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+Network Working Group                                           S. Kille
+Request for Comments: 1779                              ISODE Consortium
+Obsoletes: 1485                                               March 1995
+Category: Standards Track
+
+
+             A String Representation of Distinguished Names
+
+Status of this Memo
+
+   This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the
+   Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for
+   improvements.  Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet
+   Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state
+   and status of this protocol.  Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
+
+Abstract
+
+   The OSI Directory uses distinguished names as the primary keys to
+   entries in the directory.  Distinguished Names are encoded in ASN.1.
+   When a distinguished name is communicated between to users not using
+   a directory protocol (e.g., in a mail message), there is a need to
+   have a user-oriented string representation of distinguished name.
+   This specification defines a string format for representing names,
+   which is designed to give a clean representation of commonly used
+   names, whilst being able to represent any distinguished name.
+
+Table of Contents
+
+   1.   Why a notation is needed ...................................   2
+   2.   A notation for Distinguished Name ..........................   2
+       2.1    Goals ................................................   2
+       2.2    Informal definition ..................................   2
+       2.3    Formal definition ....................................   4
+   3.   Examples ...................................................   6
+   4.   Acknowledgements ...........................................   7
+   5.   References .................................................   7
+   6.   Security Considerations ....................................   8
+   7.   Author's Address ...........................................   8
+
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+Kille                                                           [Page 1]
+
+RFC 1779                   DN Representation                  March 1995
+
+
+1.  Why a notation is needed
+
+   Many OSI Applications make use of Distinguished Names (DN) as defined
+   in the OSI Directory, commonly known as X.500 [1].  This
+   specification assumes familiarity with X.500, and the concept of
+   Distinguished Name.  It is important to have a common format to be
+   able to unambiguously represent a distinguished name.  This might be
+   done to represent a directory name on a business card or in an email
+   message.  There is a need for a format to support human to human
+   communication, which must be string based (not ASN.1) and user
+   oriented.  This notation is targeted towards a general user oriented
+   system, and in particular to represent the names of humans.  Other
+   syntaxes may be more appropriate for other uses of the directory.
+   For example, the OSF Syntax may be more appropriate for some system
+   oriented uses.  (The OSF Syntax uses "/" as a separator, and forms
+   names in a manner intended to resemble UNIX filenames).
+
+2.  A notation for Distinguished Name
+
+2.1  Goals
+
+   The following goals are laid out:
+
+    o  To provide an unambiguous representation of a distinguished name
+
+    o  To be an intuitive format for the majority of names
+
+    o  To be fully general, and able to represent any distinguished name
+
+    o  To be amenable to a number of different layouts to achieve an
+       attractive representation.
+
+    o  To give a clear representation of the contents of the
+       distinguished name
+
+2.2  Informal definition
+
+   This notation is designed to be convenient for common forms of name.
+   Some examples are given.  The author's directory distinguished name
+   would be written:
+
+   CN=Steve Kille,
+   O=ISODE Consortium, C=GB
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Kille                                                           [Page 2]
+
+RFC 1779                   DN Representation                  March 1995
+
+
+   This may be folded, perhaps to display in multi-column format.  For
+   example:
+
+   CN=Steve Kille,
+   O=ISODE Consortium,
+   C=GB
+
+   Another name might be:
+
+   CN=Christian Huitema, O=INRIA, C=FR
+
+   Semicolon (";") may be used as an alternate separator.  The
+   separators may be mixed, but this usage is discouraged.
+
+   CN=Christian Huitema; O=INRIA; C=FR
+
+   In running text, this would be written as <CN=Christian Huitema;
+   O=INRIA; C=FR>.  Another example, shows how different attribute types
+   are handled:
+
+   CN=James Hacker,
+   L=Basingstoke,
+   O=Widget Inc,
+   C=GB
+
+   Here is an example of a multi-valued Relative Distinguished Name,
+   where the namespace is flat within an organisation, and department is
+   used to disambiguate certain names:
+
+   OU=Sales + CN=J. Smith, O=Widget Inc., C=US
+
+   The final examples show both methods quoting of a comma in an
+   Organisation name:
+
+   CN=L. Eagle, O="Sue, Grabbit and Runn", C=GB
+
+   CN=L. Eagle, O=Sue\, Grabbit and Runn, C=GB
+
+
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+Kille                                                           [Page 3]
+
+RFC 1779                   DN Representation                  March 1995
+
+
+2.3  Formal definition
+
+   A formal definition can now be given.  The structure is specified in
+   a BNF grammar in Figure 1.  This BNF uses the grammar defined in RFC
+   822, with the terminals enclosed in <> [2].  This definition is in an
+   abstract character set, and so may be written in any character set
+   supporting the explicitly defined special characters.  The quoting
+   mechanism is used for the following cases:
+
+    o  Strings containing ",", "+", "=" or """ , <CR>, "<",
+       ">", "#", or ";".
+
+    o  Strings with leading or trailing spaces
+
+    o  Strings containing consecutive spaces
+
+   There is an escape mechanism from the normal user oriented form, so
+   that this syntax may be used to print any valid distinguished name.
+   This is ugly.  It is expected to be used only in pathological cases.
+   There are two parts to this mechanism:
+
+   1.  Attributes types are represented in a (big-endian) dotted
+       notation.  (e.g., OID.2.6.53).
+
+   2.  Attribute values are represented in hexadecimal (e.g.  #0A56CF).
+       Each pair of hex digits defines an octet, which is the ASN.1 Basic
+       Encoding Rules value of the Attribute Value.
+
+   The keyword specification is optional in the BNF, but mandatory for
+   this specification.  This is so that the same BNF may be used for the
+   related specification on User Friendly Naming [5].  When this
+   specification is followed, the attribute type keywords must always be
+   present.
+
+   A list of valid keywords for well known attribute types used in
+   naming is given in Table 1.  Keywords may contain spaces, but shall
+   not have leading or trailing spaces.  This is a list of keywords
+   which must be supported.  These are chosen because they appear in
+   common forms of name, and can do so in a place which does not
+   correspond to the default schema used.  A register of valid keywords
+   is maintained by the IANA.
+
+
+
+
+
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+
+Kille                                                           [Page 4]
+
+RFC 1779                   DN Representation                  March 1995
+
+
+   <name> ::= <name-component> ( <spaced-separator> )
+          | <name-component> <spaced-separator> <name>
+
+   <spaced-separator> ::= <optional-space>
+                   <separator>
+                   <optional-space>
+
+   <separator> ::=  "," | ";"
+
+   <optional-space> ::= ( <CR> ) *( " " )
+
+   <name-component> ::= <attribute>
+           | <attribute> <optional-space> "+"
+             <optional-space> <name-component>
+
+   <attribute> ::= <string>
+           | <key> <optional-space> "=" <optional-space> <string>
+
+   <key> ::= 1*( <keychar> ) | "OID." <oid> | "oid." <oid>
+   <keychar> ::= letters, numbers, and space
+
+   <oid> ::= <digitstring> | <digitstring> "." <oid>
+   <digitstring> ::= 1*<digit>
+   <digit> ::= digits 0-9
+
+   <string> ::= *( <stringchar> | <pair> )
+            | '"' *( <stringchar> | <special> | <pair> ) '"'
+            | "#" <hex>
+
+
+   <special> ::= "," | "=" | <CR> | "+" | "<" |  ">"
+            | "#" | ";"
+
+   <pair> ::= "\" ( <special> | "\" | '"')
+   <stringchar> ::= any character except <special> or "\" or '"'
+
+
+   <hex> ::= 2*<hexchar>
+   <hexchar> ::= 0-9, a-f, A-F
+
+
+
+               Figure 1:  BNF Grammar for Distinguished Name
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Kille                                                           [Page 5]
+
+RFC 1779                   DN Representation                  March 1995
+
+
+                       Key     Attribute (X.520 keys)
+                       ------------------------------
+                       CN      CommonName
+                       L       LocalityName
+                       ST      StateOrProvinceName
+                       O       OrganizationName
+                       OU      OrganizationalUnitName
+                       C       CountryName
+                       STREET  StreetAddress
+
+
+                      Table 1:  Standardised Keywords
+
+
+   Only string type attributes are considered, but other attribute
+   syntaxes could be supported locally (e.g., by use of the syntexes
+   defined in [3].)  It is assumed that the interface will translate
+   from the supplied string into an appropriate Directory String
+   encoding.  The "+" notation is used to specify multi-component RDNs.
+   In this case, the types for attributes in the RDN must be explicit.
+
+   The name is presented/input in a little-endian order (most
+   significant component last).  When an address is written in a context
+   where there is a need to delimit the entire address (e.g., in free
+   text), it is recommended that the delimiters <> are used.  The
+   terminator > is a special in the notation to facilitate this
+   delimitation.
+
+3.  Examples
+
+   This section gives a few examples of distinguished names written
+   using this notation:
+
+   CN=Marshall T. Rose, O=Dover Beach Consulting, L=Santa Clara,
+   ST=California, C=US
+
+   CN=FTAM Service, CN=Bells, OU=Computer Science,
+   O=University College London, C=GB
+
+   CN=Markus Kuhn, O=University of Erlangen, C=DE
+
+   CN=Steve Kille,
+   O=ISODE Consortium,
+   C=GB
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Kille                                                           [Page 6]
+
+RFC 1779                   DN Representation                  March 1995
+
+
+   CN=Steve Kille ,
+
+   O =   ISODE Consortium,
+   C=GB
+
+   CN=Steve Kille, O=ISODE Consortium, C=GB
+
+4.  Acknowledgements
+
+   This work was based on research work done at University College
+   London [4], and evolved by the IETF OSI-DS WG.
+
+   Input for this version of the document was received from:  Allan
+   Cargille (University of Wisconsin); John Dale (COS); Philip Gladstone
+   (Onsett); John Hawthorne (US Air Force); Roland Hedberg (University
+   of Umea); Kipp Hickman (Mosaic Communications Corp.)  Markus Kuhn
+   (University of Erlangen); Elisabeth Roudier (E3X); Mark Wahl (ISODE
+   Consortium).
+
+5.  References
+
+   [1] The Directory --- overview of concepts, models and services,
+       1993. CCITT X.500 Series Recommendations.
+
+   [2] Crocker, D., "Standard of the Format of ARPA-Internet Text
+       Messages", STD 11, RFC 822, University of Delaware, August 1982.
+
+   [3] Yeong, W., Howes, T., and S. Kille, "Lightweight Directory Access
+       Protocol", RFC 1777, Performance Systems International,
+       University of Michigan, ISODE Consortium, March 1995.
+
+   [4] S.E. Kille. Using the OSI directory to achieve user friendly
+       naming. Research Note RN/20/29, Department of Computer Science,
+       University College London, February 1990.
+
+   [5] Kille, S., "Using the OSI Directory to Achieve User Friendly
+       Naming", RFC 1781, ISODE Consortium, March 1995.
+
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+Kille                                                           [Page 7]
+
+RFC 1779                   DN Representation                  March 1995
+
+
+6.  Security Considerations
+
+   Security issues are not discussed in this memo.
+
+7.  Author's Address
+
+   Steve Kille
+   ISODE Consortium
+   The Dome
+   The Square
+   Richmond, Surrey
+   TW9 1DT
+   England
+
+   Phone:  +44-181-332-9091
+   EMail:  S.Kille@ISODE.COM
+
+   DN: CN=Steve Kille,
+   O=ISODE Consortium, C=GB
+
+   UFN: S. Kille,
+   ISODE Consortium, GB
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+Kille                                                           [Page 8]
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