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+Network Working Group                                            V. Cerf
+Request for Comments:  1120                                          NRI
+                                                          September 1989
+
+
+                     The Internet Activities Board
+
+Status of this Memo
+
+   This RFC provides a history and description of the Internet
+   Activities Board (IAB) and its subsidiary organizations.  This memo
+   is for informational use and does not constitute a standard.
+   Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
+
+1. Introduction
+
+   In 1968, the U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)
+   initiated an effort to develop a technology which is now known as
+   packet switching.  This technology had its roots in message switching
+   methods, but was strongly influenced by the development of low-cost
+   minicomputers and digital telecommunications techniques during the
+   mid-1960's [BARAN 64, ROBERTS 70, HEART 70, ROBERTS 78].  A very
+   useful survey of this technology can be found in [IEEE 78].
+
+   During the early 1970's, DARPA initiated a number of programs to
+   explore the use of packet switching methods in alternative media
+   including mobile radio, satellite and cable [IEEE 78, IEEE 87].
+   Concurrently, Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC) began an
+   exploration of packet switching on coaxial cable which ultimately led
+   to the development of Ethernet local area networks [METCALFE 76].
+
+   The successful implementation of packet radio and packet satellite
+   technology raised the question of interconnecting ARPANET with other
+   types of packet nets.  A possible solution to this problem was
+   proposed by Cerf and Kahn [CERF 74] in the form of an internetwork
+   protocol and a set of gateways to connect the different networks.
+   This solution was further developed as part of a research program in
+   internetting sponsored by DARPA and resulted in a collection of
+   computer communications protocols based on the original Transmission
+   Control Protocol (TCP) and its lower level counterpart, Internet
+   Protocol (IP).  Together, these protocols, along with many others
+   developed during the course of the research, are referred to as the
+   TCP/IP Protocol Suite [LEINER 85, POSTEL 85, CERF 82, CLARK 86, RFC
+   1100].
+
+   In the early stages of the Internet research program, only a few
+   researchers worked to develop and test versions of the internet
+   protocols.  Over time, the size of this activity increased until, in
+
+
+
+Cerf                                                            [Page 1]
+
+RFC 1120                        The IAB                   September 1989
+
+
+   1979, it was necessary to form an informal committee to guide the
+   technical evolution of the protocol suite.  This group was called the
+   Internet Configuration Control Board (ICCB) and was established by
+   Dr. Vinton Cerf who was then the DARPA program manager for the
+   effort.  Dr. David C. Clark of the Lab for Computer Science at
+   Massachusetts Institute of Technology was named the chairman of this
+   committee.
+
+   In January, 1983, the Defense Communications Agency, then responsible
+   for the operation of the ARPANET, declared the TCP/IP protocol suite
+   to be standard for the ARPANET and all systems on the network
+   converted from the earlier Network Control Program (NCP) to TCP/IP.
+   Late that year, the ICCB was reorganized by Dr. Barry Leiner, Cerf's
+   successor at DARPA, around a series of task forces considering
+   different technical aspects of internetting.  The re-organized group
+   was named the Internet Activities Board.
+
+   As the Internet expanded, it drew support from U.S. Government
+   organizations including DARPA, the National Science Foundation (NSF),
+   the Department of Energy (DOE) and the National Aeronautics and Space
+   Administration (NASA).  Key managers in these organizations,
+   responsible for computer networking research and development, formed
+   an informal Federal Research Internet Coordinating Committee (FRICC)
+   to coordinate U.S. Government support for and development and use of
+   the Internet system.  The FRICC sponsors most of the U.S. research on
+   internetting, including support for the Internet Activities Board and
+   its subsidiary organizations.
+
+   At the international level, a Coordinating Committee for
+   Intercontinental Research Networks (CCIRN) has been formed which
+   includes the U.S.  FRICC and its counterparts in North America and
+   Europe.  The CCIRN provides a forum for cooperative planning among
+   the principal North American and European research networking bodies.
+
+2. Internet Activities Board
+
+   The Internet Activities Board (IAB) is the coordinating committee for
+   Internet design, engineering and management.  The Internet is a
+   collection of over a thousand packet switched networks located
+   principally in the U.S., but also includes systems in many other
+   parts of the world, all interlinked and operating using the protocols
+   of the TCP/IP protocol suite.  The IAB is an independent committee of
+   researchers and professionals with a technical interest in the health
+   and evolution of the Internet system.  Membership changes with time
+   to adjust to the current realities of the research interests of the
+   participants, the needs of the Internet system and the concerns of
+   the U.S. Government, university and industrial sponsors of the
+   elements of the Internet.
+
+
+
+Cerf                                                            [Page 2]
+
+RFC 1120                        The IAB                   September 1989
+
+
+   IAB members are deeply committed to making the Internet function
+   effectively and evolve to meet a large scale, high speed future.  All
+   IAB members are required to have at least one other major role in the
+   Internet community in addition to their IAB membership.  New members
+   are appointed by the chairman of the IAB, with the advice and consent
+   of the remaining members.  The chairman serves a term of two years.
+
+   The IAB focuses on the TCP/IP protocol suite, and extensions to the
+   Internet system to support multiple protocol suites.
+
+   The IAB has two principal subsidiary task forces:
+
+      1) Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
+
+      2) Internet Research Task Force (IRTF)
+
+   Each of these Task Forces is led by a chairman and guided by a
+   Steering Group which reports to the IAB through its chairman.  Each
+   task force is organized by the chairman, as required, to carry out
+   its charter.  For the most part, a collection of Working Groups
+   carries out the work program of each Task Force.
+
+   All decisions of the IAB are made public.  The principal vehicle by
+   which IAB decisions are propagated to the parties interested in the
+   Internet and its TCP/IP protocol suite is the Request for Comment
+   (RFC) note series.  The archival RFC series was initiated in 1969 by
+   Dr. Stephen D. Crocker as a means of documenting the development of
+   the original ARPANET protocol suite [RFC 1000].  The editor-in-chief
+   of this series, Dr. Jonathan B.  Postel, has maintained the quality
+   of and managed the archiving of this series since its inception.  A
+   small proportion of the RFCs document Internet standards.  Most of
+   them are intended to stimulate comment and discussion.  The small
+   number which document standards are especially marked in a "status"
+   section to indicate the special status of the document.  An RFC
+   summarizing the status of all standard RFCs is published regularly
+   [RFC 1100].
+
+   RFCs describing experimental protocols, along with other submissions
+   whose intent is merely to inform, are typically submitted directly to
+   the RFC Editor.  A Standard RFC starts out as a Proposed Standard and
+   may be promoted to Draft Standard and finally Standard after suitable
+   review, comment, implementation, and testing.
+
+   Prior to publication of a Proposed Standard, Draft Standard or
+   Standard RFC, it is made available for comment through an on-line
+   Internet-Draft directory.  Typically, these Internet-Drafts are
+   working documents of the IAB or of the working groups of the Internet
+   Engineering and Research Task Forces.  Internet Drafts are either
+
+
+
+Cerf                                                            [Page 3]
+
+RFC 1120                        The IAB                   September 1989
+
+
+   submitted to the RFC Editor for publication or discarded within three
+   months.
+
+   The IAB performs the following functions:
+
+      1)   Sets Internet Standards,
+
+      2)   Manages the RFC publication process,
+
+      3)   Reviews the operation of the IETF and IRTF,
+
+      4)   Performs strategic planning for the Internet, identifying
+           long-range problems and opportunities,
+
+      5)   Acts as a technical policy liaison and representative for the
+           Internet community, and
+
+      6)   Resolves technical issues which cannot be treated within the
+           IETF or IRTF frameworks.
+
+   To supplement its work via electronic mail, the IAB meets quarterly
+   to review the condition of the Internet, to review and approve
+   proposed changes or additions to the TCP/IP suite of protocols, to
+   set technical development priorities, to discuss policy matters which
+   may need the attention of the Internet sponsors, and to agree on the
+   addition or retirement of IAB members and on the addition or
+   retirement of task forces reporting to the IAB.  Typically, two of
+   the quarterly meetings are by means of video teleconferencing
+   (provided, when possible, through the experimental Internet packet
+   video-conferencing system).
+
+   The IAB membership is currently as follows:
+
+            Vinton Cerf          - Chairman
+            David Clark          - IRTF Chairman
+            Phillip Gross        - IETF Chairman
+            Jonathan Postel      - RFC Editor
+            Robert Braden        - Executive Director
+            Hans-Werner Braun    - Member
+            Barry Leiner         - Member
+            Daniel Lynch         - Member
+            Stephen Kent         - Member
+
+3.  The Internet Engineering Task Force
+
+   The Internet has grown to encompass a large number of widely geo-
+   graphically dispersed networks in academic and research communities.
+   It now provides an infrastructure for a broad community with various
+
+
+
+Cerf                                                            [Page 4]
+
+RFC 1120                        The IAB                   September 1989
+
+
+   interests.  Moreover, the family of Internet protocols and system
+   components has moved from experimental to commercial development.  To
+   help coordinate the operation, management and evolution of the
+   Internet, the IAB established the Internet Engineering Task Force
+   (IETF).
+
+   The IETF is chaired by Mr. Phillip Gross and managed by its Internet
+   Engineering Steering Group (IESG).  The IAB has delegated to the IESG
+   the general responsibility for making the Internet work and for the
+   resolution of all short- and mid-range protocol and architectural
+   issues required to make the Internet function effectively.
+
+   The charter of the IETF includes:
+
+      1) Responsibility for specifying the short and mid-term
+         Internet protocols and architecture and recommending
+         standards for IAB approval.
+
+      2) Provision of a forum for the exchange of information within the
+         Internet community.
+
+      3) Identification of pressing and relevant short- to mid-range
+         operational and technical problem areas and convening of
+         Working Groups to explore solutions.
+
+   The Internet Engineering Task Force is a large open community of
+   network designers, operators, vendors, and researchers concerned with
+   the Internet and the Internet protocol suite.  It is organized around
+   a set of eight technical areas, each managed by a technical area
+   director.  In addition to the IETF Chairman, the area directors make
+   up the IESG membership.  Each area director has primary
+   responsibility for one area of Internet engineering activity, and
+   hence for a subset of the IETF Working Groups.  The area directors
+   have jobs of critical importance and difficulty and are selected not
+   only for their technical expertise but also for their managerial
+   skills and judgment.  At present, the eight technical areas and
+   chairs are:
+
+            1) Applications          - TBD
+            2) Host Services         - Craig Partridge
+            3) Internet Services     - Noel Chiappa
+            4) Routing               - Robert Hinden
+            5) Network Management    - David Crocker
+            6) OSI Coexistence       - Ross Callon and Robert Hagens
+            7) Operations            - TBD
+            8) Security              - TBD
+
+   The work of the IETF is performed by subcommittees known as Working
+
+
+
+Cerf                                                            [Page 5]
+
+RFC 1120                        The IAB                   September 1989
+
+
+   Groups.  There are currently more than 20 of these.  Working Groups
+   tend to have a narrow focus and a lifetime bounded by completion of a
+   specific task, although there are exceptions.  The IETF is a major
+   source of proposed protocol standards, for final approval by the IAB.
+
+   The IETF meets quarterly and extensive minutes of the plenary
+   proceedings as well as reports from each of the working groups are
+   issued by the IAB Secretariat, at the Corporation for National
+   Research Initiatives.
+
+4.  The Internet Research Task Force
+
+   To promote research in networking and the development of new
+   technology, the IAB established the Internet Research Task Force
+   (IRTF).
+
+   In the area of network protocols, the distinction between research
+   and engineering is not always clear, so there will sometimes be
+   overlap between activities of the IETF and the IRTF.  There is, in
+   fact, considerable overlap in membership between the two groups. This
+   overlap is regarded as vital for cross-fertilization and technology
+   transfer.  In general, the distinction between research and
+   engineering is one of viewpoint and sometimes (but not always) time-
+   frame.  The IRTF is generally more concerned with understanding than
+   with products or standard protocols, although specific experimental
+   protocols may have to be developed, implemented and tested in order
+   to gain understanding.
+
+   The IRTF is a community of network researchers, generally with an
+   Internet focus.  The work of the IRTF is governed by its Internet
+   Research Steering Group (IRSG).  The chairman of the IRTF and IRSG is
+   David Clark. The IRTF is organized into a number of Research Groups
+   (RGs) whose chairs are appointed by the chairman of the IRSG.  The RG
+   chairs and others selected by the IRSG chairman serve on the IRSG.
+
+   These groups typically have 10 to 20 members, and each covers a broad
+   area of research, pursuing specific topics, determined at least in
+   part by the interests of the members and by recommendations of the
+   IAB.
+
+   The current members of the IRSG are as follows:
+
+            David Clark         - Chairman
+            Robert Braden       - End-to-End Services
+            Douglas Comer       - Member at Large
+            Deborah Estrin      - Autonomous Networks
+
+
+
+
+
+Cerf                                                            [Page 6]
+
+RFC 1120                        The IAB                   September 1989
+
+
+            Stephen Kent        - Privacy and Security
+            Keith Lantz         - User Interfaces
+            David Mills         - Member at Large
+
+5. The Near-term Agenda of the IAB
+
+   There are seven principal foci of IAB attention for the period 1989 -
+   1990:
+
+      1) Operational Stability
+      2) User Services
+      3) OSI Coexistence
+      4) Testbed Facilities
+      5) Security
+      6) Getting Big
+      7) Getting Fast
+
+   Operational stability of the Internet is a critical concern for all
+   of its users.  Better tools are needed for gathering operational
+   data, to assist in fault isolation at all levels and to analyze the
+   performance of the system.  Opportunities abound for increased
+   cooperation among the operators of the various Internet components
+   [RFC 1109].  Specific, known problems should be dealt with, such as
+   implementation deficiencies in some version of the BIND domain name
+   service resolver software.  To the extent that the existing Exterior
+   Gateway Protocol (EGP) is only able to support limited topologies,
+   constraints on topological linkages and allowed transit paths should
+   be enforced until a more general Inter-Autonomous System routing
+   protocol can be specified.  Flexibility for Internet implementation
+   would be enhanced by the adoption of a common internal gateway
+   routing protocol by all vendors of internet routers.  A major effort
+   is recommended to achieve conformance to the Host Requirements RFCs
+   which are to be published early in the fourth quarter of calendar
+   1989.
+
+   Among the most needed user services, the White Pages (an electronic
+   mailbox directory service) seems the most pressing.  Efforts should
+   be focused on widespread deployment of these capabilities in the
+   Internet by mid-1990.  The IAB recommends that existing white pages
+   facilities and newer ones, such as X.500, be populated with up-to-
+   date user information and made accessible to Internet users and users
+   of other systems (e.g., commercial email carriers) linked to the
+   Internet.  Connectivity with commercial electronic mail carriers
+   should be vigorously pursued, as well as links to other network
+   research communities in Europe and the rest of the world.
+
+   Development and deployment of privacy-enhanced electronic mail
+   software should be accelerated in 1990 after release of public domain
+
+
+
+Cerf                                                            [Page 7]
+
+RFC 1120                        The IAB                   September 1989
+
+
+   software implementing the private electronic mail standards [RFC
+   1113, RFC 1114, and RFC 1115].  Finally, support for new or enhanced
+   applications such as computer-based conferencing, multi-media
+   messaging and collaboration support systems should be developed.
+
+   The National Network Testbed (NNT) resources planned by the FRICC
+   should be applied to support conferencing and collaboration protocol
+   development and application experiments and to support multi-vendor
+   router interoperability testing (e.g., interior and exterior routing,
+   network management, multi-protocol routing and forwarding).
+
+   With respect to growth in the Internet, architectural attention
+   should be focused on scaling the system to hundreds of millions of
+   users and hundreds of thousands of networks.  The naming, addressing,
+   routing and navigation problems occasioned by such growth should be
+   analyzed.  Similarly, research should be carried out on analyzing the
+   limits to the existing Internet architecture, including the ability
+   of the present protocol suite to cope with speeds in the gigabit
+   range and latencies varying from microseconds to seconds in duration.
+
+   The Internet should be positioned to support the use of OSI protocols
+   by the end of 1990 or sooner, if possible.  Provision for multi-
+   protocol routing and forwarding among diverse vendor routes is one
+   important goal.  Introduction of X.400 electronic mail services and
+   interoperation with RFC 822/SMTP [RFC 822, RFC 821, RFC 987, RFC
+   1026] should be targeted for 1990 as well.  These efforts will need
+   to work in conjunction with the White Pages services mentioned above.
+   The IETF, in particular, should establish liaison with various OSI
+   working groups (e.g., at NIST, RARE, Network Management Forum) to
+   coordinate planning for OSI introduction into the Internet and to
+   facilitate registration of information pertinent to the Internet with
+   the various authorities responsible for OSI standards in the United
+   States.
+
+Security Considerations
+
+   Finally, with respect to security, a concerted effort should be made
+   to develop guidance and documentation for Internet host managers
+   concerning configuration management, known security problems (and
+   their solutions) and software and technologies available to provide
+   enhanced security and privacy to the users of the Internet.
+
+REFERENCES
+
+       [BARAN 64]  Baran, P., et al, "On Distributed Communications",
+       Volumes I-XI, RAND Corporation Research Documents, August 1964.
+
+       [CERF 74]  Cerf V., and R. Kahn, "A Protocol for Packet Network
+
+
+
+Cerf                                                            [Page 8]
+
+RFC 1120                        The IAB                   September 1989
+
+
+       Interconnection", IEEE Trans. on Communications, Vol. COM-22,
+       No. 5, pp. 637-648, May 1974.
+
+       [CERF 82]  Cerf V., and E. Cain, "The DoD Internet Protocol
+       Architecture", Proceedings of the SHAPE Technology Center
+       Symposium on Interoperability of Automated Data Systems,
+       November 1982.  Also in Computer Networks and ISDN,
+       Vol. 17, No. 5, October 1983.
+
+       [CLARK 86]  Clark, D., "The Design Philosophy of the DARPA
+       Internet protocols", Proceedings of the SIGCOMM '88 Symposium,
+       Computer Communications Review, Vol. 18, No. 4, pp. 106-114,
+       August 1988.
+
+       [HEART 70]  Heart, F., R. Kahn, S. Ornstein, W. Crowther, and D.
+       Walden, "The Interface Message Processor for the ARPA Computer
+       Network", AFIPS Conf. Proc. 36, pp. 551-567, June 1970.
+
+       [IEEE 78]  Kahn, R. (Guest Editor), K. Uncapher, and
+       H. Van Trees (Associate Guest Editors), Proceedings of the
+       IEEE, Special Issue on Packet Communication Networks,
+       Volume 66, No. 11, pp. 1303-1576, November 1978.
+
+       [IEEE 87]  Leiner, B. (Guest Editor), D. Nielson, and
+       F. Tobagi (Associate Guest Editors), Proceedings of the
+       IEEE, Special Issue on Packet Radio Networks, Volume 75,
+       No. 1, pp. 1-272, January 1987.
+
+       [LEINER 85]  Leiner, B., R. Cole, J.  Postel, and D. Mills,
+       "The DARPA Protocol Suite", IEEE INFOCOM 85, Washington, D.C.,
+       March 1985.  Also in IEEE Communications Magazine, March 1985.
+
+       [METCALFE 76]  Metcalfe, R., and D. Boggs, "Ethernet:
+       Distributed Packet for Local Computer Networks", Communications
+       of the ACM, Vol. 19, No. 7, pp. 395-404, July 1976.
+
+       [POSTEL 85]  Postel, J., "Internetwork Applications Using the
+       DARPA Protocol Suite", IEEE INFOCOM 85, Washington, D.C.,
+       March 1985.
+
+       [RFC 821]  Postel, J., "Simple Mail Transfer Protocol", RFC 821,
+       USC/Information Sciences Institute, August 1982.
+
+       [RFC 822]  Crocker, D., "Standard for the Format of ARPA Internet
+       Text Messages", RFC 822, University of Delaware, August 1982.
+
+       [RFC 987]  Kille, S., "Mapping between X.400 and RFC 822",
+       University College London, June 1986.
+
+
+
+Cerf                                                            [Page 9]
+
+RFC 1120                        The IAB                   September 1989
+
+
+
+       [RFC 1000]  Reynolds, J., and J. Postel, "The Request for
+       Comments References Guide", USC/Information Sciences Institute,
+       RFC 1000, August 1987.
+
+       [RFC 1026]  Kille, S., "Addendum to RFC 987: (Mapping between
+       X.400 and RFC 822)", RFC 1026, University College London,
+       September 1987.
+
+       [RFC 1100]  Postel, J. (Editor), "IAB Official Protocol
+       Standards", RFC 1100, April 1989.
+
+       [RFC 1109]  Cerf, V., "Report of the Second Ad Hoc Network
+       Management Review Group", RFC 1109, NRI, August 1989.
+
+       [RFC 1113]  Linn, J., "Privacy Enhancement for Internet
+       Electronic Mail: Part I -- Message Encipherment and
+       Authentication Procedures", RFC 1113, IAB Privacy Task
+       Force, August 1989.
+
+       [RFC 1114]  Kent, S.,  and J. Linn, "Privacy Enhancement for
+       Internet Electronic Mail: Part II -- Certificate-based Key
+       Management", RFC 1114, IAB Privacy Task Force, August 1989.
+
+       [RFC 1115]  Linn, J., "Privacy Enhancement for Internet
+       Electronic Mail: Part III -- Algorithms, Modes and Identifiers",
+       RFC 1115, IAB Privacy Task Force, August 1989.
+
+       [ROBERTS 70]  Roberts, L., and B. Wessler, "Computer Network
+       Development to Achieve Resource Sharing", pp. 543-549,
+       Proc. SJCC 1970.
+
+       [ROBERTS 78]  Roberts, L., "Evolution of Packet Switching",
+       Proc.  IEEE, Vol. 66, No. 11, pp. 1307-1313, November 1978.
+
+       Note:  RFCs are available from the Network Information Center at
+       SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Ave., Menlo Park, CA 94025,
+       (1-800-235-3155), or on-line via anonymous file transfer from
+       NIC.DDN.MIL.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Cerf                                                           [Page 10]
+
+RFC 1120                        The IAB                   September 1989
+
+
+Author's Address
+
+       Vinton G. Cerf
+       Corporation for National Research Initiatives
+       1895 Preston White Drive, Suite 100
+       Reston, VA 22091
+
+       Phone: (703) 620-8990
+
+       EMail: VCERF@NRI.RESTON.VA.US
+
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+Cerf                                                           [Page 11]
+
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