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+Network Working Group                                          C. Rigney
+Request for Comments: 2059                                    Livingston
+Category: Informational                                     January 1997
+
+
+                           RADIUS Accounting
+
+Status of this Memo
+
+   This memo provides information for the Internet community.  This memo
+   does not specify an Internet standard of any kind.  Distribution of
+   this memo is unlimited.
+
+Abstract
+
+   This document describes a protocol for carrying accounting
+   information between a Network Access Server and a shared Accounting
+   Server.
+
+Table of Contents
+
+   1.     Introduction ..........................................    2
+      1.1       Specification of Requirements ...................    3
+      1.2       Terminology .....................................    3
+   2.     Operation .............................................    3
+   3.     Packet Format .........................................    4
+   4.     Packet Types ..........................................    6
+      4.1       Accounting-Request ..............................    7
+      4.2       Accounting-Response .............................    8
+   5.     Attributes ............................................    9
+      5.1       Acct-Status-Type ................................   11
+      5.2       Acct-Delay-Time .................................   12
+      5.3       Acct-Input-Octets ...............................   13
+      5.4       Acct-Output-Octets ..............................   13
+      5.5       Acct-Session-Id .................................   14
+      5.6       Acct-Authentic ..................................   15
+      5.7       Acct-Session-Time ...............................   16
+      5.8       Acct-Input-Packets ..............................   17
+      5.9       Acct-Output-Packets .............................   17
+      5.10      Acct-Terminate-Cause ............................   18
+      5.11      Acct-Multi-Session-Id ...........................   20
+      5.12      Acct-Link-Count .................................   21
+      5.13      Table of Attributes .............................   22
+   Security Considerations ......................................   24
+   References ...................................................   24
+   Acknowledgements .............................................   24
+   Chair's Address ..............................................   25
+   Author's Address .............................................   25
+
+
+
+Rigney                       Informational                      [Page 1]
+
+RFC 2059                   RADIUS Accounting                January 1997
+
+
+1.  Introduction
+
+   Managing dispersed serial line and modem pools for large numbers of
+   users can create the need for significant administrative support.
+   Since modem pools are by definition a link to the outside world, they
+   require careful attention to security, authorization and accounting.
+   This can be best achieved by managing a single "database" of users,
+   which allows for authentication (verifying user name and password) as
+   well as configuration information detailing the type of service to
+   deliver to the user (for example, SLIP, PPP, telnet, rlogin).
+
+   The RADIUS (Remote Authentication Dial In User Service) document [4]
+   specifies the RADIUS protocol used for Authentication and
+   Authorization.  This memo extends the use of the RADIUS protocol to
+   cover delivery of accounting information from the Network Access
+   Server (NAS) to a RADIUS accounting server.
+
+   Key features of RADIUS Accounting are:
+
+      Client/Server Model
+
+         A Network Access Server (NAS) operates as a client of the
+         RADIUS accounting server.  The client is responsible for
+         passing user accounting information to a designated RADIUS
+         accounting server.
+
+         The RADIUS accounting server is responsible for receiving the
+         accounting request and returning a response to the client
+         indicating that it has successfully received the request.
+
+         The RADIUS accounting server can act as a proxy client to other
+         kinds of accounting servers.
+
+      Network Security
+
+         Transactions between the client and RADIUS accounting server
+         are authenticated through the use of a shared secret, which is
+         never sent over the network.
+
+      Extensible Protocol
+
+         All transactions are comprised of variable length Attribute-
+         Length-Value 3-tuples.  New attribute values can be added
+         without disturbing existing implementations of the protocol.
+
+   In this document, several words are used to signify the requirements
+   of the specification.  These words are often capitalized.
+
+
+
+
+Rigney                       Informational                      [Page 2]
+
+RFC 2059                   RADIUS Accounting                January 1997
+
+
+1.1  Specification of Requirements
+
+   MUST      This word, or the adjective "required", means that the
+             definition is an absolute requirement of the specification.
+
+   MUST NOT  This phrase means that the definition is an absolute
+             prohibition of the specification.
+
+   SHOULD    This word, or the adjective "recommended", means that there
+             may exist valid reasons in particular circumstances to
+             ignore this item, but the full implications must be
+             understood and carefully weighed before choosing a
+             different course.
+
+   MAY       This word, or the adjective "optional", means that this
+             item is one of an allowed set of alternatives.  An
+             implementation which does not include this option MUST be
+             prepared to interoperate with another implementation which
+             does include the option.
+
+1.2.  Terminology
+
+   This document uses the following terms:
+
+   service   The NAS provides a service to the dial-in user, such as PPP
+             or Telnet.
+
+   session   Each service provided by the NAS to a dial-in user
+             constitutes a session, with the beginning of the session
+             defined as the point where service is first provided and
+             the end of the session defined as the point where service
+             is ended.  A user may have multiple sessions in parallel or
+             series if the NAS supports that, with each session
+             generating a separate start and stop accounting record with
+             its own Acct-Session-Id.
+
+   silently discard
+             This means the implementation discards the packet without
+             further processing.  The implementation SHOULD provide the
+             capability of logging the error, including the contents of
+             the silently discarded packet, and SHOULD record the event
+             in a statistics counter.
+
+2.  Operation
+
+   When a client is configured to use RADIUS Accounting, at the start of
+   service delivery it will generate an Accounting Start packet
+   describing the type of service being delivered and the user it is
+
+
+
+Rigney                       Informational                      [Page 3]
+
+RFC 2059                   RADIUS Accounting                January 1997
+
+
+   being delivered to, and will send that to the RADIUS Accounting
+   server, which will send back an acknowledgement that the packet has
+   been received.  At the end of service delivery the client will
+   generate an Accounting Stop packet describing the type of service
+   that was delivered and optionally statistics such as elapsed time,
+   input and output octets, or input and output packets.  It will send
+   that to the RADIUS Accounting server, which will send back an
+   acknowledgement that the packet has been received.
+
+   The Accounting-Request (whether for Start or Stop) is submitted to
+   the RADIUS accounting server via the network. It is recommended that
+   the client continue attempting to send the Accounting-Request packet
+   until it receives an acknowledgement, using some form of backoff.  If
+   no response is returned within a length of time, the request is re-
+   sent a number of times.  The client can also forward requests to an
+   alternate server or servers in the event that the primary server is
+   down or unreachable.  An alternate server can be used either after a
+   number of tries to the primary server fail, or in a round-robin
+   fashion.  Retry and fallback algorithms are the topic of current
+   research and are not specified in detail in this document.
+
+   The RADIUS accounting server MAY make requests of other servers in
+   order to satisfy the request, in which case it acts as a client.
+
+   If the RADIUS accounting server is unable to successfully record the
+   accounting packet it MUST NOT send an Accounting-Response
+   acknowledgment to the client.
+
+3.  Packet Format
+
+   Exactly one RADIUS Accounting packet is encapsulated in the UDP Data
+   field [1], where the UDP Destination Port field indicates 1813
+   (decimal).
+
+   When a reply is generated, the source and destination ports are
+   reversed.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Rigney                       Informational                      [Page 4]
+
+RFC 2059                   RADIUS Accounting                January 1997
+
+
+   A summary of the RADIUS data format is shown below.  The fields are
+   transmitted from left to right.
+
+    0                   1                   2                   3
+    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+   |     Code      |  Identifier   |            Length             |
+   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+   |                                                               |
+   |                         Authenticator                         |
+   |                                                               |
+   |                                                               |
+   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+   |  Attributes ...
+   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-
+
+Code
+
+   The Code field is one octet, and identifies the type of RADIUS
+   packet.  When a packet is received with an invalid Code field, it is
+   silently discarded.
+
+   RADIUS Accounting Codes (decimal) are assigned as follows:
+
+        4       Accounting-Request
+        5       Accounting-Response
+
+
+Identifier
+
+   The Identifier field is one octet, and aids in matching requests and
+   replies.
+
+Length
+
+   The Length field is two octets.  It indicates the length of the
+   packet including the Code, Identifier, Length, Authenticator and
+   Attribute fields.  Octets outside the range of the Length field
+   should be treated as padding and should be ignored on reception.  If
+   the packet is shorter than the Length field indicates, it should be
+   silently discarded.  The minimum length is 20 and maximum length is
+   4096.
+
+Authenticator
+
+   The Authenticator field is sixteen (16) octets.  The most significant
+   octet is transmitted first.  This value is used to authenticate the
+   messages between the client and RADIUS accounting server.
+
+
+
+Rigney                       Informational                      [Page 5]
+
+RFC 2059                   RADIUS Accounting                January 1997
+
+
+   Request Authenticator
+
+      In Accounting-Request Packets, the Authenticator value is a 16
+      octet MD5 [3] checksum, called the Request Authenticator.
+
+      The NAS and RADIUS accounting server share a secret.  The Request
+      Authenticator field in Accounting-Request packets contains a one-
+      way MD5 hash calculated over a stream of octets consisting of the
+      Code + Identifier + Length + 16 zero octets + request attributes +
+      shared secret (where + indicates concatenation).  The 16 octet MD5
+      hash value is stored in the Authenticator field of the
+      Accounting-Request packet.
+
+      Note that the Request Authenticator of an Accounting-Request can
+      not be done the same way as the Request Authenticator of a RADIUS
+      Access-Request, because there is no User-Password attribute in an
+      Accounting-Request.
+
+Response Authenticator
+
+   The Authenticator field in an Accounting-Response packet is called
+   the Response Authenticator, and contains a one-way MD5 hash
+   calculated over a stream of octets consisting of the Accounting-
+   Response Code, Identifier, Length, the Request Authenticator field
+   from the Accounting-Request packet being replied to, and the response
+   attributes if any, followed by the shared secret.  The resulting 16
+   octet MD5 hash value is stored in the Authenticator field of the
+   Accounting-Response packet.
+
+Attributes
+
+   Attributes may have multiple instances, in such a case the order of
+   attributes of the same type SHOULD be preserved.  The order of
+   attributes of different types is not required to be preserved.
+
+4.  Packet Types
+
+   The RADIUS packet type is determined by the Code field in the first
+   octet of the packet.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Rigney                       Informational                      [Page 6]
+
+RFC 2059                   RADIUS Accounting                January 1997
+
+
+4.1.  Accounting-Request
+
+   Description
+
+      Accounting-Request packets are sent from a client (typically a
+      Network Access Server or its proxy) to a RADIUS accounting server,
+      and convey information used to provide accounting for a service
+      provided to a user.  The client transmits a RADIUS packet with the
+      Code field set to 4 (Accounting-Request).
+
+      Upon receipt of an Accounting-Request, the server MUST transmit an
+      Accounting-Response reply if it successfully records the
+      accounting packet, and MUST NOT transmit any reply if it fails to
+      record the accounting packet.
+
+      Any attribute valid in a RADIUS Access-Request or Access-Accept
+      packet is valid in a RADIUS Accounting-Request packet, except that
+      the following attributes MUST NOT be present in an Accounting-
+      Request: User-Password, CHAP-Password, Reply-Message, State.
+      Either NAS-IP-Address or NAS-Identifier MUST be present in a
+      RADIUS Accounting-Request.  It SHOULD contain a NAS-Port or NAS-
+      Port-Type attribute or both unless the service does not involve a
+      port or the NAS does not distinguish among its ports.
+
+   A summary of the Accounting-Request packet format is shown below.
+   The fields are transmitted from left to right.
+
+    0                   1                   2                   3
+    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+   |     Code      |  Identifier   |            Length             |
+   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+   |                                                               |
+   |                     Request Authenticator                     |
+   |                                                               |
+   |                                                               |
+   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+   |  Attributes ...
+   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-
+
+   Code
+
+      4 for Accounting-Request.
+
+   Identifier
+
+      The Identifier field MUST be changed whenever the content of the
+      Attributes field changes, and whenever a valid reply has been
+
+
+
+Rigney                       Informational                      [Page 7]
+
+RFC 2059                   RADIUS Accounting                January 1997
+
+
+      received for a previous request.  For retransmissions where the
+      contents are identical, the Identifier MUST remain unchanged.
+
+      Note that if Acct-Delay-Time is included in the attributes of an
+      Accounting-Request then the Acct-Delay-Time value will be updated
+      when the packet is retransmitted, changing the content of the
+      Attributes field and requiring a new Identifier and Request
+      Authenticator.
+
+   Request Authenticator
+
+      The Request Authenticator of an Accounting-Request contains a 16-
+      octet MD5 hash value calculated according to the method described
+      in "Request Authenticator" above.
+
+Attributes
+
+   The Attributes field is variable in length, and contains a list of
+   Attributes.
+
+4.2.  Accounting-Response
+
+   Description
+
+      Accounting-Response packets are sent by the RADIUS accounting
+      server to the client to acknowledge that the Accounting-Request
+      has been received and recorded successfully.  If the Accounting-
+      Request was recorded successfully then the RADIUS accounting
+      server MUST transmit a packet with the Code field set to 5
+      (Accounting-Response).  On reception of an Accounting-Response by
+      the client, the Identifier field is matched with a pending
+      Accounting-Request.  Invalid packets are silently discarded.
+
+      A RADIUS Accounting-Response is not required to have any
+      attributes in it.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Rigney                       Informational                      [Page 8]
+
+RFC 2059                   RADIUS Accounting                January 1997
+
+
+   A summary of the Accounting-Response packet format is shown below.
+   The fields are transmitted from left to right.
+
+    0                   1                   2                   3
+    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+   |     Code      |  Identifier   |            Length             |
+   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+   |                                                               |
+   |                     Response Authenticator                    |
+   |                                                               |
+   |                                                               |
+   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+   |  Attributes ...
+   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-
+
+
+   Code
+
+      5 for Accounting-Response.
+
+   Identifier
+
+      The Identifier field is a copy of the Identifier field of the
+      Accounting-Request which caused this Accounting-Response.
+
+   Response Authenticator
+
+      The Response Authenticator of an Accounting-Response contains a
+      16-octet MD5 hash value calculated according to the method
+      described in "Response Authenticator" above.
+
+   Attributes
+
+      The Attributes field is variable in length, and contains a list of
+      zero or more Attributes.
+
+5.  Attributes
+
+   RADIUS Attributes carry the specific authentication, authorization
+   and accounting details for the request and response.
+
+   Some attributes MAY be included more than once.  The effect of this
+   is attribute specific, and is specified in each attribute
+   description.
+
+   The end of the list of attributes is indicated by the Length of the
+   RADIUS packet.
+
+
+
+Rigney                       Informational                      [Page 9]
+
+RFC 2059                   RADIUS Accounting                January 1997
+
+
+   A summary of the attribute format is shown below.  The fields are
+   transmitted from left to right.
+
+    0                   1                   2
+    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3
+   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+   |     Type      |    Length     |  Value ...
+   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+
+
+   Type
+
+      The Type field is one octet.  Up-to-date values of the RADIUS Type
+      field are specified in the most recent "Assigned Numbers" RFC [2].
+      Values 192-223 are reserved for experimental use, values 224-240
+      are reserved for implementation-specific use, and values 241-255
+      are reserved and should not be used.  This specification concerns
+      the following values:
+
+           1-39   (refer to RADIUS document [4])
+          40      Acct-Status-Type
+          41      Acct-Delay-Time
+          42      Acct-Input-Octets
+          43      Acct-Output-Octets
+          44      Acct-Session-Id
+          45      Acct-Authentic
+          46      Acct-Session-Time
+          47      Acct-Input-Packets
+          48      Acct-Output-Packets
+          49      Acct-Terminate-Cause
+          50      Acct-Multi-Session-Id
+          51      Acct-Link-Count
+          60+     (refer to RADIUS document [4])
+
+   Length
+
+      The Length field is one octet, and indicates the length of this
+      attribute including the Type, Length and Value fields.  If an
+      attribute is received in an Accounting-Request with an invalid
+      Length, the entire request should be silently discarded.
+
+   Value
+
+      The Value field is zero or more octets and contains information
+      specific to the attribute.  The format and length of the Value
+      field is determined by the Type and Length fields.
+
+      The format of the value field is one of four data types.
+
+
+
+Rigney                       Informational                     [Page 10]
+
+RFC 2059                   RADIUS Accounting                January 1997
+
+
+      string    0-253 octets
+
+      address   32 bit value, most significant octet first.
+
+      integer   32 bit value, most significant octet first.
+
+      time      32 bit value, most significant octet first -- seconds
+                since 00:00:00 GMT, January 1, 1970.  The standard
+                Attributes do not use this data type but it is presented
+                here for possible use within Vendor-Specific attributes.
+
+5.1.  Acct-Status-Type
+
+   Description
+
+      This attribute indicates whether this Accounting-Request marks the
+      beginning of the user service (Start) or the end (Stop).
+
+      It MAY be used by the client to mark the start of accounting (for
+      example, upon booting) by specifying Accounting-On and to mark the
+      end of accounting (for example, just before a scheduled reboot) by
+      specifying Accounting-Off.
+
+   A summary of the Acct-Status-Type attribute format is shown below.
+   The fields are transmitted from left to right.
+
+    0                   1                   2                   3
+    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+   |     Type      |    Length     |             Value
+   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+              Value (cont)         |
+   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+
+
+   Type
+
+      40 for Acct-Status-Type.
+
+   Length
+
+      6
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Rigney                       Informational                     [Page 11]
+
+RFC 2059                   RADIUS Accounting                January 1997
+
+
+   Value
+
+      The Value field is four octets.
+
+       1      Start
+       2      Stop
+       7      Accounting-On
+       8      Accounting-Off
+
+
+5.2.  Acct-Delay-Time
+
+   Description
+
+      This attribute indicates how many seconds the client has been
+      trying to send this record for, and can be subtracted from the
+      time of arrival on the server to find the approximate time of the
+      event generating this Accounting-Request.  (Network transit time
+      is ignored.)
+
+      Note that changing the Acct-Delay-Time causes the Identifier to
+      change; see the discussion under Identifier above.
+
+   A summary of the Acct-Delay-Time attribute format is shown below.
+   The fields are transmitted from left to right.
+
+    0                   1                   2                   3
+    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+   |     Type      |    Length     |             Value
+   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+              Value (cont)         |
+   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+
+
+   Type
+
+      41 for Acct-Delay-Time.
+
+   Length
+
+      6
+
+   Value
+
+      The Value field is four octets.
+
+
+
+
+
+Rigney                       Informational                     [Page 12]
+
+RFC 2059                   RADIUS Accounting                January 1997
+
+
+5.3.  Acct-Input-Octets
+
+   Description
+
+      This attribute indicates how many octets have been received from
+      the port over the course of this service being provided, and can
+      only be present in Accounting-Request records where the Acct-
+      Status-Type is set to Stop.
+
+   A summary of the Acct-Input-Octets attribute format is shown below.
+   The fields are transmitted from left to right.
+
+    0                   1                   2                   3
+    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+   |     Type      |    Length     |             Value
+   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+              Value (cont)         |
+   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+
+
+   Type
+
+      42 for Acct-Input-Octets.
+
+   Length
+
+      6
+
+   Value
+
+      The Value field is four octets.
+
+5.4.  Acct-Output-Octets
+
+   Description
+
+      This attribute indicates how many octets have been sent to the
+      port in the course of delivering this service, and can only be
+      present in Accounting-Request records where the Acct-Status-Type
+      is set to Stop.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Rigney                       Informational                     [Page 13]
+
+RFC 2059                   RADIUS Accounting                January 1997
+
+
+   A summary of the Acct-Output-Octets attribute format is shown below.
+   The fields are transmitted from left to right.
+
+    0                   1                   2                   3
+    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+   |     Type      |    Length     |             Value
+   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+              Value (cont)         |
+   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+
+
+   Type
+
+      43 for Acct-Output-Octets.
+
+   Length
+
+      6
+
+   Value
+
+      The Value field is four octets.
+
+5.5.  Acct-Session-Id
+
+   Description
+
+      This attribute is a unique Accounting ID to make it easy to match
+      start and stop records in a log file.  The start and stop records
+      for a given session MUST have the same Acct-Session-Id.  It is
+      strongly recommended that the Acct-Session-Id be a printable ASCII
+      string.
+
+      For example, one implementation uses a string with an 8-digit
+      upper case hexadecimal number, the first two digits increment on
+      each reboot (wrapping every 256 reboots) and the next 6 digits
+      counting from 0 for the first person logging in after a reboot up
+      to 2^24-1, about 16 million.  Other encodings are possible.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Rigney                       Informational                     [Page 14]
+
+RFC 2059                   RADIUS Accounting                January 1997
+
+
+   A summary of the Acct-Session-Id attribute format is shown below.
+   The fields are transmitted from left to right.
+
+    0                   1                   2
+    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3
+   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+   |     Type      |    Length     |  String ...
+   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+
+
+   Type
+
+      44 for Acct-Session-Id.
+
+   Length
+
+      >= 3
+
+   String
+
+      The String field SHOULD be a string of printable ASCII characters.
+
+5.6.  Acct-Authentic
+
+   Description
+
+      This attribute MAY be included in an Accounting-Request to
+      indicate how the user was authenticated, whether by RADIUS, the
+      NAS itself, or another remote authentication protocol.  Users who
+      are delivered service without being authenticated SHOULD NOT
+      generate Accounting records.
+
+   A summary of the Acct-Authentic attribute format is shown below.  The
+   fields are transmitted from left to right.
+
+    0                   1                   2                   3
+    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+   |     Type      |    Length     |             Value
+   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+              Value (cont)         |
+   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+
+
+   Type
+
+      45 for Acct-Authentic.
+
+
+
+
+Rigney                       Informational                     [Page 15]
+
+RFC 2059                   RADIUS Accounting                January 1997
+
+
+   Length
+
+      6
+
+   Value
+
+      The Value field is four octets.
+
+       1      RADIUS
+       2      Local
+       3      Remote
+
+5.7.  Acct-Session-Time
+
+   Description
+
+      This attribute indicates how many seconds the user has received
+      service for, and can only be present in Accounting-Request records
+      where the Acct-Status-Type is set to Stop.
+
+   A summary of the Acct-Session-Time attribute format is shown below.
+   The fields are transmitted from left to right.
+
+    0                   1                   2                   3
+    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+   |     Type      |    Length     |             Value
+   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+              Value (cont)         |
+   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+
+   Type
+
+      46 for Acct-Session-Time.
+
+   Length
+
+      6
+
+   Value
+
+      The Value field is four octets.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Rigney                       Informational                     [Page 16]
+
+RFC 2059                   RADIUS Accounting                January 1997
+
+
+5.8.  Acct-Input-Packets
+
+   Description
+
+      This attribute indicates how many packets have been received from
+      the port over the course of this service being provided to a
+      Framed User, and can only be present in Accounting-Request records
+      where the Acct-Status-Type is set to Stop.
+
+   A summary of the Acct-Input-packets attribute format is shown below.
+   The fields are transmitted from left to right.
+
+    0                   1                   2                   3
+    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+   |     Type      |    Length     |             Value
+   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+              Value (cont)         |
+   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+
+
+   Type
+
+      47 for Acct-Input-Packets.
+
+   Length
+
+      6
+
+   Value
+
+      The Value field is four octets.
+
+5.9.  Acct-Output-Packets
+
+   Description
+
+      This attribute indicates how many packets have been sent to the
+      port in the course of delivering this service to a Framed User,
+      and can only be present in Accounting-Request records where the
+      Acct-Status-Type is set to Stop.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Rigney                       Informational                     [Page 17]
+
+RFC 2059                   RADIUS Accounting                January 1997
+
+
+   A summary of the Acct-Output-Packets attribute format is shown below.
+   The fields are transmitted from left to right.
+
+    0                   1                   2                   3
+    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+   |     Type      |    Length     |             Value
+   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+              Value (cont)         |
+   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+
+
+   Type
+
+      48 for Acct-Output-Packets.
+
+   Length
+
+      6
+
+   Value
+
+      The Value field is four octets.
+
+
+5.10.  Acct-Terminate-Cause
+
+   Description
+
+      This attribute indicates how the session was terminated, and can
+      only be present in Accounting-Request records where the Acct-
+      Status-Type is set to Stop.
+
+   A summary of the Acct-Terminate-Cause attribute format is shown
+   below.  The fields are transmitted from left to right.
+
+    0                   1                   2                   3
+    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+   |     Type      |    Length     |             Value
+   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+              Value (cont)         |
+   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+
+
+   Type
+
+      49 for Acct-Terminate-Cause
+
+
+
+Rigney                       Informational                     [Page 18]
+
+RFC 2059                   RADIUS Accounting                January 1997
+
+
+   Length
+
+      6
+
+   Value
+
+      The Value field is four octets, containing an integer specifying
+      the cause of session termination, as follows:
+
+      1       User Request
+      2       Lost Carrier
+      3       Lost Service
+      4       Idle Timeout
+      5       Session Timeout
+      6       Admin Reset
+      7       Admin Reboot
+      8       Port Error
+      9       NAS Error
+      10      NAS Request
+      11      NAS Reboot
+      12      Port Unneeded
+      13      Port Preempted
+      14      Port Suspended
+      15      Service Unavailable
+      16      Callback
+      17      User Error
+      18      Host Request
+
+
+      The termination causes are as follows:
+
+      User Request         User requested termination of service, for
+                           example with LCP Terminate or by logging out.
+
+      Lost Carrier         DCD was dropped on the port.
+
+      Lost Service         Service can no longer be provided; for
+                           example, user's connection to a host was
+                           interrupted.
+
+      Idle Timeout         Idle timer expired.
+
+      Session Timeout      Maximum session length timer expired.
+
+      Admin Reset          Administrator reset the port or session.
+
+      Admin Reboot         Administrator is ending service on the NAS,
+                           for example prior to rebooting the NAS.
+
+
+
+Rigney                       Informational                     [Page 19]
+
+RFC 2059                   RADIUS Accounting                January 1997
+
+
+      Port Error           NAS detected an error on the port which
+                           required ending the session.
+
+      NAS Error            NAS detected some error (other than on the
+                           port) which required ending the session.
+
+      NAS Request          NAS ended session for a non-error reason not
+                           otherwise listed here.
+
+      NAS Reboot           The NAS ended the session in order to reboot
+                           non-administratively ("crash").
+
+      Port Unneeded        NAS ended session because resource usage fell
+                           below low-water mark (for example, if a
+                           bandwidth-on-demand algorithm decided that
+                           the port was no longer needed).
+
+      Port Preempted       NAS ended session in order to allocate the
+                           port to a higher priority use.
+
+      Port Suspended       NAS ended session to suspend a virtual
+                           session.
+
+      Service Unavailable  NAS was unable to provide requested service.
+
+      Callback             NAS is terminating current session in order
+                           to perform callback for a new session.
+
+      User Error           Input from user is in error, causing
+                           termination of session.
+
+      Host Request         Login Host terminated session normally.
+
+5.11.  Acct-Multi-Session-Id
+
+   Description
+
+      This attribute is a unique Accounting ID to make it easy to link
+      together multiple related sessions in a log file.  Each session
+      linked together would have a unique Acct-Session-Id but the same
+      Acct-Multi-Session-Id.  It is strongly recommended that the Acct-
+      Multi-Session-Id be a printable ASCII string.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Rigney                       Informational                     [Page 20]
+
+RFC 2059                   RADIUS Accounting                January 1997
+
+
+   A summary of the Acct-Session-Id attribute format is shown below.
+   The fields are transmitted from left to right.
+
+    0                   1                   2
+    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3
+   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+   |     Type      |    Length     |  String ...
+   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+
+
+   Type
+
+      50 for Acct-Multi-Session-Id.
+
+   Length
+
+      >= 3
+
+   String
+
+      The String field SHOULD be a string of printable ASCII characters.
+
+5.12.  Acct-Link-Count
+
+   Description
+
+      This attribute gives the count of links which are known to have
+      been in a given multilink session at the time the accounting
+      record is generated.  The NAS MAY include the Acct-Link-Count
+      attribute in any Accounting-Request which might have multiple
+      links.
+
+   A summary of the Acct-Link-Count attribute format is show below.  The
+   fields are transmitted from left to right.
+
+    0                   1                   2                   3
+    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+   |     Type      |    Length     |             Value
+   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+              Value (cont)         |
+   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+
+
+   Type
+
+      51 for Acct-Link-Count.
+
+
+
+
+Rigney                       Informational                     [Page 21]
+
+RFC 2059                   RADIUS Accounting                January 1997
+
+
+   Length
+
+      6
+
+   Value
+
+      The Value field is four octets, and contains the number of links
+      seen so far in this Multilink Session.
+
+      It may be used to make it easier for an accounting server to know
+      when it has all the records for a given Multilink session.  When
+      the number of Accounting-Requests received with Acct-Status-Type =
+      Stop and the same Acct-Multi-Session-Id and unique Acct-Session-
+      Id's equals the largest value of Acct-Link-Count seen in those
+      Accounting-Requests, all Stop Accounting-Requests for that
+      Multilink Session have been received.
+
+      An example showing 8 Accounting-Requests should make things
+      clearer.  For clarity only the relevant attributes are shown, but
+      additional attributes containing accounting information will also
+      be present in the Accounting-Request.
+
+      Multi-Session-Id   Session-Id   Status-Type   Link-Count
+      "10"               "10"         Start         1
+      "10"               "11"         Start         2
+      "10"               "11"         Stop          2
+      "10"               "12"         Start         3
+      "10"               "13"         Start         4
+      "10"               "12"         Stop          4
+      "10"               "13"         Stop          4
+      "10"               "10"         Stop          4
+
+5.13.  Table of Attributes
+
+   The following table provides a guide to which attributes may be found
+   in Accounting-Request packets.  No attributes should be found in
+   Accounting-Response packets except Proxy-State and possibly Vendor-
+   Specific.
+
+
+                      #     Attribute
+                      0-1   User-Name
+                      0     User-Password
+                      0     CHAP-Password
+                      0-1   NAS-IP-Address [4]
+                      0-1   NAS-Port
+                      0-1   Service-Type
+                      0-1   Framed-Protocol
+
+
+
+Rigney                       Informational                     [Page 22]
+
+RFC 2059                   RADIUS Accounting                January 1997
+
+
+                      0-1   Framed-IP-Address
+                      0-1   Framed-IP-Netmask
+                      0-1   Framed-Routing
+                      0+    Filter-Id
+                      0-1   Framed-MTU
+                      0+    Framed-Compression
+                      0+    Login-IP-Host
+                      0-1   Login-Service
+                      0-1   Login-TCP-Port
+                      0     Reply-Message
+                      0-1   Callback-Number
+                      0-1   Callback-Id
+                      0+    Framed-Route
+                      0-1   Framed-IPX-Network
+                      0     State
+                      0+    Class
+                      0+    Vendor-Specific
+                      0-1   Session-Timeout
+                      0-1   Idle-Timeout
+                      0-1   Termination-Action
+                      0-1   Called-Station-Id
+                      0-1   Calling-Station-Id
+                      0-1   NAS-Identifier [4]
+                      0+    Proxy-State
+                      0-1   Login-LAT-Service
+                      0-1   Login-LAT-Node
+                      0-1   Login-LAT-Group
+                      0-1   Framed-AppleTalk-Link
+                      0-1   Framed-AppleTalk-Network
+                      0-1   Framed-AppleTalk-Zone
+                      1     Acct-Status-Type
+                      0-1   Acct-Delay-Time
+                      0-1   Acct-Input-Octets
+                      0-1   Acct-Output-Octets
+                      1     Acct-Session-Id
+                      0-1   Acct-Authentic
+                      0-1   Acct-Session-Time
+                      0-1   Acct-Input-Packets
+                      0-1   Acct-Output-Packets
+                      0-1   Acct-Terminate-Cause
+                      0+    Acct-Multi-Session-Id
+                      0+    Acct-Link-Count
+                      0     CHAP-Challenge
+                      0-1   NAS-Port-Type
+                      0-1   Port-Limit
+                      0-1   Login-LAT-Port
+
+
+
+
+
+Rigney                       Informational                     [Page 23]
+
+RFC 2059                   RADIUS Accounting                January 1997
+
+
+   [4] An Accounting-Request MUST contain either a NAS-IP-Address or a
+   NAS-Identifier, and it is permitted (but not recommended) for it to
+   contain both.
+
+   The following table defines the above table entries.
+
+      0     This attribute MUST NOT be present
+      0+    Zero or more instances of this attribute MAY be present.
+      0-1   Zero or one instance of this attribute MAY be present.
+      1     Exactly one instance of this attribute MUST be present.
+
+Security Considerations
+
+   Security issues are briefly discussed in sections concerning the
+   authenticator included in accounting requests and responses, using a
+   shared secret which is never sent over the network.
+
+References
+
+   [1]   Postel, J., "User Datagram Protocol", STD 6, RFC 768,
+         USC/Information Sciences Institute, August 1980.
+
+   [2]   Reynolds, J., and J. Postel, "Assigned Numbers", STD 2, RFC
+         1700, USC/Information Sciences Institute, October 1994.
+
+   [3]   Rivest, R., and S. Dusse, "The MD5 Message-Digest Algorithm",
+         RFC 1321, MIT Laboratory for Computer Science, RSA Data
+         Security Inc., April 1992.
+
+   [4]   Rigney, C., Rubens, A., Simpson, W., and S. Willens, "Remote
+         Authentication Dial In User Service (RADIUS)", RFC 2058,
+         January 1997.
+
+Acknowledgments
+
+   RADIUS and RADIUS Accounting were originally developed by Livingston
+   Enterprises for their PortMaster series of Network Access Servers.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Rigney                       Informational                     [Page 24]
+
+RFC 2059                   RADIUS Accounting                January 1997
+
+
+Chair's Address
+
+   The RADIUS working group can be contacted via the current chair:
+
+   Carl Rigney
+   Livingston Enterprises
+   6920 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 220
+   Pleasanton, California  94566
+
+   Phone: +1 510 426 0770
+   EMail: cdr@livingston.com
+
+
+Author's Address
+
+   Questions about this memo can also be directed to:
+
+   Carl Rigney
+   Livingston Enterprises
+   6920 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 220
+   Pleasanton, California  94566
+
+   EMail: cdr@livingston.com
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Rigney                       Informational                     [Page 25]
+