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+Network Working Group                                           J. Woods
+Request for Comments: 1979                                 Proteon, Inc.
+Category: Informational                                      August 1996
+
+
+                          PPP Deflate Protocol
+
+Status of This Memo
+
+   This memo provides information for the Internet community.  This memo
+   does not specify an Internet standard of any kind.  Distribution of
+   this memo is unlimited.
+
+Abstract
+
+   The Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) [1] provides a standard method for
+   transporting multi-protocol datagrams over point-to-point links.
+
+   The PPP Compression Control Protocol [2] provides a method to
+   negotiate and utilize compression protocols over PPP encapsulated
+   links.
+
+   This document describes the use of the PPP Deflate compression
+   protocol for compressing PPP encapsulated packets.
+
+Table of Contents
+
+     1.     Introduction ......................................    2
+        1.1       Licensing ...................................    2
+     2.     PPP Deflate Packets ...............................    3
+        2.1       Packet Format ...............................    6
+     3.     Configuration Option Format .......................    8
+     SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS ..................................    9
+     REFERENCES ...............................................    9
+     ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .........................................    9
+     CHAIR'S ADDRESS ..........................................   10
+     AUTHOR'S ADDRESS .........................................   10
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+Woods                        Informational                      [Page 1]
+
+RFC 1979                      PPP Deflate                    August 1996
+
+
+1.  Introduction
+
+The 'deflate' compression format[3], as used by the PKZIP and gzip
+compressors and as embodied in the freely and widely distributed
+zlib[4] library source code, has the following features:
+
+       - an apparently unencumbered encoding and compression
+         algorithm, with an open and publically-available
+         specification.
+
+       - low-overhead escape mechanism for incompressible data.  The
+         PPP Deflate specification offers options to reduce that
+         overhead further.
+
+       - heavily used for many years in networks, on modem and other
+         point-to-point links to transfer files for personal computers
+         and workstations.
+
+       - easily achieves 2:1 compression on the Calgary corpus[5]
+         using less than 64KBytes of memory on both sender and
+         receive.
+
+1.1.  Licensing
+
+   The zlib source is widely and freely available, subject to the
+   following copyright:
+
+      (C) 1995 Jean-Loup Gailly and Mark Adler
+
+       This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
+       warranty.  In no event will the authors be held liable for any
+       damages arising from the use of this software.
+
+       Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any
+       purpose, including commercial applications, and to alter it and
+       redistribute it freely, subject to the following restrictions:
+
+       1. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you
+          must not claim that you wrote the original software. If you
+          use this software in a product, an acknowledgment in the
+          product documentation would be appreciated but is not
+          required.
+
+       2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and
+          must not be misrepresented as being the original software.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Woods                        Informational                      [Page 2]
+
+RFC 1979                      PPP Deflate                    August 1996
+
+
+       3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source
+          distribution.
+
+       Jean-Loup Gailly        Mark Adler
+       gzip@prep.ai.mit.edu    madler@alumni.caltech.edu
+
+      If you use the zlib library in a product, we would appreciate
+      *not* receiving lengthy legal documents to sign. The sources are
+      provided for free but without warranty of any kind.  The library
+      has been entirely written by Jean-Loup Gailly and Mark Adler; it
+      does not include third-party code.
+
+   The deflate format and compression algorithm are based on Lempel-Ziv
+   LZ77 compression; extensive research has been done by the GNU Project
+   and the Portable Network Graphics working group supporting its patent
+   free status.
+
+2.  PPP Deflate Packets
+
+   Before any PPP Deflate packets may be communicated, PPP must reach
+   the Network-Layer Protocol phase, and the CCP Control Protocol must
+   reach the Opened state.
+
+   Exactly one PPP Deflate datagram is encapsulated in the PPP
+   Information field, where the PPP Protocol field contains 0xFD or
+   0xFB.  0xFD is used when the PPP multilink protocol is not used or
+   "above" multilink.  0xFB is used "below" multilink, to compress
+   independently on individual links of a multilink bundle.
+
+   The maximum length of the PPP Deflate datagram transmitted over a PPP
+   link is the same as the maximum length of the Information field of a
+   PPP encapsulated packet.
+
+   Only packets with PPP Protocol numbers in the range 0x0000 to 0x3FFF
+   and neither 0xFD nor 0xFB are compressed.  Other PPP packets are
+   always sent uncompressed.  Control packets are infrequent and should
+   not be compressed for robustness.
+
+   Padding
+
+      PPP Deflate packets require the previous negotiation of the Self-
+      Describing-Padding Configuration Option [6] if padding is added to
+      packets.  If no padding is added, than Self-Describing-Padding is
+      not required.
+
+
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+Woods                        Informational                      [Page 3]
+
+RFC 1979                      PPP Deflate                    August 1996
+
+
+   Reliability and Sequencing
+
+      PPP Deflate requires the packets to be delivered in sequence.  It
+      relies on Reset-Request and Reset-Ack LCP packets or on
+      renegotiation of the Compression Control Protocol [2] to indicate
+      loss of synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.  The
+      LCP FCS detects corrupted packets and the normal mechanisms
+      discard them.  Missing or out of order packets are detected by the
+      sequence number in each packet.  The packet sequence number ought
+      to be checked before decoding the packet.
+
+      Instead of transmitting a Reset-Request packet when detecting a
+      sequence error, the receiver MAY momentarily force CCP to drop out
+      of the Opened state by transmitting a new CCP Configure-Request.
+      This method is more expensive than using Reset-Requests.
+
+      When the receiver first encounters an unexpected sequence number
+      it SHOULD send a Reset-Request LCP packet as defined in the
+      Compression Control Protocol.  When the transmitter sends the
+      Reset-Ack or when the receiver receives a Reset-ACK, they must
+      reset the sequence number to zero, clear the compression
+      dictionary, and resume sending and receiving compressed packets.
+      The receiver MUST discard all compressed packets after detecting
+      an error and until it receives a Reset-Ack.  This strategy can be
+      thought of as abandoning the transmission of one "file" and
+      starting the transmission of a new "file."
+
+      The transmitter must clear its compression history and respond
+      with a Reset-Ack each time it receives a Reset-Request, because it
+      cannot know if previous Reset-Acks reached the receiver.  The
+      receiver need not do anything to its history when it receives a
+      Reset-Ack, because the transmitter will simply not refer to any
+      prior history ('deflate' is a sliding-window compressor).
+
+      When the link is busy, one decompression error is usually followed
+      by several more before the Reset-Ack can be received.  It is
+      undesirable to transmit Reset-Requests more frequently than the
+      round-trip-time of the link, because redundant Reset-Requests
+      cause unnecessary compression dictionary clearing.  The receiver
+      MAY transmit an additional Reset-Request each time it receives a
+      compressed or uncompressed packet until it finally receives a
+      Reset-Ack, but the receiver ought not transmit another Reset-
+      Request until the Reset-Ack for the previous one is late.  The
+      receiver MUST transmit enough Reset-Request packets to ensure that
+      the transmitter receives at least one.  For example, the receiver
+      might choose to not transmit another Reset-Request until after one
+      second (or, of course, a Reset-Ack has been received and
+      decompression resumed).
+
+
+
+Woods                        Informational                      [Page 4]
+
+RFC 1979                      PPP Deflate                    August 1996
+
+
+   Data Expansion
+
+      'Deflate', as used in this standard, expands incompressible data
+      by approximately 14-18 bytes (8 bytes worst-case at the 'deflate'
+      level, two further bytes for the 'deflate' end-of-block and the
+      zero-length synchronization block header, two bytes of sequence
+      number, and two bytes to account for adding the PPP Protocol Field
+      to the transmitted data unit).
+
+      The BSD Compress draft proposal[7] describes an escape mechanism
+      for incompressible data that trades off a layering violation for
+      the irritating complications of variable and potentially
+      unpredictable effective MRU lengths.  That direct escape mechanism
+      (and much of the text of its description) is used here as well.
+
+      If an incompressible data packet does not fit within the MRU of
+      the link, the packet MUST be sent in its original form without CCP
+      encapsulation; PPP packets with significant data expansion that do
+      not exceed the MRU of the link SHOULD be sent in their original
+      form without CCP encapsulation.  In both of these cases, the
+      transmitter must increment the sequence number, as future
+      encapsulated packets will depend on the correct reception of some
+      number of unencapsulated packets.
+
+      When a PPP packet is received with PPP Protocol numbers in the
+      range 0x0000 to 0x3FFF, (except, of course, 0xFD and 0xFB) it is
+      assumed that the packet would have caused expansion.  The packet
+      is locally added to the compression history.  (Given the
+      definition of the 'deflate' format, a convenient method of doing
+      this is to locally "decompress" a stored-block header of the
+      appropriate length, followed by the actual data block; or the data
+      can simply be appended to the receiver's history, depending on
+      implementation details.)
+
+      Sending incompressible packets in their native encapsulation
+      avoids maximum transmission unit complications.  If uncompressed
+      packets could be larger than their native form, then it would be
+      necessary for the upper layers of an implementation to treat the
+      PPP link as if it had a smaller MTU, to ensure that compressed
+      incompressible packets are never larger than the negotiated PPP
+      MTU.
+
+      Using native encapsulation for incompressible packets complicates
+      the implementation.  The transmitter and the receiver must start
+      putting information into the compression dictionary starting with
+      the same packets, without relying upon seeing a compressed packet
+      for synchronization.  The first few packets after clearing the
+      dictionary are usually incompressible, and so are likely to sent
+
+
+
+Woods                        Informational                      [Page 5]
+
+RFC 1979                      PPP Deflate                    August 1996
+
+
+      in their native encapsulation, just like packets before
+      compression is turned on.  If CCP or LCP packets are handled
+      separately from Network-Layer packets (e.g. a "daemon" for control
+      packets and "kernel code" for data packets), care must be taken to
+      ensure that the transmitter synchronizes clearing the dictionary
+      with the transmission of the configure-ACK or Reset-Ack that
+      starts compression, and the receiver must similarly ensure that
+      its dictionary is cleared before it processes the next packet.
+
+2.1.  Packet Format
+
+   A summary of the PPP Deflate packet format is shown below.
+
+   The fields are transmitted from left to right.
+
+    0                   1                   2                   3
+    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+   |         PPP Protocol          |           Sequence            |
+   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+   |   Data ...
+   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+
+
+   PPP Protocol
+
+      The PPP Protocol field is described in the Point-to-Point Protocol
+      Encapsulation [1].
+
+      When the PPP Deflate compression protocol is successfully
+      negotiated by the PPP Compression Control Protocol [2], the value
+      of the protocol field is 0xFD or 0xFB.  This value MAY be
+      compressed when Protocol-Field-Compression is negotiated.
+
+   Sequence
+
+      The sequence number is sent most significant octet first.  It
+      starts at 0 when the dictionary is cleared, and is incremented by
+      1 for each packet, including uncompressed packets.  The sequence
+      number after 65535 is zero.  In other words, the sequence number
+      "wraps" in the usual way.
+
+      The sequence number ensures that lost or out of order packets do
+      not cause the compression databases of the peers to become
+      unsynchronized.  When an unexpected sequence number is
+      encountered, the dictionaries must be resynchronized with a CCP
+      Reset-Request or Configure-Request.  The packet sequence number
+      can be checked before a compressed packet is decoded.
+
+
+
+Woods                        Informational                      [Page 6]
+
+RFC 1979                      PPP Deflate                    August 1996
+
+
+   Data
+
+      The compressed PPP encapsulated packet, consisting of the Protocol
+      and Data fields of the original, uncompressed packet follows.
+
+      The Protocol field compression MUST be applied to the protocol
+      field in the original packet before the sequence number is
+      computed or the entire packet is compressed, regardless of whether
+      the PPP protocol field compression has been negotiated.  Thus, if
+      the original protocol number was less than 0x100, it must be
+      compressed to a single byte.
+
+      The basic format of the compressed data is precisely described by
+      the 'Deflate' Compressed Data Format Specification[3].  Each
+      transmitted packet must begin at a 'deflate' block boundary, to
+      ensure synchronization when incompressible data resets the
+      transmitter's state; to ensure this, each transmitted packet must
+      be terminated with a zero-length 'deflate' non-compressed block
+      (BTYPE of 00).  This means that the last four bytes of the
+      compressed format must be 0x00 0x00 0xFF 0xFF.  These bytes MUST
+      be removed before transmission; the receiver can reinsert them if
+      required by the implementation.
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+Woods                        Informational                      [Page 7]
+
+RFC 1979                      PPP Deflate                    August 1996
+
+
+3.  Configuration Option Format
+
+
+   Description
+
+      The CCP PPP Deflate Configuration Option negotiates the use of PPP
+      Deflate on the link.  By default or ultimate disagreement, no
+      compression is used.
+
+   A summary of the PPP Deflate Configuration Option format is shown
+   below.  The fields are transmitted from left to right.
+
+    0                   1                   2                   3
+    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+   |     Type      |    Length     |Window | Method|    MBZ    |Chk|
+   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+
+
+   Type
+
+      26 for PPP Deflate.
+
+   Length
+
+      3
+
+   Window
+
+      Represents the maximum window size the decompressor is willing to
+      allocate; expressed as the base-2 logarithm of the LZ77 window
+      size, minus 8.  'Deflate' compliant decompressors must be willing
+      to accept the maximum 32KB window size, represented by a value of
+      7.  A 'deflate' compliant compressor is at liberty to use a
+      reduced window size, so a PPP Deflate compressor MUST either honor
+      the restriction requested or reject the option.
+
+   Method
+
+      Must be the binary number 1000.  Represents the 'zlib' Compression
+      Method identifier of '8' for 'deflate' compression with up to 32K
+      window size.
+
+   MBZ
+
+      Must be all 0 bits.
+
+
+
+
+
+Woods                        Informational                      [Page 8]
+
+RFC 1979                      PPP Deflate                    August 1996
+
+
+   Chk
+
+      Must be 00 to specify sequence number check method.
+
+Security Considerations
+
+   Security issues are not discussed in this memo.
+
+References
+
+   [1]   Simpson, W., "The Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)", STD 51,
+         RFC 1661, July 1994.
+
+   [2]   Rand, D., "The PPP Compression Control Protocol (CCP)",
+         RFC 1962, June 1996.
+
+   [3]   Deutsch, L.P., "'Deflate' Compressed Data Format
+         Specification", draft available in
+         ftp.uu.net:/pub/archiving/zip/doc/deflate-1.1.doc.
+
+   [4]   Gailly, J.-L., "Zlib 0.95 beta".
+
+   [5]   Bell, T.C., Cleary, G. G. and Witten, I.H., "Text Compression",
+         Prentice_Hall, Englewood Cliffs NJ, 1990.  The compression
+         corpus itself can be found in ftp.uu.net:/pub/archiving/zip/.
+
+   [6]   Simpson, W., "PPP LCP Extensions", RFC 1570, January 1994.
+
+   [7]   Schryver, V., "PPP BSD Compression Protocol", RFC 1977,
+         August 1996.
+
+Acknowledgments
+
+   William Simpson provided the very valuable idea of not using any
+   additional header bytes for incompressible packets.
+
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+Woods                        Informational                      [Page 9]
+
+RFC 1979                      PPP Deflate                    August 1996
+
+
+Chair's Address
+
+   The working group can be contacted via the current chair:
+
+   Karl Fox
+   Ascend Communications
+   3518 Riverside Drive, Suite 101
+   Columbus, Ohio 43221
+
+   EMail: karl@ascend.com
+
+Author's Address
+
+   Questions about this memo can also be directed to:
+
+   John Woods
+   Proteon, Inc.
+   9 Technology Drive
+   Westborough MA 01581-1799
+
+   (508) 898-2800 ext. 2651
+   EMail: jfw@funhouse.com
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+Woods                        Informational                     [Page 10]
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