IEC
              8824-1:2008, 2008.

   [ISO8824-2]
              International Organization for Standardization,
              "Information technology - Abstract Syntax Notation One
              (ASN.1) - Information object specification", ISO/IEC
              8824-2:2008, 2008.








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   [ISO8824-3]
              International Organization for Standardization,
              "Information technology - Abstract Syntax Notation One
              (ASN.1) - Constraint specification", ISO/IEC 8824-3:2008,
              2008.

   [ISO8824-4]
              International Organization for Standardization,
              "Information technology - Abstract Syntax Notation One
              (ASN.1) - Parameterization of ASN.1 specifications",
              ISO/IEC 8824-4:2008, 2008.

   [JABLON]   Jablon, D., "Strong Password-Only Authenticated Key
              Exchange", ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review,
              Volume 26, Issue 5, DOI 10.1145/242896.242897, October
              1996.

   [MORRIS]   Morris, R. and K. Thompson, "Password security: A case
              history", Communications of the ACM, Vol. 22, Issue 11,
              pages 594-597, DOI 10.1145/359168.359172, November 1979.

   [NIST46]   National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST),
              "Data Encryption Standard", FIPS PUB 46-3, October 1999.

   [NIST81]   National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST),
              "DES Modes of Operation", FIPS PUB 81, December 2, 1980.

   [NIST180]  National Institute of Standards and Technology, "Secure
              Hash Standard (SHS)", FIPS PUB 180-4,
              DOI 10.6028/NIST.FIPS.180-4, August 2015.

   [NIST197]  National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST),
              "Advance Encryption Standard (AES)", FIPS PUB 197,
              November 2001.

   [NIST198]  National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST),
              "The Keyed - Hash Message Authentication Code (HMAC)",
              FIPS PUB 198-1, July 2008.

   [NISTSP63] National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST),
              "Electronic Authentication Guideline", NIST Special
              Publication 800-63-2, DOI 10.6028/NIST.SP.800-63-2, August
              2013.








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   [NISTSP132]
              National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST),
              "Recommendation for Password-Based Key Derivation, Part 1:
              Storage Applications", NIST Special Publication 800-132,
              DOI 10.6028/NIST.SP.800-132, December 2010.

   [PKCS5_15] RSA Laboratories, "PKCS #5: Password-Based Encryption
              Standard Version 1.5", November 1993.

   [PKCS5_21] RSA Laboratories, "PKCS #5: Password-Based Encryption
              Standard Version 2.1", October 2012.

   [PKCS8]    Kaliski, B., "Public-Key Cryptography Standards (PKCS) #8:
              Private-Key Information Syntax Specification Version 1.2",
              RFC 5208, DOI 10.17487/RFC5208, May 2008,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5208>.

   [RC5]      Rivest, R.L., "The RC5 encryption algorithm", In
              Proceedings of the Second International Workshop on Fast
              Software Encryption, pages 86-96, Springer-Verlag,
              DOI 10.1007/3-540-60590-8_7, 1994.

   [RFC1319]  Kaliski, B., "The MD2 Message-Digest Algorithm", RFC 1319,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC1319, April 1992,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1319>.

   [RFC1321]  Rivest, R., "The MD5 Message-Digest Algorithm", RFC 1321,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC1321, April 1992,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1321>.

   [RFC1423]  Balenson, D., "Privacy Enhancement for Internet Electronic
              Mail: Part III: Algorithms, Modes, and Identifiers",
              RFC 1423, DOI 10.17487/RFC1423, February 1993,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1423>.

   [RFC2040]  Baldwin, R. and R. Rivest, "The RC5, RC5-CBC, RC5-CBC-Pad,
              and RC5-CTS Algorithms", RFC 2040, DOI 10.17487/RFC2040,
              October 1996, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2040>.

   [RFC2104]  Krawczyk, H., Bellare, M., and R. Canetti, "HMAC: Keyed-
              Hashing for Message Authentication", RFC 2104,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2104, February 1997,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2104>.

   [RFC2268]  Rivest, R., "A Description of the RC2(r) Encryption
              Algorithm", RFC 2268, DOI 10.17487/RFC2268, March 1998,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2268>.




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   [RFC2898]  Kaliski, B., "PKCS #5: Password-Based Cryptography
              Specification Version 2.0", RFC 2898,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2898, September 2000,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2898>.

   [RFC3629]  Yergeau, F., "UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO
              10646", STD 63, RFC 3629, DOI 10.17487/RFC3629, November
              2003, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3629>.

   [RFC5652]  Housley, R., "Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS)", STD 70,
              RFC 5652, DOI 10.17487/RFC5652, September 2009,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5652>.

   [RFC5958]  Turner, S., "Asymmetric Key Packages", RFC 5958,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC5958, August 2010,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5958>.

   [RFC6149]  Turner, S. and L. Chen, "MD2 to Historic Status",
              RFC 6149, DOI 10.17487/RFC6149, March 2011,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6149>.

   [RFC6151]  Turner, S. and L. Chen, "Updated Security Considerations
              for the MD5 Message-Digest and the HMAC-MD5 Algorithms",
              RFC 6151, DOI 10.17487/RFC6151, March 2011,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6151>.

   [RFC6194]  Polk, T., Chen, L., Turner, S., and P. Hoffman, "Security
              Considerations for the SHA-0 and SHA-1 Message-Digest
              Algorithms", RFC 6194, DOI 10.17487/RFC6194, March 2011,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6194>.

   [WANG]     Wang, X., Yao, A.C., and F. Yao, "Cryptanalysis on SHA-1",
              presented by Adi Shamir at the rump session of CRYPTO
              2005, <http://csrc.nist.gov/groups/ST/hash/documents/
              Wang_SHA1-New-Result.pdf>.

   [WU]       Wu, T., "The Secure Remote Password protocol", In
              Proceedings of the 1998 Internet Society Network and
              Distributed System Security Symposium, pages 97-111,
              Internet Society, 1998,
              <https://www.isoc.org/isoc/conferences/ndss/98/wu.pdf>.










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Appendix A.  ASN.1 Syntax

   This section defines ASN.1 syntax for the key derivation functions,
   the encryption schemes, the message authentication scheme, and
   supporting techniques.  The intended application of these definitions
   includes PKCS #8 and other syntax for key management, encrypted data,
   and integrity-protected data.  (Various aspects of ASN.1 are
   specified in several ISO/IEC standards [ISO8824-1] [ISO8824-2]
   [ISO8824-3] [ISO8824-4].)

   The object identifier pkcs-5 identifies the arc of the OID tree from
   which the OIDs (specific to PKCS #5) in this section are derived:

   rsadsi OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {iso(1) member-body(2) us(840) 113549}
   pkcs OBJECT IDENTIFIER   ::= {rsadsi 1}
   pkcs-5 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {pkcs 5}

A.1.  PBKDF1

   No object identifier is given for PBKDF1, as the object identifiers
   for PBES1 are sufficient for existing applications, and PBKDF2 is
   recommended for new applications.

A.2.  PBKDF2

   The object identifier id-PBKDF2 identifies the PBKDF2 key derivation
   function (Section 5.2).

      id-PBKDF2 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {pkcs-5 12}

   The parameters field associated with this OID in an
   AlgorithmIdentifier shall have type PBKDF2-params:

   PBKDF2-params ::= SEQUENCE {
       salt CHOICE {
           specified OCTET STRING,
           otherSource AlgorithmIdentifier {{PBKDF2-SaltSources}}
       },
       iterationCount INTEGER (1..MAX),
       keyLength INTEGER (1..MAX) OPTIONAL,
       prf AlgorithmIdentifier {{PBKDF2-PRFs}} DEFAULT
       algid-hmacWithSHA1 }









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   The fields of type PBKDF2-params have the following meanings:

      -  salt specifies the salt value or the source of the salt value.
         It shall either be an octet string or an algorithm ID with an
         OID in the set PBKDF2-SaltSources, which is reserved for future
         versions of PKCS #5.

         The salt-source approach is intended to indicate how the salt
         value is to be generated as a function of parameters in the
         algorithm ID, application data, or both.  For instance, it may
         indicate that the salt value is produced from the encoding of a
         structure that specifies detailed information about the derived
         key as suggested in Section 4.1.  Some of the information may
         be carried elsewhere, e.g., in the encryption algorithm ID.
         However, such facilities are deferred to a future version of
         PKCS #5.

         In this version, an application may achieve the benefits
         mentioned in Section 4.1 by choosing a particular
         interpretation of the salt value in the specified alternative.

      PBKDF2-SaltSources ALGORITHM-IDENTIFIER ::= { ... }

      -  iterationCount specifies the iteration count.  The maximum
         iteration count allowed depends on the implementation.  It is
         expected that implementation profiles may further constrain the
         bounds.

      -  keyLength, an optional field, is the length in octets of the
         derived key.  The maximum key length allowed depends on the
         implementation; it is expected that implementation profiles may
         further constrain the bounds.  The field is provided for
         convenience only; the key length is not cryptographically
         protected.  If there is concern about interaction between
         operations with different key lengths for a given salt (see
         Section 4.1), the salt should distinguish among the different
         key lengths.

      -  prf identifies the underlying pseudorandom function.  It shall
         be an algorithm ID with an OID in the set PBKDF2-PRFs, which
         for this version of PKCS #5 shall consist of id-hmacWithSHA1
         (see Appendix B.1.1) and any other OIDs defined by the
         application.








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      PBKDF2-PRFs ALGORITHM-IDENTIFIER ::= {
        {NULL IDENTIFIED BY id-hmacWithSHA1},
        {NULL IDENTIFIED BY id-hmacWithSHA224},
        {NULL IDENTIFIED BY id-hmacWithSHA256},
        {NULL IDENTIFIED BY id-hmacWithSHA384},
        {NULL IDENTIFIED BY id-hmacWithSHA512},
        {NULL IDENTIFIED BY id-hmacWithSHA512-224},
        {NULL IDENTIFIED BY id-hmacWithSHA512-256},
        ...
      }

   The default pseudorandom function is HMAC-SHA-1:

         algid-hmacWithSHA1 AlgorithmIdentifier {{PBKDF2-PRFs}} ::=
             {algorithm id-hmacWithSHA1, parameters NULL : NULL}

A.3.  PBES1

   Different object identifiers identify the PBES1 encryption scheme
   (Section 6.1) according to the underlying hash function in the key
   derivation function and the underlying block cipher, as summarized in
   the following table:

           Hash Function  Block Cipher      OID
                MD2           DES         pkcs-5.1
                MD2           RC2         pkcs-5.4
                MD5           DES         pkcs-5.3
                MD5           RC2         pkcs-5.6
               SHA-1          DES         pkcs-5.10
               SHA-1          RC2         pkcs-5.11

      pbeWithMD2AndDES-CBC OBJECT IDENTIFIER  ::= {pkcs-5 1}
      pbeWithMD2AndRC2-CBC OBJECT IDENTIFIER  ::= {pkcs-5 4}
      pbeWithMD5AndDES-CBC OBJECT IDENTIFIER  ::= {pkcs-5 3}
      pbeWithMD5AndRC2-CBC OBJECT IDENTIFIER  ::= {pkcs-5 6}
      pbeWithSHA1AndDES-CBC OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {pkcs-5 10}
      pbeWithSHA1AndRC2-CBC OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {pkcs-5 11}

   For each OID, the parameters field associated with the OID in an
   AlgorithmIdentifier shall have type PBEParameter:

   PBEParameter ::= SEQUENCE {
      salt OCTET STRING (SIZE(8)),
      iterationCount INTEGER }







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   The fields of type PBEParameter have the following meanings:

      -  salt specifies the salt value, an eight-octet string.

      -  iterationCount specifies the iteration count.

A.4.  PBES2

   The object identifier id-PBES2 identifies the PBES2 encryption scheme
   (Section 6.2).

   id-PBES2 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {pkcs-5 13}

   The parameters field associated with this OID in an
   AlgorithmIdentifier shall have type PBES2-params:

   PBES2-params ::= SEQUENCE {
      keyDerivationFunc AlgorithmIdentifier {{PBES2-KDFs}},
      encryptionScheme AlgorithmIdentifier {{PBES2-Encs}} }

   The fields of type PBES2-params have the following meanings:

      -  keyDerivationFunc identifies the underlying key derivation
         function.  It shall be an algorithm ID with an OID in the set
         PBES2-KDFs, which for this version of PKCS #5 shall consist of
         id-PBKDF2 (Appendix A.2).

   PBES2-KDFs ALGORITHM-IDENTIFIER ::=
      { {PBKDF2-params IDENTIFIED BY id-PBKDF2}, ... }

      -  encryptionScheme identifies the underlying encryption scheme.
         It shall be an algorithm ID with an OID in the set PBES2-Encs,
         whose definition is left to the application.  Examples of
         underlying encryption schemes are given in Appendix B.2.

   PBES2-Encs ALGORITHM-IDENTIFIER ::= { ... }

A.5.  PBMAC1

   The object identifier id-PBMAC1 identifies the PBMAC1 message
   authentication scheme (Section 7.1).

   id-PBMAC1 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {pkcs-5 14}








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   The parameters field associated with this OID in an
   AlgorithmIdentifier shall have type PBMAC1-params:

   PBMAC1-params ::=  SEQUENCE {
      keyDerivationFunc AlgorithmIdentifier {{PBMAC1-KDFs}},
      messageAuthScheme AlgorithmIdentifier {{PBMAC1-MACs}} }

   The keyDerivationFunc field has the same meaning as the corresponding
   field of PBES2-params (Appendix A.4) except that the set of OIDs is
   PBMAC1-KDFs.

   PBMAC1-KDFs ALGORITHM-IDENTIFIER ::=
      { {PBKDF2-params IDENTIFIED BY id-PBKDF2}, ... }

   The messageAuthScheme field identifies the underlying message
   authentication scheme.  It shall be an algorithm ID with an OID in
   the set PBMAC1-MACs, whose definition is left to the application.
   Examples of underlying encryption schemes are given in Appendix B.3.

   PBMAC1-MACs ALGORITHM-IDENTIFIER ::= { ... }

Appendix B.  Supporting Techniques

   This section gives several examples of underlying functions and
   schemes supporting the password-based schemes in Sections 5, 6, and
   7.

   While these supporting techniques are appropriate for applications to
   implement, none of them is required to be implemented.  It is
   expected, however, that profiles for PKCS #5 will be developed that
   specify particular supporting techniques.

   This section also gives object identifiers for the supporting
   techniques.  The object identifiers digestAlgorithm and
   encryptionAlgorithm identify the arcs from which certain algorithm
   OIDs referenced in this section are derived:

   digestAlgorithm OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {rsadsi 2} encryptionAlgorithm
   OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {rsadsi 3}












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B.1.  Pseudorandom Functions

   Examples of pseudorandom function for PBKDF2 (Section 5.2) include
   HMAC with SHA-1, SHA-224, SHA-256, SHA-384, SHA-512, SHA-512/224, and
   SHA-512/256.  Applications may employ other schemes as well.

B.1.1.  HMAC-SHA-1

   HMAC-SHA-1 is the pseudorandom function corresponding to the HMAC
   message authentication code [RFC2104] based on the SHA-1 hash
   function [NIST180].  The pseudorandom function is the same function
   by which the message authentication code is computed, with a full-
   length output.  (The first argument to the pseudorandom function PRF
   serves as HMAC's "key", and the second serves as HMAC's "text".  In
   the case of PBKDF2, the "key" is thus the password and the "text" is
   the salt.)  HMAC-SHA-1 has a variable key length and a 20-octet
   (160-bit) output value.

   Although the length of the key to HMAC-SHA-1 is essentially
   unbounded, the effective search space for pseudorandom function
   outputs may be limited by the structure of the function.  In
   particular, when the key is longer than 512 bits, HMAC-SHA-1 will
   first hash it to 160 bits.  Thus, even if a long derived key
   consisting of several pseudorandom function outputs is produced from
   a key, the effective search space for the derived key will be at most
   160 bits.  Although the specific limitation for other key sizes
   depends on details of the HMAC construction, one should assume, to be
   conservative, that the effective search space is limited to 160 bits
   for other key sizes as well.

   (The 160-bit limitation should not generally pose a practical
   limitation in the case of password-based cryptography, since the
   search space for a password is unlikely to be greater than 160 bits.)

   The object identifier id-hmacWithSHA1 identifies the HMAC-SHA-1
   pseudorandom function:

   id-hmacWithSHA1 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {digestAlgorithm 7}

   The parameters field associated with this OID in an
   AlgorithmIdentifier shall have type NULL.  This object identifier is
   employed in the object set PBKDF2-PRFs (Appendix A.2).

   Note: Although HMAC-SHA-1 was designed as a message authentication
   code, its proof of security is readily modified to accommodate
   requirements for a pseudorandom function, under stronger assumptions.
   A hash function may also meet the requirements of a pseudorandom
   function under certain assumptions.  For instance, the direct



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   application of a hash function to the concatenation of the "key" and
   the "text" may be appropriate, provided that "text" has appropriate
   structure to prevent certain attacks.  HMAC-SHA-1 is preferable,
   however, because it treats "key" and "text" as separate arguments and
   does not require "text" to have any structure.

   During 2004 and 2005, there were a number of attacks on SHA-1 that
   reduced its perceived effective strength against collision attacks to
   62 bits instead of the expected 80 bits (e.g., Wang et al. [WANG],
   confirmed by M. Cochran [COCHRAN]).  However, since these attacks
   centered on finding collisions between values, they are not a direct
   security consideration here because the collision-resistant property
   is not required by the HMAC authentication scheme.

B.1.2.  HMAC-SHA-2

   HMAC-SHA-2 refers to the set of pseudorandom functions corresponding
   to the HMAC message authentication code (now a FIPS standard
   [NIST198]) based on the new SHA-2 functions (FIPS 180-4 [NIST180]).
   HMAC-SHA-2 has a variable key length and variable output value
   depending on the hash function chosen (SHA-224, SHA-256, SHA-384,
   SHA-512, SHA-512/224, or SHA-512/256) -- that is, 28, 32, 48, or 64
   octets.

   Using the new hash functions extends the search space for the
   produced keys.  Where SHA-1 limits the search space to 20 octets,
   SHA-2 sets new limits of 28, 32, 48, and 64 octets.

   Object identifiers for HMAC are defined as follows:

   id-hmacWithSHA224 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {digestAlgorithm 8}
   id-hmacWithSHA256 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {digestAlgorithm 9}
   id-hmacWithSHA384 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {digestAlgorithm 10}
   id-hmacWithSHA512 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {digestAlgorithm 11}
   id-hmacWithSHA512-224 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {digestAlgorithm 12}
   id-hmacWithSHA512-256 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {digestAlgorithm 13}

B.2.  Encryption Schemes

   An example encryption scheme for PBES2 (Section 6.2) is AES-CBC-Pad.
   The schemes defined in PKCS #5 v2.0 [RFC2898], DES-CBC-Pad,
   DES-EDE3-CBC-Pad, RC2-CBC-Pad, and RC5-CBC-Pad, are still supported,
   but DES-CBC-Pad, DES-EDE3-CBC-Pad, RC2-CBC-Pad are now considered
   legacy and should only be used for backwards compatibility reasons.

   The object identifiers given in this section are intended to be
   employed in the object set PBES2-Encs (Appendix A.4).




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B.2.1.  DES-CBC-Pad

   DES-CBC-Pad is single-key DES [NIST46] in CBC mode [NIST81] with the
   padding operation specified in RFC 1423 [RFC1423] (see Section 6.1.1
   of this document).  DES-CBC-Pad has an eight-octet encryption key and
   an eight-octet initialization vector.  The key is considered as a
   64-bit encoding of a 56-bit DES key with parity bits ignored.

   The object identifier desCBC (defined in the NIST/OSI Implementors'
   Workshop agreements) identifies the DES-CBC-Pad encryption scheme:

   desCBC OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::=
      {iso(1) identified-organization(3) oiw(14) secsig(3)
       algorithms(2) 7}

   The parameters field associated with this OID in an
   AlgorithmIdentifier shall have type OCTET STRING (SIZE(8)),
   specifying the initialization vector for CBC mode.

B.2.2.  DES-EDE3-CBC-Pad

   DES-EDE3-CBC-Pad is three-key triple-DES in CBC mode [ANSIX952] with
   the padding operation specified in RFC 1423 [RFC1423].
   DES-EDE3-CBC-Pad has a 24-octet encryption key and an eight-octet
   initialization vector.  The key is considered as the concatenation of
   three eight-octet keys, each of which is a 64-bit encoding of a
   56-bit DES key with parity bits ignored.

   The object identifier des-EDE3-CBC identifies the DES-EDE3-CBC-Pad
   encryption scheme:

   des-EDE3-CBC OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {encryptionAlgorithm 7}

   The parameters field associated with this OID in an
   AlgorithmIdentifier shall have type OCTET STRING (SIZE(8)),
   specifying the initialization vector for CBC mode.

   Note: An OID for DES-EDE3-CBC without padding is given in ANSI X9.52
   [ANSIX952]; the one given here is preferred since it specifies
   padding.

B.2.3.  RC2-CBC-Pad

   RC2-CBC-Pad is the RC2 encryption algorithm [RFC2268] in CBC mode
   with the padding operation specified in RFC 1423 [RFC1423].
   RC2-CBC-Pad has a variable key length, from one to 128 octets, a
   separate "effective key bits" parameter from one to 1024 bits that




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   limits the effective search space independent of the key length, and
   an eight-octet initialization vector.

   The object identifier rc2CBC identifies the RC2-CBC-Pad encryption
   scheme:

   rc2CBC OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {encryptionAlgorithm 2}

   The parameters field associated with OID in an AlgorithmIdentifier
   shall have type RC2-CBC-Parameter:

   RC2-CBC-Parameter ::= SEQUENCE {
       rc2ParameterVersion INTEGER OPTIONAL,
       iv OCTET STRING (SIZE(8)) }

   The fields of type RC2-CBCParameter have the following meanings:

      -  rc2ParameterVersion is a proprietary RSA Security Inc. encoding
         of the "effective key bits" for RC2.  The following encodings
         are defined:

               Effective Key Bits         Encoding
                       40                    160
                       64                    120
                      128                     58
                     b >= 256                  b

   If the rc2ParameterVersion field is omitted, the "effective key bits"
   defaults to 32.  (This is for backward compatibility with certain
   very old implementations.)

      -  iv is the eight-octet initialization vector.

B.2.4.  RC5-CBC-Pad

   RC5-CBC-Pad is the RC5 encryption algorithm [RC5] in CBC mode with
   the padding operation specified in RFC 5652 [RFC5652], which is a
   generalization of the padding operation specified in RFC 1423
   [RFC1423].  The scheme is fully specified in [RFC2040].  RC5-CBC-Pad
   has a variable key length, from 0 to 256 octets, and supports both a
   64-bit block size and a 128-bit block size.  For the former, it has
   an eight-octet initialization vector, and for the latter, a 16-octet
   initialization vector.  RC5-CBC-Pad also has a variable number of
   "rounds" in the encryption operation, from 8 to 127.







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   Note: For RC5 with a 64-bit block size, the padding string is as
   defined in RFC 1423 [RFC1423].  For RC5 with a 128-bit block size,
   the padding string consists of 16-(||M|| mod 16) octets each with
   value 16-(||M|| mod 16).

   The object identifier rc5-CBC-PAD [RFC2040] identifies the
   RC5-CBC-Pad encryption scheme:

   rc5-CBC-PAD OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {encryptionAlgorithm 9}

   The parameters field associated with this OID in an
   AlgorithmIdentifier shall have type RC5-CBC-Parameters:

   RC5-CBC-Parameters ::= SEQUENCE {
      version INTEGER {v1-0(16)} (v1-0),
      rounds INTEGER (8..127),
      blockSizeInBits INTEGER (64 | 128),
      iv OCTET STRING OPTIONAL }

   The fields of type RC5-CBC-Parameters have the following meanings:

      -  version is the version of the algorithm, which shall be v1-0.

      -  rounds is the number of rounds in the encryption operation,
         which shall be between 8 and 127.

      -  blockSizeInBits is the block size in bits, which shall be 64 or
         128.

      -  iv is the initialization vector, an eight-octet string for
         64-bit RC5 and a 16-octet string for 128-bit RC5.  The default
         is a string of the appropriate length consisting of zero
         octets.

B.2.5.  AES-CBC-Pad

   AES-CBC-Pad is the AES encryption algorithm [NIST197] in CBC mode
   with the padding operation specified in RFC 5652 [RFC5652].
   AES-CBC-Pad has a variable key length of 16, 24, or 32 octets and has
   a 16-octet block size.  It has a 16-octet initialization vector.

   Note: For AES, the padding string consists of 16-(||M|| mod 16)
   octets each with value 16-(||M|| mod 16).

   For AES, object identifiers are defined depending on key size and
   operation mode.  For example, the 16-octet (128-bit) key AES
   encryption scheme in CBC mode would be aes128-CBC-Pad identifying the
   AES-CBC-PAD encryption scheme using a 16-octet key:



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   aes128-CBC-PAD OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {aes 2}

   The AES object identifier is defined in Appendix C.

   The parameters field associated with this OID in an
   AlgorithmIdentifier shall have type OCTET STRING (SIZE(16)),
   specifying the initialization vector for CBC mode.

B.3.  Message Authentication Schemes

   An example message authentication scheme for PBMAC1 (Section 7.1) is
   HMAC-SHA-1.

B.3.1.  HMAC-SHA-1

   HMAC-SHA-1 is the HMAC message authentication scheme [RFC2104] based
   on the SHA-1 hash function [NIST180].  HMAC-SHA-1 has a variable key
   length and a 20-octet (160-bit) message authentication code.

   The object identifier id-hmacWithSHA1 (see Appendix B.1.1) identifies
   the HMAC-SHA-1 message authentication scheme.  (The object identifier
   is the same for both the pseudorandom function and the message
   authentication scheme; the distinction is to be understood by
   context.)  This object identifier is intended to be employed in the
   object set PBMAC1-Macs (Appendix A.5).

B.3.2.  HMAC-SHA-2

   HMAC-SHA-2 refers to the set of HMAC message authentication schemes
   [NIST198] based on the SHA-2 functions [NIST180].  HMAC-SHA-2 has a
   variable key length and a message authentication code whose length is
   based on the hash function chosen (SHA-224, SHA-256, SHA-384,
   SHA-512, SHA-512/224, or SHA-512/256) -- that is, 28, 32, 48, or 64
   octets.

   The object identifiers id-hmacWithSHA224, id-hmacWithSHA256,
   id-hmacWithSHA384, id-hmacWithSHA512, id-hmacWithSHA512-224, and
   id-hmacWithSHA512-256 (see Appendix B.1.2) identify the HMAC-SHA-2
   schemes.  The object identifiers are the same for both the
   pseudorandom functions and the message authentication schemes; the
   distinction is to be understood by context.  These object identifiers
   are intended to be employed in the object set PBMAC1-Macs (Appendix
   A.5).








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Appendix C.  ASN.1 Module

   For reference purposes, the ASN.1 syntax in the preceding sections is
   presented as an ASN.1 module here.

   -- PKCS #5 v2.1 ASN.1 Module
   -- Revised October 27, 2012

   -- This module has been checked for conformance with the
   -- ASN.1 standard by the OSS ASN.1 Tools

   PKCS5v2-1 {
      iso(1) member-body(2) us(840) rsadsi(113549) pkcs(1) pkcs-5(5)
      modules(16) pkcs5v2-1(2)
   }

   DEFINITIONS EXPLICIT TAGS ::=

   BEGIN

   -- ========================
   -- Basic object identifiers
   -- ========================

   nistAlgorithms OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {joint-iso-itu-t(2) country(16)
                                         us(840) organization(1)
                                         gov(101) csor(3) 4}
   oiw    OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {iso(1) identified-organization(3) 14}
   rsadsi OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {iso(1) member-body(2) us(840) 113549}
   pkcs   OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {rsadsi 1}
   pkcs-5 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {pkcs 5}

   -- =======================
   -- Basic types and classes
   -- =======================

   AlgorithmIdentifier { ALGORITHM-IDENTIFIER:InfoObjectSet } ::=
     SEQUENCE {
       algorithm ALGORITHM-IDENTIFIER.&id({InfoObjectSet}),
       parameters ALGORITHM-IDENTIFIER.&Type({InfoObjectSet}
       {@algorithm}) OPTIONAL
   }

   ALGORITHM-IDENTIFIER ::= TYPE-IDENTIFIER

   -- ======
   -- PBKDF2
   -- ======



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   PBKDF2Algorithms ALGORITHM-IDENTIFIER ::= {
      {PBKDF2-params IDENTIFIED BY id-PBKDF2},
      ...
   }

   id-PBKDF2 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {pkcs-5 12}

   algid-hmacWithSHA1 AlgorithmIdentifier {{PBKDF2-PRFs}} ::=
      {algorithm id-hmacWithSHA1, parameters NULL : NULL}

   PBKDF2-params ::= SEQUENCE {
       salt CHOICE {
         specified OCTET STRING,
         otherSource AlgorithmIdentifier {{PBKDF2-SaltSources}}
       },
       iterationCount INTEGER (1..MAX),
       keyLength INTEGER (1..MAX) OPTIONAL,
       prf AlgorithmIdentifier {{PBKDF2-PRFs}} DEFAULT
       algid-hmacWithSHA1
   }

   PBKDF2-SaltSources ALGORITHM-IDENTIFIER ::= { ... }

   PBKDF2-PRFs ALGORITHM-IDENTIFIER ::= {
     {NULL IDENTIFIED BY id-hmacWithSHA1},
     {NULL IDENTIFIED BY id-hmacWithSHA224},
     {NULL IDENTIFIED BY id-hmacWithSHA256},
     {NULL IDENTIFIED BY id-hmacWithSHA384},
     {NULL IDENTIFIED BY id-hmacWithSHA512},
     {NULL IDENTIFIED BY id-hmacWithSHA512-224},
     {NULL IDENTIFIED BY id-hmacWithSHA512-256},
     ...
   }

   -- =====
   -- PBES1
   -- =====

   PBES1Algorithms ALGORITHM-IDENTIFIER ::= {
      {PBEParameter IDENTIFIED BY pbeWithMD2AndDES-CBC}  |
      {PBEParameter IDENTIFIED BY pbeWithMD2AndRC2-CBC}  |
      {PBEParameter IDENTIFIED BY pbeWithMD5AndDES-CBC}  |
      {PBEParameter IDENTIFIED BY pbeWithMD5AndRC2-CBC}  |
      {PBEParameter IDENTIFIED BY pbeWithSHA1AndDES-CBC} |
      {PBEParameter IDENTIFIED BY pbeWithSHA1AndRC2-CBC},
      ...
   }




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   pbeWithMD2AndDES-CBC OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {pkcs-5 1}
   pbeWithMD2AndRC2-CBC OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {pkcs-5 4}
   pbeWithMD5AndDES-CBC OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {pkcs-5 3}
   pbeWithMD5AndRC2-CBC OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {pkcs-5 6}
   pbeWithSHA1AndDES-CBC OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {pkcs-5 10}
   pbeWithSHA1AndRC2-CBC OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {pkcs-5 11}

   PBEParameter ::= SEQUENCE {
       salt OCTET STRING (SIZE(8)),
       iterationCount INTEGER
   }

   -- =====
   -- PBES2
   -- =====

   PBES2Algorithms ALGORITHM-IDENTIFIER ::= {
      {PBES2-params IDENTIFIED BY id-PBES2},
      ...
   }

   id-PBES2 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {pkcs-5 13}

   PBES2-params ::= SEQUENCE {
      keyDerivationFunc AlgorithmIdentifier {{PBES2-KDFs}},
      encryptionScheme AlgorithmIdentifier {{PBES2-Encs}}
   }

   PBES2-KDFs ALGORITHM-IDENTIFIER ::= {
      {PBKDF2-params IDENTIFIED BY id-PBKDF2},
      ...
   }

   PBES2-Encs ALGORITHM-IDENTIFIER ::= { ... }

   -- ======
   -- PBMAC1
   -- ======

   PBMAC1Algorithms ALGORITHM-IDENTIFIER ::= {
      {PBMAC1-params IDENTIFIED BY id-PBMAC1},
      ...
   }

   id-PBMAC1 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {pkcs-5 14}

   PBMAC1-params ::=  SEQUENCE {
       keyDerivationFunc AlgorithmIdentifier {{PBMAC1-KDFs}},



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       messageAuthScheme AlgorithmIdentifier {{PBMAC1-MACs}}
   }

   PBMAC1-KDFs ALGORITHM-IDENTIFIER ::= {
      {PBKDF2-params IDENTIFIED BY id-PBKDF2},
      ...
   }

   PBMAC1-MACs ALGORITHM-IDENTIFIER ::= { ... }

   -- =====================
   -- Supporting techniques
   -- =====================

   digestAlgorithm OBJECT IDENTIFIER     ::= {rsadsi 2}
   encryptionAlgorithm OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {rsadsi 3}

   SupportingAlgorithms ALGORITHM-IDENTIFIER ::= {
      {NULL IDENTIFIED BY id-hmacWithSHA1}                   |
      {OCTET STRING (SIZE(8)) IDENTIFIED BY desCBC}          |
      {OCTET STRING (SIZE(8)) IDENTIFIED BY des-EDE3-CBC}    |
      {RC2-CBC-Parameter IDENTIFIED BY rc2CBC}               |
      {RC5-CBC-Parameters IDENTIFIED BY rc5-CBC-PAD},        |
      {OCTET STRING (SIZE(16)) IDENTIFIED BY aes128-CBC-PAD} |
      {OCTET STRING (SIZE(16)) IDENTIFIED BY aes192-CBC-PAD} |
      {OCTET STRING (SIZE(16)) IDENTIFIED BY aes256-CBC-PAD},
       ...
   }

   id-hmacWithSHA1 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {digestAlgorithm 7}
   id-hmacWithSHA224 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {digestAlgorithm 8}
   id-hmacWithSHA256 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {digestAlgorithm 9}
   id-hmacWithSHA384 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {digestAlgorithm 10}
   id-hmacWithSHA512 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {digestAlgorithm 11}
   id-hmacWithSHA512-224 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {digestAlgorithm 12}
   id-hmacWithSHA512-256 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {digestAlgorithm 13}

   desCBC OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {oiw secsig(3) algorithms(2) 7}

   des-EDE3-CBC OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {encryptionAlgorithm 7}

   rc2CBC OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {encryptionAlgorithm 2}

   RC2-CBC-Parameter ::= SEQUENCE {
      rc2ParameterVersion INTEGER OPTIONAL,
      iv OCTET STRING (SIZE(8))
   }




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   rc5-CBC-PAD OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {encryptionAlgorithm 9}

   RC5-CBC-Parameters ::= SEQUENCE {
      version INTEGER {v1-0(16)} (v1-0),
      rounds INTEGER (8..127),
      blockSizeInBits INTEGER (64 | 128),
      iv OCTET STRING OPTIONAL
   }

   aes OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { nistAlgorithms 1 }
   aes128-CBC-PAD OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { aes 2 }
   aes192-CBC-PAD OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { aes 22 }
   aes256-CBC-PAD OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { aes 42 }

   END

Appendix D.  Revision History of PKCS #5

   Versions 1.0 - 1.3

      Versions 1.0 - 1.3 were distributed to participants in RSA Data
      Security Inc.'s Public-Key Cryptography Standards meetings in
      February and March 1991.

   Version 1.4

      Version 1.4 was part of the June 3, 1991 initial public release of
      PKCS.  Version 1.4 was published as NIST/OSI Implementors'
      Workshop document SEC-SIG-91-20.

   Version 1.5

      Version 1.5 incorporated several editorial changes, including
      updates to the references and the addition of a revision history.

   Version 2.0

      Version 2.0 incorporates major editorial changes in terms of the
      document structure, and introduces the PBES2 encryption scheme,
      the PBMAC1 message authentication scheme, and independent
      password-based key derivation functions.  This version continues
      to support the encryption process in version 1.5.









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   Version 2.1

      This document transfers PKCS #5 into the IETF and includes some
      minor changes from the authors for this submission.

      o  Introduces AES/CBC as an encryption scheme for PBES2 and HMAC
         with the hash functions SHA-224, SHA-256, SHA-384, SHA-512,
         SHA-512/224, and SHA-512/256 as pseudorandom functions for
         PBKDF2 and message authentication schemes for PBMAC1.

      o  Changes references for PKCS #5 to RFC 2898 and for PKCS #8 to
         RFCs 5208 and 5898.

      o  Incorporates corrections of two editorial errata reported on
         PKCS #5 [RFC2898].

      o  Added security considerations for MD2, MD5, and SHA-1.

Appendix E.  About PKCS

   The Public-Key Cryptography Standards are specifications produced by
   RSA Laboratories in cooperation with secure systems developers
   worldwide for the purpose of accelerating the deployment of public-
   key cryptography.  First published in 1991 as a result of meetings
   with a small group of early adopters of public-key technology, the
   PKCS documents have become widely referenced and implemented.
   Contributions from the PKCS series have become part of many formal
   and de facto standards, including ANSI X9 documents, PKIX, Secure
   Electronic Transaction (SET), S/MIME, and SSL.

   Further development of most PKCS documents occurs through the IETF.
   Suggestions for improvement are welcome.



















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Acknowledgements

   This document is based on a contribution of RSA Laboratories, the
   research center of RSA Security Inc.

   RC2 and RC5 are trademarks of EMC Corporation.

Authors' Addresses

   Kathleen M. Moriarty (editor)
   Dell EMC
   176 South Street
   Hopkinton, MA  01748
   United States of America

   Email: Kathleen.Moriarty@Dell.com


   Burt Kaliski
   Verisign
   12061 Bluemont Way
   Reston, VA  20190
   United States of America

   Email: bkaliski@verisign.com
   URI:   http://verisignlabs.com


   Andreas Rusch
   RSA
   345 Queen Street
   Brisbane, QLD  4000
   Australia

   Email: andreas.rusch@rsa.com
















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