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+Network Working Group                                          G. Malkin
+Request for Comments: 1177                            FTP Software, Inc.
+FYI: 4                                                         A. Marine
+                                                                     SRI
+                                                             J. Reynolds
+                                                                     ISI
+                                                             August 1990
+
+
+                      FYI on Questions and Answers
+        Answers to Commonly asked "New Internet User" Questions
+
+Status of this Memo
+
+   This FYI RFC is one of three FYI's called, "Questions and Answers"
+   (Q/A), produced by the User Services Working Group (USWG) of the
+   Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF).  The goal is to document the
+   most commonly asked questions and answers in the Internet.
+
+   This memo provides information for the Internet community.  It does
+   not specify any standard.  Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
+
+Table of Contents
+
+   1. Introduction....................................................   1
+   2. Acknowledgements................................................   2
+   3. Questions About the Internet....................................   2
+   4. Questions About TCP/IP..........................................   3
+   5. Questions About Internet Documentation..........................   4
+   6. Questions about Internet Organizations and Contacts.............   6
+   7. Questions About Services........................................   9
+   8. Mailing Lists...................................................  11
+   9. References......................................................  11
+   10. Suggested Reading..............................................  12
+   11. Condensed Glossary.............................................  12
+   12. Security Considerations........................................  23
+   13. Authors' Addresses.............................................  24
+
+1. Introduction
+
+   New users joining the Internet community for the first time have had
+   the same questions as did everyone else who has ever joined.  Our
+   quest is to provide the Internet community with up to date, basic
+   Internet knowledge and experience, while moving the redundancies away
+   from the electronic mailing lists so that the lists' subscribers do
+   not have to read the same queries and answers over and over again.
+
+   Future updates of this memo will be produced as USWG members become
+
+
+
+User Services Working Group                                     [Page 1]
+
+RFC 1177            FYI Q/A - for New Internet Users         August 1990
+
+
+   aware of additional questions that should be included, and of
+   deficiencies or inaccuracies that should be amended in this document.
+   Additional FYI Q/A's will be published which will deal with
+   intermediate and advanced Q/A topics.
+
+   The Q/A mailing lists are maintained by Gary Malkin at FTP.COM.  They
+   are used by a subgroup of the USWG to discuss the Q/A FYIs.  They
+   include:
+
+   quail@ftp.com           This is a discussion mailing list.  Its
+                           primary use is for pre-release (to the
+                           USWG) review of the Q/A FYIs.
+
+   quail-request@ftp.com   This is how you join the quail mailing list.
+
+   quail-box@ftp.com       This is where the questions and answers
+                           will be forwarded-and-stored.  It is
+                           not necessary to be on the quail mailing
+                           list to forward to the quail-box.
+
+2. Acknowledgements
+
+   The following people deserve thanks for their help and contributions
+   to the FYI Q/As: Berlin Moore (PREPNet), Craig Partridge (BBN),
+   Jon Postel (ISI), Karen Roubicek (BBNST), James Van Bokkelen (FTP
+   Software, Inc.), John Wobus (Syracuse University), and David Paul
+   Zimmerman (Rutgers).
+
+3. Questions About the Internet
+
+   I just got on the Internet.  What can I do now?
+
+      You now have access to all the resources you are authorized to use
+      on your own Internet host, on any other Internet host on which you
+      have an account, and on any other Internet host that offers
+      publicly accessible information.  The Internet gives you the
+      ability to move information between these hosts via file
+      transfers.  Once you are logged into one host, you can use the
+      Internet to open a connection to another, log in, and use its
+      services interactively.  In addition, you can send electronic mail
+      to users at any Internet site and to users on many non-Internet
+      sites that are accessible via electronic mail.
+
+      There are various other services you can use.  For example, some
+      hosts provide access to specialized databases or to archives of
+      information.  The Internet Resource Guide provides information
+      regarding some of these sites.  The Internet Resource Guide lists
+      facilities on the Internet that are available to users.  Such
+
+
+
+User Services Working Group                                     [Page 2]
+
+RFC 1177            FYI Q/A - for New Internet Users         August 1990
+
+
+      facilities include supercomputer centers, library catalogs and
+      specialized data collections.  The guide is published by the NSF
+      Network Service Center (NNSC) and is continuously being updated.
+      The Resource Guide is distributed free via e-mail (send a note to
+      resource-guide-request@nnsc.nsf.net to join the e-mail
+      distribution) and via anonymous FTP (in nnsc.nsf.net:resource-
+      guide/*).  Hardcopy is available at a nominal fee (to cover
+      reproduction costs) from the NNSC.  Call the NNSC at 617-873-3400
+      for more information.
+
+   How do I find out if a site has a computer on the Internet?
+
+      Three good sources to consult are "!%@:: A Directory of Electronic
+      Mail Addressing and Networks" by Donnalyn Frey and Rick Adams;
+      "The User's Directory to Computer Networks", by Tracy LaQuey; and
+      "The Matrix: Computer Networks and Conferencing Systems
+      Worldwide", by John Quarterman.
+
+      In addition, it is possible to find some information about
+      Internet sites in the WHOIS database maintained at the DDN NIC at
+      SRI International.  The DDN NIC provides an information retrieval
+      interface to the database that is also called WHOIS.  To use this
+      interface, Telnet to NIC.DDN.MIL and type "whois" (carriage
+      return).  No login is necessary.  Type "help" at the whois prompt
+      for more information on using the facility.  WHOIS will show many
+      sites, but may not show every site registered with the DDN NIC
+      (simply for reasons having to do with how the program is set up to
+      search the database).
+
+4. Questions About TCP/IP
+
+   What is TCP/IP?
+
+      TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) [4,5,6]
+      is the common name for a family of data-communications protocols
+      used to tie computers and data-communications equipment into
+      computer networks.  TCP/IP originated for use on a network called
+      ARPANET, but it is currently used on a large international network
+      of universities, other research institutions, government
+      facilities, and some corporations called the Internet.  TCP/IP is
+      also sometimes used for other networks, particularly local area
+      networks that tie together numerous different kinds of computers
+      or tie together engineering workstations.
+
+   What are the other standard protocols in the TCP/IP family?
+
+      Other than TCP and IP, the three main protocols in the TCP/IP
+      suite are the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), the File
+
+
+
+User Services Working Group                                     [Page 3]
+
+RFC 1177            FYI Q/A - for New Internet Users         August 1990
+
+
+      Transfer Protocol (FTP), and the Telnet Protocol.  There are many
+      other protocols in use on the Internet.  The Internet Activities
+      Board (IAB) regularly publishes an RFC [2] that describes the
+      state of standardization of the various Internet protocols.  This
+      document is the best guide to the current status of Internet
+      protocols and their recommended usage.
+
+5. Questions About Internet Documentation
+
+   What is an RFC?
+
+      The Request for Comments documents (RFCs) are working notes of the
+      Internet research and development community.  A document in this
+      series may be on essentially any topic related to computer
+      communication, and may be anything from a meeting report to the
+      specification of a standard.  Submissions for Requests for
+      Comments may be sent to the RFC Editor, Jon Postel
+      (POSTEL@ISI.EDU).
+
+      Most RFCs are the descriptions of network protocols or services,
+      often giving detailed procedures and formats providing the
+      information necessary for creating implementations.  Other RFCs
+      report on the results of policy studies or summarize the work of
+      technical committees or workshops.
+
+      While RFCs are not refereed publications, they do receive
+      technical review from either the task forces, individual technical
+      experts, or the RFC Editor, as appropriate.  Currently, most
+      standards are published as RFCs, but not all RFCs specify
+      standards.
+
+      Anyone can submit a document for publication as an RFC.
+      Submissions must be made via electronic mail to the RFC Editor.
+      RFCs are distributed online by being stored as public access
+      files, and a short message is sent to the distribution list
+      indicating the availability of the memo.  Requests to be added to
+      this distribution list should be sent to RFC-REQUEST@NIC.DDN.MIL.
+
+      The online files are copied by interested people and printed or
+      displayed at their sites on their equipment.  (An RFC may also be
+      returned via electronic mail in response to an electronic mail
+      query.) This means that the format of the online files must meet
+      the constraints of a wide variety of printing and display
+      equipment.
+
+      Once a document is assigned an RFC number and published, that RFC
+      is never revised or re-issued with the same number.  There is
+      never a question of having the most recent version of a particular
+
+
+
+User Services Working Group                                     [Page 4]
+
+RFC 1177            FYI Q/A - for New Internet Users         August 1990
+
+
+      RFC.  However, a protocol (such as File Transfer Protocol (FTP))
+      may be improved and re-documented many times in several different
+      RFCs.  It is important to verify that you have the most recent RFC
+      on a particular protocol.  The "IAB Official Protocol Standards"
+      [2] memo is the reference for determining the correct RFC to refer
+      to for the current specification of each protocol.
+
+   How do I obtain RFCs?
+
+      RFCs can be obtained via FTP from NIC.DDN.MIL, with the pathname
+      RFC:RFCnnnn.TXT or RFC:RFCnnnn.PS (where "nnnn" refers to the
+      number of the RFC).  Login with FTP, username "anonymous" and
+      password "guest".  The NIC also provides an automatic mail service
+      for those sites which cannot use FTP.  Address the request to
+      SERVICE@NIC.DDN.MIL and in the subject field of the message
+      indicate the RFC number, as in "Subject: RFC nnnn" (or "Subject:
+      RFC nnnn.PS" for PostScript RFCs).
+
+      RFCs can also be obtained via FTP from NIS.NSF.NET.  Using FTP,
+      login with username "anonymous" and password "guest"; then connect
+      to the RFC directory ("cd RFC").  The file name is of the form
+      RFCnnnn.TXT-1 (where "nnnn" refers to the number of the RFC).  The
+      NIS also provides an automatic mail service for those sites which
+      cannot use FTP.  Address the request to NIS-INFO@NIS.NSF.NET and
+      leave the subject field of the message blank.  The first line of
+      the text of the message must be "SEND RFCnnnn.TXT-1", where nnnn
+      is replaced by the RFC number.
+
+      Requests for special distribution should be addressed to either
+      the author of the RFC in question, or to NIC@NIC.DDN.MIL.  Unless
+      specifically noted otherwise on the RFC itself, all RFCs are for
+      unlimited distribution.
+
+   Which RFCs are Standards?
+
+      See "IAB Official Protocol Standards" (currently, RFC 1140) [2].
+
+   How do I obtain OSI Standards documents from the Internet?
+
+      OSI Standards documents are NOT available from the Internet via
+      anonymous FTP due to copyright restrictions.  These are available
+      from:
+
+         Omnicom Information Service
+         501 Church Street NE
+         Suite 304
+         Vienna, VA  22180  USA
+         Telephone: (800) 666-4266 or (703) 281-1135 Fax: (703) 281-1505
+
+
+
+User Services Working Group                                     [Page 5]
+
+RFC 1177            FYI Q/A - for New Internet Users         August 1990
+
+
+6. Questions about Internet Organizations and Contacts
+
+   What is the IAB?
+
+      The Internet Activities Board (IAB) is the coordinating committee
+      for Internet design, engineering and management [7].  IAB members
+      are deeply committed to making the Internet function effectively
+      and evolve to meet a large scale, high speed future.  The chairman
+      serves a term of two years and is elected by the members of the
+      IAB.  The current Chair of the IAB is Vint Cerf.  The IAB focuses
+      on the TCP/IP protocol suite, and extensions to the Internet
+      system to support multiple protocol suites.
+
+      The IAB performs the following functions:
+
+         1)   Sets Internet Standards,
+
+         2)   Manages the RFC publication process,
+
+         3)   Reviews the operation of the IETF and IRTF,
+
+         4)   Performs strategic planning for the Internet, identifying
+              long-range problems and opportunities,
+
+         5)   Acts as an international technical policy liaison and
+              representative for the Internet community, and
+
+         6)   Resolves technical issues which cannot be treated within
+              the IETF or IRTF frameworks.
+
+      The IAB has two principal subsidiary task forces:
+
+         1)  Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
+
+         2)  Internet Research Task Force (IRTF)
+
+      Each of these Task Forces is led by a chairman and guided by a
+      Steering Group which reports to the IAB through its chairman.  For
+      the most part, a collection of Research or Working Groups carries
+      out the work program of each Task Force.
+
+      All decisions of the IAB are made public.  The principal vehicle
+      by which IAB decisions are propagated to the parties interested in
+      the Internet and its TCP/IP protocol suite is the Request for
+      Comments (RFC) note series and the Internet Monthly Report.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+User Services Working Group                                     [Page 6]
+
+RFC 1177            FYI Q/A - for New Internet Users         August 1990
+
+
+   What is the IANA?
+
+      The task of coordinating the use of the parameters of protocols is
+      delegated by the Internet Activities Board (IAB) to the Internet
+      Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA).  These protocol parameters are
+      op-codes, type fields, terminal types, system names, object
+      identifiers, and so on.  The "Assigned Numbers" Request for
+      Comments (RFC) [1] documents the currently assigned values from
+      several series of numbers used in network protocol
+      implementations.
+
+      Current types of assignments listed in Assigned Numbers and
+      maintained by the IANA are:
+
+         Address Resolution Protocol Parameters
+         ARPANET and MILNET X.25 Address Mappings
+         ARPANET and MILNET Logical Addresses
+         ARPANET and MILNET Link Numbers
+         BOOTP Parameters and BOOTP Extension Codes
+         Domain System Parameters
+         IANA Ethernet Address Blocks
+         Ethernet Numbers of Interest
+         IEEE 802 Numbers of Interest
+         Internet Protocol Numbers
+         Internet Version Numbers
+         IP Time to Live Parameter
+         IP TOS Parameters
+         Machine Names
+         Mail Encryption Types
+         Multicast Addresses
+         Network Management Parameters
+         PRONET 80 Type Numbers
+         Port Assignments
+         Protocol and Service Names
+         Protocol/Type Field Assignments
+         Public Data Network Numbers
+         Reverse Address Resolution Protocol Operation Codes
+         Telnet Options
+         Terminal Type Names
+         Unix Ports
+         X.25 Type Numbers
+
+      For more information on number assignments, contact IANA@ISI.EDU.
+
+   What is "The NIC"?
+
+      "The NIC" is the Defense Data Network, Network Information Center
+      (DDN NIC) at SRI International, which is a network information
+
+
+
+User Services Working Group                                     [Page 7]
+
+RFC 1177            FYI Q/A - for New Internet Users         August 1990
+
+
+      center which holds a primary repository for RFCs and Internet
+      drafts.  The host name is NIC.DDN.MIL.  Shadow copies of the RFCs
+      and the Internet Drafts are maintained by the NSFnet on
+      NNSC.NSF.NET and on MERIT.EDU.
+
+      The DDN NIC also provides various user assistance services for DDN
+      users; contact NIC@NIC.DDN.MIL or call 1-800-235-3155 for more
+      information.  In addition, the DDN NIC is the Internet
+      registration authority for the root domain and several top and
+      second level domains; maintains the official DoD Internet Host
+      Table; is the site of the Internet Registry (IR); and maintains
+      the whois database of network users, hosts, domains, networks, and
+      Points of Contact.
+
+   What is the IR?
+
+      The Internet Registry (IR) is the organization that is responsible
+      for assigning identifiers, such as IP network numbers and
+      autonomous system numbers, to networks.  The IR also gathers and
+      registers such assigned information.  The IR may, in the future,
+      allocate the authority to assign network identifiers to other
+      organizations; however, it will continue to gather data regarding
+      such assignments.  At present, the DDN NIC at SRI International
+      serves as the IR.
+
+   What is the IETF?
+
+      The Internet has grown to encompass a large number of widely
+      geographically dispersed networks in academic and research
+      communities.  It now provides an infrastructure for a broad
+      community with various interests.  Moreover, the family of
+      Internet protocols and system components has moved from
+      experimental to commercial development.  To help coordinate the
+      operation, management and evolution of the Internet, the IAB
+      established the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF).
+
+      The IETF is chaired by Phill Gross and managed by its Internet
+      Engineering Steering Group (IESG).  The IETF is a large open
+      community of network designers, operators, vendors, and
+      researchers concerned with the Internet and the Internet protocol
+      suite.  It is organized around a set of eight technical areas,
+      each managed by a technical area director.  In addition to the
+      IETF Chairman, the area directors make up the IESG membership.
+
+      The IAB has delegated to the IESG the general responsibility for
+      making the Internet work and for the resolution of all short- and
+      mid-range protocol and architectural issues required to make the
+      Internet function effectively.
+
+
+
+User Services Working Group                                     [Page 8]
+
+RFC 1177            FYI Q/A - for New Internet Users         August 1990
+
+
+   What is the IRTF?
+
+      To promote research in networking and the development of new
+      technology, the IAB established the Internet Research Task Force
+      (IRTF).
+
+      In the area of network protocols, the distinction between research
+      and engineering is not always clear, so there will sometimes be
+      overlap between activities of the IETF and the IRTF.  There is, in
+      fact, considerable overlap in membership between the two groups.
+      This overlap is regarded as vital for cross-fertilization and
+      technology transfer.
+
+      The IRTF is a community of network researchers, generally with an
+      Internet focus.  The work of the IRTF is governed by its Internet
+      Research Steering Group (IRSG).  The chairman of the IRTF and IRSG
+      is David Clark.
+
+7. Questions About Services
+
+   How do I find someone's electronic mail address?
+
+      There are a number of directories on the Internet; however, all of
+      them are far from complete.  The two largest directories are the
+      WHOIS database at the DDN NIC and the PSInet White Pages.
+      Generally, it is still necessary to ask the person for his or her
+      email address.
+
+   How do I use the WHOIS program at the DDN NIC?
+
+      To use the WHOIS program to search the WHOIS database at the DDN
+      NIC, telnet to the NIC host, NIC.DDN.MIL.  There is no need to
+      login.  Type "whois" to call up the information retrieval program.
+      Next, type the name of the person, host, domain, network, or
+      mailbox for which you need information.  If you are only typing
+      part of the name, end your search string with a period.  Type
+      "help" for a more in-depth explanation of what you can search for
+      and how you can search.  If you have trouble, send a message to
+      NIC@NIC.DDN.MIL or call 1-800-235-3155.  Bug reports can be sent
+      to BUG-WHOIS@NIC.DDN.MIL and suggestions for improvements to the
+      program can be sent to SUGGESTIONS@NIC.DDN.MIL.
+
+   How do I become registered in the DDN NIC's WHOIS database?
+
+      If you would like to be listed in the WHOIS database, you must
+      have an electronic mailbox accessible from the Internet.  First
+      obtain the file NETINFO:USER-TEMPLATE.TXT.  You can either
+      retrieve this file via anonymous FTP from NIC.DDN.MIL or get it
+
+
+
+User Services Working Group                                     [Page 9]
+
+RFC 1177            FYI Q/A - for New Internet Users         August 1990
+
+
+      through electronic mail.  To obtain the file via electronic mail,
+      send a message to SERVICE@NIC.DDN.MIL and put the file name in the
+      subject line of the message; that is, "Subject: NETINFO USER-
+      TEMPLATE.TXT".  The file will be returned to you overnight.
+
+      Fill out the name and address information requested in the file
+      and return it to REGISTRAR@NIC.DDN.MIL.  Your application will be
+      processed and you will be added to the database.  Unless you are
+      an official Point of Contact for a network entity registered at
+      the DDN NIC, the DDN NIC will not regularly poll you for updates,
+      so you should remember to send corrections to your information as
+      your contact data changes.
+
+   How do I use the White Pages at PSI?
+
+      Performance Systems International, Inc. (PSI), sponsors a White
+      Pages Pilot Project that collects personnel information from
+      member organizations into a database and provides online access to
+      that data.  This effort is based on the OSI X.500 Directory
+      standard.
+
+      To access the data, telnet to WP.PSI.COM and login as "fred" (no
+      password is necessary).  You may now look up information on
+      participating organizations.  The program provides help on usage.
+      For example, typing "help" will show you a list of commands,
+      "manual" will give detailed documentation, and "whois" will
+      provide information regarding how to find references to people.
+      For a list of the organizations that are participating in the
+      pilot project by providing information regarding their members,
+      type "whois -org *".
+
+      For more information, send a message to INFO@PSI.COM.
+
+   What is Usenet?  What is Netnews?
+
+      Usenet and Netnews are common names of a distributed computer
+      bulletin board system that some computers on the Internet
+      participate in.  It is not strictly an Internet service: many
+      computers not on the Internet also participate.
+
+   How do I get on Usenet?  How do I get Netnews on my computer?
+
+      To get on Usenet, you must acquire the software, which is
+      available for some computers at no cost from some anonymous ftp
+      sites across the Internet, and you must find an existing Usenet
+      site that is willing to support a connection to your computer.
+
+
+
+
+
+User Services Working Group                                    [Page 10]
+
+RFC 1177            FYI Q/A - for New Internet Users         August 1990
+
+
+   What is anonymous FTP?
+
+      Anonymous FTP is a conventional way of allowing you to sign on to
+      a computer on the Internet and copy specified public files from it
+      [3].  Some sites offer anonymous FTP to distribute software and
+      various kinds of information.  You use it like any FTP, but the
+      username is "anonymous" and the password is "guest".
+
+8. Mailing Lists
+
+   What are some good mailing lists or news groups?
+
+      The TCP-IP, IETF, and RFC Distribution lists are primary lists for
+      new Internet users who desire further information about current
+      and emerging developments in the Internet.  The first two lists
+      are unmoderated discussion lists, and the latter is an
+      announcement service used by the RFC Editor.
+
+   How do I subscribe to the TCP-IP mailing list?
+
+      To be added to the TCP-IP mailing list, send a message to:
+
+            TCP-IP-REQUEST@NIC.DDN.MIL
+
+   How do I subscribe to the IETF mailing list?
+
+      To be added to the IETF mailing list, send a message to:
+
+            IETF-REQUEST@ISI.EDU
+
+   How do I subscribe to the RFC Distribution list?
+
+      To be added to the RFC Distribution list, send a message to:
+
+            RFC-REQUEST@NIC.DDN.MIL
+
+9. References
+
+   [1] Reynolds, J., and J. Postel, "Assigned Numbers", RFC 1060,
+       USC/Information Sciences Institute, March 1990.
+
+   [2] Postel, J., Editor, "IAB Official Protocol Standards", RFC 1140,
+       Internet Activities Board, May 1990.
+
+   [3] Postel, J., and J. Reynolds, "File Transfer Protocol (FTP), RFC
+       959, USC/Information Sciences Institute, October 1985.
+
+   [4] Postel, J., "Internet Protocol - DARPA Internet Program Protocol
+
+
+
+User Services Working Group                                    [Page 11]
+
+RFC 1177            FYI Q/A - for New Internet Users         August 1990
+
+
+       Specification", RFC 791, DARPA, September 1981.
+
+   [5] Postel, J., "Transmission Control Protocol - DARPA Internet
+       Program Protocol Specification", RFC 793, DARPA, September 1981.
+
+   [6] Leiner, B., R. Cole, J. Postel, and D. Mills, "The DARPA Internet
+       Protocol Suite", IEEE INFOCOM85, Washington D.C., March 1985.
+       Also in IEEE Communications Magazine, March 1985.  Also as
+       ISI/RS-85-153.
+
+   [7] Cerf, V., "The Internet Activities Board" RFC 1160, CNRI, May
+       1990.
+
+10. Suggested Reading
+
+   For further information about the Internet and its protocols in
+   general, you may choose to obtain copies of the following works:
+
+      Bowers, K., T. LaQuey, J. Reynolds, K. Roubicek, M. Stahl, and A.
+      Yuan, "Where to Start - A Bibliography of General Internetworking
+      Information", RFC 1175, FYI 3, CNRI, U Texas, ISI, BBN, SRI,
+      Mitre, August 1990.
+
+      Comer, D., "Internetworking with TCP/IP: Principles, Protocols,
+      and Architecture", Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 1989.
+
+      Krol, E., "The Hitchhikers Guide to the Internet", RFC 1118,
+      University of Illinois Urbana, September 1989.
+
+11. Condensed Glossary
+
+   As with any profession, computers have a particular terminology all
+   their own.  Below is a condensed glossary to assist in making some
+   sense of the Internet world.
+
+   address There are two separate uses of this term in internet
+           networking: "electronic mail address" and "internet
+           address".   An electronic mail address is the string
+           of characters that you must give an electronic mail
+           program to direct a message to a particular person.
+           See "internet address" for its definition.
+
+   AI      Artificial Intelligence
+           The branch of computer science which deals with the
+           simulation of human intelligence by computer systems.
+
+   AIX     Advanced Interactive Executive
+           IBM's version of Unix.
+
+
+
+User Services Working Group                                    [Page 12]
+
+RFC 1177            FYI Q/A - for New Internet Users         August 1990
+
+
+   ANSI    American National Standards Institute
+           A group that defines U.S. standards for the information
+           processing industry.  ANSI participates in defining
+           network protocol standards.
+
+   ARP     Address Resolution Protocol
+           An Internet protocol which runs on Ethernets and
+           Token Rings which maps internet addresses to MAC addresses.
+
+   ARPA    Advanced Research Projects Agency
+           The former name of what is now called DARPA.
+
+   ARPANET Advanced Research Projects Agency Network
+           A pioneering long haul network funded by ARPA.  It
+           served as the basis for early networking research as
+           well as a central backbone during the development of
+           the Internet.  The ARPANET consisted of individual
+           packet  switching computers interconnected by leased lines.
+
+   ASCII   American Standard Code for Information Interchange
+
+
+   B       Byte
+           One character of information, usually eight bits wide.
+
+   b       bit - binary digit
+           The smallest amount of information which may be stored
+           in a computer.
+
+   BBN     Bolt, Beranek, and Newman, Inc.
+           The Cambridge, MA company responsible for development,
+           operation and monitoring of the ARPANET, and later,
+           the Internet core gateway system, the CSNET Coordination
+           and Information Center (CIC), and NSFnet Network
+           Service Center (NNSC).
+
+   BITNET  Because It's Time Network
+           BITNET has about 2,500 host computers, primarily at
+           universities, in many countries.  It is managed by
+           EDUCOM, which provides administrative support and
+           information services.  There are three
+           main constituents of the network: BITNET in the United
+           States and Mexico, NETNORTH in Canada, and EARN in
+           Europe.  There are also AsiaNet, in Japan, and
+           connections in South America.  See CREN.
+
+   bps     bits per second
+           A measure of data transmission speed.
+
+
+
+User Services Working Group                                    [Page 13]
+
+RFC 1177            FYI Q/A - for New Internet Users         August 1990
+
+
+   BSD     Berkeley Software Distribution
+           Term used when describing different versions
+           of the Berkeley UNIX software, as in "4.3BSD
+           UNIX".
+
+
+   catenet A network in which hosts are connected to networks
+           with varying characteristics, and the networks
+           are interconnected by gateways (routers).  The
+           Internet is an example of a catenet.
+
+   CCITT   International Consultative Committee for
+           Telegraphy and Telephony.
+
+   core gateway
+           Historically, one of a set of gateways (routers)
+           operated by the Internet Network Operations Center
+           at BBN.  The core gateway system forms a central part
+           of Internet routing in that all groups must advertise
+           paths to their networks from a core gateway.
+
+   CREN    The Corporation for Research and Educational Networking
+           BITNET and CSNET have recently merged to form CREN.
+
+   CSNET   Computer + Science Network
+           A large data communications network for institutions doing
+           research in computer science.   It uses several different
+           protocols including some of its own.  CSNET sites include
+           universities, research laboratories, and commercial
+           companies.  See CREN.
+
+
+   DARPA   U.S. Department of Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
+           The government agency that funded the ARPANET and later
+           started the Internet.
+
+   datagram
+           The unit transmitted between a pair of internet modules.
+           The Internet Protocol provides for transmitting blocks of
+           data, called datagrams, from sources to destinations.
+           The Internet Protocol does not provide a reliable
+           communication facility.  There are no acknowledgements
+           either end-to-end or hop-by-hop.  There is no error
+           control for data, only a header checksum.  There are
+           no retransmissions.  There is no flow control.  See IP.
+
+   DCA     Defense Communications Agency
+           The government agency responsible for installation of
+
+
+
+User Services Working Group                                    [Page 14]
+
+RFC 1177            FYI Q/A - for New Internet Users         August 1990
+
+
+           the Defense Data Network (DDN), including the ARPANET
+           and MILNET lines and PSNs.  Currently, DCA administers
+           the DDN, and supports the user assistance and network
+           registration services of the DDN NIC.
+
+   DDN     Defense Data Network
+           Comprises the MILNET and several other DoD networks.
+
+   DDN NIC The network information center at SRI International.
+           It is the primary repository for RFCs and Internet drafts,
+           as well as providing other services.
+
+   DEC     Digital Equipment Corporation
+
+   DECnet  Digital Equipment Corporation network
+           A networking protocol for DEC computers and network devices.
+
+   default route
+           A routing table entry which is used to direct any data
+           addressed to any network numbers not explicitly listed
+           in the routing table.
+
+   DOD     U.S. Department of Defense
+
+   DOE     U.S. Department of Energy
+
+   DNS     The Domain Name System is a mechanism used in
+           the Internet for translating names of host computers
+           into addresses.  The DNS also allows host computers
+           not directly on the Internet to have registered
+           names in the same style.
+
+
+   EARN    European Academic Research Network
+           One of three main constituents of BITNET.
+
+   EBCDIC  Extended Binary-coded Decimal Interchange Code
+
+   EGP     External Gateway Protocol
+           A protocol which distributes routing information to
+           the routers and gateways which interconnect networks.
+
+   Ethernet
+           A network standard for the hardware and data link levels.
+           There are two types of Ethernet: Digital/Intel/Xerox (DIX)
+           and IEEE 802.3.
+
+
+
+
+
+User Services Working Group                                    [Page 15]
+
+RFC 1177            FYI Q/A - for New Internet Users         August 1990
+
+
+   FIPS    Federal Information Processing Standard
+
+   FTP     File Transfer Protocol
+           The Internet standard high-level protocol for
+           transferring files from one computer to another.
+
+
+   gateway A special-purpose dedicated computer that attaches to
+           two or more networks and routes packets from one
+           network to the other.  In particular, an Internet
+           gateway routes IP datagrams among the networks it
+           connects.  Gateways route packets to other
+           gateways until they can be delivered to the final
+           destination directly across one physical network.
+
+   GB      Gigabyte
+           A unit of data storage size which represents 2^30 (over
+           1 billion) characters of information.
+
+   Gb      Gigabit
+           2^30 bits of information (usually used to express a
+           data transfer rate; as in, 1 gigabit/second = 1Gbps).
+
+   GNU     Gnu's Not UNIX
+           A UNIX-compatible operating system developed by the
+           Free Software Foundation.
+
+
+   header  The portion of a packet, preceding the actual data,
+           containing source and destination addresses and
+           error-checking fields.
+
+   host number
+           The part of an internet address that designates which
+           node on the (sub)network is being addressed.
+
+   HP      Hewlett-Packard
+
+   HYPERchannel
+           High-speed communications link.
+
+
+   I/O     Input/Output
+
+   IAB     Internet Activities Board
+           The IAB is the coordinating committee for Internet
+           design, engineering and management.
+
+
+
+
+User Services Working Group                                    [Page 16]
+
+RFC 1177            FYI Q/A - for New Internet Users         August 1990
+
+
+   IBM     International Business Machines Corporation
+
+   IEEE    Institute for Electrical and Electronics Engineers
+
+   IETF    Internet Engineering Task Force
+           The IETF is a large open community of network designers,
+           operators, vendors, and researchers whose purpose is to
+           coordinate the operation, management and evolution of
+           the Internet, and to resolve short- and mid-range
+           protocol and architectural issues.  It is a major source
+           of proposed protocol standards which are submitted to the
+           Internet Activities Board for final approval.  The IETF
+           meets three times a year and extensive minutes of the
+           plenary proceedings are issued.
+
+   internet
+           internetwork
+           Any connection of two or more local or wide-area networks.
+
+   Internet
+           The global collection of interconnected regional and
+           wide-area networks which use IP as the network
+           layer protocol.
+
+   internet address
+           An assigned number which identifies a host in an internet.
+           It has two or three parts: network number, optional subnet
+           number, and host number.
+
+   IP      Internet Protocol
+           The network layer protocol for the Internet.  It the
+           datagram protocol defined by RFC 791.
+
+   IRTF    Internet Research Task Force
+           The IRTF is a community of network researchers,
+           generally with an Internet focus.  The work of the IRTF
+           is governed by its Internet Research Steering Group (IRSG).
+
+   ISO     International Standards Organization
+
+
+   JvNC    John von Neumann National Supercomputer Center
+
+
+   KB      Kilobyte
+           A unit of data storage size which represents 2^10
+           (1024) characters of information.
+
+
+
+
+User Services Working Group                                    [Page 17]
+
+RFC 1177            FYI Q/A - for New Internet Users         August 1990
+
+
+   Kb      Kilobit
+           2^10 bits of information (usually used to express a
+           data transfer rate; as in, 1 kilobit/second = 1Kbps = 1Kb).
+
+   KNET    Kangaroo Network
+           Hardware/software product (Spartacus/Fibronics) that enables
+           IBM mainframes to communicate over networks with the TCP/IP
+           protocol suite.
+
+
+   LAN     Local Area Network
+           A network that takes advantage of the proximity of computers
+           to offer relatively efficient, higher speed communications
+           than long-haul or wide-area networks.
+
+   LISP    List Processing Language
+
+
+   MAC     Medium Access Control
+           For broadcast networks, it is the method which devices use
+           to determine which device has line access at any given
+           time.
+
+   Mac     Apple Macintosh computer.
+
+   MB      Megabyte
+           A unit of data storage size which represents over
+           2^20 (one million) characters of information.
+
+   Mb      Megabit
+           2^20 bits of information (usually used to express a
+           data transfer rate; as in, 1 megabit/second = 1Mbps).
+
+   MILNET  Military Network
+           A network used for unclassified military production
+           applications.  It is part of the Internet.
+
+   MIT     Massachusetts Institute of Technology
+
+   MTTF    Mean Time to Failure
+           The average time between hardware breakdown or loss of
+           service.  This may be an empirical measurement or a
+           calculation based on the MTTF of component parts.
+
+   MTTR    Mean Time to Recovery
+           The average time it takes to restore service after a
+           breakdown or loss.  This is usually an empirical measurement.
+
+
+
+
+User Services Working Group                                    [Page 18]
+
+RFC 1177            FYI Q/A - for New Internet Users         August 1990
+
+
+   MVS     Multiple Virtual Storage
+           An IBM operating system based on OS/1.
+
+
+   NASA    National Aeronautics and Space Administration
+
+   NBS     National Bureau of Standards
+           Now called NIST.
+
+   network number
+           The part of an internet address which designates the
+           network to which the addressed node belongs.
+
+   NFS     Network File System
+           A network service that lets a program running on one
+           computer to use data stored on a different computer on
+           the same internet as if it were on its own disk.
+
+   NIC     Network Information Center
+           An organization which provides network users with
+           information about services provided by the network.
+
+   NOC     Network Operations Center
+           An organization which is responsible for maintaining
+           a network.
+
+   NIST    National Institute of Standards and Technology
+           Formerly NBS.
+
+   NSF     National Science Foundation
+
+   NSFNET  National Science Foundation Network
+           A high-speed internet that spans the country, and is
+           intended for research applications.  It is made up of
+           the NSFnet Backbone and the NSFnet regional networks.
+           It is part of the Internet.
+
+   NSFNET Backbone
+           A network connecting 13 sites across the continental United
+           States.  It is the central component of NSFnet.
+
+   NSFNET Regional
+           A network connected to the NSFnet Backbone that covers a
+           region of the United States.  It is to the regionals that
+           local sites connect.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+User Services Working Group                                    [Page 19]
+
+RFC 1177            FYI Q/A - for New Internet Users         August 1990
+
+
+   NYSERnet
+           New York State Educational and Research Network
+           An internet which serves NY educational and research
+           institutions.   It also serves as the NSFnet regional
+           network for New York State.
+
+
+   OSI     Open Systems Interconnection
+           A set of protocols designed to be an international standard
+           method for connecting unlike computers and networks.  Europe
+           has done most of the work developing OSI and will probably
+           use it as soon as possible.
+
+   OSI Reference Model
+           An "outline" of OSI which defines its seven layers and
+           their functions.  Sometimes used to help describe other
+           networks.
+
+   OSPFIGP Open Shortest-Path First Internet Gateway Protocol
+           An experimental replacement for RIP.  It addresses some
+           problems of RIP and is based upon principles that have
+           been well-tested in non-internet protocols.  Often referred
+           to simply as OSPF.
+
+
+   packet  The unit of data sent across a packet switching network.
+           The term is used loosely.  While some Internet
+           literature uses it to refer specifically to data sent
+           across a physical network, other literature views
+           the Internet as a packet switching network
+           and describes IP datagrams as packets.
+
+   PC      Personal Computer
+
+   PCNFS   Personal Computer Network File System
+
+   POSIX   Portable Operating System Interface
+           Operating system based on UNIX.
+
+   protocol
+           A formal description of message formats and the rules
+           two computers must follow to exchange those messages.
+           Protocols can describe low-level details of
+           machine-to-machine interfaces (e.g., the order in
+           which bits and bytes are sent across a wire)
+           or high-level exchanges between allocation
+           programs (e.g., the way in which two programs
+           transfer a file across the Internet).
+
+
+
+User Services Working Group                                    [Page 20]
+
+RFC 1177            FYI Q/A - for New Internet Users         August 1990
+
+
+   PSC     Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center
+
+   PSCNET  Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center Network
+
+
+   RFC     The Internet's Request for Comments documents series
+           The RFCs are working notes of the Internet research and
+           development community.  A document in this series may be on
+           essentially any topic related to computer communication, and
+           may be anything from a meeting report to the specification of
+           a standard.
+
+   RIP     Routing Interchange Protocol
+           One protocol which may be used on internets simply to pass
+           routing information between gateways.   It is used on may
+           LANs and on some of the NSFnet regional networks.
+
+   RJE     Remote Job Entry
+           The general protocol for submitting batch jobs and
+           retrieving the results.
+
+   RLOGIN  Remote Login
+           A service on internets very similar to TELNET.   RLOGIN was
+           invented for use between Berkeley Unix systems on the same
+           LAN at a time when TELNET programs didn't provide all the
+           services users wanted.   Berkeley plans to phase it out.
+
+   RPC     Remote Procedure Call
+           An easy and popular paradigm for implementing the
+           client-server model of distributed computing.
+
+
+   server  A computer that shares its resources, such as printers
+           and files, with other computers on the network.  An
+           example of this is a Network Files System (NFS)
+           Server which shares its disk space with a workstations
+           that does not have a disk drive of its own.
+
+   SESQUINET
+           Sesquicentennial Network
+           Texas-based regional network named for their sesquicentennial
+           celebration
+
+   SMTP    Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
+           The Internet standard protocol for transferring
+           electronic mail messages from one computer to another.
+           SMTP specifies how two mail systems interact and the
+           format of control messages they exchange to transfer mail.
+
+
+
+User Services Working Group                                    [Page 21]
+
+RFC 1177            FYI Q/A - for New Internet Users         August 1990
+
+
+   SNA     System Network Architecture
+           IBM's data communications protocol.
+
+   subnet  A portion of a network, which may be a physically independent
+           network, which shares a network address with other portions
+           of the network and is distinguished by a subnet number.  A
+           subnet is to a network what a network is to an internet.
+
+   subnet number
+           A part of the internet address which designates a subnet.
+           It is ignored for the purposes internet routing, but is
+           used for intranet routing.
+
+   SURANET Southeastern Universities Research Association Network
+           An NSFNET regional network.
+
+
+   T1      A term for a digital carrier facility used to transmit a
+           DS-1 formatted digital signal at 1.544 megabits per second.
+
+   T3      A term for a digital carrier facility used to transmit a DS-3
+           formatted digital signal at 44.746 megabits per second.
+
+   TCP     Transmission Control Protocol
+           A transport layer protocol for the Internet.  It is a
+           connection oriented, stream protocol defined by RFC 793.
+
+   TCP/IP  Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
+           This is a common shorthand which refers to the suite
+           of application and transport protocols which run over IP.
+           These include FTP, Telnet, SMTP, and UDP (a transport
+           layer protocol).
+
+   Telenet A public packet-switching network operated by US Sprint.
+
+   Telnet  The Internet standard protocol for remote terminal
+           connection service.  Telnet allows a user at one site
+           to interact with a remote timesharing system at
+           another site as if the user's terminal was connected
+           directly to the remote computer.
+
+   Token Ring
+           A type of LAN.   Examples are IEEE 802.5, ProNET-10/80 and
+           FDDI.  The term "token ring" is often used to denote 802.5
+
+   Tymnet  A public packet-switching network operated by McDonnell
+           Douglas Network Systems Company.
+
+
+
+
+User Services Working Group                                    [Page 22]
+
+RFC 1177            FYI Q/A - for New Internet Users         August 1990
+
+
+   UDP     User Datagram Protocol
+           A transport layer protocol for the Internet.  It is a
+           datagram protocol which simply adds a level of reliability
+           to IP datagrams.  It is defined by RFC 768.
+
+   ULTRIX  UNIX-based operating system for Digital Equipment Corporation
+           computers.
+
+   UNIX    An operating system developed by Bell Laboratories that
+           supports multiuser and multitasking operations.
+
+   UUCP    UNIX-to-UNIX Copy Program
+           A protocol used for communication between consenting
+           UNIX systems.
+
+
+   VMS     Virtual Memory System
+           A Digital Equipment Corporation operating system.
+
+
+   WAN     Wide Area Network
+
+   WESTNET One of the National Science Foundation funded regional
+           TCP/IP networks that covers the states of Arizona,
+           Colorado, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming.
+
+   WHOIS   An Internet program which allows users to query a database of
+           people and other Internet entities, such as domains, networks,
+           and hosts, kept at the NIC.  The information for people shows
+           a person's company name, address, phone number and email
+           address.
+
+
+   XNS     Xerox Network System
+           A data communications protocol developed by Xerox.  It
+           uses Ethernet to move the data between computers.
+
+   X.25    A data communications protocol developed to describe how
+           data passes into and out of public data communications
+           networks.  The public networks such as Telenet and Tymnet,
+           use X.25 to interface to customer computers.
+
+12. Security Considerations
+
+   Security issues are not discussed in this memo.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+User Services Working Group                                    [Page 23]
+
+RFC 1177            FYI Q/A - for New Internet Users         August 1990
+
+
+13. Authors' Addresses
+
+   Gary Scott Malkin
+   FTP Software, Inc.
+   26 Princess Street
+   Wakefield, MA 01880
+   Phone:  (617) 246-0900
+   EMail:  gmalkin@ftp.com
+
+
+   April N. Marine
+   SRI International
+   Network Information Systems Center
+   333 Ravenswood Avenue, EJ294
+   Menlo Park, CA 94025
+   Phone:  (415) 859-5318
+   EMail:  APRIL@NIC.DDN.MIL
+
+
+   Joyce K. Reynolds
+   USC/Information Sciences Institute
+   4676 Admiralty Way
+   Marina del Rey, CA  90292-6695
+   Phone:  (213) 822-1511
+   EMail:  jkrey@isi.edu
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+User Services Working Group                                    [Page 24]
+
\ No newline at end of file