path: root/doc/rfc/rfc9083.txt

Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)                     S. Hollenbeck
Request for Comments: 9083                                 Verisign Labs
STD: 95                                                        A. Newton
Obsoletes: 7483                                                      AWS
Category: Standards Track                                      June 2021
ISSN: 2070-1721


    JSON Responses for the Registration Data Access Protocol (RDAP)

Abstract

   This document describes JSON data structures representing
   registration information maintained by Regional Internet Registries
   (RIRs) and Domain Name Registries (DNRs).  These data structures are
   used to form Registration Data Access Protocol (RDAP) query
   responses.  This document obsoletes RFC 7483.

Status of This Memo

   This is an Internet Standards Track document.

   This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force
   (IETF).  It represents the consensus of the IETF community.  It has
   received public review and has been approved for publication by the
   Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG).  Further information on
   Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of RFC 7841.

   Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
   and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
   https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9083.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2021 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction
     1.1.  Terminology and Definitions
     1.2.  Data Model
   2.  Use of JSON
     2.1.  Naming
   3.  Common Data Types
   4.  Common Data Structures
     4.1.  RDAP Conformance
     4.2.  Links
     4.3.  Notices and Remarks
     4.4.  Language Identifier
     4.5.  Events
     4.6.  Status
     4.7.  Port 43 WHOIS Server
     4.8.  Public IDs
     4.9.  Object Class Name
     4.10. An Example
   5.  Object Classes
     5.1.  The Entity Object Class
     5.2.  The Nameserver Object Class
     5.3.  The Domain Object Class
     5.4.  The IP Network Object Class
     5.5.  The Autonomous System Number Object Class
   6.  Error Response Body
   7.  Responding to Help Queries
   8.  Responding To Searches
   9.  Indicating Truncated Responses
   10. IANA Considerations
     10.1.  RDAP JSON Media Type Registration
     10.2.  JSON Values Registry
       10.2.1.  Notice and Remark Types
       10.2.2.  Status
       10.2.3.  Event Actions
       10.2.4.  Roles
       10.2.5.  Variant Relations
   11. Security Considerations
   12. Internationalization Considerations
     12.1.  Character Encoding
     12.2.  URIs and IRIs
     12.3.  Language Tags
     12.4.  Internationalized Domain Names
   13. Privacy Considerations
   14. References
     14.1.  Normative References
     14.2.  Informative References
   Appendix A.  Suggested Data Modeling with the Entity Object Class
     A.1.  Registrants and Contacts
     A.2.  Registrars
   Appendix B.  Modeling Events
   Appendix C.  Structured vs. Unstructured Addresses
   Appendix D.  Secure DNS
   Appendix E.  Motivations for Using JSON
   Appendix F.  Changes from RFC 7483
   Acknowledgments
   Authors' Addresses

1.  Introduction

   This document describes responses in the JSON [RFC8259] format for
   the queries as defined by the Registration Data Access Protocol Query
   Format [RFC9082].  A communication protocol for exchanging queries
   and responses is described in [RFC7480].  This document obsoletes RFC
   7483.

1.1.  Terminology and Definitions

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
   "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in
   BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
   capitals, as shown here.

   The following list describes terminology and definitions used
   throughout this document:

   DNR:  Domain Name Registry or Domain Name Registrar

   LDH:  letters, digits, hyphen

   member:  data found within an object as defined by JSON [RFC8259]

   object:  a data structure as defined by JSON [RFC8259]

   object class:  the definition of members that may be found in JSON
    objects described in this document

   object instance:  an instantiation or specific instance of an object
    class

   RDAP:  Registration Data Access Protocol

   RIR:  Regional Internet Registry

1.2.  Data Model

   The data model for JSON responses is specified in five sections:

   1.  simple data types conveyed in JSON primitive types (strings,
       numbers, booleans, and null)

   2.  data structures specified as JSON arrays or objects that are used
       repeatedly when building up larger objects

   3.  object classes representing structured data corresponding to a
       lookup of a single object

   4.  arrays of objects representing structured data corresponding to a
       search for multiple objects

   5.  the response to an error

   The object classes represent responses for two major categories of
   data: responses returned by RIRs for registration data related to IP
   addresses, reverse DNS names, and Autonomous System numbers and
   responses returned by DNRs for registration data related to forward
   DNS names.  The following object classes are returned by both RIRs
   and DNRs:

   1.  domains

   2.  nameservers

   3.  entities

   The information served by both RIRs and DNRs for these object classes
   overlap extensively and are given in this document as a unified model
   for both classes of service.

   In addition to the object classes listed above, RIRs also serve the
   following object classes:

   1.  IP networks

   2.  Autonomous System numbers

   Object classes defined in this document represent a minimal set of
   what a compliant client/server needs to understand to function
   correctly; however, some deployments may want to include additional
   object classes to suit individual needs.  Anticipating this need for
   extension, Section 2.1 of this document defines a mechanism for
   extending the JSON objects that are described in this document.

   Positive responses take two forms.  A response to a lookup of a
   single object in the registration system yields a JSON object, which
   is the subject of the lookup.  A response to a search for multiple
   objects yields a JSON object that contains an array of JSON objects
   that are the subject of the search.  In each type of response, other
   data structures are present within the topmost JSON object.

2.  Use of JSON

2.1.  Naming

   Clients of these JSON responses SHOULD ignore unrecognized JSON
   members in responses.  Servers can insert members into the JSON
   responses, which are not specified in this document, but that does
   not constitute an error in the response.  Servers that insert such
   unspecified members into JSON responses SHOULD have member names
   prefixed with a short identifier followed by an underscore followed
   by a meaningful name.  It has been observed that these short
   identifiers aid software implementers with identifying the
   specification of the JSON member, and failure to use one could cause
   an implementer to assume the server is erroneously using a name from
   this specification.  This allowance does not apply to jCard [RFC7095]
   objects.  The full JSON name (the prefix plus the underscore plus the
   meaningful name) SHOULD adhere to the character and name limitations
   of the prefix registry described in [RFC7480].  Failure to use these
   limitations could result in slower adoption as these limitations have
   been observed to aid some client programming models.

   Consider the following JSON response with JSON members, all of which
   are specified in this document.

   {
     "handle" : "ABC123",
     "remarks" :
     [
       {
         "description" :
         [
           "She sells sea shells down by the sea shore.",
           "Originally written by Terry Sullivan."
         ]
       }
     ]
   }

                                  Figure 1

   If The Registry of the Moon desires to express information not found
   in this specification, it might select "lunarNIC" as its identifying
   prefix and insert, as an example, the member named
   "lunarNIC_beforeOneSmallStep" to signify registrations occurring
   before the first moon landing and the member named
   "lunarNIC_harshMistressNotes" that contains other descriptive text.

   Consider the following JSON response with JSON names, some of which
   should be ignored by clients without knowledge of their meaning.

   {
     "handle" : "ABC123",
     "lunarNIC_beforeOneSmallStep" : "TRUE THAT!",
     "remarks" :
     [
       {
         "description" :
         [
           "She sells sea shells down by the sea shore.",
           "Originally written by Terry Sullivan."
         ]
       }
     ],
     "lunarNIC_harshMistressNotes" :
     [
       "In space,",
       "nobody can hear you scream."
     ]
   }

                                  Figure 2

   Insertion of unrecognized members ignored by clients may also be used
   for future revisions to this specification.

   Clients processing JSON responses need to be prepared for members
   representing registration data specified in this document to be
   absent from a response.  In other words, servers are free to omit
   unrequired/optional JSON members containing registration data based
   on their own policies.

   Finally, all JSON names specified in this document are case
   sensitive.  Both servers and clients MUST transmit and process them
   using the specified character case.

3.  Common Data Types

   JSON [RFC8259] defines the data types of a number, character string,
   boolean, array, object, and null.  This section describes the
   semantics and/or syntax reference for common, JSON character strings
   used in this document.

   handle:           DNRs and RIRs have registry-unique identifiers that
                     may be used to specifically reference an object
                     instance.  The semantics of this data type as found
                     in this document are to be a registry-unique
                     reference to the closest enclosing object where the
                     value is found.  The data type names "registryId",
                     "roid", "nic-handle", "registrationNo", etc., are
                     terms often synonymous with this data type.  In
                     this document, the term "handle" is used.  The term
                     exposed to users by clients is a presentation issue
                     beyond the scope of this document.  This value is a
                     simple character string.

   IPv4 addresses:   The representation of IPv4 addresses in this
                     document uses the dotted-decimal notation.  An
                     example of this textual representation is
                     "192.0.2.0".

   IPv6 addresses:   The representation of IPv6 addresses in this
                     document follow the forms outlined in [RFC5952].
                     An example of this textual representation is
                     "2001:db8::1:0:0:1".

   country codes:    Where the identity of a geopolitical nation or
                     country is needed, these identities are represented
                     with the alpha-2 or two-character country code
                     designation as defined in [ISO.3166.2020].  The
                     alpha-2 representation is used because it is freely
                     available, whereas the alpha-3 and numeric-3
                     standards are not.

   LDH names:        Textual representations of DNS names where the
                     labels of the domain are all "letters, digits,
                     hyphen" labels as described by [RFC5890].  Trailing
                     periods are optional.

   Unicode names:    Textual representations of DNS names where one or
                     more of the labels are U-labels as described by
                     [RFC5890].  Trailing periods are optional.

   dates and times:  The syntax for values denoting dates and times is
                     defined in [RFC3339].

   URIs:             The syntax for values denoting a Uniform Resource
                     Identifier (URI) is defined by [RFC3986].

   Contact information is defined using jCards as described in
   [RFC7095].  The "fn" member is required and MUST NOT be null
   according to [RFC6350].  An empty "fn" member MAY be used when the
   contact name does not exist or is redacted.

4.  Common Data Structures

   This section defines common data structures used in responses and
   object classes.

4.1.  RDAP Conformance

   The data structure named "rdapConformance" is an array of strings,
   each providing a hint as to the specifications used in the
   construction of the response.  This data structure MUST appear in the
   topmost JSON object of a response and MUST NOT appear anywhere else.
   A response to a "help" request will include identifiers for all of
   the specifications supported by the server.  A response to any other
   request will include only identifiers for the specifications used in
   the construction of the response.  The set of returned identifiers
   MAY vary depending on the authorization level of the client.

   An example rdapConformance data structure:

   "rdapConformance" :
   [
     "rdap_level_0"
   ]

                                  Figure 3

   The string literal "rdap_level_0" signifies conformance with this
   specification.  When custom JSON values are inserted into responses,
   conformance to those custom specifications MUST be indicated by
   including a unique string literal value registered in the IANA RDAP
   Extensions registry specified in [RFC7480].  For example, if the
   fictional Registry of the Moon wants to signify that their JSON
   responses are conformant with their registered extensions, the string
   used might be "lunarNIC_level_0".  These registered values aid the
   identification of specifications for software implementers, and
   failure to use them could result in slower adoption of extensions.

   Example rdapConformance structure with custom extensions noted:

   "rdapConformance" :
   [
     "rdap_level_0",
     "lunarNIC_level_0"
   ]

                                  Figure 4

4.2.  Links

   The "links" array is found in data structures to signify links to
   other resources on the Internet.  The relationship of these links is
   defined by the IANA registry described by [RFC8288].

   The following is an example of the link structure:

       {
         "value" : "https://example.com/context_uri",
         "rel" : "self",
         "href" : "https://example.com/target_uri",
         "hreflang" : [ "en", "ch" ],
         "title" : "title",
         "media" : "screen",
         "type" : "application/json"
       }

                                  Figure 5

   The JSON name/values of "rel", "href", "hreflang", "title", "media",
   and "type" correspond to values found in Section 3 of [RFC8288].  The
   "value" JSON value is the context URI as described by [RFC8288].  The
   "value", "rel", and "href" JSON values MUST be specified.  All other
   JSON values are OPTIONAL.  A "related" link relation MUST NOT include
   an "href" URI that is the same as the "self" link relation "href" URI
   to reduce the risk of infinite client processing loops.
   Internationalized Domain Names (IDNs) returned in URIs SHOULD be
   consistently returned in LDH name format to allow clients to process
   these IDNs according to their capabilities.

   This is an example of the "links" array as it might be found in an
   object class:

       "links" :
       [
           {
             "value" : "https://example.com/ip/2001:db8::123",
             "rel" : "self",
             "href" : "https://example.com/ip/2001:db8::123",
             "type" : "application/rdap+json"
           },
           {
             "value" : "https://example.com/ip/2001:db8::123",
             "rel" : "up",
             "href" : "https://example.com/ip/2001:db8::/48",
             "type" : "application/rdap+json"
           }

       ]

                                  Figure 6

4.3.  Notices and Remarks

   The "notices" and "remarks" data structures take the same form.  The
   notices structure denotes information about the service providing
   RDAP information and/or information about the entire response,
   whereas the remarks structure denotes information about the object
   class that contains it (see Section 5 regarding object classes).

   Both are arrays of objects.  Each object contains a "title" string
   representing the title of the object, a "type" string denoting a
   registered type of remark or notice (see Section 10.2.1), an array of
   strings named "description" for the purposes of conveying any
   descriptive text, and a "links" array as described in Section 4.2.
   The "description" array MUST be included.  All other JSON values are
   OPTIONAL.

   An example of the notices data structure:

   "notices" :
   [
     {
       "title" : "Terms of Use",
       "description" :
       [
         "Service subject to The Registry of the Moon's TOS.",
         "Copyright (c) 2020 LunarNIC"
       ],
       "links" :
       [
         {
           "value" : "https://example.net/entity/XXXX",
           "rel" : "alternate",
           "type" : "text/html",
           "href" : "https://www.example.com/terms_of_use.html"
         }
       ]
     }
   ]

                                  Figure 7

   It is the job of the clients to determine line breaks, spacing, and
   display issues for sentences within the character strings of the
   "description" array.  Each string in the "description" array contains
   a single complete division of human-readable text indicating to
   clients where there are semantic breaks.

   An example of the remarks data structure:

   "remarks" :
   [
     {
       "description" :
       [
         "She sells sea shells down by the sea shore.",
         "Originally written by Terry Sullivan."
       ]
     }
   ]

                                  Figure 8

   Note that objects in the "remarks" array may also have a "links"
   array.

   While the "title" and "description" fields are intended primarily for
   human consumption, the "type" string contains a well-known value to
   be registered with IANA (see Section 10.2.1) for programmatic use.

   An example of the remarks data structure:

   "remarks" :
   [
     {
       "type" : "object truncated due to authorization",
       "description" :
       [
         "Some registration data may not have been given.",
         "Use proper authorization credentials to see all of it."
       ]
     }
   ]

                                  Figure 9

   While the "remarks" array will appear in many object classes in a
   response, the "notices" array appears only in the topmost object of a
   response.

4.4.  Language Identifier

   This data structure consists solely of a name/value pair, where the
   name is "lang" and the value is a string containing a language
   identifier as described in [RFC5646].

   "lang" : "mn-Cyrl-MN"

                                 Figure 10

   The "lang" attribute as defined in this section MAY appear anywhere
   in an object class or data structure, except for in jCard objects.
   vCard supports similar functionality by way of the LANGUAGE property
   parameter (see Section 5.1 of RFC 6350 [RFC6350]).

4.5.  Events

   This data structure represents events that have occurred on an
   instance of an object class (see Section 5 regarding object classes).

   This is an example of an "events" array.

   "events" :
   [
     {
       "eventAction" : "registration",
       "eventActor" : "SOMEID-LUNARNIC",
       "eventDate" : "1990-12-31T23:59:59Z"
     },
     {
       "eventAction" : "last changed",
       "eventActor" : "OTHERID-LUNARNIC",
       "eventDate" : "1991-12-31T23:59:59Z"
     }
   ]

                                 Figure 11

   The "events" array consists of objects, each with the following
   members:

   *  "eventAction" -- a REQUIRED string denoting the reason for the
      event

   *  "eventActor" -- an OPTIONAL identifier denoting the actor
      responsible for the event

   *  "eventDate" -- a REQUIRED string containing the time and date the
      event occurred

   *  "links" -- OPTIONAL; see Section 4.2

   Events can be future dated.  One use case for future dating of events
   is to denote when an object expires from a registry.

   The "links" array in this data structure is provided for references
   to the event actor.  In order to reference an RDAP entity, a "rel" of
   "related" and a "type" of "application/rdap+json" is used in the link
   reference.

   See Section 10.2.3 for a list of values for the "eventAction" string.
   See Appendix B regarding the various ways events can be modeled.

4.6.  Status

   This data structure, named "status", is an array of strings
   indicating the state of a registered object (see Section 10.2.2 for a
   list of values).

4.7.  Port 43 WHOIS Server

   This data structure, a member named "port43", is a simple character
   string containing the fully qualified host name or IP address of the
   WHOIS [RFC3912] server where the containing object instance may be
   found.  Note that this is not a URI, as there is no WHOIS URI scheme.

4.8.  Public IDs

   This data structure maps a public identifier to an object class.  It
   is named "publicIds" and is an array of objects, with each object
   containing the following REQUIRED members:

   *  type -- a string denoting the type of public identifier

   *  identifier -- a string denoting a public identifier of the type
      related to "type"

   The following is an example of a publicIds structure.

   "publicIds":
   [
     {
       "type":"IANA Registrar ID",
       "identifier":"1"
     }
   ]

                                 Figure 12

4.9.  Object Class Name

   This data structure, a member named "objectClassName", gives the
   object class name of a particular object as a string.  This
   identifies the type of object being processed.  An objectClassName is
   REQUIRED in all RDAP response objects so that the type of the object
   can be interpreted.

4.10.  An Example

   This is an example response with both rdapConformance and notices
   embedded:

   {
     "rdapConformance" :
     [
       "rdap_level_0"
     ],
     "notices" :
     [
       {
         "title" : "Content Removed",
         "description" :
         [
           "Without full authorization, content has been removed.",
           "Sorry, dude!"
         ],
         "links" :
         [
           {
             "value" : "https://example.net/ip/192.0.2.0/24",
             "rel" : "alternate",
             "type" : "text/html",
             "href" : "https://www.example.com/redaction_policy.html"
           }
         ]
       }
     ],
     "lang" : "en",
     "objectClassName" : "ip network",
     "startAddress" : "192.0.2.0",
     "endAddress" : "192.0.2.255",
     "handle" : "XXXX-RIR",
     "ipVersion" : "v4",
     "name": "NET-RTR-1",
     "parentHandle" : "YYYY-RIR",
     "remarks" :
     [

       {
         "description" :
         [
           "She sells sea shells down by the sea shore.",
           "Originally written by Terry Sullivan."
         ]
       }
     ]
   }

                                 Figure 13

5.  Object Classes

   Object classes represent structures appropriate for a response from
   the queries specified in [RFC9082].

   Each object class contains a "links" array as specified in
   Section 4.2.  For every object class instance in a response, whether
   the object class instance is directly representing the response to a
   query or is embedded in other object class instances or is an item in
   a search result set, servers SHOULD provide a link representing a URI
   for that object class instance using the "self" relationship as
   described in the IANA registry specified by [RFC8288].  As explained
   in Section 5.2, this may be not always be possible for nameserver
   data.  Clients MUST be able to process object instances without a
   self link.  When present, clients can use the self link for caching
   data.  Servers MAY provide more than one self link for any given
   object instance.  Failure to provide any self link by a server may
   result in clients being unable to cache object class instances.

   Clients using self links for caching SHOULD NOT cache any object
   class instances where the authority of the self link is different
   than the authority of the server returning the data.  Failing to do
   so might result in cache poisoning.

   Self links MUST contain a "type" element containing the "application/
   rdap+json" media type when referencing RDAP object instances as
   defined by this document.

   This is an example of the "links" array with a self link to an object
   class:

       "links" :
       [
           {
             "value" : "https://example.com/ip/2001:db8::123",
             "rel" : "self",
             "href" : "https://example.com/ip/2001:db8::123",
             "type" : "application/rdap+json"
           }
       ]

                                 Figure 14

5.1.  The Entity Object Class

   The entity object class appears throughout this document and is an
   appropriate response for the /entity/XXXX query defined in
   "Registration Data Access Protocol (RDAP) Query Format" [RFC9082].
   This object class represents the information of organizations,
   corporations, governments, non-profits, clubs, individual persons,
   and informal groups of people.  All of these representations are so
   similar that it is best to represent them in JSON [RFC8259] with one
   construct, the entity object class, to aid in the reuse of code by
   implementers.

   The entity object class uses jCard [RFC7095] to represent contact
   information, such as postal addresses, email addresses, phone numbers
   and names of organizations and individuals.  Many of the types of
   information that can be represented with jCard have little or no use
   in RDAP, such as birthdays, anniversaries, and gender.

   The entity object is served by both RIRs and DNRs.  The following is
   an example of an entity that might be served by an RIR.

   {
     "objectClassName" : "entity",
     "handle":"XXXX",
     "vcardArray":[
       "vcard",
       [
         ["version", {}, "text", "4.0"],
         ["fn", {}, "text", "Joe User"],
         ["n", {}, "text",
           ["User", "Joe", "", "", ["ing. jr", "M.Sc."]]
         ],
         ["kind", {}, "text", "individual"],
         ["lang", {
           "pref":"1"
         }, "language-tag", "fr"],
         ["lang", {
           "pref":"2"
         }, "language-tag", "en"],
         ["org", {
           "type":"work"
         }, "text", "Example"],
         ["title", {}, "text", "Research Scientist"],
         ["role", {}, "text", "Project Lead"],
         ["adr",
           { "type":"work" },
           "text",
           [
             "",
             "Suite 1234",
             "4321 Rue Somewhere",
             "Quebec",
             "QC",
             "G1V 2M2",
             "Canada"
           ]
         ],
         ["adr",
           {
             "type":"home",
             "label":"123 Maple Ave\nSuite 90001\nVancouver\nBC\n1239\n"
           },
           "text",
           [
             "", "", "", "", "", "", ""
           ]
         ],
         ["tel",
           {
             "type":["work", "voice"],
             "pref":"1"
           },
           "uri",
           "tel:+1-555-555-1234;ext=102"
         ],
         ["tel",
           { "type":["work", "cell", "voice", "video", "text"] },
           "uri",
           "tel:+1-555-555-4321"
         ],
         ["email",
           { "type":"work" },
           "text",
           "joe.user@example.com"
         ],
         ["geo", {
           "type":"work"
         }, "uri", "geo:46.772673,-71.282945"],
         ["key",
           { "type":"work" },
           "uri",
           "https://www.example.com/joe.user/joe.asc"
         ],
         ["tz", {},
           "utc-offset", "-05:00"],
         ["url", { "type":"home" },
           "uri", "https://example.org"]
       ]
     ],
     "roles":[ "registrar" ],
     "publicIds":[
       {
         "type":"IANA Registrar ID",
         "identifier":"1"
       }
     ],
     "remarks":[
       {
         "description":[
           "She sells sea shells down by the sea shore.",
           "Originally written by Terry Sullivan."
         ]
       }
     ],
     "links":[
       {
         "value":"https://example.com/entity/XXXX",
         "rel":"self",
         "href":"https://example.com/entity/XXXX",
         "type" : "application/rdap+json"
       }
     ],
     "events":[
       {
         "eventAction":"registration",
         "eventDate":"1990-12-31T23:59:59Z"
       }
     ],
     "asEventActor":[

       {
         "eventAction":"last changed",
         "eventDate":"1991-12-31T23:59:59Z"
       }
     ]
   }

                                 Figure 15

   The entity object class can contain the following members:

   *  objectClassName -- the string "entity"

   *  handle -- a string representing a registry-unique identifier of
      the entity

   *  vcardArray -- a jCard with the entity's contact information

   *  roles -- an array of strings, each signifying the relationship an
      object would have with its closest containing object (see
      Section 10.2.4 for a list of values)

   *  publicIds -- see Section 4.8

   *  entities -- an array of entity objects as defined by this section

   *  remarks -- see Section 4.3

   *  links -- see Section 4.2

   *  events -- see Section 4.5

   *  asEventActor -- this data structure takes the same form as the
      events data structure (see Section 4.5), but each object in the
      array MUST NOT have an "eventActor" member.  These objects denote
      that the entity is an event actor for the given events.  See
      Appendix B regarding the various ways events can be modeled.

   *  status -- see Section 4.6

   *  port43 -- see Section 4.7

   *  networks -- an array of IP network objects as defined in
      Section 5.4

   *  autnums -- an array of autnum objects as defined in Section 5.5

   Entities may also have other entities embedded with them in an array.
   This can be used to model an organization with specific individuals
   fulfilling designated roles of responsibility.

   The following is an elided example of an entity with embedded
   entities.

   {
     "objectClassName" : "entity",
     "handle" : "ANENTITY",
     "roles" : [ "registrar" ],
     ...
     "entities" :
     [
       {
         "objectClassName" : "entity",
         "handle": "ANEMBEDDEDENTITY",
         "roles" : [ "technical" ],
         ...
       },
       ...
     ],
     ...
   }

                                 Figure 16

   The following is an example of an entity that might be served by a
   DNR.

   {
     "objectClassName" : "entity",
     "handle":"XXXX",
     "vcardArray":[
       "vcard",
       [
         ["version", {}, "text", "4.0"],
         ["fn", {}, "text", "Joe User"],
         ["kind", {}, "text", "individual"],
         ["lang", {
           "pref":"1"
         }, "language-tag", "fr"],
         ["lang", {
           "pref":"2"
         }, "language-tag", "en"],
         ["org", {
           "type":"work"
         }, "text", "Example"],
         ["title", {}, "text", "Research Scientist"],
         ["role", {}, "text", "Project Lead"],
         ["adr",
           { "type":"work" },
           "text",
           [
             "",
             "Suite 1234",
             "4321 Rue Somewhere",
             "Quebec",
             "QC",
             "G1V 2M2",
             "Canada"
           ]
         ],
         ["tel",
           { "type":["work", "voice"], "pref":"1" },
           "uri", "tel:+1-555-555-1234;ext=102"
         ],
         ["email",
           { "type":"work" },
           "text", "joe.user@example.com"
         ]
       ]
     ],
     "status":[ "validated", "locked" ],
     "remarks":[
       {
         "description":[
           "She sells sea shells down by the sea shore.",
           "Originally written by Terry Sullivan."
         ]
       }
     ],
     "links":[
       {
         "value":"https://example.com/entity/XXXX",
         "rel":"self",
         "href":"https://example.com/entity/XXXX",
         "type":"application/rdap+json"
       }
     ],
     "port43":"whois.example.net",
     "events":[
       {
         "eventAction":"registration",
         "eventDate":"1990-12-31T23:59:59Z"
       },
       {
         "eventAction":"last changed",
         "eventDate":"1991-12-31T23:59:59Z",
         "eventActor":"joe@example.com"
       }
     ]
   }

                                 Figure 17

   See Appendix A for use of the entity object class to model various
   types of entities found in both RIRs and DNRs.  See Appendix C
   regarding structured vs.  unstructured postal addresses in entities.

5.2.  The Nameserver Object Class

   The nameserver object class represents information regarding DNS
   nameservers used in both forward and reverse DNS.  RIRs and some DNRs
   register or expose nameserver information as an attribute of a domain
   name, while other DNRs model nameservers as "first class objects".
   Please note that some of the examples in this section include lines
   that have been wrapped for reading clarity.

   The nameserver object class accommodates both models and degrees of
   variation in between.

   The following is an example of a nameserver object.

     {
       "objectClassName" : "nameserver",
       "handle" : "XXXX",
       "ldhName" : "ns1.xn--fo-5ja.example",
       "unicodeName" : "ns.fóo.example",
       "status" : [ "active" ],
       "ipAddresses" :
       {
         "v4": [ "192.0.2.1", "192.0.2.2" ],
         "v6": [ "2001:db8::123" ]
       },
       "remarks" :
       [
         {
           "description" :
           [
             "She sells sea shells down by the sea shore.",
             "Originally written by Terry Sullivan."
           ]
         }
       ],
       "links" :
       [
         {
           "value" : "https://example.net/nameserver/
                      ns1.xn--fo-5ja.example",
           "rel" : "self",
           "href" : "https://example.net/nameserver/
                     ns1.xn--fo-5ja.example",
           "type" : "application/rdap+json"
         }
       ],
       "port43" : "whois.example.net",
       "events" :
       [
         {
           "eventAction" : "registration",
           "eventDate" : "1990-12-31T23:59:59Z"
         },
         {
           "eventAction" : "last changed",
           "eventDate" : "1991-12-31T23:59:59Z",
           "eventActor" : "joe@example.com"
         }
       ]
     }

                                 Figure 18

   Figure 18 is an example of a nameserver object with all appropriate
   values given.  Registries using a first-class nameserver data model
   would embed this in domain objects as well as allowing references to
   it with the "/nameserver" query type (all depending on the registry
   operators policy).  Other registries may pare back the information as
   needed.  Figure 19 is an example of a nameserver object as would be
   found in RIRs and some DNRs, while Figure 20 is an example of a
   nameserver object as would be found in other DNRs.

   The following is an example of the simplest nameserver object:

     {
       "objectClassName" : "nameserver",
       "ldhName" : "ns1.example.com"
     }

                                 Figure 19

   The following is an example of a simple nameserver object that might
   be commonly used by DNRs:

     {
       "objectClassName" : "nameserver",
       "ldhName" : "ns1.example.com",
       "ipAddresses" : { "v6" : [ "2001:db8::123", "2001:db8::124" ] }
     }

                                 Figure 20

   As nameservers can be modeled by some registries to be first-class
   objects, they may also have an array of entities (Section 5.1)
   embedded to signify parties responsible for the maintenance,
   registrations, etc., of the nameservers.

   The following is an elided example of a nameserver with embedded
   entities.

   {
     "objectClassName" : "nameserver",
     "handle" : "XXXX",
     "ldhName" : "ns.xn--fo-5ja.example",
     ...
     "entities" :
     [
       ...
     ],
     ...
   }

                                 Figure 21

   The nameserver object class can contain the following members:

   *  objectClassName -- the string "nameserver"

   *  handle -- a string representing a registry-unique identifier of
      the nameserver

   *  ldhName -- a string containing the LDH name of the nameserver (see
      Section 3)

   *  unicodeName -- a string containing a DNS Unicode name of the
      nameserver (see Section 3)

   *  ipAddresses -- an object containing the following members:

      -  v6 -- an array of strings containing IPv6 addresses of the
         nameserver

      -  v4 -- an array of strings containing IPv4 addresses of the
         nameserver

   *  entities -- an array of entity objects as defined by Section 5.1

   *  status -- see Section 4.6

   *  remarks -- see Section 4.3

   *  links -- see Section 4.2

   *  port43 -- see Section 4.7

   *  events -- see Section 4.5

5.3.  The Domain Object Class

   The domain object class represents a DNS name and point of
   delegation.  For RIRs, these delegation points are in the reverse DNS
   tree, whereas for DNRs, these delegation points are in the forward
   DNS tree.

   In both cases, the high-level structure of the domain object class
   consists of information about the domain registration, nameserver
   information related to the domain name, and entities related to the
   domain name (e.g., registrant information, contacts, etc.).

   The following is an elided example of the domain object showing the
   high-level structure:

   {
     "objectClassName" : "domain",
     "handle" : "XXX",
     "ldhName" : "blah.example.com",
     ...
     "nameservers" :
     [
       ...
     ],
     ...
     "entities" :
     [
       ...
     ]
   }

                                 Figure 22

   The domain object class can contain the following members:


   *  objectClassName -- the string "domain"

   *  handle -- a string representing a registry-unique identifier of
      the domain object instance

   *  ldhName -- a string describing a domain name in LDH form as
      described in Section 3

   *  unicodeName -- a string containing a domain name with U-labels as
      described in Section 3

   *  variants -- an array of objects, each containing the following
      values:

      -  relation -- an array of strings, with each string denoting the
         relationship between the variants and the containing domain
         object (see Section 10.2.5 for a list of suggested variant
         relations).

      -  idnTable -- the character string literal that represents the
         Internationalized Domain Name (IDN) table that has been
         registered in the IANA Repository of IDN Practices
         [IANA_IDNTABLES].

      -  variantNames -- an array of objects, with each object
         containing an "ldhName" member and a "unicodeName" member (see
         Section 3).

   *  nameservers -- an array of nameserver objects as defined by
      Section 5.2

   *  secureDNS -- an object with the following members:

      -  zoneSigned -- boolean true if the zone has been signed, false
         otherwise.

      -  delegationSigned -- boolean true if there are DS records in the
         parent, false otherwise.

      -  maxSigLife -- an integer representing the signature lifetime in
         seconds to be used when creating the RRSIG DS record in the
         parent zone [RFC5910].

      -  dsData -- an array of objects, each with the following members:

         o  keyTag -- an integer as specified by the key tag field of a
            DNS DS record as specified by [RFC4034] in presentation
            format

         o  algorithm -- an integer as specified by the algorithm field
            of a DNS DS record as described by RFC 4034 in presentation
            format

         o  digest -- a string as specified by the digest field of a DNS
            DS record as specified by RFC 4034 in presentation format

         o  digestType -- an integer as specified by the digest type
            field of a DNS DS record as specified by RFC 4034 in
            presentation format

         o  events -- see Section 4.5

         o  links -- see Section 4.2

      -  keyData -- an array of objects, each with the following
         members:

         o  flags -- an integer representing the flags field value in
            the DNSKEY record [RFC4034] in presentation format

         o  protocol -- an integer representation of the protocol field
            value of the DNSKEY record [RFC4034] in presentation format

         o  publicKey -- a string representation of the public key in
            the DNSKEY record [RFC4034] in presentation format

         o  algorithm -- an integer as specified by the algorithm field
            of a DNSKEY record as specified by [RFC4034] in presentation
            format

         o  events -- see Section 4.5

         o  links -- see Section 4.2

            See Appendix D for background information on these objects.

   *  entities -- an array of entity objects as defined by Section 5.1

   *  status -- see Section 4.6

   *  publicIds -- see Section 4.8

   *  remarks -- see Section 4.3

   *  links -- see Section 4.2

   *  port43 -- see Section 4.7

   *  events -- see Section 4.5

   *  network -- represents the IP network for which a reverse DNS
      domain is referenced; see Section 5.4

   The following is an example of a JSON domain object representing a
   reverse DNS delegation point that might be served by an RIR (note
   that the dsData digest value has been modified to fit on one line).

   {
     "objectClassName" : "domain",
     "handle" : "XXXX",
     "ldhName" : "0.2.192.in-addr.arpa",
     "nameservers" :
     [
       {
         "objectClassName" : "nameserver",
         "ldhName" : "ns1.rir.example"
       },
       {
         "objectClassName" : "nameserver",
         "ldhName" : "ns2.rir.example"
       }
     ],
     "secureDNS":
     {
       "delegationSigned": true,
       "dsData":
       [
         {
           "keyTag": 25345,
           "algorithm": 8,
           "digestType": 2,
           "digest": "2788970E18EA14...C890C85B8205B94"
         }
       ]
     },
     "remarks" :
     [
       {
         "description" :
         [
           "She sells sea shells down by the sea shore.",
           "Originally written by Terry Sullivan."
         ]
       }
     ],
     "links" :
     [
       {
         "value": "https://example.net/domain/0.2.192.in-addr.arpa",
         "rel" : "self",
         "href" : "https://example.net/domain/0.2.192.in-addr.arpa",
         "type" : "application/rdap+json"

       }
     ],
     "events" :
     [
       {
         "eventAction" : "registration",
         "eventDate" : "1990-12-31T23:59:59Z"
       },
       {
         "eventAction" : "last changed",
         "eventDate" : "1991-12-31T23:59:59Z",
         "eventActor" : "joe@example.com"
       }
     ],
     "entities" :
     [
       {
         "objectClassName" : "entity",
         "handle" : "XXXX",
         "vcardArray":[
           "vcard",
           [
             ["version", {}, "text", "4.0"],
             ["fn", {}, "text", "Joe User"],
             ["kind", {}, "text", "individual"],
             ["lang", {
               "pref":"1"
             }, "language-tag", "fr"],
             ["lang", {
               "pref":"2"
             }, "language-tag", "en"],
             ["org", {
               "type":"work"
             }, "text", "Example"],
             ["title", {}, "text", "Research Scientist"],
             ["role", {}, "text", "Project Lead"],
             ["adr",
               { "type":"work" },
               "text",
               [
                 "",
                 "Suite 1234",
                 "4321 Rue Somewhere",
                 "Quebec",
                 "QC",
                 "G1V 2M2",
                 "Canada"
               ]

             ],
             ["tel",
               { "type":["work", "voice"], "pref":"1" },
               "uri", "tel:+1-555-555-1234;ext=102"
             ],
             ["email",
               { "type":"work" },
               "text", "joe.user@example.com"
             ]
           ]
         ],
         "roles" : [ "registrant" ],
         "remarks" :
         [
           {
             "description" :
             [
               "She sells sea shells down by the sea shore.",
               "Originally written by Terry Sullivan."
             ]
           }
         ],
         "links" :
         [
           {
             "value": "https://example.net/entity/XXXX",
             "rel" : "self",
             "href" : "https://example.net/entity/XXXX",
             "type" : "application/rdap+json"
           }
         ],
         "events" :
         [
           {
             "eventAction" : "registration",
             "eventDate" : "1990-12-31T23:59:59Z"
           },
           {
             "eventAction" : "last changed",
             "eventDate" : "1991-12-31T23:59:59Z",
             "eventActor" : "joe@example.com"
           }
         ]
       }
     ],
     "network" :
     {
       "objectClassName" : "ip network",
       "handle" : "XXXX-RIR",
       "startAddress" : "192.0.2.0",
       "endAddress" : "192.0.2.255",
       "ipVersion" : "v4",
       "name": "NET-RTR-1",
       "type" : "DIRECT ALLOCATION",
       "country" : "AU",
       "parentHandle" : "YYYY-RIR",
       "status" : [ "active" ]
     }
   }

                                 Figure 23

   The following is an example of a JSON domain object representing a
   forward DNS delegation point that might be served by a DNR.  Note
   that the secureDNS keyData publicKey value has been modified to fit
   on a single line.

   {
     "objectClassName" : "domain",
     "handle" : "XXXX",
     "ldhName" : "xn--fo-5ja.example",
     "unicodeName" : "fóo.example",
     "variants" :
     [
       {
         "relation" : [ "registered", "conjoined" ],
         "variantNames" :
         [
           {
             "ldhName" : "xn--fo-cka.example",
             "unicodeName" : "fõo.example"
           },
           {
             "ldhName" : "xn--fo-fka.example",
             "unicodeName" : "föo.example"
           }
         ]
       },
       {
         "relation" : [ "unregistered", "registration restricted" ],
         "idnTable": ".EXAMPLE Swedish",
         "variantNames" :
         [
           {
             "ldhName": "xn--fo-8ja.example",
             "unicodeName" : "fôo.example"
           }
         ]

       }
     ],
     "status" : [ "locked", "transfer prohibited" ],
     "publicIds":[
       {
         "type":"ENS_Auth ID",
         "identifier":"1234567890"
       }
     ],
     "nameservers" :
     [
       {
         "objectClassName" : "nameserver",
         "handle" : "XXXX",
         "ldhName" : "ns1.example.com",
         "status" : [ "active" ],
         "ipAddresses" :
         {
           "v6": [ "2001:db8::123", "2001:db8::124" ],
           "v4": [ "192.0.2.1", "192.0.2.2" ]
         },
         "remarks" :
         [
           {
             "description" :
             [
               "She sells sea shells down by the sea shore.",
               "Originally written by Terry Sullivan."
             ]
           }
         ],
         "links" :
         [
           {
             "value" : "https://example.net/nameserver/ns1.example.com",
             "rel" : "self",
             "href" : "https://example.net/nameserver/ns1.example.com",
             "type" : "application/rdap+json"
           }
         ],
         "events" :
         [
           {
             "eventAction" : "registration",
             "eventDate" : "1990-12-31T23:59:59Z"
           },
           {
             "eventAction" : "last changed",
             "eventDate" : "1991-12-31T23:59:59Z"
           }
         ]
       },
       {
         "objectClassName" : "nameserver",
         "handle" : "XXXX",
         "ldhName" : "ns2.example.com",
         "status" : [ "active" ],
         "ipAddresses" :
         {
           "v6" : [ "2001:db8::125", "2001:db8::126" ],
           "v4" : [ "192.0.2.3", "192.0.2.4" ]
         },
         "remarks" :
         [
           {
             "description" :
             [
               "She sells sea shells down by the sea shore.",
               "Originally written by Terry Sullivan."
             ]
           }
         ],
         "links" :
         [
           {
             "value" : "https://example.net/nameserver/ns2.example.com",
             "rel" : "self",
             "href" : "https://example.net/nameserver/ns2.example.com",
             "type" : "application/rdap+json"
           }
         ],
         "events" :
         [
           {
             "eventAction" : "registration",
             "eventDate" : "1990-12-31T23:59:59Z"
           },
           {
             "eventAction" : "last changed",
             "eventDate" : "1991-12-31T23:59:59Z"
           }
         ]
       }
     ],
     "secureDNS":
     {

        "zoneSigned": true,
        "delegationSigned": true,
        "maxSigLife": 604800,
        "keyData":
        [
          {
            "flags": 257,
            "protocol": 3,
            "algorithm": 8,
            "publicKey": "AwEAAa6eDzronzjEDbT...Jg1M5N rBSPkuXpdFE=",
            "events":
            [
              {
                "eventAction": "last changed",
                "eventDate": "2012-07-23T05:15:47Z"
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
     },
     "remarks" :
     [
       {
         "description" :
         [
           "She sells sea shells down by the sea shore.",
           "Originally written by Terry Sullivan."
         ]
       }
     ],
     "links" :
     [
       {
         "value": "https://example.net/domain/xn--fo-5ja.example",
         "rel" : "self",
         "href" : "https://example.net/domain/xn--fo-5ja.example",
         "type" : "application/rdap+json"
       }
     ],
     "port43" : "whois.example.net",
     "events" :
     [
       {
         "eventAction" : "registration",
         "eventDate" : "1990-12-31T23:59:59Z"
       },
       {
         "eventAction" : "last changed",
         "eventDate" : "1991-12-31T23:59:59Z",
         "eventActor" : "joe@example.com"
       },
       {
         "eventAction" : "transfer",
         "eventDate" : "1991-12-31T23:59:59Z",
         "eventActor" : "joe@example.com"
       },
       {
         "eventAction" : "expiration",
         "eventDate" : "2016-12-31T23:59:59Z",
         "eventActor" : "joe@example.com"
       }
     ],
     "entities" :
     [
       {
         "objectClassName" : "entity",
         "handle" : "XXXX",
         "vcardArray":[
           "vcard",
           [
             ["version", {}, "text", "4.0"],
             ["fn", {}, "text", "Joe User"],
             ["kind", {}, "text", "individual"],
             ["lang", {
               "pref":"1"
             }, "language-tag", "fr"],
             ["lang", {
               "pref":"2"
             }, "language-tag", "en"],
             ["org", {
               "type":"work"
             }, "text", "Example"],
             ["title", {}, "text", "Research Scientist"],
             ["role", {}, "text", "Project Lead"],
             ["adr",
               { "type":"work" },
               "text",
               [
                 "",
                 "Suite 1234",
                 "4321 Rue Somewhere",
                 "Quebec",
                 "QC",
                 "G1V 2M2",
                 "Canada"
               ]

             ],
             ["tel",
               { "type":["work", "voice"], "pref":"1" },
               "uri", "tel:+1-555-555-1234;ext=102"
             ],
             ["email",
               { "type":"work" },
               "text", "joe.user@example.com"
             ]
           ]
         ],
         "status" : [ "validated", "locked" ],
         "roles" : [ "registrant" ],
         "remarks" :
         [
           {
             "description" :
             [
               "She sells sea shells down by the sea shore.",
               "Originally written by Terry Sullivan."
             ]
           }
         ],
         "links" :
         [
           {
             "value" : "https://example.net/entity/XXXX",
             "rel" : "self",
             "href" : "https://example.net/entity/XXXX",
             "type" : "application/rdap+json"
           }
         ],
         "events" :
         [
           {
             "eventAction" : "registration",
             "eventDate" : "1990-12-31T23:59:59Z"
           },
           {
             "eventAction" : "last changed",
             "eventDate" : "1991-12-31T23:59:59Z"
           }
         ]
       }
     ]
   }

                                 Figure 24

5.4.  The IP Network Object Class

   The IP network object class models IP network registrations found in
   RIRs and is the expected response for the "/ip" query as defined by
   [RFC9082].  There is no equivalent object class for DNRs.  The high-
   level structure of the IP network object class consists of
   information about the network registration and entities related to
   the IP network (e.g., registrant information, contacts, etc.).

   The following is an elided example of the IP network object type
   showing the high-level structure:

   {
     "objectClassName" : "ip network",
     "handle" : "XXX",
     ...
     "entities" :
     [
       ...
     ]
   }

                                 Figure 25

   The following is an example of the JSON object for the network
   registration information.

   {
     "objectClassName" : "ip network",
     "handle" : "XXXX-RIR",
     "startAddress" : "2001:db8::",
     "endAddress" : "2001:db8:0:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff",
     "ipVersion" : "v6",
     "name": "NET-RTR-1",
     "type" : "DIRECT ALLOCATION",
     "country" : "AU",
     "parentHandle" : "YYYY-RIR",
     "status" : [ "active" ],
     "remarks" :
     [
       {
         "description" :
         [
           "She sells sea shells down by the sea shore.",
           "Originally written by Terry Sullivan."
         ]
       }
     ],
     "links" :
     [
       {
         "value" : "https://example.net/ip/2001:db8::/48",
         "rel" : "self",
         "href" : "https://example.net/ip/2001:db8::/48",
         "type" : "application/rdap+json"
       },
       {
         "value" : "https://example.net/ip/2001:db8::/48",
         "rel" : "up",
         "href" : "https://example.net/ip/2001:db8::/32",
         "type" : "application/rdap+json"
       }
     ],
     "events" :
     [
       {
         "eventAction" : "registration",
         "eventDate" : "1990-12-31T23:59:59Z"
       },
       {
         "eventAction" : "last changed",
         "eventDate" : "1991-12-31T23:59:59Z"
       }
     ],
     "entities" :
     [
       {
         "objectClassName" : "entity",
         "handle" : "XXXX",
         "vcardArray":[
           "vcard",
           [
             ["version", {}, "text", "4.0"],
             ["fn", {}, "text", "Joe User"],
             ["kind", {}, "text", "individual"],
             ["lang", {
               "pref":"1"
             }, "language-tag", "fr"],
             ["lang", {
               "pref":"2"
             }, "language-tag", "en"],
             ["org", {
               "type":"work"
             }, "text", "Example"],
             ["title", {}, "text", "Research Scientist"],
             ["role", {}, "text", "Project Lead"],
             ["adr",
               { "type":"work" },
               "text",
               [
                 "",
                 "Suite 1234",
                 "4321 Rue Somewhere",
                 "Quebec",
                 "QC",
                 "G1V 2M2",
                 "Canada"
               ]
             ],
             ["tel",
               { "type":["work", "voice"], "pref":"1" },
               "uri", "tel:+1-555-555-1234;ext=102"
             ],
             ["email",
               { "type":"work" },
               "text", "joe.user@example.com"
             ]
           ]
         ],
         "roles" : [ "registrant" ],
         "remarks" :
         [
           {
             "description" :
             [
               "She sells sea shells down by the sea shore.",
               "Originally written by Terry Sullivan."
             ]
           }
         ],
         "links" :
         [
           {
             "value" : "https://example.net/entity/xxxx",
             "rel" : "self",
             "href" : "https://example.net/entity/xxxx",
             "type" : "application/rdap+json"
           }
         ],
         "events" :
         [
           {
             "eventAction" : "registration",
             "eventDate" : "1990-12-31T23:59:59Z"

           },
           {
             "eventAction" : "last changed",
             "eventDate" : "1991-12-31T23:59:59Z"
           }
         ]
       }
     ]
   }

                                 Figure 26

   The IP network object class can contain the following members:

   *  objectClassName -- the string "ip network"

   *  handle -- a string representing the RIR-unique identifier of the
      network registration

   *  startAddress -- a string representing the starting IP address of
      the network, either IPv4 or IPv6

   *  endAddress -- a string representing the ending IP address of the
      network, either IPv4 or IPv6

   *  ipVersion -- a string signifying the IP protocol version of the
      network: "v4" signifies an IPv4 network, and "v6" signifies an
      IPv6 network

   *  name -- a string representing an identifier assigned to the
      network registration by the registration holder

   *  type -- a string containing an RIR-specific classification of the
      network per that RIR's registration model

   *  country -- a string containing the two-character country code of
      the network

   *  parentHandle -- a string containing an RIR-unique identifier of
      the parent network of this network registration

   *  status -- an array of strings indicating the state of the IP
      network as defined by Section 4.6

   *  entities -- an array of entity objects as defined by Section 5.1

   *  remarks -- see Section 4.3

   *  links -- see Section 4.2

   *  port43 -- see Section 4.7

   *  events -- see Section 4.5

5.5.  The Autonomous System Number Object Class

   The Autonomous System number (autnum) object class models Autonomous
   System number registrations found in RIRs and represents the expected
   response to an "/autnum" query as defined by [RFC9082].  There is no
   equivalent object class for DNRs.  The high-level structure of the
   autnum object class consists of information about the Autonomous
   System number registration and entities related to the autnum
   registration (e.g., registrant information, contacts, etc.) and is
   similar to the IP network object class.

   The following is an example of a JSON object representing an autnum.

   {
     "objectClassName" : "autnum",
     "handle" : "XXXX-RIR",
     "startAutnum" : 65536,
     "endAutnum" : 65541,
     "name": "AS-RTR-1",
     "type" : "DIRECT ALLOCATION",
     "status" : [ "active" ],
     "country": "AU",
     "remarks" :
     [
       {
         "description" :
         [
           "She sells sea shells down by the sea shore.",
           "Originally written by Terry Sullivan."
         ]
       }
     ],
     "links" :
     [
       {
         "value" : "https://example.net/autnum/65537",
         "rel" : "self",
         "href" : "https://example.net/autnum/65537",
         "type" : "application/rdap+json"
       }
     ],
     "events" :

     [
       {
         "eventAction" : "registration",
         "eventDate" : "1990-12-31T23:59:59Z"
       },
       {
         "eventAction" : "last changed",
         "eventDate" : "1991-12-31T23:59:59Z"
       }
     ],
     "entities" :
     [
       {
         "objectClassName" : "entity",
         "handle" : "XXXX",
         "vcardArray":[
           "vcard",
           [
             ["version", {}, "text", "4.0"],
             ["fn", {}, "text", "Joe User"],
             ["kind", {}, "text", "individual"],
             ["lang", {
               "pref":"1"
             }, "language-tag", "fr"],
             ["lang", {
               "pref":"2"
             }, "language-tag", "en"],
             ["org", {
               "type":"work"
             }, "text", "Example"],
             ["title", {}, "text", "Research Scientist"],
             ["role", {}, "text", "Project Lead"],
             ["adr",
               { "type":"work" },
               "text",
               [
                 "",
                 "Suite 1234",
                 "4321 Rue Somewhere",
                 "Quebec",
                 "QC",
                 "G1V 2M2",
                 "Canada"
               ]
             ],
             ["tel",
               { "type":["work", "voice"], "pref":"1" },
               "uri", "tel:+1-555-555-1234;ext=102"
             ],
             ["email",
               { "type":"work" },
               "text", "joe.user@example.com"
             ]
           ]
         ],
         "roles" : [ "registrant" ],
         "remarks" :
         [
           {
             "description" :
             [
               "She sells sea shells down by the sea shore.",
               "Originally written by Terry Sullivan."
             ]
           }
         ],
         "links" :
         [
           {
             "value" : "https://example.net/entity/XXXX",
             "rel" : "self",
             "href" : "https://example.net/entity/XXXX",
             "type" : "application/rdap+json"
           }
         ],
         "events" :
         [
           {
             "eventAction" : "registration",
             "eventDate" : "1990-12-31T23:59:59Z"
           },
           {
             "eventAction" : "last changed",
             "eventDate" : "1991-12-31T23:59:59Z"
           }
         ]
       }
     ]
   }

                                 Figure 27

   The Autonomous System number object class can contain the following
   members:

   *  objectClassName -- the string "autnum"

   *  handle -- a string representing the RIR-unique identifier of the
      autnum registration

   *  startAutnum -- an unsigned 32-bit integer representing the
      starting number [RFC5396] in the block of Autonomous System
      numbers

   *  endAutnum -- an unsigned 32-bit integer representing the ending
      number [RFC5396] in the block of Autonomous System numbers

   *  name -- a string representing an identifier assigned to the autnum
      registration by the registration holder

   *  type -- a string containing an RIR-specific classification of the
      autnum per that RIR's registration model

   *  status -- an array of strings indicating the state of the autnum
      as defined by Section 4.6

   *  country -- a string containing the two-character country code of
      the autnum

   *  entities -- an array of entity objects as defined by Section 5.1

   *  remarks -- see Section 4.3

   *  links -- see Section 4.2

   *  port43 -- see Section 4.7

   *  events -- see Section 4.5

6.  Error Response Body

   Some non-answer responses MAY return entity bodies with information
   that could be more descriptive.

   The basic structure of that response is an object class containing a
   REQUIRED error code number (corresponding to the HTTP response code)
   followed by an OPTIONAL string named "title" and an OPTIONAL array of
   strings named "description".

   This is an example of the common response body.

   {
     "errorCode": 418,
     "title": "Your Beverage Choice is Not Available",
     "description":
     [
       "I know coffee has more ummppphhh.",
       "Sorry, dude!"
     ]
   }

                                 Figure 28

   This is an example of the common response body with an
   rdapConformance and notices data structures:

   {
     "rdapConformance" :
     [
       "rdap_level_0"
     ],
     "notices" :
     [
       {
         "title" : "Beverage Policy",
         "description" :
         [
           "Beverages with caffeine for keeping horses awake."
         ],
         "links" :
         [
           {
             "value" : "https://example.net/ip/192.0.2.0/24",
             "rel" : "alternate",
             "type" : "text/html",
             "href" : "https://www.example.com/redaction_policy.html"
           }
         ]
       }
     ],
     "lang" : "en",
     "errorCode": 418,
     "title": "Your beverage choice is not available",
     "description":
     [
       "I know coffee has more ummppphhh.",
       "Sorry, dude!"
     ]
   }

                                 Figure 29

7.  Responding to Help Queries

   The appropriate response to /help queries as defined by [RFC9082] is
   to use the notices structure as defined in Section 4.3.

   This is an example of a response to a /help query including the
   rdapConformance data structure.

   {
     "rdapConformance" :
     [
       "rdap_level_0"
     ],
     "notices" :
     [
       {
         "title" : "Authentication Policy",
         "description" :
         [
           "Access to sensitive data for users with proper credentials."
         ],
         "links" :
         [
           {
             "value" : "https://example.net/help",
             "rel" : "alternate",
             "type" : "text/html",
             "href" : "https://www.example.com/auth_policy.html"
           }
         ]
       }
     ]
   }

                                 Figure 30

8.  Responding To Searches

   [RFC9082] specifies three types of searches: domains, nameservers,
   and entities.  Responses to these searches take the form of an array
   of object instances where each instance is an appropriate object
   class for the search (i.e., a search for /domains yields an array of
   domain object instances).  These arrays are contained within the
   response object.

   The names of the arrays are as follows:

   *  for /domains searches, the array is "domainSearchResults"

   *  for /nameservers searches, the array is "nameserverSearchResults"

   *  for /entities searches, the array is "entitySearchResults"

   The following is an elided example of a response to a /domains
   search.

   {
     "rdapConformance" :
     [
       "rdap_level_0"
     ],
     ...
     "domainSearchResults" :
     [
       {
         "objectClassName" : "domain",
         "handle" : "1-XXXX",
         "ldhName" : "1.example.com",
         ...
       },
       {
         "objectClassName" : "domain",
         "handle" : "2-XXXX",
         "ldhName" : "2.example.com",
         ...
       }
     ]
   }

                                 Figure 31

9.  Indicating Truncated Responses

   In cases where the data of a response needs to be limited or parts of
   the data need to be omitted, the response is considered "truncated".
   A truncated response is still valid JSON, but some of the results in
   a search set or some of the data in an object are not provided by the
   server.  A server may indicate this by including a typed notice in
   the response object.

   The following is an elided example of a search response that has been
   truncated.

   {
     "rdapConformance" :
     [
       "rdap_level_0"
     ],
     "notices" :
     [
       {
         "title" : "Search Policy",
         "type" : "result set truncated due to authorization",
         "description" :
         [
           "Search results are limited to 25 per day per querying IP."
         ],
         "links" :
         [
           {
             "value" : "https://example.net/help",
             "rel" : "alternate",
             "type" : "text/html",
             "href" : "https://www.example.com/search_policy.html"
           }
         ]
       }
     ],
     "domainSearchResults" :
     [
       ...
     ]
   }

                                 Figure 32

   A similar technique can be used with a typed remark where a single
   object has been returned and data in that object has been truncated.
   Such an example might be an entity object with only a partial set of
   the IP networks associated with it.

   The following is an elided example of an entity truncated data.

   {
     "objectClassName" : "entity",
     "handle" : "ANENTITY",
     "roles" : [ "registrant" ],
     ...
     "entities" :
     [
       {
         "objectClassName" : "entity",
         "handle": "ANEMBEDDEDENTITY",
         "roles" : [ "technical" ],
         ...
       },
       ...
     ],
     "networks" :
     [
       ...
     ],
     ...
     "remarks" :
     [
       {
         "title" : "Data Policy",
         "type" : "object truncated due to unexplainable reason",
         "description" :
         [
           "Some of the data in this object has been removed."
         ],
         "links" :
         [
           {
             "value" : "https://example.net/help",
             "rel" : "alternate",
             "type" : "text/html",
             "href" : "https://www.example.com/data_policy.html"
           }
         ]
       }
     ]
   }

                                 Figure 33

10.  IANA Considerations

   IANA has updated the description of the "transfer" event action as
   described in Section 10.2.3.

10.1.  RDAP JSON Media Type Registration

   IANA has updated the media type registration as described below.

   This specification registers the "application/rdap+json" media type.

   Type name:  application

   Subtype name:  rdap+json

   Required parameters:  n/a

   Encoding considerations:  See Section 3.1 of [RFC6839].

   Security considerations:  The media represented by this identifier
      does not have security considerations beyond that found in
      Section 12 of [RFC8259].

   Interoperability considerations:  There are no known interoperability
      problems regarding this media format.

   Published specification:  RFC 9083

   Applications that use this media type:  Implementations of the
      Registration Data Access Protocol (RDAP).

   Additional information:  This media type is a product of the IETF
      REGEXT Working Group.  The REGEXT charter, information on the
      REGEXT mailing list, and other documents produced by the REGEXT
      Working Group can be found at https://datatracker.ietf.org/wg/
      regext/.

   Person & email address to contact for further information:
      IESG <iesg@ietf.org>

   Intended usage:  COMMON

   Restrictions on usage:  none

   Author:  Andy Newton

   Change controller:  IETF

   Provisional Registration:  No

10.2.  JSON Values Registry

   IANA has created a category in the protocol registries labeled
   "Registration Data Access Protocol (RDAP)", and within that category,
   IANA has established a URL-referenceable, stand-alone registry
   labeled "RDAP JSON Values".  This new registry is for use in the
   notices and remarks (Section 4.3), status (Section 4.6), role
   (Section 5.1), event action (Section 4.5), and domain variant
   relation (Section 5.3) fields specified in RDAP.

   Each entry in the registry contains the following fields:

   1.  Value -- the string value being registered.

   2.  Type -- the type of value being registered.  It should be one of
       the following:

       *  "notice or remark type" -- denotes a type of notice or remark.

       *  "status" -- denotes a value for the "status" object member as
          defined by Section 4.6.

       *  "role" -- denotes a value for the "role" array as defined in
          Section 5.1.

       *  "event action" -- denotes a value for an event action as
          defined in Section 4.5.

       *  "domain variant relation" -- denotes a relationship between a
          domain and a domain variant as defined in Section 5.3.

   3.  Description -- a one- or two-sentence description regarding the
       meaning of the value, how it might be used, and/or how it should
       be interpreted by clients.

   4.  Registrant Name -- the name of the person registering the value.

   5.  Registrant Contact Information -- an email address, postal
       address, or some other information to be used to contact the
       registrant.

   This registry is operated under the "Expert Review" policy defined in
   [RFC8126].

   Review of registrations into this registry by the designated
   expert(s) should be narrowly judged on the following criteria:

   1.  Values in need of being placed into multiple types must be
       assigned a separate registration for each type.

   2.  Values must be strings.  They should be multiple words separated
       by single space characters.  Every character should be
       lowercased.  If possible, every word should be given in English
       and each character should be US-ASCII.

   3.  Registrations should not duplicate the meaning of any existing
       registration.  That is, if a request for a registration is
       significantly similar in nature to an existing registration, the
       request should be denied.  For example, the terms "maintainer"
       and "registrant" are significantly similar in nature as they both
       denote a holder of a domain name or Internet number resource.  In
       cases where it may be reasonably argued that machine
       interpretation of two similar values may alter the operation of
       client software, designated experts should not judge the values
       to be of significant similarity.

   4.  Registrations should be relevant to the common usages of RDAP.
       Designated experts may rely upon the serving of the value by a
       DNR or RIR to make this determination.

   The following sections provide initial registrations into this
   registry.

10.2.1.  Notice and Remark Types

   The following values have been registered in the "RDAP JSON Values"
   registry:

   Value:  result set truncated due to authorization
   Type:  notice and remark type
   Description:  The list of results does not contain all results due to
      lack of authorization.  This may indicate to some clients that
      proper authorization will yield a longer result set.
   Registrant Name:  IESG
   Registrant Contact Information:  iesg@ietf.org

   Value:  result set truncated due to excessive load
   Type:  notice and remark type
   Description:  The list of results does not contain all results due to
      an excessively heavy load on the server.  This may indicate to
      some clients that requerying at a later time will yield a longer
      result set.
   Registrant Name:  IESG
   Registrant Contact Information:  iesg@ietf.org

   Value:  result set truncated due to unexplainable reasons
   Type:  notice and remark type
   Description:  The list of results does not contain all results for an
      unexplainable reason.  This may indicate to some clients that
      requerying for any reason will not yield a longer result set.
   Registrant Name:  IESG
   Registrant Contact Information:  iesg@ietf.org

   Value:  object truncated due to authorization
   Type:  notice and remark type
   Description:  The object does not contain all data due to lack of
      authorization.
   Registrant Name:  IESG
   Registrant Contact Information:  iesg@ietf.org

   Value:  object truncated due to excessive load
   Type:  notice and remark type
   Description:  The object does not contain all data due to an
      excessively heavy load on the server.  This may indicate to some
      clients that requerying at a later time will yield all data of the
      object.
   Registrant Name:  IESG
   Registrant Contact Information:  iesg@ietf.org

   Value:  object truncated due to unexplainable reasons
   Type:  notice and remark type
   Description:  The object does not contain all data for an
      unexplainable reason.
   Registrant Name:  IESG
   Registrant Contact Information:  iesg@ietf.org

10.2.2.  Status

   The following values have been registered in the "RDAP JSON Values"
   registry:

   Value:  validated
   Type:  status
   Description:  Signifies that the data of the object instance has been
      found to be accurate.  This type of status is usually found on
      entity object instances to note the validity of identifying
      contact information.
   Registrant Name:  IESG
   Registrant Contact Information:  iesg@ietf.org

   Value:  renew prohibited
   Type:  status
   Description:  Renewal or reregistration of the object instance is
      forbidden.
   Registrant Name:  IESG
   Registrant Contact Information:  iesg@ietf.org

   Value:  update prohibited
   Type:  status
   Description:  Updates to the object instance are forbidden.
   Registrant Name:  IESG
   Registrant Contact Information:  iesg@ietf.org

   Value:  transfer prohibited
   Type:  status
   Description:  Transfers of the registration from one registrar to
      another are forbidden.  This type of status normally applies to
      DNR domain names.
   Registrant Name:  IESG
   Registrant Contact Information:  iesg@ietf.org

   Value:  delete prohibited
   Type:  status
   Description:  Deletion of the registration of the object instance is
      forbidden.  This type of status normally applies to DNR domain
      names.
   Registrant Name:  IESG
   Registrant Contact Information:  iesg@ietf.org

   Value:  proxy
   Type:  status
   Description:  The registration of the object instance has been
      performed by a third party.  This is most commonly applied to
      entities.
   Registrant Name:  IESG
   Registrant Contact Information:  iesg@ietf.org

   Value:  private
   Type:  status
   Description:  The information of the object instance is not
      designated for public consumption.  This is most commonly applied
      to entities.
   Registrant Name:  IESG
   Registrant Contact Information:  iesg@ietf.org

   Value:  removed
   Type:  status
   Description:  Some of the information of the object instance has not
      been made available and has been removed.  This is most commonly
      applied to entities.
   Registrant Name:  IESG
   Registrant Contact Information:  iesg@ietf.org

   Value:  obscured
   Type:  status
   Description:  Some of the information of the object instance has been
      altered for the purposes of not readily revealing the actual
      information of the object instance.  This is most commonly applied
      to entities.
   Registrant Name:  IESG
   Registrant Contact Information:  iesg@ietf.org

   Value:  associated
   Type:  status
   Description:  The object instance is associated with other object
      instances in the registry.  This is most commonly used to signify
      that a nameserver is associated with a domain or that an entity is
      associated with a network resource or domain.
   Registrant Name:  IESG
   Registrant Contact Information:  iesg@ietf.org

   Value:  active
   Type:  status
   Description:  The object instance is in use.  For domain names, it
      signifies that the domain name is published in DNS.  For network
      and autnum registrations, it signifies that they are allocated or
      assigned for use in operational networks.  This maps to the "OK"
      status of the Extensible Provisioning Protocol (EPP) [RFC5730].
   Registrant Name:  IESG
   Registrant Contact Information:  iesg@ietf.org

   Value:  inactive
   Type:  status
   Description:  The object instance is not in use.  See "active".
   Registrant Name:  IESG
   Registrant Contact Information:  iesg@ietf.org

   Value:  locked
   Type:  status
   Description:  Changes to the object instance cannot be made,
      including the association of other object instances.
   Registrant Name:  IESG
   Registrant Contact Information:  iesg@ietf.org

   Value:  pending create
   Type:  status
   Description:  A request has been received for the creation of the
      object instance, but this action is not yet complete.
   Registrant Name:  IESG
   Registrant Contact Information:  iesg@ietf.org

   Value:  pending renew
   Type:  status
   Description:  A request has been received for the renewal of the
      object instance, but this action is not yet complete.
   Registrant Name:  IESG
   Registrant Contact Information:  iesg@ietf.org

   Value:  pending transfer
   Type:  status
   Description:  A request has been received for the transfer of the
      object instance, but this action is not yet complete.
   Registrant Name:  IESG
   Registrant Contact Information:  iesg@ietf.org

   Value:  pending update
   Type:  status
   Description:  A request has been received for the update or
      modification of the object instance, but this action is not yet
      complete.
   Registrant Name:  IESG
   Registrant Contact Information:  iesg@ietf.org

   Value:  pending delete
   Type:  status
   Description:  A request has been received for the deletion or removal
      of the object instance, but this action is not yet complete.  For
      domains, this might mean that the name is no longer published in
      DNS but has not yet been purged from the registry database.
   Registrant Name:  IESG
   Registrant Contact Information:  iesg@ietf.org

10.2.3.  Event Actions

   The following values have been registered in the "RDAP JSON Values"
   registry:

   Value:  registration
   Type:  event action
   Description:  The object instance was initially registered.
   Registrant Name:  IESG
   Registrant Contact Information:  iesg@ietf.org

   Value:  reregistration
   Type:  event action
   Description:  The object instance was registered subsequently to
      initial registration.
   Registrant Name:  IESG
   Registrant Contact Information:  iesg@ietf.org

   Value:  last changed
   Type:  event action
   Description:  An action noting when the information in the object
      instance was last changed.
   Registrant Name:  IESG
   Registrant Contact Information:  iesg@ietf.org

   Value:  expiration
   Type:  event action
   Description:  The object instance has been removed or will be removed
      at a predetermined date and time from the registry.
   Registrant Name:  IESG
   Registrant Contact Information:  iesg@ietf.org

   Value:  deletion
   Type:  event action
   Description:  The object instance was removed from the registry at a
      point in time that was not predetermined.
   Registrant Name:  IESG
   Registrant Contact Information:  iesg@ietf.org

   Value:  reinstantiation
   Type:  event action
   Description:  The object instance was reregistered after having been
      removed from the registry.
   Registrant Name:  IESG
   Registrant Contact Information:  iesg@ietf.org

   Value:  transfer
   Type:  event action
   Description:  The object instance was transferred from one registrar
      to another.
   Registrant Name:  IESG
   Registrant Contact Information:  iesg@ietf.org

   Value:  locked
   Type:  event action
   Description:  The object instance was locked (see the "locked"
      status).
   Registrant Name:  IESG
   Registrant Contact Information:  iesg@ietf.org

   Value:  unlocked
   Type:  event action
   Description:  The object instance was unlocked (see the "locked"
      status).
   Registrant Name:  IESG
   Registrant Contact Information:  iesg@ietf.org

10.2.4.  Roles

   The following values have been registered in the "RDAP JSON Values"
   registry:

   Value:  registrant
   Type:  role
   Description:  The entity object instance is the registrant of the
      registration.  In some registries, this is known as a maintainer.
   Registrant Name:  IESG
   Registrant Contact Information:  iesg@ietf.org

   Value:  technical
   Type:  role
   Description:  The entity object instance is a technical contact for
      the registration.
   Registrant Name:  IESG
   Registrant Contact Information:  iesg@ietf.org

   Value:  administrative
   Type:  role
   Description:  The entity object instance is an administrative contact
      for the registration.
   Registrant Name:  IESG
   Registrant Contact Information:  iesg@ietf.org

   Value:  abuse
   Type:  role
   Description:  The entity object instance handles network abuse issues
      on behalf of the registrant of the registration.
   Registrant Name:  IESG
   Registrant Contact Information:  iesg@ietf.org

   Value:  billing
   Type:  role
   Description:  The entity object instance handles payment and billing
      issues on behalf of the registrant of the registration.
   Registrant Name:  IESG
   Registrant Contact Information:  iesg@ietf.org

   Value:  registrar
   Type:  role
   Description:  The entity object instance represents the authority
      responsible for the registration in the registry.
   Registrant Name:  IESG
   Registrant Contact Information:  iesg@ietf.org

   Value:  reseller
   Type:  role
   Description:  The entity object instance represents a third party
      through which the registration was conducted (i.e., not the
      registry or registrar).
   Registrant Name:  IESG
   Registrant Contact Information:  iesg@ietf.org

   Value:  sponsor
   Type:  role
   Description:  The entity object instance represents a domain policy
      sponsor, such as an ICANN-approved sponsor.
   Registrant Name:  IESG
   Registrant Contact Information:  iesg@ietf.org

   Value:  proxy
   Type:  role
   Description:  The entity object instance represents a proxy for
      another entity object, such as a registrant.
   Registrant Name:  IESG
   Registrant Contact Information:  iesg@ietf.org

   Value:  notifications
   Type:  role
   Description:  An entity object instance designated to receive
      notifications about association object instances.
   Registrant Name:  IESG
   Registrant Contact Information:  iesg@ietf.org

   Value:  noc
   Type:  role
   Description:  The entity object instance handles communications
      related to a network operations center (NOC).
   Registrant Name:  IESG
   Registrant Contact Information:  iesg@ietf.org

10.2.5.  Variant Relations

   The following values have been registered in the "RDAP JSON Values"
   registry:

   Value:  registered
   Type:  domain variant relation
   Description:  The variant names are registered in the registry.
   Registrant Name:  IESG
   Registrant Contact Information:  iesg@ietf.org

   Value:  unregistered
   Type:  domain variant relation
   Description:  The variant names are not found in the registry.
   Registrant Name:  IESG
   Registrant Contact Information:  iesg@ietf.org

   Value:  registration restricted
   Type:  domain variant relation
   Description:  Registration of the variant names is restricted to
      certain parties or within certain rules.
   Registrant Name:  IESG
   Registrant Contact Information:  iesg@ietf.org

   Value:  open registration
   Type:  domain variant relation
   Description:  Registration of the variant names is available to
      generally qualified registrants.
   Registrant Name:  IESG
   Registrant Contact Information:  iesg@ietf.org

   Value:  conjoined
   Type:  domain variant relation
   Description:  Registration of the variant names occurs automatically
      with the registration of the containing domain registration.
   Registrant Name:  IESG
   Registrant Contact Information:  iesg@ietf.org

11.  Security Considerations

   This specification models information serialized in JSON format.  As
   JSON is a subset of JavaScript, implementations are advised to follow
   the security considerations outlined in Section 12 of [RFC8259] to
   prevent code injection.

   Though not specific to JSON, RDAP implementers should be aware of the
   security considerations specified in [RFC7480] and the security
   requirements and considerations in [RFC7481].

   RDAP responses allow for retrieval of DNSSEC (key) related
   information, but the RRSIG DS from the parent zone is not conveyed
   alongside it.  This means that the DNSSEC keys retrieved by RDAP are
   disconnected from their containing PKI, and as such are not generally
   expected to be trusted without additional information.  In
   particular, the HTTPS channel protecting the RDAP connection is not
   expected to be authorized to certify the validity of the DNSSEC keys.

   Clients caching data, especially clients using RDAP-specific caches
   (instead of HTTP-layer caches), should have safeguards to prevent
   cache poisoning.  See Section 5 for advice on using the self links
   for caching.

   Finally, service operators should be aware of the privacy mechanisms
   noted in Section 13.

12.  Internationalization Considerations

12.1.  Character Encoding

   The default text encoding for JSON responses in RDAP is UTF-8
   [RFC3629], and all servers and clients MUST support UTF-8.

12.2.  URIs and IRIs

   [RFC7480] defines the use of URIs and IRIs in RDAP.

12.3.  Language Tags

   Section 4.4 defines the use of language tags in the JSON responses
   defined in this document.

12.4.  Internationalized Domain Names

   IDNs are denoted in this specification by the separation of DNS names
   in LDH form and Unicode form (see Section 3).  Representation of IDNs
   in registries is described by the "variants" object in Section 5.3
   and the suggested values listed in Section 10.2.5.

13.  Privacy Considerations

   This specification suggests status values to denote contact and
   registrant information that has been marked as private and/or has
   been removed or obscured.  See Section 10.2.2 for the complete list
   of status values.  A few of the status values indicate that there are
   privacy concerns associated with the object instance.  The following
   status codes SHOULD be used to describe data elements of a response
   when appropriate:

   *  private -- The object is not be shared in query responses, unless
      the user is authorized to view this information.

   *  removed -- Data elements within the object have been collected but
      have been omitted from the response.  This option can be used to
      prevent unauthorized access to associated object instances without
      the need to mark them as private.

   *  obscured -- Data elements within the object have been collected,
      but the response value has been altered so that values are not
      easily discernible.  A value changed from "1212" to "XXXX" is an
      example of obscured data.  This option may reveal privacy
      sensitive information and should only be used when data
      sensitivity does not require a more protective option like
      "private" or "removed".

   See Appendix A.1 for an example of applying those values to contacts
   and registrants.

14.  References

14.1.  Normative References

   [ISO.3166.2020]
              International Organization for Standardization, "Codes for
              the representation of names of countries and their
              subdivisions", Fourth edition, ISO Standard 3166, August
              2020.

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.

   [RFC3339]  Klyne, G. and C. Newman, "Date and Time on the Internet:
              Timestamps", RFC 3339, DOI 10.17487/RFC3339, July 2002,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3339>.

   [RFC3629]  Yergeau, F., "UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO
              10646", STD 63, RFC 3629, DOI 10.17487/RFC3629, November
              2003, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3629>.

   [RFC3986]  Berners-Lee, T., Fielding, R., and L. Masinter, "Uniform
              Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax", STD 66,
              RFC 3986, DOI 10.17487/RFC3986, January 2005,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3986>.

   [RFC4034]  Arends, R., Austein, R., Larson, M., Massey, D., and S.
              Rose, "Resource Records for the DNS Security Extensions",
              RFC 4034, DOI 10.17487/RFC4034, March 2005,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4034>.

   [RFC5396]  Huston, G. and G. Michaelson, "Textual Representation of
              Autonomous System (AS) Numbers", RFC 5396,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC5396, December 2008,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5396>.

   [RFC5646]  Phillips, A., Ed. and M. Davis, Ed., "Tags for Identifying
              Languages", BCP 47, RFC 5646, DOI 10.17487/RFC5646,
              September 2009, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5646>.

   [RFC5890]  Klensin, J., "Internationalized Domain Names for
              Applications (IDNA): Definitions and Document Framework",
              RFC 5890, DOI 10.17487/RFC5890, August 2010,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5890>.

   [RFC5952]  Kawamura, S. and M. Kawashima, "A Recommendation for IPv6
              Address Text Representation", RFC 5952,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC5952, August 2010,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5952>.

   [RFC7095]  Kewisch, P., "jCard: The JSON Format for vCard", RFC 7095,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7095, January 2014,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7095>.

   [RFC7480]  Newton, A., Ellacott, B., and N. Kong, "HTTP Usage in the
              Registration Data Access Protocol (RDAP)", STD 95,
              RFC 7480, DOI 10.17487/RFC7480, March 2015,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7480>.

   [RFC7481]  Hollenbeck, S. and N. Kong, "Security Services for the
              Registration Data Access Protocol (RDAP)", STD 95,
              RFC 7481, DOI 10.17487/RFC7481, March 2015,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7481>.

   [RFC8126]  Cotton, M., Leiba, B., and T. Narten, "Guidelines for
              Writing an IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", BCP 26,
              RFC 8126, DOI 10.17487/RFC8126, June 2017,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8126>.

   [RFC8174]  Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
              2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
              May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.

   [RFC8259]  Bray, T., Ed., "The JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) Data
              Interchange Format", STD 90, RFC 8259,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8259, December 2017,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8259>.

   [RFC8288]  Nottingham, M., "Web Linking", RFC 8288,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8288, October 2017,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8288>.

   [RFC9082]  Hollenbeck, S. and A. Newton, "Registration Data Access
              Protocol (RDAP) Query Format", STD 95, RFC 9082,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC9082, June 2021,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9082>.

14.2.  Informative References

   [IANA_IDNTABLES]
              IANA, "Repository of IDN Practices",
              <https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables>.

   [JSON_ascendancy]
              MacVittie, L., "The Stealthy Ascendancy of JSON", April
              2011, <https://devcentral.f5.com/s/articles/the-stealthy-
              ascendancy-of-json>.

   [JSON_performance_study]
              Nurseitov, N., Paulson, M., Reynolds, R., and C. Izurieta,
              "Comparison of JSON and XML Data Interchange Formats: A
              Case Study", 2009,
              <https://www.cs.montana.edu/izurieta/pubs/caine2009.pdf>.

   [RFC3912]  Daigle, L., "WHOIS Protocol Specification", RFC 3912,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC3912, September 2004,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3912>.

   [RFC5730]  Hollenbeck, S., "Extensible Provisioning Protocol (EPP)",
              STD 69, RFC 5730, DOI 10.17487/RFC5730, August 2009,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5730>.

   [RFC5910]  Gould, J. and S. Hollenbeck, "Domain Name System (DNS)
              Security Extensions Mapping for the Extensible
              Provisioning Protocol (EPP)", RFC 5910,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC5910, May 2010,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5910>.

   [RFC6350]  Perreault, S., "vCard Format Specification", RFC 6350,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC6350, August 2011,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6350>.

   [RFC6839]  Hansen, T. and A. Melnikov, "Additional Media Type
              Structured Syntax Suffixes", RFC 6839,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC6839, January 2013,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6839>.

Appendix A.  Suggested Data Modeling with the Entity Object Class

A.1.  Registrants and Contacts

   This document does not provide specific object classes for
   registrants and contacts.  Instead, the entity object class may be
   used to represent a registrant or contact.  When the entity object is
   embedded inside a containing object such as a domain name or IP
   network, the "roles" string array can be used to signify the
   relationship.  It is recommended that the values from Section 10.2.4
   be used.

   The following is an example of an elided containing object with an
   embedded entity that is both a registrant and administrative contact:

   {
     ...
     "entities" :
     [
       {
         "objectClassName" : "entity",
         "handle" : "XXXX",
         "vcardArray":[
           "vcard",
           [
             ["version", {}, "text", "4.0"],
             ["fn", {}, "text", "Joe User"],
             ["kind", {}, "text", "individual"],
             ["lang", {
               "pref":"1"
             }, "language-tag", "fr"],
             ["lang", {
               "pref":"2"
             }, "language-tag", "en"],
             ["org", {
               "type":"work"
             }, "text", "Example"],
             ["title", {}, "text", "Research Scientist"],
             ["role", {}, "text", "Project Lead"],
             ["adr",
               { "type":"work" },
               "text",
               [
                 "",
                 "Suite 1234",
                 "4321 Rue Somewhere",
                 "Quebec",
                 "QC",
                 "G1V 2M2",
                 "Canada"
               ]
             ],
             ["tel",
               { "type":["work", "voice"], "pref":"1" },
               "uri", "tel:+1-555-555-1234;ext=102"
             ],
             ["email",
               { "type":"work" },
               "text", "joe.user@example.com"
             ]
           ]
         ],
         "roles" : [ "registrant", "administrative" ],
         "remarks" :
         [
           {
             "description" :
             [
               "She sells sea shells down by the sea shore.",
               "Originally written by Terry Sullivan."
             ]
           }
         ],
         "events" :
         [
           {
             "eventAction" : "registration",
             "eventDate" : "1990-12-31T23:59:59Z"
           },
           {
             "eventAction" : "last changed",
             "eventDate" : "1991-12-31T23:59:59Z"
           }
         ]
       }
     ]
   }

                                 Figure 34

   In many use cases, it is necessary to hide or obscure the information
   of a registrant or contact due to policy or other operational
   matters.  Registries can denote these situations with "status" values
   (see Section 10.2.2).

   The following is an elided example of a registrant with information
   changed to reflect that of a third party.

   {
     ...
     "entities" :
     [
       {
         "objectClassName" : "entity",
         "handle" : "XXXX",
         ...
         "roles" : [ "registrant", "administrative" ],
         "status" : [ "proxy", "private", "obscured" ]
       }
     ]
   }

                                 Figure 35

A.2.  Registrars

   This document does not provide a specific object class for
   registrars, but like registrants and contacts (see Appendix A.1), the
   "roles" string array maybe used.  Additionally, many registrars have
   publicly assigned identifiers.  The publicIds structure (Section 4.8)
   represents that information.

   The following is an example of an elided containing object with an
   embedded entity that is a registrar:

   {
     ...
     "entities":[
       {
         "objectClassName" : "entity",
         "handle":"XXXX",
         "vcardArray":[
           "vcard",
           [
             ["version", {}, "text", "4.0"],
             ["fn", {}, "text", "Joe's Fish, Chips, and Domains"],
             ["kind", {}, "text", "org"],
             ["lang", {
               "pref":"1"
             }, "language-tag", "fr"],
             ["lang", {
               "pref":"2"
             }, "language-tag", "en"],
             ["org", {
               "type":"work"
             }, "text", "Example"],
             ["adr",
               { "type":"work" },
               "text",
               [
                 "",
                 "Suite 1234",
                 "4321 Rue Somewhere",
                 "Quebec",
                 "QC",
                 "G1V 2M2",
                 "Canada"
               ]
             ],
             ["tel",
               {
                 "type":["work", "voice"],
                 "pref":"1"
               },
               "uri", "tel:+1-555-555-1234;ext=102"
             ],
             ["email",
               { "type":"work" },
               "text", "joes_fish_chips_and_domains@example.com"
             ]
           ]
         ],
         "roles":[ "registrar" ],
         "publicIds":[
           {
             "type":"IANA Registrar ID",
             "identifier":"1"
           }
         ],
         "remarks":[
           {
             "description":[
               "She sells sea shells down by the sea shore.",
               "Originally written by Terry Sullivan."
             ]
           }
         ],
         "links":[
           {
             "value":"https://example.net/entity/XXXX",
             "rel":"alternate",
             "type":"text/html",
             "href":"https://www.example.com"
           }
         ]
       }
     ]
   }

                                 Figure 36

Appendix B.  Modeling Events

   Events represent actions that have taken place against a registered
   object at a certain date and time.  Events have three properties: the
   action, the actor, and the date and time of the event (which is
   sometimes in the future).  In some cases, the identity of the actor
   is not captured.

   Events can be modeled in three ways:

   1.  events with no designated actor

   2.  events where the actor is only designated by an identifier

   3.  events where the actor can be modeled as an entity

   For the first use case, the events data structure (Section 4.5) is
   used without the "eventActor" object member.

   This is an example of an "events" array without the "eventActor".

   "events" :
   [
     {
       "eventAction" : "registration",
       "eventDate" : "1990-12-31T23:59:59Z"
     }
   ]

                                 Figure 37

   For the second use case, the events data structure (Section 4.5) is
   used with the "eventActor" object member.

   This is an example of an "events" array with the "eventActor".

   "events" :
   [
     {
       "eventAction" : "registration",
       "eventActor" : "XYZ-NIC",
       "eventDate" : "1990-12-31T23:59:59Z"
     }
   ]

                                 Figure 38

   For the third use case, the "asEventActor" array is used when an
   entity (Section 5.1) is embedded into another object class.  The
   "asEventActor" array follows the same structure as the "events" array
   but does not have "eventActor" attributes.

   The following is an elided example of a domain object with an entity
   as an event actor.

   {
     "objectClassName" : "domain",
     "handle" : "XXXX",
     "ldhName" : "foo.example",
     "status" : [ "locked", "transfer prohibited" ],
     ...
     "entities" :
     [
       {
         "handle" : "XXXX",
         ...
         "asEventActor" :
         [
           {
             "eventAction" : "last changed",
             "eventDate" : "1990-12-31T23:59:59Z"
           }
         ]
       }
     ]
   }

                                 Figure 39

Appendix C.  Structured vs. Unstructured Addresses

   The entity (Section 5.1) object class uses jCard [RFC7095] to
   represent contact information, including postal addresses. jCard has
   the ability to represent multiple language preferences, multiple
   email address and phone numbers, and multiple postal addresses in
   both a structured and unstructured format.  This section describes
   the use of jCard for representing structured and unstructured
   addresses.

   The following is an example of a jCard.

   {
     "vcardArray":[
       "vcard",
       [
         ["version", {}, "text", "4.0"],
         ["fn", {}, "text", "Joe User"],
         ["n", {}, "text",
           ["User", "Joe", "", "", ["ing. jr", "M.Sc."]]
         ],
         ["kind", {}, "text", "individual"],
         ["lang", {
           "pref":"1"
         }, "language-tag", "fr"],
         ["lang", {
           "pref":"2"
         }, "language-tag", "en"],
         ["org", {
           "type":"work"
         }, "text", "Example"],
         ["title", {}, "text", "Research Scientist"],
         ["role", {}, "text", "Project Lead"],
         ["adr",
           { "type":"work" },
           "text",
           [
             "",
             "Suite 1234",
             "4321 Rue Somewhere",
             "Quebec",
             "QC",
             "G1V 2M2",
             "Canada"
           ]
         ],
         ["adr",
           {

             "type":"home",
             "label":"123 Maple Ave\nSuite 90001\nVancouver\nBC\n1239\n"
           },
           "text",
           [
             "", "", "", "", "", "", ""
           ]
         ],
         ["tel",
           { "type":["work", "voice"], "pref":"1" },
           "uri", "tel:+1-555-555-1234;ext=102"
         ],
         ["tel",
           {
             "type":["work", "cell", "voice", "video", "text"]
           },
           "uri",
           "tel:+1-555-555-1234"
         ],
         ["email",
           { "type":"work" },
           "text", "joe.user@example.com"
         ],
         ["geo", {
           "type":"work"
         }, "uri", "geo:46.772673,-71.282945"],
         ["key",
           { "type":"work" },
           "uri", "https://www.example.com/joe.user/joe.asc"
         ],
         ["tz", {},
           "utc-offset", "-05:00"],
         ["url", { "type":"home" },
           "uri", "https://example.org"]
       ]
     ]
   }

                                 Figure 40

   The arrays in Figure 40 with the first member of "adr" represent
   postal addresses.  In the first example, the postal address is given
   as an array of strings and constitutes a structured address.  For
   components of the structured address that are not applicable, an
   empty string is given.  Each member of that array aligns with the
   positions of a vCard as given in [RFC6350].  In this example, the
   following data corresponds to the following positional meanings:

   1.  post office box -- not applicable; empty string

   2.  extended address (e.g., apartment or suite number) -- Suite 1234

   3.  street address -- 4321 Rue Somewhere

   4.  locality (e.g., city) -- Quebec

   5.  region (e.g., state or province) -- QC

   6.  postal code -- G1V 2M2

   7.  country name (full name) -- Canada

   The second example is an unstructured address.  It uses the "label"
   attribute, which is a string containing a newline (\n) character to
   separate address components in an unordered, unspecified manner.
   Note that in this example, the structured address array is still
   given but that each string is an empty string.

Appendix D.  Secure DNS

   Section 5.3 defines the "secureDNS" member to represent secure DNS
   information about domain names.

   DNSSEC provides data integrity for DNS through the digital signing of
   resource records.  To enable DNSSEC, the zone is signed by one or
   more private keys and the signatures are stored as RRSIG records.  To
   complete the chain of trust in the DNS zone hierarchy, a digest of
   each DNSKEY record (which contains the public key) must be loaded
   into the parent zone, stored as DS records, and signed by the
   parent's private key (RRSIG DS record), as indicated in "Resource
   Records for the DNS Security Extensions" [RFC4034].  Creating the DS
   records in the parent zone can be done by the registration authority
   "Domain Name System (DNS) Security Extensions Mapping for the
   Extensible Provisioning Protocol (EPP)" [RFC5910].

   Only DS-related information is provided by RDAP, since other
   information is not generally stored in the registration database.
   Other DNSSEC-related information can be retrieved with other DNS
   tools such as dig.

   The domain object class (Section 5.3) can represent this information
   using either the "dsData" or "keyData" object arrays.  Client
   implementers should be aware that some registries do not collect or
   do not publish all of the secure DNS meta-information.

Appendix E.  Motivations for Using JSON

   This section addresses a common question regarding the use of JSON
   over other data formats, most notably XML.

   It is often pointed out that many DNRs and one RIR support the EPP
   [RFC5730] standard, which is an XML serialized protocol.  The logic
   is that since EPP is a common protocol in the industry, it follows
   that XML would be a more natural choice.  While EPP does influence
   this specification quite a bit, EPP serves a different purpose, which
   is the provisioning of Internet resources between registries and
   accredited registrars and serving a much narrower audience than that
   envisioned for RDAP.

   By contrast, RDAP has a broader audience and is designed for public
   consumption of data.  Experience from RIRs with first generation
   RESTful web services for WHOIS indicate that a large percentage of
   clients operate within browsers and other platforms where full-blown
   XML stacks are not readily available and where JSON is a better fit.

   Additionally, while EPP is used in much of the DNR community it is
   not a universal constant in that industry.  And finally, EPP's use of
   XML predates the specification of JSON.  If EPP had been defined
   today, it may very well have used JSON instead of XML.

   Beyond the specific DNR and RIR communities, the trend in the broader
   Internet industry is also switching to JSON over XML, especially in
   the area of RESTful web services (see [JSON_ascendancy]).  Studies
   have also found that JSON is generally less bulky and consequently
   faster to parse (see [JSON_performance_study]).

Appendix F.  Changes from RFC 7483

   *  Addressed known errata.

   *  Updated references to 7482 to RFC 9082.  Adjusted case of "xxxx"
      used in examples where "XXXX" was previously used, and removed an
      "X" from "XXXXX".  Changed IPv6 address example using "C00" to
      "c00".  Added "a string representing" to the definitions of
      startAddress and endAddress.  Removed "entity" from "Autonomous
      System Number Entity Object Class".  Added "an unsigned 32-bit
      integer" to the definition of startAutnum and endAutnum.  Added "a
      string representing" to the definition of name in the IP network
      and ASN object classes.  Clarified rdapConformance identifier
      registration expectations in Section 4.1.  Changed
      "lunarNic_level_0" to "lunarNIC_level_0".

   *  Clarified that the "value", "rel" and "href" JSON values MUST be
      specified in the "links" array.

   *  Clarified that the "description" array is required in the Notices
      and Remarks data structures and other values are OPTIONAL.

   *  Noted that all members of the "events" and "Public IDs" arrays are
      REQUIRED.

   *  Fix "self" link values in examples.  Changed "http" to "https"
      link values in examples.  Noted that Figure 18 is an example of a
      nameserver object with all "appropriate" values given.  In
      Appendix C, quoted the word "label" in "label attribute".  Added
      reference to "status" definition in the descriptions for IP
      networks and autnums.  Fixed a 404 for the informative reference
      to "The Stealthy Ascendancy of JSON".  Added "boolean" to the
      definition of zoneSigned.

   *  Clarified REQUIRED and OPTIONAL members of the "events" array.

   *  Changed "SHOULD not" to "SHOULD NOT" in Section 5.

   *  Updated normative references (RFC 5226 to RFC 8126, RFC 5988 to
      RFC 8288, RFC 7159 to RFC 8259).  Changed examples using "ns1.xn--
      fo-5ja.example" to split URLs to avoid long lines.

   *  Added acknowledgments.

   *  Changed "The "lang" attribute may appear anywhere in an object
      class or data structure except for in jCard objects" to "The
      "lang" attribute as defined in this section MAY appear anywhere in
      an object class or data structure, except for in jCard objects.
      jCard supports similar functionality by way of the LANGUAGE
      property parameter (see Section 5.1 of RFC 6350 [RFC6350]".

   *  Changed "simple data types conveyed in JSON strings" to "simple
      data types conveyed in JSON primitive types (strings, numbers,
      booleans, and null)".  Changed "In other words, servers are free
      to not include JSON members containing registration data based on
      their own policies" to "In other words, servers are free to omit
      unrequired/optional JSON members containing registration data
      based on their own policies".

   *  Changed "This data structure appears only in the topmost JSON
      object of a response" to "This data structure MUST appear in the
      topmost JSON object of a response".

   *  Changed "Some non-answer responses may return entity bodies with
      information that could be more descriptive" to "Some non-answer
      responses MAY return entity bodies with information that could be
      more descriptive".

   *  Changed "The basic structure of that response is an object class
      containing an error code number (corresponding to the HTTP
      response code) followed by a string named "title" and an array of
      strings named "description"" to "The basic structure of that
      response is an object class containing a REQUIRED error code
      number (corresponding to the HTTP response code) followed by an
      OPTIONAL string named "title" and an OPTIONAL array of strings
      named "description"".

   *  Changed the "Autonomous System Number Object Class" section title
      to "The Autonomous System Number Object Class" for consistency
      with other section titles.  Removed trailing periods in the
      "Terminology and Definitions" section for consistency.  Changed
      instances of "lunarNic" to "lunarNIC" for consistency.  Removed an
      extraneous trailing period after the eventDate description.
      Changed a "." to ";" in the description of the "network" member of
      the domain object class.  Changed "The high-level structure of the
      autnum object class consists of information about the network
      registration" to "The high-level structure of the autnum object
      class consists of information about the Autonomous System number
      registration".  Changed "registry unique" to "registry-unique".

   *  Changed "registrant" to "registrar" in the description of the
      "transfer" event action to address erratum 6158.  Added IANA
      instructions to correct the description of the value in the
      registry.

   *  Added text to Section 4.2 to note that "self" and "related" "href"
      URIs MUST NOT be the same.

   *  Added text to Section 4.2 to describe return of IDNs in LDH name
      format.

   *  Added text to note that the "fn" member of a contact object MAY be
      empty in Section 3.

   *  Added text to clarify rdapConformance requirements in Section 4.1.

   *  Added "obsoletes 7483" to the headers, Abstract, and Introduction.
      Updated BCP 14 boilerplate.  Updated IANA Considerations to note
      that this RFC (a product of the REGEXT Working Group) replaces RFC
      7483.  Changed "simple string" to "simple character string" in
      Sections 3 and 4.7.  Clarified requirement for the "fn" member in
      Section 3.  Modified the requirement for rdapConformance placement
      in Section 4.1.  Changed "jCard" to "vCard" LANGUAGE property
      reference in Section 4.4.  Changed "no use" to "little or no use"
      in Section 5.1.  Added example line wrap note in Section 5.2.
      Modified the definition of "idnTable" in Section 5.3.  Modified
      the dsData and keyData examples in Section 5.3.  Changed
      "2001:c00::/23" to "2001:db8::/32" in Section 5.4.  Expanded the
      definition of "type" in Sections 5.4 and 5.5.  Modified example
      autnums in Section 5.5.  Added text to the Security Considerations
      section to note that DNSSEC information returned in a response
      cannot be trusted directly.

Acknowledgments

   This document is derived from original work on RIR responses in JSON
   by Byron J. Ellacott, Arturo L. Servin, Kaveh Ranjbar, and Andrew L. 
   Newton.  Additionally, this document incorporates work on DNR
   responses in JSON by Ning Kong, Linlin Zhou, Jiagui Xie, and Sean
   Shen.

   The components of the DNR object classes are derived from a
   categorization of WHOIS response formats created by Ning Kong, Linlin
   Zhou, Guangqing Deng, Steve Sheng, Francisco Arias, Ray Bellis, and
   Frederico Neves.

   Tom Harrison, Murray Kucherawy, Ed Lewis, Audric Schiltknecht, Naoki
   Kambe, Maarten Bosteels, Mario Loffredo, and Jasdip Singh contributed
   significant review comments and provided clarifying text.  James
   Mitchell provided text regarding the processing of unknown JSON
   attributes and identified issues leading to the remodeling of events.
   Ernie Dainow and Francisco Obispo provided concrete suggestions that
   led to a better variant model for domain names.

   Ernie Dainow provided the background information on the secure DNS
   attributes and objects for domains, informative text on DNSSEC, and
   many other attributes that appear throughout the object classes of
   this document.

   The switch to and incorporation of jCard was performed by Simon
   Perreault.

   Olaf Kolkman and Murray Kucherawy chaired the IETF's WEIRDS Working
   Group from which this document was originally created.  James Galvin
   and Antoin Verschuren chaired the REGEXT Working Group that worked on
   this document.

Authors' Addresses

   Scott Hollenbeck
   Verisign Labs
   12061 Bluemont Way
   Reston, VA 20190
   United States of America

   Email: shollenbeck@verisign.com
   URI:   https://www.verisignlabs.com/


   Andy Newton
   Amazon Web Services, Inc.
   13200 Woodland Park Road
   Herndon, VA 20171
   United States of America

   Email: andy@hxr.us