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| author | Thomas Voss <mail@thomasvoss.com> | 2024-11-27 20:54:24 +0100 |
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| committer | Thomas Voss <mail@thomasvoss.com> | 2024-11-27 20:54:24 +0100 |
| commit | 4bfd864f10b68b71482b35c818559068ef8d5797 (patch) | |
| tree | e3989f47a7994642eb325063d46e8f08ffa681dc /doc/rfc/rfc8829.txt | |
| parent | ea76e11061bda059ae9f9ad130a9895cc85607db (diff) | |
doc: Add RFC documents
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diff --git a/doc/rfc/rfc8829.txt b/doc/rfc/rfc8829.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..316f961 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/rfc/rfc8829.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4896 @@ + + + + +Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) J. Uberti +Request for Comments: 8829 Google +Category: Standards Track C. Jennings +ISSN: 2070-1721 Cisco + E. Rescorla, Ed. + Mozilla + January 2021 + + + JavaScript Session Establishment Protocol (JSEP) + +Abstract + + This document describes the mechanisms for allowing a JavaScript + application to control the signaling plane of a multimedia session + via the interface specified in the W3C RTCPeerConnection API and + discusses how this relates to existing signaling protocols. + +Status of This Memo + + This is an Internet Standards Track document. + + This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force + (IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has + received public review and has been approved for publication by the + Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Further information on + Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of RFC 7841. + + Information about the current status of this document, any errata, + and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at + https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8829. + +Copyright Notice + + Copyright (c) 2021 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the + document authors. All rights reserved. + + This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal + Provisions Relating to IETF Documents + (https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of + publication of this document. Please review these documents + carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect + to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must + include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of + the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as + described in the Simplified BSD License. + +Table of Contents + + 1. Introduction + 1.1. General Design of JSEP + 1.2. Other Approaches Considered + 1.3. Contradiction regarding bundle-only "m=" sections + 2. Terminology + 3. Semantics and Syntax + 3.1. Signaling Model + 3.2. Session Descriptions and State Machine + 3.3. Session Description Format + 3.4. Session Description Control + 3.4.1. RtpTransceivers + 3.4.2. RtpSenders + 3.4.3. RtpReceivers + 3.5. ICE + 3.5.1. ICE Gathering Overview + 3.5.2. ICE Candidate Trickling + 3.5.2.1. ICE Candidate Format + 3.5.3. ICE Candidate Policy + 3.5.4. ICE Candidate Pool + 3.5.5. ICE Versions + 3.6. Video Size Negotiation + 3.6.1. Creating an imageattr Attribute + 3.6.2. Interpreting imageattr Attributes + 3.7. Simulcast + 3.8. Interactions with Forking + 3.8.1. Sequential Forking + 3.8.2. Parallel Forking + 4. Interface + 4.1. PeerConnection + 4.1.1. Constructor + 4.1.2. addTrack + 4.1.3. removeTrack + 4.1.4. addTransceiver + 4.1.5. onaddtrack Event + 4.1.6. createDataChannel + 4.1.7. ondatachannel Event + 4.1.8. createOffer + 4.1.9. createAnswer + 4.1.10. SessionDescriptionType + 4.1.10.1. Use of Provisional Answers + 4.1.10.2. Rollback + 4.1.11. setLocalDescription + 4.1.12. setRemoteDescription + 4.1.13. currentLocalDescription + 4.1.14. pendingLocalDescription + 4.1.15. currentRemoteDescription + 4.1.16. pendingRemoteDescription + 4.1.17. canTrickleIceCandidates + 4.1.18. setConfiguration + 4.1.19. addIceCandidate + 4.1.20. onicecandidate Event + 4.2. RtpTransceiver + 4.2.1. stop + 4.2.2. stopped + 4.2.3. setDirection + 4.2.4. direction + 4.2.5. currentDirection + 4.2.6. setCodecPreferences + 5. SDP Interaction Procedures + 5.1. Requirements Overview + 5.1.1. Usage Requirements + 5.1.2. Profile Names and Interoperability + 5.2. Constructing an Offer + 5.2.1. Initial Offers + 5.2.2. Subsequent Offers + 5.2.3. Options Handling + 5.2.3.1. IceRestart + 5.2.3.2. VoiceActivityDetection + 5.3. Generating an Answer + 5.3.1. Initial Answers + 5.3.2. Subsequent Answers + 5.3.3. Options Handling + 5.3.3.1. VoiceActivityDetection + 5.4. Modifying an Offer or Answer + 5.5. Processing a Local Description + 5.6. Processing a Remote Description + 5.7. Processing a Rollback + 5.8. Parsing a Session Description + 5.8.1. Session-Level Parsing + 5.8.2. Media Section Parsing + 5.8.3. Semantics Verification + 5.9. Applying a Local Description + 5.10. Applying a Remote Description + 5.11. Applying an Answer + 6. Processing RTP/RTCP + 7. Examples + 7.1. Simple Example + 7.2. Detailed Example + 7.3. Early Transport Warmup Example + 8. Security Considerations + 9. IANA Considerations + 10. References + 10.1. Normative References + 10.2. Informative References + Appendix A. SDP ABNF Syntax + Acknowledgements + Authors' Addresses + +1. Introduction + + This document describes how the W3C Web Real-Time Communication + (WebRTC) RTCPeerConnection interface [W3C.webrtc] is used to control + the setup, management, and teardown of a multimedia session. + +1.1. General Design of JSEP + + WebRTC call setup has been designed to focus on controlling the media + plane, leaving signaling-plane behavior up to the application as much + as possible. The rationale is that different applications may prefer + to use different protocols, such as the existing SIP call signaling + protocol, or something custom to the particular application, perhaps + for a novel use case. In this approach, the key information that + needs to be exchanged is the multimedia session description, which + specifies the transport and media configuration information necessary + to establish the media plane. + + With these considerations in mind, this document describes the + JavaScript Session Establishment Protocol (JSEP), which allows for + full control of the signaling state machine from JavaScript. As + described above, JSEP assumes a model in which a JavaScript + application executes inside a runtime containing WebRTC APIs (the + "JSEP implementation"). The JSEP implementation is almost entirely + divorced from the core signaling flow, which is instead handled by + the JavaScript making use of two interfaces: (1) passing in local and + remote session descriptions and (2) interacting with the Interactive + Connectivity Establishment (ICE) state machine [RFC8445]. The + combination of the JSEP implementation and the JavaScript application + is referred to throughout this document as a "JSEP endpoint". + + In this document, the use of JSEP is described as if it always occurs + between two JSEP endpoints. Note, though, that in many cases it will + actually be between a JSEP endpoint and some kind of server, such as + a gateway or Multipoint Control Unit (MCU). This distinction is + invisible to the JSEP endpoint; it just follows the instructions it + is given via the API. + + JSEP's handling of session descriptions is simple and + straightforward. Whenever an offer/answer exchange is needed, the + initiating side creates an offer by calling a createOffer API. The + application then uses that offer to set up its local configuration + via the setLocalDescription API. The offer is finally sent off to + the remote side over its preferred signaling mechanism (e.g., + WebSockets); upon receipt of that offer, the remote party installs it + using the setRemoteDescription API. + + To complete the offer/answer exchange, the remote party uses the + createAnswer API to generate an appropriate answer, applies it using + the setLocalDescription API, and sends the answer back to the + initiator over the signaling channel. When the initiator gets that + answer, it installs it using the setRemoteDescription API, and + initial setup is complete. This process can be repeated for + additional offer/answer exchanges. + + Regarding ICE [RFC8445], JSEP decouples the ICE state machine from + the overall signaling state machine. The ICE state machine must + remain in the JSEP implementation because only the implementation has + the necessary knowledge of candidates and other transport + information. Performing this separation provides additional + flexibility in protocols that decouple session descriptions from + transport. For instance, in traditional SIP, each offer or answer is + self-contained, including both the session descriptions and the + transport information. However, [RFC8840] allows SIP to be used with + Trickle ICE [RFC8838], in which the session description can be sent + immediately and the transport information can be sent when available. + Sending transport information separately can allow for faster ICE and + DTLS startup, since ICE checks can start as soon as any transport + information is available rather than waiting for all of it. JSEP's + decoupling of the ICE and signaling state machines allows it to + accommodate either model. + + Although it abstracts signaling, the JSEP approach requires that the + application be aware of the signaling process. While the application + does not need to understand the contents of session descriptions to + set up a call, the application must call the right APIs at the right + times, convert the session descriptions and ICE information into the + defined messages of its chosen signaling protocol, and perform the + reverse conversion on the messages it receives from the other side. + + One way to make life easier for the application is to provide a + JavaScript library that hides this complexity from the developer; + said library would implement a given signaling protocol along with + its state machine and serialization code, presenting a higher-level + call-oriented interface to the application developer. For example, + libraries exist to provide implementations of the SIP [RFC3261] and + Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP) [RFC6120] signaling + protocols atop the JSEP API. Thus, JSEP provides greater control for + the experienced developer without forcing any additional complexity + on the novice developer. + +1.2. Other Approaches Considered + + One approach that was considered instead of JSEP was to include a + lightweight signaling protocol. Instead of providing session + descriptions to the API, the API would produce and consume messages + from this protocol. While providing a more high-level API, this put + more control of signaling within the JSEP implementation, forcing it + to have to understand and handle concepts like signaling glare (see + [RFC3264], Section 4). + + A second approach that was considered but not chosen was to decouple + the management of the media control objects from session + descriptions, instead offering APIs that would control each component + directly. This was rejected based on the argument that requiring + exposure of this level of complexity to the application programmer + would not be beneficial; it would (1) result in an API where even a + simple example would require a significant amount of code to + orchestrate all the needed interactions and (2) create a large API + surface that would need to be agreed upon and documented. In + addition, these API points could be called in any order, resulting in + a more complex set of interactions with the media subsystem than the + JSEP approach, which specifies how session descriptions are to be + evaluated and applied. + + One variation on JSEP that was considered was to keep the basic + session-description-oriented API but to move the mechanism for + generating offers and answers out of the JSEP implementation. + Instead of providing createOffer/createAnswer methods within the + implementation, this approach would instead expose a getCapabilities + API, which would provide the application with the information it + needed in order to generate its own session descriptions. This + increases the amount of work that the application needs to do; it + needs to know how to generate session descriptions from capabilities, + and especially how to generate the correct answer from an arbitrary + offer and the supported capabilities. While this could certainly be + addressed by using a library like the one mentioned above, it + basically forces the use of said library even for a simple example. + Providing createOffer/createAnswer avoids this problem. + +1.3. Contradiction regarding bundle-only "m=" sections + + Since the approval of the WebRTC specification documents, the IETF + has become aware of an inconsistency between the document specifying + JSEP and the document specifying BUNDLE (this RFC and [RFC8843], + respectively). Rather than delaying publication further to come to a + resolution, the documents are being published as they were originally + approved. The IETF intends to restart work on these technologies, + and revised versions of these documents will be published as soon as + a resolution becomes available. + + The specific issue involves the handling of "m=" sections that are + designated as bundle-only, as discussed in Section 4.1.1 of this RFC. + Currently, there is divergence between JSEP and BUNDLE, as well as + between these specifications and existing browser implementations: + + * JSEP prescribes that said "m=" sections should use port zero and + add an "a=bundle-only" attribute in initial offers, but not in + answers or subsequent offers. + + * BUNDLE prescribes that these "m=" sections should be marked as + described in the previous point, but in all offers and answers. + + * Most current browsers do not mark any "m=" sections with port zero + and instead use the same port for all bundled "m=" sections; some + others follow the JSEP behavior. + +2. Terminology + + The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", + "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and + "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in + BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all + capitals, as shown here. + +3. Semantics and Syntax + +3.1. Signaling Model + + JSEP does not specify a particular signaling model or state machine, + other than the generic need to exchange session descriptions in the + fashion described by [RFC3264] (offer/answer) in order for both sides + of the session to know how to conduct the session. JSEP provides + mechanisms to create offers and answers, as well as to apply them to + a session. However, the JSEP implementation is totally decoupled + from the actual mechanism by which these offers and answers are + communicated to the remote side, including addressing, + retransmission, forking, and glare handling. These issues are left + entirely up to the application; the application has complete control + over which offers and answers get handed to the implementation, and + when. + + +-----------+ +-----------+ + | Web App |<--- App-Specific Signaling -->| Web App | + +-----------+ +-----------+ + ^ ^ + | SDP | SDP + V V + +-----------+ +-----------+ + | JSEP |<----------- Media ------------>| JSEP | + | Impl. | | Impl. | + +-----------+ +-----------+ + + Figure 1: JSEP Signaling Model + +3.2. Session Descriptions and State Machine + + In order to establish the media plane, the JSEP implementation needs + specific parameters to indicate what to transmit to the remote side, + as well as how to handle the media that is received. These + parameters are determined by the exchange of session descriptions in + offers and answers, and there are certain details to this process + that must be handled in the JSEP APIs. + + Whether a session description applies to the local side or the remote + side affects the meaning of that description. For example, the list + of codecs sent to a remote party indicates what the local side is + willing to receive, which, when intersected with the set of codecs + the remote side supports, specifies what the remote side should send. + However, not all parameters follow this rule; some parameters are + declarative, and the remote side must either accept them or reject + them altogether. An example of such a parameter is the TLS + fingerprints [RFC8122] as used in the context of DTLS [RFC6347]; + these fingerprints are calculated based on the local certificate(s) + offered and are not subject to negotiation. + + In addition, various RFCs put different conditions on the format of + offers versus answers. For example, an offer may propose an + arbitrary number of "m=" sections (i.e., media descriptions as + described in [RFC4566], Section 5.14), but an answer must contain the + exact same number as the offer. + + Lastly, while the exact media parameters are known only after an + offer and an answer have been exchanged, the offerer may receive ICE + checks, and possibly media (e.g., in the case of a re-offer after a + connection has been established) before it receives an answer. To + properly process incoming media in this case, the offerer's media + handler must be aware of the details of the offer before the answer + arrives. + + Therefore, in order to handle session descriptions properly, the JSEP + implementation needs: + + 1. To know if a session description pertains to the local or remote + side. + + 2. To know if a session description is an offer or an answer. + + 3. To allow the offer to be specified independently of the answer. + + JSEP addresses this by adding both setLocalDescription and + setRemoteDescription methods and having session description objects + contain a type field indicating the type of session description being + supplied. This satisfies the requirements listed above for both the + offerer, who first calls setLocalDescription(sdp [offer]) and then + later setRemoteDescription(sdp [answer]), and the answerer, who first + calls setRemoteDescription(sdp [offer]) and then later + setLocalDescription(sdp [answer]). + + During the offer/answer exchange, the outstanding offer is considered + to be "pending" at the offerer and the answerer, as it may be either + accepted or rejected. If this is a re-offer, each side will also + have "current" local and remote descriptions, which reflect the + result of the last offer/answer exchange. Sections 4.1.14, 4.1.16, + 4.1.13, and 4.1.15 provide more detail on pending and current + descriptions. + + JSEP also allows for an answer to be treated as provisional by the + application. Provisional answers provide a way for an answerer to + communicate initial session parameters back to the offerer, in order + to allow the session to begin, while allowing a final answer to be + specified later. This concept of a final answer is important to the + offer/answer model; when such an answer is received, any extra + resources allocated by the caller can be released, now that the exact + session configuration is known. These "resources" can include things + like extra ICE components, Traversal Using Relays around NAT (TURN) + candidates, or video decoders. Provisional answers, on the other + hand, do no such deallocation; as a result, multiple dissimilar + provisional answers, with their own codec choices, transport + parameters, etc., can be received and applied during call setup. + Note that the final answer itself may be different than any received + provisional answers. + + In [RFC3264], the constraint at the signaling level is that only one + offer can be outstanding for a given session, but at the JSEP level, + a new offer can be generated at any point. For example, when using + SIP for signaling, if one offer is sent and is then canceled using a + SIP CANCEL, another offer can be generated even though no answer was + received for the first offer. To support this, the JSEP media layer + can provide an offer via the createOffer method whenever the + JavaScript application needs one for the signaling. The answerer can + send back zero or more provisional answers and then finally end the + offer/answer exchange by sending a final answer. The state machine + for this is as follows: + + setRemote(OFFER) setLocal(PRANSWER) + /-----\ /-----\ + | | | | + v | v | + +---------------+ | +---------------+ | + | |----/ | |----/ + | have- | setLocal(PRANSWER) | have- | + | remote-offer |------------------- >| local-pranswer| + | | | | + | | | | + +---------------+ +---------------+ + ^ | | + | | setLocal(ANSWER) | + setRemote(OFFER) | | + | V setLocal(ANSWER) | + +---------------+ | + | | | + | |<---------------------------+ + | stable | + | |<---------------------------+ + | | | + +---------------+ setRemote(ANSWER) | + ^ | | + | | setLocal(OFFER) | + setRemote(ANSWER) | | + | V | + +---------------+ +---------------+ + | | | | + | have- | setRemote(PRANSWER) |have- | + | local-offer |------------------- >|remote-pranswer| + | | | | + | |----\ | |----\ + +---------------+ | +---------------+ | + ^ | ^ | + | | | | + \-----/ \-----/ + setLocal(OFFER) setRemote(PRANSWER) + + Figure 2: JSEP State Machine + + Aside from these state transitions, there is no other difference + between the handling of provisional ("pranswer") and final ("answer") + answers. + +3.3. Session Description Format + + JSEP's session descriptions use Session Description Protocol (SDP) + syntax for their internal representation. While this format is not + optimal for manipulation from JavaScript, it is widely accepted and + is frequently updated with new features; any alternate encoding of + session descriptions would have to keep pace with the changes to SDP, + at least until the time that this new encoding eclipsed SDP in + popularity. + + However, to provide for future flexibility, the SDP syntax is + encapsulated within a SessionDescription object, which can be + constructed from SDP and be serialized out to SDP. If future + specifications agree on a JSON format for session descriptions, we + could easily enable this object to generate and consume that JSON. + + As detailed below, most applications should be able to treat the + SessionDescriptions produced and consumed by these various API calls + as opaque blobs; that is, the application will not need to read or + change them. + +3.4. Session Description Control + + In order to give the application control over various common session + parameters, JSEP provides control surfaces that tell the JSEP + implementation how to generate session descriptions. This avoids the + need for JavaScript to modify session descriptions in most cases. + + Changes to these objects result in changes to the session + descriptions generated by subsequent createOffer/createAnswer calls. + +3.4.1. RtpTransceivers + + RtpTransceivers allow the application to control the RTP media + associated with one "m=" section. Each RtpTransceiver has an + RtpSender and an RtpReceiver, which an application can use to control + the sending and receiving of RTP media. The application may also + modify the RtpTransceiver directly, for instance, by stopping it. + + RtpTransceivers generally have a 1:1 mapping with "m=" sections, + although there may be more RtpTransceivers than "m=" sections when + RtpTransceivers are created but not yet associated with an "m=" + section, or if RtpTransceivers have been stopped and disassociated + from "m=" sections. An RtpTransceiver is said to be associated with + an "m=" section if its media identification (mid) property is non- + null; otherwise, it is said to be disassociated. The associated "m=" + section is determined using a mapping between transceivers and "m=" + section indices, formed when creating an offer or applying a remote + offer. + + An RtpTransceiver is never associated with more than one "m=" + section, and once a session description is applied, an "m=" section + is always associated with exactly one RtpTransceiver. However, in + certain cases where an "m=" section has been rejected, as discussed + in Section 5.2.2 below, that "m=" section will be "recycled" and + associated with a new RtpTransceiver with a new MID value. + + RtpTransceivers can be created explicitly by the application or + implicitly by calling setRemoteDescription with an offer that adds + new "m=" sections. + +3.4.2. RtpSenders + + RtpSenders allow the application to control how RTP media is sent. + An RtpSender is conceptually responsible for the outgoing RTP + stream(s) described by an "m=" section. This includes encoding the + attached MediaStreamTrack, sending RTP media packets, and generating/ + processing the RTP Control Protocol (RTCP) for the outgoing RTP + streams(s). + +3.4.3. RtpReceivers + + RtpReceivers allow the application to inspect how RTP media is + received. An RtpReceiver is conceptually responsible for the + incoming RTP stream(s) described by an "m=" section. This includes + processing received RTP media packets, decoding the incoming + stream(s) to produce a remote MediaStreamTrack, and generating/ + processing RTCP for the incoming RTP stream(s). + +3.5. ICE + +3.5.1. ICE Gathering Overview + + JSEP gathers ICE candidates as needed by the application. Collection + of ICE candidates is referred to as a gathering phase, and this is + triggered either by the addition of a new or recycled "m=" section to + the local session description or by new ICE credentials in the + description, indicating an ICE restart. Use of new ICE credentials + can be triggered explicitly by the application or implicitly by the + JSEP implementation in response to changes in the ICE configuration. + + When the ICE configuration changes in a way that requires a new + gathering phase, a 'needs-ice-restart' bit is set. When this bit is + set, calls to the createOffer API will generate new ICE credentials. + This bit is cleared by a call to the setLocalDescription API with new + ICE credentials from either an offer or an answer, i.e., from either + a locally or remotely initiated ICE restart. + + When a new gathering phase starts, the ICE agent will notify the + application that gathering is occurring through a state change event. + Then, when each new ICE candidate becomes available, the ICE agent + will supply it to the application via an onicecandidate event; these + candidates will also automatically be added to the current and/or + pending local session description. Finally, when all candidates have + been gathered, a final onicecandidate event will be dispatched to + signal that the gathering process is complete. + + Note that gathering phases only gather the candidates needed by + new/recycled/restarting "m=" sections; other "m=" sections continue + to use their existing candidates. Also, if an "m=" section is + bundled (either by a successful bundle negotiation or by being marked + as bundle-only), then candidates will be gathered and exchanged for + that "m=" section if and only if its MID item is a BUNDLE-tag, as + described in [RFC8843]. + +3.5.2. ICE Candidate Trickling + + Candidate trickling is a technique through which a caller may + incrementally provide candidates to the callee after the initial + offer has been dispatched; the semantics of "Trickle ICE" are defined + in [RFC8838]. This process allows the callee to begin acting upon + the call and setting up the ICE (and perhaps DTLS) connections + immediately, without having to wait for the caller to gather all + possible candidates. This results in faster media setup in cases + where gathering is not performed prior to initiating the call. + + JSEP supports optional candidate trickling by providing APIs, as + described above, that provide control and feedback on the ICE + candidate gathering process. Applications that support candidate + trickling can send the initial offer immediately and send individual + candidates when they get notified of a new candidate; applications + that do not support this feature can simply wait for the indication + that gathering is complete, and then create and send their offer, + with all the candidates, at that time. + + Upon receipt of trickled candidates, the receiving application will + supply them to its ICE agent. This triggers the ICE agent to start + using the new remote candidates for connectivity checks. + +3.5.2.1. ICE Candidate Format + + In JSEP, ICE candidates are abstracted by an IceCandidate object, and + as with session descriptions, SDP syntax is used for the internal + representation. + + The candidate details are specified in an IceCandidate field, using + the same SDP syntax as the "candidate-attribute" field defined in + [RFC8839], Section 5.1. Note that this field does not contain an + "a=" prefix, as indicated in the following example: + + candidate:1 1 UDP 1694498815 192.0.2.33 10000 typ host + + The IceCandidate object contains a field to indicate which ICE + username fragment (ufrag) it is associated with, as defined in + [RFC8839], Section 5.4. This value is used to determine which + session description (and thereby which gathering phase) this + IceCandidate belongs to, which helps resolve ambiguities during ICE + restarts. If this field is absent in a received IceCandidate + (perhaps when communicating with a non-JSEP endpoint), the most + recently received session description is assumed. + + The IceCandidate object also contains fields to indicate which "m=" + section it is associated with, which can be identified in one of two + ways: either by an "m=" section index or by a MID. The "m=" section + index is a zero-based index, with index N referring to the N+1th "m=" + section in the session description referenced by this IceCandidate. + The MID is a "media stream identification" value, as defined in + [RFC5888], Section 4, which provides a more robust way to identify + the "m=" section in the session description, using the MID of the + associated RtpTransceiver object (which may have been locally + generated by the answerer when interacting with a non-JSEP endpoint + that does not support the MID attribute, as discussed in Section 5.10 + below). If the MID field is present in a received IceCandidate, it + MUST be used for identification; otherwise, the "m=" section index is + used instead. + + Implementations MUST be prepared to receive objects with some fields + missing, as mentioned above. + +3.5.3. ICE Candidate Policy + + Typically, when gathering ICE candidates, the JSEP implementation + will gather all possible forms of initial candidates -- host, server- + reflexive, and relay. However, in certain cases, applications may + want to have more specific control over the gathering process, due to + privacy or related concerns. For example, one may want to only use + relay candidates, to leak as little location information as possible + (keeping in mind that this choice comes with corresponding + operational costs). To accomplish this, JSEP allows the application + to restrict which ICE candidates are used in a session. Note that + this filtering is applied on top of any restrictions the + implementation chooses to enforce regarding which IP addresses are + permitted for the application, as discussed in [RFC8828]. + + There may also be cases where the application wants to change which + types of candidates are used while the session is active. A prime + example is where a callee may initially want to use only relay + candidates, to avoid leaking location information to an arbitrary + caller, but then change to use all candidates (for lower operational + cost) once the user has indicated that they want to take the call. + For this scenario, the JSEP implementation MUST allow the candidate + policy to be changed in mid-session, subject to the aforementioned + interactions with local policy. + + To administer the ICE candidate policy, the JSEP implementation will + determine the current setting at the start of each gathering phase. + Then, during the gathering phase, the implementation MUST NOT expose + candidates disallowed by the current policy to the application, use + them as the source of connectivity checks, or indirectly expose them + via other fields, such as the raddr/rport attributes for other ICE + candidates. Later, if a different policy is specified by the + application, the application can apply it by kicking off a new + gathering phase via an ICE restart. + +3.5.4. ICE Candidate Pool + + JSEP applications typically inform the JSEP implementation to begin + ICE gathering via the information supplied to setLocalDescription, as + the local description indicates the number of ICE components that + will be needed and for which candidates must be gathered. However, + to accelerate cases where the application knows the number of ICE + components to use ahead of time, it may ask the implementation to + gather a pool of potential ICE candidates to help ensure rapid media + setup. + + When setLocalDescription is eventually called and the JSEP + implementation prepares to gather the needed ICE candidates, it + SHOULD start by checking if any candidates are available in the pool. + If there are candidates in the pool, they SHOULD be handed to the + application immediately via the ICE candidate event. If the pool + becomes depleted, either because a larger-than-expected number of ICE + components are used or because the pool has not had enough time to + gather candidates, the remaining candidates are gathered as usual. + This only occurs for the first offer/answer exchange, after which the + candidate pool is emptied and no longer used. + + One example of where this concept is useful is an application that + expects an incoming call at some point in the future, and wants to + minimize the time it takes to establish connectivity, to avoid + clipping of initial media. By pre-gathering candidates into the + pool, it can exchange and start sending connectivity checks from + these candidates almost immediately upon receipt of a call. Note, + though, that by holding on to these pre-gathered candidates, which + will be kept alive as long as they may be needed, the application + will consume resources on the STUN/TURN servers it is using. ("STUN" + stands for "Session Traversal Utilities for NAT".) + +3.5.5. ICE Versions + + While this specification formally relies on [RFC8445], at the time of + its publication, the majority of WebRTC implementations support the + version of ICE described in [RFC5245]. The "ice2" attribute defined + in [RFC8445] can be used to detect the version in use by a remote + endpoint and to provide a smooth transition from the older + specification to the newer one. Implementations MUST be able to + accept remote descriptions that do not have the "ice2" attribute. + +3.6. Video Size Negotiation + + Video size negotiation is the process through which a receiver can + use the "a=imageattr" SDP attribute [RFC6236] to indicate what video + frame sizes it is capable of receiving. A receiver may have hard + limits on what its video decoder can process, or it may have some + maximum set by policy. By specifying these limits in an + "a=imageattr" attribute, JSEP endpoints can attempt to ensure that + the remote sender transmits video at an acceptable resolution. + However, when communicating with a non-JSEP endpoint that does not + understand this attribute, any signaled limits may be exceeded, and + the JSEP implementation MUST handle this gracefully, e.g., by + discarding the video. + + Note that certain codecs support transmission of samples with aspect + ratios other than 1.0 (i.e., non-square pixels). JSEP + implementations will not transmit non-square pixels but SHOULD + receive and render such video with the correct aspect ratio. + However, sample aspect ratio has no impact on the size negotiation + described below; all dimensions are measured in pixels, whether + square or not. + +3.6.1. Creating an imageattr Attribute + + The receiver will first combine any known local limits (e.g., + hardware decoder capabilities or local policy) to determine the + absolute minimum and maximum sizes it can receive. If there are no + known local limits, the "a=imageattr" attribute SHOULD be omitted. + If these local limits preclude receiving any video, i.e., the + degenerate case of no permitted resolutions, the "a=imageattr" + attribute MUST be omitted, and the "m=" section MUST be marked as + sendonly/inactive, as appropriate. + + Otherwise, an "a=imageattr" attribute is created with a "recv" + direction, and the resulting resolution space formed from the + aforementioned intersection is used to specify its minimum and + maximum "x=" and "y=" values. + + The rules here express a single set of preferences, and therefore, + the "a=imageattr" "q=" value is not important. It SHOULD be set to + "1.0". + + The "a=imageattr" field is payload type specific. When all video + codecs supported have the same capabilities, use of a single + attribute, with the wildcard payload type (*), is RECOMMENDED. + However, when the supported video codecs have different limitations, + specific "a=imageattr" attributes MUST be inserted for each payload + type. + + As an example, consider a system with a multiformat video decoder, + which is capable of decoding any resolution from 48x48 to 720p. In + this case, the implementation would generate this attribute: + + a=imageattr:* recv [x=[48:1280],y=[48:720],q=1.0] + + This declaration indicates that the receiver is capable of decoding + any image resolution from 48x48 up to 1280x720 pixels. + +3.6.2. Interpreting imageattr Attributes + + [RFC6236] defines "a=imageattr" to be an advisory field. This means + that it does not absolutely constrain the video formats that the + sender can use but gives an indication of the preferred values. + + This specification prescribes behavior that is more specific. When a + MediaStreamTrack, which is producing video of a certain resolution + (the "track resolution"), is attached to an RtpSender, which is + encoding the track video at the same or lower resolution(s) (the + "encoder resolutions"), and a remote description is applied that + references the sender and contains valid "a=imageattr recv" + attributes, it MUST follow the rules below to ensure that the sender + does not transmit a resolution that would exceed the size criteria + specified in the attributes. These rules MUST be followed as long as + the attributes remain present in the remote description, including + cases in which the track changes its resolution or is replaced with a + different track. + + Depending on how the RtpSender is configured, it may be producing a + single encoding at a certain resolution or, if simulcast + (Section 3.7) has been negotiated, multiple encodings, each at their + own specific resolution. In addition, depending on the + configuration, each encoding may have the flexibility to reduce + resolution when needed or may be locked to a specific output + resolution. + + For each encoding being produced by the RtpSender, the set of + "a=imageattr recv" attributes in the corresponding "m=" section of + the remote description is processed to determine what should be + transmitted. Only attributes that reference the media format + selected for the encoding are considered; each such attribute is + evaluated individually, starting with the attribute with the highest + "q=" value. If multiple attributes have the same "q=" value, they + are evaluated in the order they appear in their containing "m=" + section. Note that while JSEP endpoints will include at most one + "a=imageattr recv" attribute per media format, JSEP endpoints may + receive session descriptions from non-JSEP endpoints with "m=" + sections that contain multiple such attributes. + + For each "a=imageattr recv" attribute, the following rules are + applied. If this processing is successful, the encoding is + transmitted accordingly, and no further attributes are considered for + that encoding. Otherwise, the next attribute is evaluated, in the + aforementioned order. If none of the supplied attributes can be + processed successfully, the encoding MUST NOT be transmitted, and an + error SHOULD be raised to the application. + + * The limits from the attribute are compared to the encoder + resolution. Only the specific limits mentioned below are + considered; any other values, such as picture aspect ratio, MUST + be ignored. When considering a MediaStreamTrack that is producing + rotated video, the unrotated resolution MUST be used for the + checks. This is required regardless of whether the receiver + supports performing receive-side rotation (e.g., through + Coordination of Video Orientation (CVO) [TS26.114]), as it + significantly simplifies the matching logic. + + * If the attribute includes a "sar=" (sample aspect ratio) value set + to something other than "1.0", indicating that the receiver wants + to receive non-square pixels, this cannot be satisfied and the + attribute MUST NOT be used. + + * If the encoder resolution exceeds the maximum size permitted by + the attribute and the encoder is allowed to adjust its resolution, + the encoder SHOULD apply downscaling in order to satisfy the + limits. Downscaling MUST NOT change the picture aspect ratio of + the encoding, ignoring any trivial differences due to rounding. + For example, if the encoder resolution is 1280x720 and the + attribute specified a maximum of 640x480, the expected output + resolution would be 640x360. If downscaling cannot be applied, + the attribute MUST NOT be used. + + * If the encoder resolution is less than the minimum size permitted + by the attribute, the attribute MUST NOT be used; the encoder MUST + NOT apply upscaling. JSEP implementations SHOULD avoid this + situation by allowing receipt of arbitrarily small resolutions, + perhaps via fallback to a software decoder. + + * If the encoder resolution is within the maximum and minimum sizes, + no action is needed. + +3.7. Simulcast + + JSEP supports simulcast transmission of a MediaStreamTrack, where + multiple encodings of the source media can be transmitted within the + context of a single "m=" section. The current JSEP API is designed + to allow applications to send simulcasted media but only to receive a + single encoding. This allows for multi-user scenarios where each + sending client sends multiple encodings to a server, which then, for + each receiving client, chooses the appropriate encoding to forward. + + Applications request support for simulcast by configuring multiple + encodings on an RtpSender. Upon generation of an offer or answer, + these encodings are indicated via SDP markings on the corresponding + "m=" section, as described below. Receivers that understand + simulcast and are willing to receive it will also include SDP + markings to indicate their support, and JSEP endpoints will use these + markings to determine whether simulcast is permitted for a given + RtpSender. If simulcast support is not negotiated, the RtpSender + will only use the first configured encoding. + + Note that the exact simulcast parameters are up to the sending + application. While the aforementioned SDP markings are provided to + ensure that the remote side can receive and demux multiple simulcast + encodings, the specific resolutions and bitrates to be used for each + encoding are purely a send-side decision in JSEP. + + JSEP currently does not provide a mechanism to configure receipt of + simulcast. This means that if simulcast is offered by the remote + endpoint, the answer generated by a JSEP endpoint will not indicate + support for receipt of simulcast, and as such the remote endpoint + will only send a single encoding per "m=" section. + + In addition, JSEP does not provide a mechanism to handle an incoming + offer requesting simulcast from the JSEP endpoint. This means that + setting up simulcast in the case where the JSEP endpoint receives the + initial offer requires out-of-band signaling or SDP inspection. + However, in the case where the JSEP endpoint sets up simulcast in its + initial offer, any established simulcast streams will continue to + work upon receipt of an incoming re-offer. Future versions of this + specification may add additional APIs to handle the incoming initial + offer scenario. + + When using JSEP to transmit multiple encodings from an RtpSender, the + techniques from [RFC8853] and [RFC8851] are used. Specifically, when + multiple encodings have been configured for an RtpSender, the "m=" + section for the RtpSender will include an "a=simulcast" attribute, as + defined in [RFC8853], Section 5.1, with a "send" simulcast stream + description that lists each desired encoding, and no "recv" simulcast + stream description. The "m=" section will also include an "a=rid" + attribute for each encoding, as specified in [RFC8851], Section 4; + the use of Restriction Identifiers (RIDs, also called rid-ids or + RtpStreamIds) allows the individual encodings to be disambiguated + even though they are all part of the same "m=" section. + +3.8. Interactions with Forking + + Some call signaling systems allow various types of forking where an + SDP Offer may be provided to more than one device. For example, SIP + [RFC3261] defines both a "parallel search" and "sequential search". + Although these are primarily signaling-level issues that are outside + the scope of JSEP, they do have some impact on the configuration of + the media plane that is relevant. When forking happens at the + signaling layer, the JavaScript application responsible for the + signaling needs to make the decisions about what media should be sent + or received at any point in time, as well as which remote endpoint it + should communicate with; JSEP is used to make sure the media engine + can make the RTP and media perform as required by the application. + The basic operations that the applications can have the media engine + do are as follows: + + * Start exchanging media with a given remote peer, but keep all the + resources reserved in the offer. + + * Start exchanging media with a given remote peer, and free any + resources in the offer that are not being used. + +3.8.1. Sequential Forking + + Sequential forking involves a call being dispatched to multiple + remote callees, where each callee can accept the call, but only one + active session ever exists at a time; no mixing of received media is + performed. + + JSEP handles sequential forking well, allowing the application to + easily control the policy for selecting the desired remote endpoint. + When an answer arrives from one of the callees, the application can + choose to apply it as either (1) a provisional answer, leaving open + the possibility of using a different answer in the future or (2) a + final answer, ending the setup flow. + + In a "first-one-wins" situation, the first answer will be applied as + a final answer, and the application will reject any subsequent + answers. In SIP parlance, this would be ACK + BYE. + + In a "last-one-wins" situation, all answers would be applied as + provisional answers, and any previous call leg will be terminated. + At some point, the application will end the setup process, perhaps + with a timer; at this point, the application could reapply the + pending remote description as a final answer. + +3.8.2. Parallel Forking + + Parallel forking involves a call being dispatched to multiple remote + callees, where each callee can accept the call and multiple + simultaneous active signaling sessions can be established as a + result. If multiple callees send media at the same time, the + possibilities for handling this are described in [RFC3960], + Section 3.1. Most SIP devices today only support exchanging media + with a single device at a time and do not try to mix multiple early + media audio sources, as that could result in a confusing situation. + For example, consider having a European ringback tone mixed together + with the North American ringback tone -- the resulting sound would + not be like either tone and would confuse the user. If the signaling + application wishes to only exchange media with one of the remote + endpoints at a time, then from a media engine point of view, this is + exactly like the sequential forking case. + + In the parallel forking case where the JavaScript application wishes + to simultaneously exchange media with multiple peers, the flow is + slightly more complex, but the JavaScript application can follow the + strategy that [RFC3960] describes, using UPDATE. The UPDATE approach + allows the signaling to set up a separate media flow for each peer + that it wishes to exchange media with. In JSEP, this offer used in + the UPDATE would be formed by simply creating a new PeerConnection + (see Section 4.1) and making sure that the same local media streams + have been added into this new PeerConnection. Then the new + PeerConnection object would produce an SDP offer that could be used + by the signaling to perform the UPDATE strategy discussed in + [RFC3960]. + + As a result of sharing the media streams, the application will end up + with N parallel PeerConnection sessions, each with a local and remote + description and their own local and remote addresses. The media flow + from these sessions can be managed using setDirection (see + Section 4.2.3), or the application can choose to play out the media + from all sessions mixed together. Of course, if the application + wants to only keep a single session, it can simply terminate the + sessions that it no longer needs. + +4. Interface + + This section details the basic operations that must be present to + implement JSEP functionality. The actual API exposed in the W3C API + may have somewhat different syntax but should map easily to these + concepts. + +4.1. PeerConnection + +4.1.1. Constructor + + The PeerConnection constructor allows the application to specify + global parameters for the media session, such as the STUN/TURN + servers and credentials to use when gathering candidates, as well as + the initial ICE candidate policy and pool size, and also the bundle + policy to use. + + If an ICE candidate policy is specified, it functions as described in + Section 3.5.3, causing the JSEP implementation to only surface the + permitted candidates (including any implementation-internal + filtering) to the application and only use those candidates for + connectivity checks. The set of available policies is as follows: + + all: All candidates permitted by implementation policy will be + gathered and used. + + relay: All candidates except relay candidates will be filtered out. + This obfuscates the location information that might be ascertained + by the remote peer from the received candidates. Depending on how + the application deploys and chooses relay servers, this could + obfuscate location to a metro or possibly even global level. + + The default ICE candidate policy MUST be set to "all", as this is + generally the desired policy and also typically reduces the use of + application TURN server resources significantly. + + If a size is specified for the ICE candidate pool, this indicates the + number of ICE components to pre-gather candidates for. Because + pre-gathering results in utilizing STUN/TURN server resources for + potentially long periods of time, this MUST only occur upon + application request, and therefore the default candidate pool size + MUST be zero. + + The application can specify its preferred policy regarding use of + bundle, the multiplexing mechanism defined in [RFC8843]. Regardless + of policy, the application will always try to negotiate bundle onto a + single transport and will offer a single bundle group across all "m=" + sections; use of this single transport is contingent upon the + answerer accepting bundle. However, by specifying a policy from the + list below, the application can control exactly how aggressively it + will try to bundle media streams together, which affects how it will + interoperate with a non-bundle-aware endpoint. When negotiating with + a non-bundle-aware endpoint, only the streams not marked as bundle- + only streams will be established. + + The set of available policies is as follows: + + balanced: The first "m=" section of each type (audio, video, or + application) will contain transport parameters, which will allow + an answerer to unbundle that section. The second and any + subsequent "m=" sections of each type will be marked bundle-only. + The result is that if there are N distinct media types, then + candidates will be gathered for N media streams. This policy + balances desire to multiplex with the need to ensure that basic + audio and video can still be negotiated in legacy cases. When + acting as answerer, if there is no bundle group in the offer, the + implementation will reject all but the first "m=" section of each + type. + + max-compat: All "m=" sections will contain transport parameters; + none will be marked as bundle-only. This policy will allow all + streams to be received by non-bundle-aware endpoints but will + require separate candidates to be gathered for each media stream. + + max-bundle: Only the first "m=" section will contain transport + parameters; all streams other than the first will be marked as + bundle-only. This policy aims to minimize candidate gathering and + maximize multiplexing, at the cost of less compatibility with + legacy endpoints. When acting as answerer, the implementation + will reject any "m=" sections other than the first "m=" section, + unless they are in the same bundle group as that "m=" section. + + As it provides the best trade-off between performance and + compatibility with legacy endpoints, the default bundle policy MUST + be set to "balanced". + + The application can specify its preferred policy regarding use of + RTP/RTCP multiplexing [RFC5761] using one of the following policies: + + negotiate: The JSEP implementation will gather both RTP and RTCP + candidates but also will offer "a=rtcp-mux", thus allowing for + compatibility with either multiplexing or non-multiplexing + endpoints. + + require: The JSEP implementation will only gather RTP candidates and + will insert an "a=rtcp-mux-only" indication into any new "m=" + sections in offers it generates. This halves the number of + candidates that the offerer needs to gather. Applying a + description with an "m=" section that does not contain an "a=rtcp- + mux" attribute will cause an error to be returned. + + The default multiplexing policy MUST be set to "require". + Implementations MAY choose to reject attempts by the application to + set the multiplexing policy to "negotiate". + +4.1.2. addTrack + + The addTrack method adds a MediaStreamTrack to the PeerConnection, + using the MediaStream argument to associate the track with other + tracks in the same MediaStream, so that they can be added to the same + "LS" (Lip Synchronization) group when creating an offer or answer. + Adding tracks to the same "LS" group indicates that the playback of + these tracks should be synchronized for proper lip sync, as described + in [RFC5888], Section 7. addTrack attempts to minimize the number of + transceivers as follows: if the PeerConnection is in the + "have-remote-offer" state, the track will be attached to the first + compatible transceiver that was created by the most recent call to + setRemoteDescription and does not have a local track. Otherwise, a + new transceiver will be created, as described in Section 4.1.4. + +4.1.3. removeTrack + + The removeTrack method removes a MediaStreamTrack from the + PeerConnection, using the RtpSender argument to indicate which sender + should have its track removed. The sender's track is cleared, and + the sender stops sending. Future calls to createOffer will mark the + "m=" section associated with the sender as recvonly (if + transceiver.direction is sendrecv) or as inactive (if + transceiver.direction is sendonly). + +4.1.4. addTransceiver + + The addTransceiver method adds a new RtpTransceiver to the + PeerConnection. If a MediaStreamTrack argument is provided, then the + transceiver will be configured with that media type and the track + will be attached to the transceiver. Otherwise, the application MUST + explicitly specify the type; this mode is useful for creating + recvonly transceivers as well as for creating transceivers to which a + track can be attached at some later point. + + At the time of creation, the application can also specify a + transceiver direction attribute, a set of MediaStreams that the + transceiver is associated with (allowing "LS" group assignments), and + a set of encodings for the media (used for simulcast as described in + Section 3.7). + +4.1.5. onaddtrack Event + + The onaddtrack event is dispatched to the application when a new + remote track has been signaled as a result of a setRemoteDescription + call. The new track is supplied as a MediaStreamTrack object in the + event, along with the MediaStream(s) the track is part of. + +4.1.6. createDataChannel + + The createDataChannel method creates a new data channel and attaches + it to the PeerConnection. If no data channel currently exists for + this PeerConnection, then a new offer/answer exchange is required. + All data channels on a given PeerConnection share the same SCTP/DTLS + association ("SCTP" stands for "Stream Control Transmission + Protocol") and therefore the same "m=" section, so subsequent + creation of data channels does not have any impact on the JSEP state. + + The createDataChannel method also includes a number of arguments that + are used by the PeerConnection (e.g., maxPacketLifetime) but are not + reflected in the SDP and do not affect the JSEP state. + +4.1.7. ondatachannel Event + + The ondatachannel event is dispatched to the application when a new + data channel has been negotiated by the remote side, which can occur + at any time after the underlying SCTP/DTLS association has been + established. The new data channel object is supplied in the event. + +4.1.8. createOffer + + The createOffer method generates a blob of SDP that contains an offer + per [RFC3264] with the supported configurations for the session, + including descriptions of the media added to this PeerConnection, the + codec, RTP, and RTCP options supported by this implementation, and + any candidates that have been gathered by the ICE agent. An options + parameter may be supplied to provide additional control over the + generated offer. This options parameter allows an application to + trigger an ICE restart, for the purpose of reestablishing + connectivity. + + In the initial offer, the generated SDP will contain all desired + functionality for the session (functionality that is supported but + not desired by default may be omitted); for each SDP line, the + generation of the SDP will follow the process defined for generating + an initial offer from the specification that defines the given SDP + line. The exact handling of initial offer generation is detailed in + Section 5.2.1 below. + + In the event createOffer is called after the session is established, + createOffer will generate an offer to modify the current session + based on any changes that have been made to the session, e.g., adding + or stopping RtpTransceivers, or requesting an ICE restart. For each + existing stream, the generation of each SDP line MUST follow the + process defined for generating an updated offer from the RFC that + specifies the given SDP line. For each new stream, the generation of + the SDP MUST follow the process of generating an initial offer, as + mentioned above. If no changes have been made, or for SDP lines that + are unaffected by the requested changes, the offer will only contain + the parameters negotiated by the last offer/answer exchange. The + exact handling of subsequent offer generation is detailed in + Section 5.2.2 below. + + Session descriptions generated by createOffer MUST be immediately + usable by setLocalDescription; if a system has limited resources + (e.g., a finite number of decoders), createOffer SHOULD return an + offer that reflects the current state of the system, so that + setLocalDescription will succeed when it attempts to acquire those + resources. + + Calling this method may do things such as generating new ICE + credentials, but it does not change the PeerConnection state, trigger + candidate gathering, or cause media to start or stop flowing. + Specifically, the offer is not applied, and does not become the + pending local description, until setLocalDescription is called. + +4.1.9. createAnswer + + The createAnswer method generates a blob of SDP that contains an SDP + answer per [RFC3264] with the supported configuration for the session + that is compatible with the parameters supplied in the most recent + call to setRemoteDescription; setRemoteDescription MUST have been + called prior to calling createAnswer. Like createOffer, the returned + blob contains descriptions of the media added to this PeerConnection, + the codec/RTP/RTCP options negotiated for this session, and any + candidates that have been gathered by the ICE agent. An options + parameter may be supplied to provide additional control over the + generated answer. + + As an answer, the generated SDP will contain a specific configuration + that specifies how the media plane should be established; for each + SDP line, the generation of the SDP MUST follow the process defined + for generating an answer from the specification that defines the + given SDP line. The exact handling of answer generation is detailed + in Section 5.3 below. + + Session descriptions generated by createAnswer MUST be immediately + usable by setLocalDescription; like createOffer, the returned + description SHOULD reflect the current state of the system. + + Calling this method may do things such as generating new ICE + credentials, but it does not change the PeerConnection state, trigger + candidate gathering, or cause a media state change. Specifically, + the answer is not applied, and does not become the current local + description, until setLocalDescription is called. + +4.1.10. SessionDescriptionType + + Session description objects (RTCSessionDescription) may be of type + "offer", "pranswer", "answer", or "rollback". These types provide + information as to how the description parameter should be parsed and + how the media state should be changed. + + "offer" indicates that a description MUST be parsed as an offer; said + description may include many possible media configurations. A + description used as an "offer" may be applied any time the + PeerConnection is in a "stable" state or applied as an update to a + previously supplied but unanswered "offer". + + "pranswer" indicates that a description MUST be parsed as an answer, + but not a final answer, and so MUST NOT result in the freeing of + allocated resources. It may result in the start of media + transmission, if the answer does not specify an inactive media + direction. A description used as a "pranswer" may be applied as a + response to an "offer" or as an update to a previously sent + "pranswer". + + "answer" indicates that a description MUST be parsed as an answer, + the offer/answer exchange MUST be considered complete, and any + resources (decoders, candidates) that are no longer needed SHOULD be + released. A description used as an "answer" may be applied as a + response to an "offer" or as an update to a previously sent + "pranswer". + + The only difference between a provisional and final answer is that + the final answer results in the freeing of any unused resources that + were allocated as a result of the offer. As such, the application + can use some discretion on whether an answer should be applied as + provisional or final and can change the type of the session + description as needed. For example, in a serial forking scenario, an + application may receive multiple "final" answers, one from each + remote endpoint. The application could choose to accept the initial + answers as provisional answers and only apply an answer as final when + it receives one that meets its criteria (e.g., a live user instead of + voicemail). + + "rollback" is a special session description type indicating that the + state machine MUST be rolled back to the previous "stable" state, as + described in Section 4.1.10.2. The contents MUST be empty. + +4.1.10.1. Use of Provisional Answers + + Most applications will not need to create answers using the + "pranswer" type. While it is good practice to send an immediate + response to an offer, in order to warm up the session transport and + prevent media clipping, the preferred handling for a JSEP application + is to create and send a "sendonly" final answer with a null + MediaStreamTrack immediately after receiving the offer, which will + prevent media from being sent by the caller and allow media to be + sent immediately upon answer by the callee. Later, when the callee + actually accepts the call, the application can plug in the real + MediaStreamTrack and create a new "sendrecv" offer to update the + previous offer/answer pair and start bidirectional media flow. While + this could also be done with a "sendonly" pranswer followed by a + "sendrecv" answer, the initial pranswer leaves the offer/answer + exchange open, which means that the caller cannot send an updated + offer during this time. + + As an example, consider a typical JSEP application that wants to set + up audio and video as quickly as possible. When the callee receives + an offer with audio and video MediaStreamTracks, it will send an + immediate answer accepting these tracks as sendonly (meaning that the + caller will not send the callee any media yet, and because the callee + has not yet added its own MediaStreamTracks, the callee will not send + any media either). It will then ask the user to accept the call and + acquire the needed local tracks. Upon acceptance by the user, the + application will plug in the tracks it has acquired, which, because + ICE handshaking and DTLS handshaking have likely completed by this + point, can start transmitting immediately. The application will also + send a new offer to the remote side indicating call acceptance and + moving the audio and video to be two-way media. A detailed example + flow along these lines is shown in Section 7.3. + + Of course, some applications may not be able to perform this double + offer/answer exchange, particularly ones that are attempting to + gateway to legacy signaling protocols. In these cases, pranswer can + still provide the application with a mechanism to warm up the + transport. + +4.1.10.2. Rollback + + In certain situations, it may be desirable to "undo" a change made to + setLocalDescription or setRemoteDescription. Consider a case where a + call is ongoing and one side wants to change some of the session + parameters; that side generates an updated offer and then calls + setLocalDescription. However, the remote side, either before or + after setRemoteDescription, decides it does not want to accept the + new parameters and sends a reject message back to the offerer. Now, + the offerer, and possibly the answerer as well, needs to return to a + "stable" state and the previous local/remote description. To support + this, we introduce the concept of "rollback", which discards any + proposed changes to the session, returning the state machine to the + "stable" state. A rollback is performed by supplying a session + description of type "rollback" with empty contents to either + setLocalDescription or setRemoteDescription. + +4.1.11. setLocalDescription + + The setLocalDescription method instructs the PeerConnection to apply + the supplied session description as its local configuration. The + type field indicates whether the description should be processed as + an offer, provisional answer, final answer, or rollback; offers and + answers are checked differently, using the various rules that exist + for each SDP line. + + This API changes the local media state; among other things, it sets + up local resources for receiving and decoding media. In order to + successfully handle scenarios where the application wants to offer to + change from one media format to a different, incompatible format, the + PeerConnection MUST be able to simultaneously support use of both the + current and pending local descriptions (e.g., support the codecs that + exist in either description). This dual processing begins when the + PeerConnection enters the "have-local-offer" state, and it continues + until setRemoteDescription is called with either (1) a final answer, + at which point the PeerConnection can fully adopt the pending local + description or (2) a rollback, which results in a revert to the + current local description. + + This API indirectly controls the candidate gathering process. When a + local description is supplied and the number of transports currently + in use does not match the number of transports needed by the local + description, the PeerConnection will create transports as needed and + begin gathering candidates for each transport, using ones from the + candidate pool if available. + + If (1) setRemoteDescription was previously called with an offer, (2) + setLocalDescription is called with an answer (provisional or final), + (3) the media directions are compatible, and (4) media is available + to send, this will result in the starting of media transmission. + +4.1.12. setRemoteDescription + + The setRemoteDescription method instructs the PeerConnection to apply + the supplied session description as the desired remote configuration. + As in setLocalDescription, the type field of the description + indicates how it should be processed. + + This API changes the local media state; among other things, it sets + up local resources for sending and encoding media. + + If (1) setLocalDescription was previously called with an offer, (2) + setRemoteDescription is called with an answer (provisional or final), + (3) the media directions are compatible, and (4) media is available + to send, this will result in the starting of media transmission. + +4.1.13. currentLocalDescription + + The currentLocalDescription method returns the current negotiated + local description -- i.e., the local description from the last + successful offer/answer exchange -- in addition to any local + candidates that have been generated by the ICE agent since the local + description was set. + + A null object will be returned if an offer/answer exchange has not + yet been completed. + +4.1.14. pendingLocalDescription + + The pendingLocalDescription method returns a copy of the local + description currently in negotiation -- i.e., a local offer set + without any corresponding remote answer -- in addition to any local + candidates that have been generated by the ICE agent since the local + description was set. + + A null object will be returned if the state of the PeerConnection is + "stable" or "have-remote-offer". + +4.1.15. currentRemoteDescription + + The currentRemoteDescription method returns a copy of the current + negotiated remote description -- i.e., the remote description from + the last successful offer/answer exchange -- in addition to any + remote candidates that have been supplied via processIceMessage since + the remote description was set. + + A null object will be returned if an offer/answer exchange has not + yet been completed. + +4.1.16. pendingRemoteDescription + + The pendingRemoteDescription method returns a copy of the remote + description currently in negotiation -- i.e., a remote offer set + without any corresponding local answer -- in addition to any remote + candidates that have been supplied via processIceMessage since the + remote description was set. + + A null object will be returned if the state of the PeerConnection is + "stable" or "have-local-offer". + +4.1.17. canTrickleIceCandidates + + The canTrickleIceCandidates property indicates whether the remote + side supports receiving trickled candidates. There are three + potential values: + + null: No SDP has been received from the other side, so it is not + known if it can handle trickle. This is the initial value before + setRemoteDescription is called. + + true: SDP has been received from the other side indicating that it + can support trickle. + + false: SDP has been received from the other side indicating that it + cannot support trickle. + + As described in Section 3.5.2, JSEP implementations always provide + candidates to the application individually, consistent with what is + needed for Trickle ICE. However, applications can use the + canTrickleIceCandidates property to determine whether their peer can + actually do Trickle ICE, i.e., whether it is safe to send an initial + offer or answer followed later by candidates as they are gathered. + As "true" is the only value that definitively indicates remote + Trickle ICE support, an application that compares + canTrickleIceCandidates against "true" will by default attempt Half + Trickle on initial offers and Full Trickle on subsequent interactions + with a Trickle ICE-compatible agent. + +4.1.18. setConfiguration + + The setConfiguration method allows the global configuration of the + PeerConnection, which was initially set by constructor parameters, to + be changed during the session. The effects of calling this method + depend on when it is invoked, and they will differ, depending on + which specific parameters are changed: + + * Any changes to the STUN/TURN servers to use affect the next + gathering phase. If an ICE gathering phase has already started or + completed, the 'needs-ice-restart' bit mentioned in Section 3.5.1 + will be set. This will cause the next call to createOffer to + generate new ICE credentials, for the purpose of forcing an ICE + restart and kicking off a new gathering phase, in which the new + servers will be used. If the ICE candidate pool has a nonzero + size and a local description has not yet been applied, any + existing candidates will be discarded, and new candidates will be + gathered from the new servers. + + * Any change to the ICE candidate policy affects the next gathering + phase. If an ICE gathering phase has already started or + completed, the 'needs-ice-restart' bit will be set. Either way, + changes to the policy have no effect on the candidate pool, + because pooled candidates are not made available to the + application until a gathering phase occurs, and so any necessary + filtering can still be done on any pooled candidates. + + * The ICE candidate pool size MUST NOT be changed after applying a + local description. If a local description has not yet been + applied, any changes to the ICE candidate pool size take effect + immediately; if increased, additional candidates are pre-gathered; + if decreased, the now-superfluous candidates are discarded. + + * The bundle and RTCP-multiplexing policies MUST NOT be changed + after the construction of the PeerConnection. + + Calling this method may result in a change to the state of the ICE + agent. + +4.1.19. addIceCandidate + + The addIceCandidate method provides an update to the ICE agent via an + IceCandidate object (Section 3.5.2.1). If the IceCandidate's + candidate field is non-null, the IceCandidate is treated as a new + remote ICE candidate, which will be added to the current and/or + pending remote description according to the rules defined for Trickle + ICE. Otherwise, the IceCandidate is treated as an end-of-candidates + indication, as defined in [RFC8838], Section 14. + + In either case, the "m=" section index, MID, and ufrag fields from + the supplied IceCandidate are used to determine which "m=" section + and ICE candidate generation the IceCandidate belongs to, as + described in Section 3.5.2.1 above. In the case of an end-of- + candidates indication, null values for the "m=" section index and MID + fields are interpreted to mean that the indication applies to all + "m=" sections in the specified ICE candidate generation. However, if + both fields are null for a new remote candidate, this MUST be treated + as an invalid condition, as specified below. + + If any IceCandidate fields contain invalid values or an error occurs + during the processing of the IceCandidate object, the supplied + IceCandidate MUST be ignored and an error MUST be returned. + + Otherwise, the new remote candidate or end-of-candidates indication + is supplied to the ICE agent. In the case of a new remote candidate, + connectivity checks will be sent to the new candidate, assuming + setLocalDescription has already been called to initialize the ICE + gathering process. + +4.1.20. onicecandidate Event + + The onicecandidate event is dispatched to the application in two + situations: (1) when the ICE agent has discovered a new allowed local + ICE candidate during ICE gathering, as outlined in Section 3.5.1 and + subject to the restrictions discussed in Section 3.5.3, or (2) when + an ICE gathering phase completes. The event contains a single + IceCandidate object, as defined in Section 3.5.2.1. + + In the first case, the newly discovered candidate is reflected in the + IceCandidate object, and all of its fields MUST be non-null. This + candidate will also be added to the current and/or pending local + description according to the rules defined for Trickle ICE. + + In the second case, the event's IceCandidate object MUST have its + candidate field set to null to indicate that the current gathering + phase is complete, i.e., there will be no further onicecandidate + events in this phase. However, the IceCandidate's ufrag field MUST + be specified to indicate which ICE candidate generation is ending. + The IceCandidate's "m=" section index and MID fields MAY be specified + to indicate that the event applies to a specific "m=" section, or set + to null to indicate it applies to all "m=" sections in the current + ICE candidate generation. This event can be used by the application + to generate an end-of-candidates indication, as defined in [RFC8838], + Section 13. + +4.2. RtpTransceiver + +4.2.1. stop + + The stop method stops an RtpTransceiver. This will cause future + calls to createOffer to generate a zero port for the associated "m=" + section. See below for more details. + +4.2.2. stopped + + The stopped property indicates whether the transceiver has been + stopped, either by a call to stop or by applying an answer that + rejects the associated "m=" section. In either of these cases, it is + set to "true" and otherwise will be set to "false". + + A stopped RtpTransceiver does not send any outgoing RTP or RTCP or + process any incoming RTP or RTCP. It cannot be restarted. + +4.2.3. setDirection + + The setDirection method sets the direction of a transceiver, which + affects the direction property of the associated "m=" section on + future calls to createOffer and createAnswer. The permitted values + for direction are "recvonly", "sendrecv", "sendonly", and "inactive", + mirroring the identically named direction attributes defined in + [RFC4566], Section 6. + + When creating offers, the transceiver direction is directly reflected + in the output, even for re-offers. When creating answers, the + transceiver direction is intersected with the offered direction, as + explained in Section 5.3 below. + + Note that while setDirection sets the direction property of the + transceiver immediately (Section 4.2.4), this property does not + immediately affect whether the transceiver's RtpSender will send or + its RtpReceiver will receive. The direction in effect is represented + by the currentDirection property, which is only updated when an + answer is applied. + +4.2.4. direction + + The direction property indicates the last value passed into + setDirection. If setDirection has never been called, it is set to + the direction the transceiver was initialized with. + +4.2.5. currentDirection + + The currentDirection property indicates the last negotiated direction + for the transceiver's associated "m=" section. More specifically, it + indicates the direction attribute [RFC3264] of the associated "m=" + section in the last applied answer (including provisional answers), + with "send" and "recv" directions reversed if it was a remote answer. + For example, if the direction attribute for the associated "m=" + section in a remote answer is "recvonly", currentDirection is set to + "sendonly". + + If an answer that references this transceiver has not yet been + applied or if the transceiver is stopped, currentDirection is set to + "null". + +4.2.6. setCodecPreferences + + The setCodecPreferences method sets the codec preferences of a + transceiver, which in turn affect the presence and order of codecs of + the associated "m=" section on future calls to createOffer and + createAnswer. Note that setCodecPreferences does not directly affect + which codec the implementation decides to send. It only affects + which codecs the implementation indicates that it prefers to receive, + via the offer or answer. Even when a codec is excluded by + setCodecPreferences, it still may be used to send until the next + offer/answer exchange discards it. + + The codec preferences of an RtpTransceiver can cause codecs to be + excluded by subsequent calls to createOffer and createAnswer, in + which case the corresponding media formats in the associated "m=" + section will be excluded. The codec preferences cannot add media + formats that would otherwise not be present. + + The codec preferences of an RtpTransceiver can also determine the + order of codecs in subsequent calls to createOffer and createAnswer, + in which case the order of the media formats in the associated "m=" + section will follow the specified preferences. + +5. SDP Interaction Procedures + + This section describes the specific procedures to be followed when + creating and parsing SDP objects. + +5.1. Requirements Overview + + JSEP implementations MUST comply with the specifications listed below + that govern the creation and processing of offers and answers. + +5.1.1. Usage Requirements + + All session descriptions handled by JSEP implementations, both local + and remote, MUST indicate support for the following specifications. + If any of these are absent, this omission MUST be treated as an + error. + + * ICE, as specified in [RFC8445], MUST be used. Note that the + remote endpoint may use a lite implementation; implementations + MUST properly handle remote endpoints that use ICE-lite. The + remote endpoint may also use an older version of ICE; + implementations MUST properly handle remote endpoints that use ICE + as specified in [RFC5245]. + + * DTLS [RFC6347] or DTLS-SRTP [RFC5763] MUST be used, as appropriate + for the media type, as specified in [RFC8827]. + + The SDP security descriptions mechanism for SRTP keying [RFC4568] + MUST NOT be used, as discussed in [RFC8827]. + +5.1.2. Profile Names and Interoperability + + For media "m=" sections, JSEP implementations MUST support the + "UDP/TLS/RTP/SAVPF" profile specified in [RFC5764] as well as the + "TCP/DTLS/RTP/SAVPF" profile specified in [RFC7850] and MUST indicate + one of these profiles for each media "m=" line they produce in an + offer. For data "m=" sections, implementations MUST support the + "UDP/DTLS/SCTP" profile as well as the "TCP/DTLS/SCTP" profile and + MUST indicate one of these profiles for each data "m=" line they + produce in an offer. The exact profile to use is determined by the + protocol associated with the current default or selected ICE + candidate, as described in [RFC8839], Section 4.2.1.2. + + Unfortunately, in an attempt at compatibility, some endpoints + generate other profile strings even when they mean to support one of + these profiles. For instance, an endpoint might generate "RTP/AVP" + but supply "a=fingerprint" and "a=rtcp-fb" attributes, indicating its + willingness to support "UDP/TLS/RTP/SAVPF" or "TCP/DTLS/RTP/SAVPF". + In order to simplify compatibility with such endpoints, JSEP + implementations MUST follow the following rules when processing the + media "m=" sections in a received offer: + + * Any profile in the offer matching one of the following MUST be + accepted: + + - "RTP/AVP" (defined in [RFC4566], Section 8.2.2) + + - "RTP/AVPF" (defined in [RFC4585], Section 9) + + - "RTP/SAVP" (defined in [RFC3711], Section 12) + + - "RTP/SAVPF" (defined in [RFC5124], Section 6) + + - "TCP/DTLS/RTP/SAVP" (defined in [RFC7850], Section 3.4) + + - "TCP/DTLS/RTP/SAVPF" (defined in [RFC7850], Section 3.5) + + - "UDP/TLS/RTP/SAVP" (defined in [RFC5764], Section 9) + + - "UDP/TLS/RTP/SAVPF" (defined in [RFC5764], Section 9) + + * The profile in any "m=" line in any generated answer MUST exactly + match the profile provided in the offer. + + * Because DTLS-SRTP is REQUIRED, the choice of SAVP or AVP has no + effect; support for DTLS-SRTP is determined by the presence of one + or more "a=fingerprint" attributes. Note that lack of an + "a=fingerprint" attribute will lead to negotiation failure. + + * The use of AVPF or AVP simply controls the timing rules used for + RTCP feedback. If AVPF is provided or an "a=rtcp-fb" attribute is + present, assume AVPF timing, i.e., a default value of "trr-int=0". + Otherwise, assume that AVPF is being used in an AVP-compatible + mode and use a value of "trr-int=4000". + + * For data "m=" sections, implementations MUST support receiving the + "UDP/DTLS/SCTP", "TCP/DTLS/SCTP", or "DTLS/SCTP" (for backwards + compatibility) profiles. + + Note that re-offers by JSEP implementations MUST use the correct + profile strings even if the initial offer/answer exchange used an + (incorrect) older profile string. This simplifies JSEP behavior, + with minimal downside, as any remote endpoint that fails to handle + such a re-offer will also fail to handle a JSEP endpoint's initial + offer. + +5.2. Constructing an Offer + + When createOffer is called, a new SDP description MUST be created + that includes the functionality specified in [RFC8834]. The exact + details of this process are explained below. + +5.2.1. Initial Offers + + When createOffer is called for the first time, the result is known as + the initial offer. + + The first step in generating an initial offer is to generate session- + level attributes, as specified in [RFC4566], Section 5. + Specifically: + + * The first SDP line MUST be "v=0" as defined in [RFC4566], + Section 5.1. + + * The second SDP line MUST be an "o=" line as defined in [RFC4566], + Section 5.2. The value of the <username> field SHOULD be "-". + The <sess-id> MUST be representable by a 64-bit signed integer, + and the value MUST be less than 2^(63)-1. It is RECOMMENDED that + the <sess-id> be constructed by generating a 64-bit quantity with + the highest bit set to zero and the remaining 63 bits being + cryptographically random. The value of the <nettype> <addrtype> + <unicast-address> tuple SHOULD be set to a non-meaningful address, + such as IN IP4 0.0.0.0, to prevent leaking a local IP address in + this field; this problem is discussed in [RFC8828]. As mentioned + in [RFC4566], the entire "o=" line needs to be unique, but + selecting a random number for <sess-id> is sufficient to + accomplish this. + + * The third SDP line MUST be a "s=" line as defined in [RFC4566], + Section 5.3; to match the "o=" line, a single dash SHOULD be used + as the session name, e.g., "s=-". Note that this differs from the + advice in [RFC4566], which proposes a single space, but as both + "o=" and "s=" are meaningless in JSEP, having the same meaningless + value seems clearer. + + * Session Information ("i="), URI ("u="), Email Address ("e="), + Phone Number ("p="), Repeat Times ("r="), and Time Zones ("z=") + lines are not useful in this context and SHOULD NOT be included. + + * Encryption Keys ("k=") lines do not provide sufficient security + and MUST NOT be included. + + * A "t=" line MUST be added, as specified in [RFC4566], Section 5.9; + both <start-time> and <stop-time> SHOULD be set to zero, e.g., + "t=0 0". + + * An "a=ice-options" line with the "trickle" and "ice2" options MUST + be added, as specified in [RFC8840], Section 4.1.1 and [RFC8445], + Section 10. + + * If WebRTC identity is being used, an "a=identity" line MUST be + added, as described in [RFC8827], Section 5. + + The next step is to generate "m=" sections, as specified in + [RFC4566], Section 5.14. An "m=" section is generated for each + RtpTransceiver that has been added to the PeerConnection, excluding + any stopped RtpTransceivers; this is done in the order the + RtpTransceivers were added to the PeerConnection. If there are no + such RtpTransceivers, no "m=" sections are generated; more can be + added later, as discussed in [RFC3264], Section 5. + + For each "m=" section generated for an RtpTransceiver, establish a + mapping between the transceiver and the index of the generated "m=" + section. + + Each "m=" section, provided it is not marked as bundle-only, MUST + contain a unique set of ICE credentials and a unique set of ICE + candidates. Bundle-only "m=" sections MUST NOT contain any ICE + credentials and MUST NOT gather any candidates. + + For DTLS, all "m=" sections MUST use any and all certificates that + have been specified for the PeerConnection; as a result, they MUST + all have the same fingerprint value or values [RFC8122], or these + values MUST be session-level attributes. + + Each "m=" section MUST be generated as specified in [RFC4566], + Section 5.14. For the "m=" line itself, the following rules MUST be + followed: + + * If the "m=" section is marked as bundle-only, then the <port> + value MUST be set to zero. Otherwise, the <port> value is set to + the port of the default ICE candidate for this "m=" section, but + given that no candidates are available yet, the default port value + of 9 (Discard) MUST be used, as indicated in [RFC8840], + Section 4.1.1. + + * To properly indicate use of DTLS, the <proto> field MUST be set to + "UDP/TLS/RTP/SAVPF", as specified in [RFC5764], Section 8. + + * If codec preferences have been set for the associated transceiver, + media formats MUST be generated in the corresponding order and + MUST exclude any codecs not present in the codec preferences. + + * Unless excluded by the above restrictions, the media formats MUST + include the mandatory audio/video codecs as specified in + [RFC7874], Section 3 and [RFC7742], Section 5. + + The "m=" line MUST be followed immediately by a "c=" line, as + specified in [RFC4566], Section 5.7. Again, as no candidates are + available yet, the "c=" line MUST contain the default value "IN IP4 + 0.0.0.0", as defined in [RFC8840], Section 4.1.1. + + [RFC8859] groups SDP attributes into different categories. To avoid + unnecessary duplication when bundling, attributes of category + IDENTICAL or TRANSPORT MUST NOT be repeated in bundled "m=" sections, + repeating the guidance from [RFC8843], Section 7.1.3. This includes + "m=" sections for which bundling has been negotiated and is still + desired, as well as "m=" sections marked as bundle-only. + + The following attributes, which are of a category other than + IDENTICAL or TRANSPORT, MUST be included in each "m=" section: + + * An "a=mid" line, as specified in [RFC5888], Section 4. All MID + values MUST be generated in a fashion that does not leak user + information, e.g., randomly or using a per-PeerConnection counter, + and SHOULD be 3 bytes or less, to allow them to efficiently fit + into the RTP header extension defined in [RFC8843], Section 15.2. + Note that this does not set the RtpTransceiver mid property, as + that only occurs when the description is applied. The generated + MID value can be considered a "proposed" MID at this point. + + * A direction attribute that is the same as that of the associated + transceiver. + + * For each media format on the "m=" line, "a=rtpmap" and "a=fmtp" + lines, as specified in [RFC4566], Section 6 and [RFC3264], + Section 5.1. + + * For each primary codec where RTP retransmission should be used, a + corresponding "a=rtpmap" line indicating "rtx" with the clock rate + of the primary codec and an "a=fmtp" line that references the + payload type of the primary codec, as specified in [RFC4588], + Section 8.1. + + * For each supported Forward Error Correction (FEC) mechanism, + "a=rtpmap" and "a=fmtp" lines, as specified in [RFC4566], + Section 6. The FEC mechanisms that MUST be supported are + specified in [RFC8854], Section 7, and specific usage for each + media type is outlined in Sections 4 and 5. + + * If this "m=" section is for media with configurable durations of + media per packet, e.g., audio, an "a=maxptime" line, indicating + the maximum amount of media, specified in milliseconds, that can + be encapsulated in each packet, as specified in [RFC4566], + Section 6. This value is set to the smallest of the maximum + duration values across all the codecs included in the "m=" + section. + + * If this "m=" section is for video media and there are known + limitations on the size of images that can be decoded, an + "a=imageattr" line, as specified in Section 3.6. + + * For each supported RTP header extension, an "a=extmap" line, as + specified in [RFC5285], Section 5. The list of header extensions + that SHOULD/MUST be supported is specified in [RFC8834], + Section 5.2. Any header extensions that require encryption MUST + be specified as indicated in [RFC6904], Section 4. + + * For each supported RTCP feedback mechanism, an "a=rtcp-fb" line, + as specified in [RFC4585], Section 4.2. The list of RTCP feedback + mechanisms that SHOULD/MUST be supported is specified in + [RFC8834], Section 5.1. + + * If the RtpTransceiver has a sendrecv or sendonly direction: + + - For each MediaStream that was associated with the transceiver + when it was created via addTrack or addTransceiver, an "a=msid" + line, as specified in [RFC8830], Section 2, but omitting the + "appdata" field. + + * If the RtpTransceiver has a sendrecv or sendonly direction, and + the application has specified a rid-id for an encoding, or has + specified more than one encoding in the RtpSenders's parameters, + an "a=rid" line for each encoding specified. The "a=rid" line is + specified in [RFC8851], and its direction MUST be "send". If the + application has chosen a rid-id, it MUST be used; otherwise, a + rid-id MUST be generated by the implementation. rid-ids MUST be + generated in a fashion that does not leak user information, e.g., + randomly or using a per-PeerConnection counter (see guidance at + the end of [RFC8852], Section 3.3), and SHOULD be 3 bytes or less, + to allow them to efficiently fit into the RTP header extensions + defined in [RFC8852], Section 3.3. If no encodings have been + specified, or only one encoding is specified but without a rid-id, + then no "a=rid" lines are generated. + + * If the RtpTransceiver has a sendrecv or sendonly direction and + more than one "a=rid" line has been generated, an "a=simulcast" + line, with direction "send", as defined in [RFC8853], Section 5.1. + The associated set of rid-ids MUST include all of the rid-ids used + in the "a=rid" lines for this "m=" section. + + * If (1) the bundle policy for this PeerConnection is set to "max- + bundle" and this is not the first "m=" section or (2) the bundle + policy is set to "balanced" and this is not the first "m=" section + for this media type, an "a=bundle-only" line. + + The following attributes, which are of category IDENTICAL or + TRANSPORT, MUST appear only in "m=" sections that either have a + unique address or are associated with the BUNDLE-tag. (In initial + offers, this means those "m=" sections that do not contain an + "a=bundle-only" attribute.) + + * "a=ice-ufrag" and "a=ice-pwd" lines, as specified in [RFC8839], + Section 5.4. + + * For each desired digest algorithm, one or more "a=fingerprint" + lines for each of the endpoint's certificates, as specified in + [RFC8122], Section 5. + + * An "a=setup" line, as specified in [RFC4145], Section 4 and + clarified for use in DTLS-SRTP scenarios in [RFC5763], Section 5. + The role value in the offer MUST be "actpass". + + * An "a=tls-id" line, as specified in [RFC8842], Section 5.2. + + * An "a=rtcp" line, as specified in [RFC3605], Section 2.1, + containing the default value "9 IN IP4 0.0.0.0", because no + candidates have yet been gathered. + + * An "a=rtcp-mux" line, as specified in [RFC5761], Section 5.1.3. + + * If the RTP/RTCP multiplexing policy is "require", an "a=rtcp-mux- + only" line, as specified in [RFC8858], Section 4. + + * An "a=rtcp-rsize" line, as specified in [RFC5506], Section 5. + + Lastly, if a data channel has been created, an "m=" section MUST be + generated for data. The <media> field MUST be set to "application", + and the <proto> field MUST be set to "UDP/DTLS/SCTP" [RFC8841]. The + <fmt> value MUST be set to "webrtc-datachannel" as specified in + [RFC8841], Section 4.2.2. + + Within the data "m=" section, an "a=mid" line MUST be generated and + included as described above, along with an "a=sctp-port" line + referencing the SCTP port number, as defined in [RFC8841], + Section 5.1; and, if appropriate, an "a=max-message-size" line, as + defined in [RFC8841], Section 6.1. + + As discussed above, the following attributes of category IDENTICAL or + TRANSPORT are included only if the data "m=" section either has a + unique address or is associated with the BUNDLE-tag (e.g., if it is + the only "m=" section): + + * "a=ice-ufrag" + + * "a=ice-pwd" + + * "a=fingerprint" + + * "a=setup" + + * "a=tls-id" + + Once all "m=" sections have been generated, a session-level "a=group" + attribute MUST be added as specified in [RFC5888]. This attribute + MUST have semantics "BUNDLE" and MUST include the mid identifiers of + each "m=" section. The effect of this is that the JSEP + implementation offers all "m=" sections as one bundle group. + However, whether the "m=" sections are bundle-only or not depends on + the bundle policy. + + The next step is to generate session-level lip sync groups as defined + in [RFC5888], Section 7. For each MediaStream referenced by more + than one RtpTransceiver (by passing those MediaStreams as arguments + to the addTrack and addTransceiver methods), a group of type "LS" + MUST be added that contains the MID values for each RtpTransceiver. + + Attributes that SDP permits to be at either the session level or the + media level SHOULD generally be at the media level even if they are + identical. This assists development and debugging by making it + easier to understand individual media sections, especially if one of + a set of initially identical attributes is subsequently changed. + However, implementations MAY choose to aggregate attributes at the + session level, and JSEP implementations MUST be prepared to receive + attributes in either location. + + Attributes other than the ones specified above MAY be included, + except for the following attributes, which are specifically + incompatible with the requirements of [RFC8834] and MUST NOT be + included: + + * "a=crypto" + + * "a=key-mgmt" + + * "a=ice-lite" + + Note that when bundle is used, any additional attributes that are + added MUST follow the advice in [RFC8859] on how those attributes + interact with bundle. + + Note that these requirements are in some cases stricter than those of + SDP. Implementations MUST be prepared to accept compliant SDP even + if it would not conform to the requirements for generating SDP in + this specification. + +5.2.2. Subsequent Offers + + When createOffer is called a second (or later) time or is called + after a local description has already been installed, the processing + is somewhat different than for an initial offer. + + If the previous offer was not applied using setLocalDescription, + meaning the PeerConnection is still in the "stable" state, the steps + for generating an initial offer MUST be followed, subject to the + following restriction: + + * The fields of the "o=" line MUST stay the same except for the + <session-version> field, which MUST increment by one on each call + to createOffer if the offer might differ from the output of the + previous call to createOffer; implementations MAY opt to increment + <session-version> on every call. The value of the generated + <session-version> is independent of the <session-version> of the + current local description; in particular, in the case where the + current version is N, an offer is created and applied with version + N+1, and then that offer is rolled back so that the current + version is again N, the next generated offer will still have + version N+2. + + Note that if the application creates an offer by reading + currentLocalDescription instead of calling createOffer, the returned + SDP may be different than when setLocalDescription was originally + called, due to the addition of gathered ICE candidates, but the + <session-version> will not have changed. There are no known + scenarios in which this causes problems, but if this is a concern, + the solution is simply to use createOffer to ensure a unique + <session-version>. + + If the previous offer was applied using setLocalDescription, but a + corresponding answer from the remote side has not yet been applied, + meaning the PeerConnection is still in the "have-local-offer" state, + an offer is generated by following the steps in the "stable" state + above, along with these exceptions: + + * The "s=" and "t=" lines MUST stay the same. + + * If any RtpTransceiver has been added and there exists an "m=" + section with a zero port in the current local description or the + current remote description, that "m=" section MUST be recycled by + generating an "m=" section for the added RtpTransceiver as if the + "m=" section were being added to the session description + (including a new MID value) and placing it at the same index as + the "m=" section with a zero port. + + * If an RtpTransceiver is stopped and is not associated with an "m=" + section, an "m=" section MUST NOT be generated for it. This + prevents adding back RtpTransceivers whose "m=" sections were + recycled and used for a new RtpTransceiver in a previous offer/ + answer exchange, as described above. + + * If an RtpTransceiver has been stopped and is associated with an + "m=" section, and the "m=" section is not being recycled as + described above, an "m=" section MUST be generated for it with the + port set to zero and all "a=msid" lines removed. + + * For RtpTransceivers that are not stopped, the "a=msid" line or + lines MUST stay the same if they are present in the current + description, regardless of changes to the transceiver's direction + or track. If no "a=msid" line is present in the current + description, "a=msid" line(s) MUST be generated according to the + same rules as for an initial offer. + + * Each "m=" and "c=" line MUST be filled in with the port, relevant + RTP profile, and address of the default candidate for the "m=" + section, as described in [RFC8839], Section 4.2.1.2 and clarified + in Section 5.1.2. If no RTP candidates have yet been gathered, + default values MUST still be used, as described above. + + * Each "a=mid" line MUST stay the same. + + * Each "a=ice-ufrag" and "a=ice-pwd" line MUST stay the same, unless + the ICE configuration has changed (e.g., changes to either the + supported STUN/TURN servers or the ICE candidate policy) or the + IceRestart option (Section 5.2.3.1) was specified. If the "m=" + section is bundled into another "m=" section, it still MUST NOT + contain any ICE credentials. + + * If the "m=" section is not bundled into another "m=" section, its + "a=rtcp" attribute line MUST be filled in with the port and + address of the default RTCP candidate, as indicated in [RFC5761], + Section 5.1.3. If no RTCP candidates have yet been gathered, + default values MUST be used, as described in Section 5.2.1 above. + + * If the "m=" section is not bundled into another "m=" section, for + each candidate that has been gathered during the most recent + gathering phase (see Section 3.5.1), an "a=candidate" line MUST be + added, as defined in [RFC8839], Section 5.1. If candidate + gathering for the section has completed, an "a=end-of-candidates" + attribute MUST be added, as described in [RFC8840], Section 8.2. + If the "m=" section is bundled into another "m=" section, both + "a=candidate" and "a=end-of-candidates" MUST be omitted. + + * For RtpTransceivers that are still present, the "a=rid" lines MUST + stay the same. + + * For RtpTransceivers that are still present, any "a=simulcast" line + MUST stay the same. + + If the previous offer was applied using setLocalDescription, and a + corresponding answer from the remote side has been applied using + setRemoteDescription, meaning the PeerConnection is in the "have- + remote-pranswer" state or the "stable" state, an offer is generated + based on the negotiated session descriptions by following the steps + mentioned for the "have-local-offer" state above. + + In addition, for each existing, non-recycled, non-rejected "m=" + section in the new offer, the following adjustments are made based on + the contents of the corresponding "m=" section in the current local + or remote description, as appropriate: + + * The "m=" line and corresponding "a=rtpmap" and "a=fmtp" lines MUST + only include media formats that have not been excluded by the + codec preferences of the associated transceiver and also MUST + include all currently available formats. Media formats that were + previously offered but are no longer available (e.g., a shared + hardware codec) MAY be excluded. + + * Unless codec preferences have been set for the associated + transceiver, the media formats on the "m=" line MUST be generated + in the same order as in the most recent answer. Any media formats + that were not present in the most recent answer MUST be added + after all existing formats. + + * The RTP header extensions MUST only include those that are present + in the most recent answer. + + * The RTCP feedback mechanisms MUST only include those that are + present in the most recent answer, except for the case of format- + specific mechanisms that are referencing a newly added media + format. + + * The "a=rtcp" line MUST NOT be added if the most recent answer + included an "a=rtcp-mux" line. + + * The "a=rtcp-mux" line MUST be the same as that in the most recent + answer. + + * The "a=rtcp-mux-only" line MUST NOT be added. + + * The "a=rtcp-rsize" line MUST NOT be added unless present in the + most recent answer. + + * An "a=bundle-only" line, as defined in [RFC8843], Section 6, MUST + NOT be added. Instead, JSEP implementations MUST simply omit + parameters in the IDENTICAL and TRANSPORT categories for bundled + "m=" sections, as described in [RFC8843], Section 7.1.3. + + * Note that if media "m=" sections are bundled into a data "m=" + section, then certain TRANSPORT and IDENTICAL attributes may + appear in the data "m=" section even if they would otherwise only + be appropriate for a media "m=" section (e.g., "a=rtcp-mux"). + This cannot happen in initial offers because in the initial offer + JSEP implementations always list media "m=" sections (if any) + before the data "m=" section (if any), and at least one of those + media "m=" sections will not have the "a=bundle-only" attribute. + Therefore, in initial offers, any "a=bundle-only" "m=" sections + will be bundled into a preceding non-bundle-only media "m=" + section. + + The "a=group:BUNDLE" attribute MUST include the MID identifiers + specified in the bundle group in the most recent answer, minus any + "m=" sections that have been marked as rejected, plus any newly added + or re-enabled "m=" sections. In other words, the bundle attribute + MUST contain all "m=" sections that were previously bundled, as long + as they are still alive, as well as any new "m=" sections. + + "a=group:LS" attributes are generated in the same way as for initial + offers, with the additional stipulation that any lip sync groups that + were present in the most recent answer MUST continue to exist and + MUST contain any previously existing MID identifiers, as long as the + identified "m=" sections still exist and are not rejected, and the + group still contains at least two MID identifiers. This ensures that + any synchronized "recvonly" "m=" sections continue to be synchronized + in the new offer. + +5.2.3. Options Handling + + The createOffer method takes as a parameter an RTCOfferOptions + object. Special processing is performed when generating an SDP + description if the following options are present. + +5.2.3.1. IceRestart + + If the IceRestart option is specified, with a value of "true", the + offer MUST indicate an ICE restart by generating new ICE ufrag and + pwd attributes, as specified in [RFC8839], Section 4.4.3.1.1. If + this option is specified on an initial offer, it has no effect (since + a new ICE ufrag and pwd are already generated). Similarly, if the + ICE configuration has changed, this option has no effect, since new + ufrag and pwd attributes will be generated automatically. This + option is primarily useful for reestablishing connectivity in cases + where failures are detected by the application. + +5.2.3.2. VoiceActivityDetection + + Silence suppression, also known as discontinuous transmission + ("DTX"), can reduce the bandwidth used for audio by switching to a + special encoding when voice activity is not detected, at the cost of + some fidelity. + + If the "VoiceActivityDetection" option is specified, with a value of + "true", the offer MUST indicate support for silence suppression in + the audio it receives by including comfort noise ("CN") codecs for + each offered audio codec, as specified in [RFC3389], Section 5.1, + except for codecs that have their own internal silence suppression + support. For codecs that have their own internal silence suppression + support, the appropriate fmtp parameters for that codec MUST be + specified to indicate that silence suppression for received audio is + desired. For example, when using the Opus codec [RFC6716], the + "usedtx=1" parameter, specified in [RFC7587], would be used in the + offer. + + If the "VoiceActivityDetection" option is specified, with a value of + "false", the JSEP implementation MUST NOT emit "CN" codecs. For + codecs that have their own internal silence suppression support, the + appropriate fmtp parameters for that codec MUST be specified to + indicate that silence suppression for received audio is not desired. + For example, when using the Opus codec, the "usedtx=0" parameter + would be specified in the offer. In addition, the implementation + MUST NOT use silence suppression for media it generates, regardless + of whether the "CN" codecs or related fmtp parameters appear in the + peer's description. The impact of these rules is that silence + suppression in JSEP depends on mutual agreement of both sides, which + ensures consistent handling regardless of which codec is used. + + The "VoiceActivityDetection" option does not have any impact on the + setting of the "vad" value in the signaling of the client-to-mixer + audio level header extension described in [RFC6464], Section 4. + +5.3. Generating an Answer + + When createAnswer is called, a new SDP description MUST be created + that is compatible with the supplied remote description as well as + the requirements specified in [RFC8834]. The exact details of this + process are explained below. + +5.3.1. Initial Answers + + When createAnswer is called for the first time after a remote + description has been provided, the result is known as the initial + answer. If no remote description has been installed, an answer + cannot be generated, and an error MUST be returned. + + Note that the remote description SDP may not have been created by a + JSEP endpoint and may not conform to all the requirements listed in + Section 5.2. For many cases, this is not a problem. However, if any + mandatory SDP attributes are missing or functionality listed as + mandatory-to-use above is not present, this MUST be treated as an + error and MUST cause the affected "m=" sections to be marked as + rejected. + + The first step in generating an initial answer is to generate + session-level attributes. The process here is identical to that + indicated in Section 5.2.1 above, except that the "a=ice-options" + line, with the "trickle" option as specified in [RFC8840], + Section 4.1.3 and the "ice2" option as specified in [RFC8445], + Section 10, is only included if such an option was present in the + offer. + + The next step is to generate session-level lip sync groups, as + defined in [RFC5888], Section 7. For each group of type "LS" present + in the offer, select the local RtpTransceivers that are referenced by + the MID values in the specified group, and determine which of them + either reference a common local MediaStream (specified in the calls + to addTrack/addTransceiver used to create them) or have no + MediaStream to reference because they were not created by addTrack/ + addTransceiver. If at least two such RtpTransceivers exist, a group + of type "LS" with the MID values of these RtpTransceivers MUST be + added. Otherwise, the offered "LS" group MUST be ignored and no + corresponding group generated in the answer. + + As a simple example, consider the following offer of a single audio + and single video track contained in the same MediaStream. SDP lines + not relevant to this example have been removed for clarity. As + explained in Section 5.2, a group of type "LS" has been added that + references each track's RtpTransceiver. + + a=group:LS a1 v1 + m=audio 10000 UDP/TLS/RTP/SAVPF 0 + a=mid:a1 + a=msid:ms1 + m=video 10001 UDP/TLS/RTP/SAVPF 96 + a=mid:v1 + a=msid:ms1 + + If the answerer uses a single MediaStream when it adds its tracks, + both of its transceivers will reference this stream, and so the + subsequent answer will contain a "LS" group identical to that in the + offer, as shown below: + + a=group:LS a1 v1 + m=audio 20000 UDP/TLS/RTP/SAVPF 0 + a=mid:a1 + a=msid:ms2 + m=video 20001 UDP/TLS/RTP/SAVPF 96 + a=mid:v1 + a=msid:ms2 + + However, if the answerer groups its tracks into separate + MediaStreams, its transceivers will reference different streams, and + so the subsequent answer will not contain a "LS" group. + + m=audio 20000 UDP/TLS/RTP/SAVPF 0 + a=mid:a1 + a=msid:ms2a + m=video 20001 UDP/TLS/RTP/SAVPF 96 + a=mid:v1 + a=msid:ms2b + + Finally, if the answerer does not add any tracks, its transceivers + will not reference any MediaStreams, causing the preferences of the + offerer to be maintained, and so the subsequent answer will contain + an identical "LS" group. + + a=group:LS a1 v1 + m=audio 20000 UDP/TLS/RTP/SAVPF 0 + a=mid:a1 + a=recvonly + m=video 20001 UDP/TLS/RTP/SAVPF 96 + a=mid:v1 + a=recvonly + + The example in Section 7.2 shows a more involved case of "LS" group + generation. + + The next step is to generate an "m=" section for each "m=" section + that is present in the remote offer, as specified in [RFC3264], + Section 6. For the purposes of this discussion, any session-level + attributes in the offer that are also valid as media-level attributes + are considered to be present in each "m=" section. Each offered "m=" + section will have an associated RtpTransceiver, as described in + Section 5.10. If there are more RtpTransceivers than there are "m=" + sections, the unmatched RtpTransceivers will need to be associated in + a subsequent offer. + + For each offered "m=" section, if any of the following conditions are + true, the corresponding "m=" section in the answer MUST be marked as + rejected by setting the <port> in the "m=" line to zero, as indicated + in [RFC3264], Section 6, and further processing for this "m=" section + can be skipped: + + * The associated RtpTransceiver has been stopped. + + * There is no offered media format that is both supported and, if + applicable, allowed by codec preferences. + + * The bundle policy is "max-bundle", and this is not the first "m=" + section or in the same bundle group as the first "m=" section. + + * The bundle policy is "balanced", and this is not the first "m=" + section for this media type or in the same bundle group as the + first "m=" section for this media type. + + * This "m=" section is in a bundle group, and the group's offerer + tagged "m=" section is being rejected due to one of the above + reasons. This requires all "m=" sections in the bundle group to + be rejected, as specified in [RFC8843], Section 7.3.3. + + Otherwise, each "m=" section in the answer MUST then be generated as + specified in [RFC3264], Section 6.1. For the "m=" line itself, the + following rules MUST be followed: + + * The <port> value would normally be set to the port of the default + ICE candidate for this "m=" section, but given that no candidates + are available yet, the default <port> value of 9 (Discard) MUST be + used, as indicated in [RFC8840], Section 4.1.1. + + * The <proto> field MUST be set to exactly match the <proto> field + for the corresponding "m=" line in the offer. + + * If codec preferences have been set for the associated transceiver, + media formats MUST be generated in the corresponding order, + regardless of what was offered, and MUST exclude any codecs not + present in the codec preferences. + + * Otherwise, the media formats on the "m=" line MUST be generated in + the same order as those offered in the current remote description, + excluding any currently unsupported formats. Any currently + available media formats that are not present in the current remote + description MUST be added after all existing formats. + + * In either case, the media formats in the answer MUST include at + least one format that is present in the offer but MAY include + formats that are locally supported but not present in the offer, + as mentioned in [RFC3264], Section 6.1. If no common format + exists, the "m=" section is rejected as described above. + + The "m=" line MUST be followed immediately by a "c=" line, as + specified in [RFC4566], Section 5.7. Again, as no candidates are + available yet, the "c=" line MUST contain the default value "IN IP4 + 0.0.0.0", as defined in [RFC8840], Section 4.1.3. + + If the offer supports bundle, all "m=" sections to be bundled MUST + use the same ICE credentials and candidates; all "m=" sections not + being bundled MUST use unique ICE credentials and candidates. Each + "m=" section MUST contain the following attributes (which are of + attribute types other than IDENTICAL or TRANSPORT): + + * If and only if present in the offer, an "a=mid" line, as specified + in [RFC5888], Section 9.1. The MID value MUST match that + specified in the offer. + + * A direction attribute, determined by applying the rules regarding + the offered direction specified in [RFC3264], Section 6.1, and + then intersecting with the direction of the associated + RtpTransceiver. For example, in the case where an "m=" section is + offered as "sendonly" and the local transceiver is set to + "sendrecv", the result in the answer is a "recvonly" direction. + + * For each media format on the "m=" line, "a=rtpmap" and "a=fmtp" + lines, as specified in [RFC4566], Section 6 and [RFC3264], + Section 6.1. + + * If "rtx" is present in the offer, for each primary codec where RTP + retransmission should be used, a corresponding "a=rtpmap" line + indicating "rtx" with the clock rate of the primary codec and an + "a=fmtp" line that references the payload type of the primary + codec, as specified in [RFC4588], Section 8.1. + + * For each supported FEC mechanism, "a=rtpmap" and "a=fmtp" lines, + as specified in [RFC4566], Section 6. The FEC mechanisms that + MUST be supported are specified in [RFC8854], Section 7, and + specific usage for each media type is outlined in Sections 4 and + 5. + + * If this "m=" section is for media with configurable durations of + media per packet, e.g., audio, an "a=maxptime" line, as described + in Section 5.2. + + * If this "m=" section is for video media and there are known + limitations on the size of images that can be decoded, an + "a=imageattr" line, as specified in Section 3.6. + + * For each supported RTP header extension that is present in the + offer, an "a=extmap" line, as specified in [RFC5285], Section 5. + The list of header extensions that SHOULD/MUST be supported is + specified in [RFC8834], Section 5.2. Any header extensions that + require encryption MUST be specified as indicated in [RFC6904], + Section 4. + + * For each supported RTCP feedback mechanism that is present in the + offer, an "a=rtcp-fb" line, as specified in [RFC4585], + Section 4.2. The list of RTCP feedback mechanisms that SHOULD/ + MUST be supported is specified in [RFC8834], Section 5.1. + + * If the RtpTransceiver has a sendrecv or sendonly direction: + + - For each MediaStream that was associated with the transceiver + when it was created via addTrack or addTransceiver, an "a=msid" + line, as specified in [RFC8830], Section 2, but omitting the + "appdata" field. + + Each "m=" section that is not bundled into another "m=" section MUST + contain the following attributes (which are of category IDENTICAL or + TRANSPORT): + + * "a=ice-ufrag" and "a=ice-pwd" lines, as specified in [RFC8839], + Section 5.4. + + * For each desired digest algorithm, one or more "a=fingerprint" + lines for each of the endpoint's certificates, as specified in + [RFC8122], Section 5. + + * An "a=setup" line, as specified in [RFC4145], Section 4 and + clarified for use in DTLS-SRTP scenarios in [RFC5763], Section 5. + The role value in the answer MUST be "active" or "passive". When + the offer contains the "actpass" value, as will always be the case + with JSEP endpoints, the answerer SHOULD use the "active" role. + Offers from non-JSEP endpoints MAY send other values for + "a=setup", in which case the answer MUST use a value consistent + with the value in the offer. + + * An "a=tls-id" line, as specified in [RFC8842], Section 5.3. + + * If present in the offer, an "a=rtcp-mux" line, as specified in + [RFC5761], Section 5.1.3. Otherwise, an "a=rtcp" line, as + specified in [RFC3605], Section 2.1, containing the default value + "9 IN IP4 0.0.0.0" (because no candidates have yet been gathered). + + * If present in the offer, an "a=rtcp-rsize" line, as specified in + [RFC5506], Section 5. + + If a data channel "m=" section has been offered, an "m=" section MUST + also be generated for data. The <media> field MUST be set to + "application", and the <proto> and <fmt> fields MUST be set to + exactly match the fields in the offer. + + Within the data "m=" section, an "a=mid" line MUST be generated and + included as described above, along with an "a=sctp-port" line + referencing the SCTP port number, as defined in [RFC8841], + Section 5.1; and, if appropriate, an "a=max-message-size" line, as + defined in [RFC8841], Section 6.1. + + As discussed above, the following attributes of category IDENTICAL or + TRANSPORT are included only if the data "m=" section is not bundled + into another "m=" section: + + * "a=ice-ufrag" + + * "a=ice-pwd" + + * "a=fingerprint" + + * "a=setup" + + * "a=tls-id" + + Note that if media "m=" sections are bundled into a data "m=" + section, then certain TRANSPORT and IDENTICAL attributes may also + appear in the data "m=" section even if they would otherwise only be + appropriate for a media "m=" section (e.g., "a=rtcp-mux"). + + If "a=group" attributes with semantics of "BUNDLE" are offered, + corresponding session-level "a=group" attributes MUST be added as + specified in [RFC5888]. These attributes MUST have semantics + "BUNDLE" and MUST include all mid identifiers from the offered bundle + groups that have not been rejected. Note that regardless of the + presence of "a=bundle-only" in the offer, all "m=" sections in the + answer MUST NOT have an "a=bundle-only" line. + + Attributes that are common between all "m=" sections MAY be moved to + the session level if explicitly defined to be valid at the session + level. + + The attributes prohibited in the creation of offers are also + prohibited in the creation of answers. + +5.3.2. Subsequent Answers + + When createAnswer is called a second (or later) time or is called + after a local description has already been installed, the processing + is somewhat different than for an initial answer. + + If the previous answer was not applied using setLocalDescription, + meaning the PeerConnection is still in the "have-remote-offer" state, + the steps for generating an initial answer MUST be followed, subject + to the following restriction: + + * The fields of the "o=" line MUST stay the same except for the + <session-version> field, which MUST increment if the session + description changes in any way from the previously generated + answer. + + If any session description was previously supplied to + setLocalDescription, an answer is generated by following the steps in + the "have-remote-offer" state above, along with these exceptions: + + * The "s=" and "t=" lines MUST stay the same. + + * Each "m=" and "c=" line MUST be filled in with the port and + address of the default candidate for the "m=" section, as + described in [RFC8839], Section 4.2.1.2. Note that in certain + cases, the "m=" line protocol may not match that of the default + candidate, because the "m=" line protocol value MUST match what + was supplied in the offer, as described above. + + * Each "a=ice-ufrag" and "a=ice-pwd" line MUST stay the same, unless + the "m=" section is restarting, in which case new ICE credentials + MUST be created as specified in [RFC8839], Section 4.4.1.1.1. If + the "m=" section is bundled into another "m=" section, it still + MUST NOT contain any ICE credentials. + + * Each "a=tls-id" line MUST stay the same, unless the offerer's + "a=tls-id" line changed, in which case a new tls-id value MUST be + created, as described in [RFC8842], Section 5.2. + + * Each "a=setup" line MUST use an "active" or "passive" role value + consistent with the existing DTLS association, if the association + is being continued by the offerer. + + * RTCP multiplexing MUST be used, and an "a=rtcp-mux" line inserted + if and only if the "m=" section previously used RTCP multiplexing. + + * If the "m=" section is not bundled into another "m=" section and + RTCP multiplexing is not active, an "a=rtcp" attribute line MUST + be filled in with the port and address of the default RTCP + candidate. If no RTCP candidates have yet been gathered, default + values MUST be used, as described in Section 5.3.1 above. + + * If the "m=" section is not bundled into another "m=" section, for + each candidate that has been gathered during the most recent + gathering phase (see Section 3.5.1), an "a=candidate" line MUST be + added, as defined in [RFC8839], Section 5.1. If candidate + gathering for the section has completed, an "a=end-of-candidates" + attribute MUST be added, as described in [RFC8840], Section 8.2. + If the "m=" section is bundled into another "m=" section, both + "a=candidate" and "a=end-of-candidates" MUST be omitted. + + * For RtpTransceivers that are not stopped, the "a=msid" line(s) + MUST stay the same, regardless of changes to the transceiver's + direction or track. If no "a=msid" line is present in the current + description, "a=msid" line(s) MUST be generated according to the + same rules as for an initial answer. + +5.3.3. Options Handling + + The createAnswer method takes as a parameter an RTCAnswerOptions + object. The set of parameters for RTCAnswerOptions is different than + those supported in RTCOfferOptions; the IceRestart option is + unnecessary, as ICE credentials will automatically be changed for all + "m=" sections where the offerer chose to perform ICE restart. + + The following options are supported in RTCAnswerOptions. + +5.3.3.1. VoiceActivityDetection + + Silence suppression in the answer is handled as described in + Section 5.2.3.2, with one exception: if support for silence + suppression was not indicated in the offer, the + VoiceActivityDetection parameter has no effect, and the answer MUST + be generated as if VoiceActivityDetection was set to "false". This + is done on a per-codec basis (e.g., if the offerer somehow offered + support for CN but set "usedtx=0" for Opus, setting + VoiceActivityDetection to "true" would result in an answer with CN + codecs and "usedtx=0"). The impact of this rule is that an answerer + will not try to use silence suppression with any endpoint that does + not offer it, making silence suppression support bilateral even with + non-JSEP endpoints. + +5.4. Modifying an Offer or Answer + + The SDP returned from createOffer or createAnswer MUST NOT be changed + before passing it to setLocalDescription. If precise control over + the SDP is needed, the aforementioned createOffer/createAnswer + options or RtpTransceiver APIs MUST be used. + + After calling setLocalDescription with an offer or answer, the + application MAY modify the SDP to reduce its capabilities before + sending it to the far side, as long as it follows the rules above + that define a valid JSEP offer or answer. Likewise, an application + that has received an offer or answer from a peer MAY modify the + received SDP, subject to the same constraints, before calling + setRemoteDescription. + + As always, the application is solely responsible for what it sends to + the other party, and all incoming SDP will be processed by the JSEP + implementation to the extent of its capabilities. It is an error to + assume that all SDP is well formed; however, one should be able to + assume that any implementation of this specification will be able to + process, as a remote offer or answer, unmodified SDP coming from any + other implementation of this specification. + +5.5. Processing a Local Description + + When a SessionDescription is supplied to setLocalDescription, the + following steps MUST be performed: + + * If the description is of type "rollback", follow the processing + defined in Section 5.7 and skip the processing described in the + rest of this section. + + * Otherwise, the type of the SessionDescription is checked against + the current state of the PeerConnection: + + - If the type is "offer", the PeerConnection state MUST be either + "stable" or "have-local-offer". + + - If the type is "pranswer" or "answer", the PeerConnection state + MUST be either "have-remote-offer" or "have-local-pranswer". + + * If the type is not correct for the current state, processing MUST + stop and an error MUST be returned. + + * The SessionDescription is then checked to ensure that its contents + are identical to those generated in the last call to createOffer/ + createAnswer, and thus have not been altered, as discussed in + Section 5.4; otherwise, processing MUST stop and an error MUST be + returned. + + * Next, the SessionDescription is parsed into a data structure, as + described in Section 5.8 below. + + * Finally, the parsed SessionDescription is applied as described in + Section 5.9 below. + +5.6. Processing a Remote Description + + When a SessionDescription is supplied to setRemoteDescription, the + following steps MUST be performed: + + * If the description is of type "rollback", follow the processing + defined in Section 5.7 and skip the processing described in the + rest of this section. + + * Otherwise, the type of the SessionDescription is checked against + the current state of the PeerConnection: + + - If the type is "offer", the PeerConnection state MUST be either + "stable" or "have-remote-offer". + + - If the type is "pranswer" or "answer", the PeerConnection state + MUST be either "have-local-offer" or "have-remote-pranswer". + + * If the type is not correct for the current state, processing MUST + stop and an error MUST be returned. + + * Next, the SessionDescription is parsed into a data structure, as + described in Section 5.8 below. If parsing fails for any reason, + processing MUST stop and an error MUST be returned. + + * Finally, the parsed SessionDescription is applied as described in + Section 5.10 below. + +5.7. Processing a Rollback + + A rollback may be performed if the PeerConnection is in any state + except for "stable". This means that both offers and provisional + answers can be rolled back. Rollback can only be used to cancel + proposed changes; there is no support for rolling back from a + "stable" state to a previous "stable" state. If a rollback is + attempted in the "stable" state, processing MUST stop and an error + MUST be returned. Note that this implies that once the answerer has + performed setLocalDescription with its answer, this cannot be rolled + back. + + The effect of rollback MUST be the same regardless of whether + setLocalDescription or setRemoteDescription is called. + + In order to process rollback, a JSEP implementation abandons the + current offer/answer transaction, sets the signaling state to + "stable", and sets the pending local and/or remote description (see + Sections 4.1.14 and 4.1.16) to "null". Any resources or candidates + that were allocated by the abandoned local description are discarded; + any media that is received is processed according to the previous + local and remote descriptions. + + A rollback disassociates any RtpTransceivers that were associated + with "m=" sections by the application of the rolled-back session + description (see Sections 5.10 and 5.9). This means that some + RtpTransceivers that were previously associated will no longer be + associated with any "m=" section; in such cases, the value of the + RtpTransceiver's mid property MUST be set to "null", and the mapping + between the transceiver and its "m=" section index MUST be discarded. + RtpTransceivers that were created by applying a remote offer that was + subsequently rolled back MUST be stopped and removed from the + PeerConnection. However, an RtpTransceiver MUST NOT be removed if a + track was attached to the RtpTransceiver via the addTrack method. + This is so that an application may call addTrack, then call + setRemoteDescription with an offer, then roll back that offer, then + call createOffer and have an "m=" section for the added track appear + in the generated offer. + +5.8. Parsing a Session Description + + The SDP contained in the session description object consists of a + sequence of text lines, each containing a key-value expression, as + described in [RFC4566], Section 5. The SDP is read, line by line, + and converted to a data structure that contains the deserialized + information. However, SDP allows many types of lines, not all of + which are relevant to JSEP applications. For each line, the + implementation will first ensure that it is syntactically correct + according to its defining ABNF, check that it conforms to the + semantics used in [RFC4566] and [RFC3264], and then either parse and + store or discard the provided value, as described below. + + If any line is not well formed or cannot be parsed as described, the + parser MUST stop with an error and reject the session description, + even if the value is to be discarded. This ensures that + implementations do not accidentally misinterpret ambiguous SDP. + +5.8.1. Session-Level Parsing + + First, the session-level lines are checked and parsed. These lines + MUST occur in a specific order, and with a specific syntax, as + defined in [RFC4566], Section 5. Note that while the specific line + types (e.g., "v=", "c=") MUST occur in the defined order, lines of + the same type (typically "a=") can occur in any order. + + The following non-attribute lines are not meaningful in the JSEP + context and MAY be discarded once they have been checked. + + * The "c=" line MUST be checked for syntax, but its value is only + used for ICE mismatch detection, as defined in [RFC8445], + Section 5.4. Note that JSEP implementations should never + encounter this condition because ICE is required for WebRTC. + + * The "i=", "u=", "e=", "p=", "t=", "r=", "z=", and "k=" lines MUST + be checked for syntax, but their values are not otherwise used. + + The remaining non-attribute lines are processed as follows: + + * The "v=" line MUST have a version of 0, as specified in [RFC4566], + Section 5.1. + + * The "o=" line MUST be parsed as specified in [RFC4566], + Section 5.2. + + * The "b=" line, if present, MUST be parsed as specified in + [RFC4566], Section 5.8, and the bwtype and bandwidth values + stored. + + Finally, the attribute lines are processed. Specific processing MUST + be applied for the following session-level attribute ("a=") lines: + + * Any "a=group" lines are parsed as specified in [RFC5888], + Section 5, and the group's semantics and mids are stored. + + * If present, a single "a=ice-lite" line is parsed as specified in + [RFC8839], Section 5.3, and a value indicating the presence of + ice-lite is stored. + + * If present, a single "a=ice-ufrag" line is parsed as specified in + [RFC8839], Section 5.4, and the ufrag value is stored. + + * If present, a single "a=ice-pwd" line is parsed as specified in + [RFC8839], Section 5.4, and the password value is stored. + + * If present, a single "a=ice-options" line is parsed as specified + in [RFC8839], Section 5.6, and the set of specified options is + stored. + + * Any "a=fingerprint" lines are parsed as specified in [RFC8122], + Section 5, and the set of fingerprint and algorithm values is + stored. + + * If present, a single "a=setup" line is parsed as specified in + [RFC4145], Section 4, and the setup value is stored. + + * If present, a single "a=tls-id" line is parsed as specified in + [RFC8842], Section 5, and the attribute value is stored. + + * Any "a=identity" lines are parsed and the identity values stored + for subsequent verification, as specified in [RFC8827], Section 5. + + * Any "a=extmap" lines are parsed as specified in [RFC5285], + Section 5, and their values are stored. + + Other attributes that are not relevant to JSEP may also be present, + and implementations SHOULD process any that they recognize. As + required by [RFC4566], Section 5.13, unknown attribute lines MUST be + ignored. + + Once all the session-level lines have been parsed, processing + continues with the lines in "m=" sections. + +5.8.2. Media Section Parsing + + Like the session-level lines, the media section lines MUST occur in + the specific order and with the specific syntax defined in [RFC4566], + Section 5. + + The "m=" line itself MUST be parsed as described in [RFC4566], + Section 5.14, and the <media>, <port>, <proto>, and <fmt> values + stored. + + Following the "m=" line, specific processing MUST be applied for the + following non-attribute lines: + + * As with the "c=" line at the session level, the "c=" line MUST be + parsed according to [RFC4566], Section 5.7, but its value is not + used. + + * The "b=" line, if present, MUST be parsed as specified in + [RFC4566], Section 5.8, and the bwtype and bandwidth values + stored. + + Specific processing MUST also be applied for the following attribute + lines: + + * If present, a single "a=ice-ufrag" line is parsed as specified in + [RFC8839], Section 5.4, and the ufrag value is stored. + + * If present, a single "a=ice-pwd" line is parsed as specified in + [RFC8839], Section 5.4, and the password value is stored. + + * If present, a single "a=ice-options" line is parsed as specified + in [RFC8839], Section 5.6, and the set of specified options is + stored. + + * Any "a=candidate" attributes MUST be parsed as specified in + [RFC8839], Section 5.1, and their values stored. + + * Any "a=remote-candidates" attributes MUST be parsed as specified + in [RFC8839], Section 5.2, but their values are ignored. + + * If present, a single "a=end-of-candidates" attribute MUST be + parsed as specified in [RFC8840], Section 8.1, and its presence or + absence flagged and stored. + + * Any "a=fingerprint" lines are parsed as specified in [RFC8122], + Section 5, and the set of fingerprint and algorithm values is + stored. + + If the "m=" <proto> value indicates use of RTP, as described in + Section 5.1.2 above, the following attribute lines MUST be processed: + + * The "m=" <fmt> value MUST be parsed as specified in [RFC4566], + Section 5.14, and the individual values stored. + + * Any "a=rtpmap" or "a=fmtp" lines MUST be parsed as specified in + [RFC4566], Section 6, and their values stored. + + * If present, a single "a=ptime" line MUST be parsed as described in + [RFC4566], Section 6, and its value stored. + + * If present, a single "a=maxptime" line MUST be parsed as described + in [RFC4566], Section 6, and its value stored. + + * If present, a single direction attribute line (e.g., "a=sendrecv") + MUST be parsed as described in [RFC4566], Section 6, and its value + stored. + + * Any "a=ssrc" attributes MUST be parsed as specified in [RFC5576], + Section 4.1, and their values stored. + + * Any "a=extmap" attributes MUST be parsed as specified in + [RFC5285], Section 5, and their values stored. + + * Any "a=rtcp-fb" attributes MUST be parsed as specified in + [RFC4585], Section 4.2, and their values stored. + + * If present, a single "a=rtcp-mux" attribute MUST be parsed as + specified in [RFC5761], Section 5.1.3, and its presence or absence + flagged and stored. + + * If present, a single "a=rtcp-mux-only" attribute MUST be parsed as + specified in [RFC8858], Section 3, and its presence or absence + flagged and stored. + + * If present, a single "a=rtcp-rsize" attribute MUST be parsed as + specified in [RFC5506], Section 5, and its presence or absence + flagged and stored. + + * If present, a single "a=rtcp" attribute MUST be parsed as + specified in [RFC3605], Section 2.1, but its value is ignored, as + this information is superfluous when using ICE. + + * If present, "a=msid" attributes MUST be parsed as specified in + [RFC8830], Section 3.2, and their values stored, ignoring any + "appdata" field. If no "a=msid" attributes are present, a random + msid-id value is generated for a "default" MediaStream for the + session, if not already present, and this value is stored. + + * Any "a=imageattr" attributes MUST be parsed as specified in + [RFC6236], Section 3, and their values stored. + + * Any "a=rid" lines MUST be parsed as specified in [RFC8851], + Section 10, and their values stored. + + * If present, a single "a=simulcast" line MUST be parsed as + specified in [RFC8853], and its values stored. + + Otherwise, if the "m=" <proto> value indicates use of SCTP, the + following attribute lines MUST be processed: + + * The "m=" <fmt> value MUST be parsed as specified in [RFC8841], + Section 4.3, and the application protocol value stored. + + * An "a=sctp-port" attribute MUST be present, and it MUST be parsed + as specified in [RFC8841], Section 5.2, and the value stored. + + * If present, a single "a=max-message-size" attribute MUST be parsed + as specified in [RFC8841], Section 6, and the value stored. + Otherwise, use the specified default. + + Other attributes that are not relevant to JSEP may also be present, + and implementations SHOULD process any that they recognize. As + required by [RFC4566], Section 5.13, unknown attribute lines MUST be + ignored. + +5.8.3. Semantics Verification + + Assuming that parsing completes successfully, the parsed description + is then evaluated to ensure internal consistency as well as proper + support for mandatory features. Specifically, the following checks + are performed: + + * For each "m=" section, valid values for each of the mandatory-to- + use features enumerated in Section 5.1.1 MUST be present. These + values MAY be either present at the media level or inherited from + the session level. + + - ICE ufrag and password values, which MUST comply with the size + limits specified in [RFC8839], Section 5.4. + + - A tls-id value, which MUST be set according to [RFC8842], + Section 5. If this is a re-offer or a response to a re-offer + and the tls-id value is different from that presently in use, + the DTLS connection is not being continued and the remote + description MUST be part of an ICE restart, together with new + ufrag and password values. + + - A DTLS setup value, which MUST be set according to the rules + specified in [RFC5763], Section 5 and MUST be consistent with + the selected role of the current DTLS connection, if one exists + and is being continued. + + - DTLS fingerprint values, where at least one fingerprint MUST be + present. + + * All rid-ids referenced in an "a=simulcast" line MUST exist as + "a=rid" lines. + + * Each "m=" section is also checked to ensure that prohibited + features are not used. + + * If the RTP/RTCP multiplexing policy is "require", each "m=" + section MUST contain an "a=rtcp-mux" attribute. If an "m=" + section contains an "a=rtcp-mux-only" attribute, that section MUST + also contain an "a=rtcp-mux" attribute. + + * If an "m=" section was present in the previous answer, the state + of RTP/RTCP multiplexing MUST match what was previously + negotiated. + + If this session description is of type "pranswer" or "answer", the + following additional checks are applied: + + * The session description MUST follow the rules defined in + [RFC3264], Section 6, including the requirement that the number of + "m=" sections MUST exactly match the number of "m=" sections in + the associated offer. + + * For each "m=" section, the media type and protocol values MUST + exactly match the media type and protocol values in the + corresponding "m=" section in the associated offer. + + If any of the preceding checks failed, processing MUST stop and an + error MUST be returned. + +5.9. Applying a Local Description + + The following steps are performed at the media engine level to apply + a local description. If an error is returned, the session MUST be + restored to the state it was in before performing these steps. + + First, "m=" sections are processed. For each "m=" section, the + following steps MUST be performed; if any parameters are out of + bounds or cannot be applied, processing MUST stop and an error MUST + be returned. + + * If this "m=" section is new, begin gathering candidates for it, as + defined in [RFC8445], Section 5.1.1, unless it is definitively + being bundled (either (1) this is an offer and the "m=" section is + marked bundle-only or (2) it is an answer and the "m=" section is + bundled into another "m=" section). + + * Or, if the ICE ufrag and password values have changed, trigger the + ICE agent to start an ICE restart as described in [RFC8445], + Section 9, and begin gathering new candidates for the "m=" + section. If this description is an answer, also start checks on + that media section. + + * If the "m=" section <proto> value indicates use of RTP: + + - If there is no RtpTransceiver associated with this "m=" + section, find one and associate it with this "m=" section + according to the following steps. Note that this situation + will only occur when applying an offer. + + o Find the RtpTransceiver that corresponds to this "m=" + section, using the mapping between transceivers and "m=" + section indices established when creating the offer. + + o Set the value of this RtpTransceiver's mid property to the + MID of the "m=" section. + + - If RTCP mux is indicated, prepare to demux RTP and RTCP from + the RTP ICE component, as specified in [RFC5761], + Section 5.1.3. + + - For each specified RTP header extension, establish a mapping + between the extension ID and URI, as described in [RFC5285], + Section 6. + + - If the MID header extension is supported, prepare to demux RTP + streams intended for this "m=" section based on the MID header + extension, as described in [RFC8843], Section 15. + + - For each specified media format, establish a mapping between + the payload type and the actual media format, as described in + [RFC3264], Section 6.1. In addition, prepare to demux RTP + streams intended for this "m=" section based on the media + formats supported by this "m=" section, as described in + [RFC8843], Section 9.2. + + - For each specified "rtx" media format, establish a mapping + between the RTX payload type and its associated primary payload + type, as described in Sections 8.6 and 8.7 of [RFC4588]. + + - If the direction attribute is of type "sendrecv" or "recvonly", + enable receipt and decoding of media. + + Finally, if this description is of type "pranswer" or "answer", + follow the processing defined in Section 5.11 below. + +5.10. Applying a Remote Description + + The following steps are performed to apply a remote description. If + an error is returned, the session MUST be restored to the state it + was in before performing these steps. + + If the answer contains any "a=ice-options" attributes where "trickle" + is listed as an attribute, update the PeerConnection + canTrickleIceCandidates property to be "true". Otherwise, set this + property to "false". + + The following steps MUST be performed for attributes at the session + level; if any parameters are out of bounds or cannot be applied, + processing MUST stop and an error MUST be returned. + + * For any specified "CT" bandwidth value, set this value as the + limit for the maximum total bitrate for all "m=" sections, as + specified in [RFC4566], Section 5.8. Within this overall limit, + the implementation can dynamically decide how to best allocate the + available bandwidth between "m=" sections, respecting any specific + limits that have been specified for individual "m=" sections. + + * For any specified "RR" or "RS" bandwidth values, handle as + specified in [RFC3556], Section 2. + + * Any "AS" bandwidth value ([RFC4566], Section 5.8) MUST be ignored, + as the meaning of this construct at the session level is not well + defined. + + For each "m=" section, the following steps MUST be performed; if any + parameters are out of bounds or cannot be applied, processing MUST + stop and an error MUST be returned. + + * If the ICE ufrag or password changed from the previous remote + description: + + - If the description is of type "offer", the implementation MUST + note that an ICE restart is needed, as described in [RFC8839], + Section 4.4.1.1.1. + + - If the description is of type "answer" or "pranswer", then + check to see if the current local description is an ICE + restart, and if not, generate an error. If the PeerConnection + state is "have-remote-pranswer" and the ICE ufrag or password + changed from the previous provisional answer, then signal the + ICE agent to discard any previous ICE checklist state for the + "m=" section. Finally, signal the ICE agent to begin checks. + + * If the current local description indicates an ICE restart but + neither the ICE ufrag nor the password has changed from the + previous remote description (as prescribed by [RFC8445], + Section 9), generate an error. + + * Configure the ICE components associated with this media section to + use the supplied ICE remote ufrag and password for their + connectivity checks. + + * Pair any supplied ICE candidates with any gathered local + candidates, as described in [RFC8445], Section 6.1.2, and start + connectivity checks with the appropriate credentials. + + * If an "a=end-of-candidates" attribute is present, process the end- + of-candidates indication as described in [RFC8838], Section 14. + + * If the "m=" section <proto> value indicates use of RTP: + + - If the "m=" section is being recycled (see Section 5.2.2), + disassociate the currently associated RtpTransceiver by setting + its mid property to "null", and discard the mapping between the + transceiver and its "m=" section index. + + - If the "m=" section is not associated with any RtpTransceiver + (possibly because it was disassociated in the previous step), + either find an RtpTransceiver or create one according to the + following steps: + + o If the "m=" section is sendrecv or recvonly, and there are + RtpTransceivers of the same type that were added to the + PeerConnection by addTrack and are not associated with any + "m=" section and are not stopped, find the first (according + to the canonical order described in Section 5.2.1) such + RtpTransceiver. + + o If no RtpTransceiver was found in the previous step, create + one with a recvonly direction. + + o Associate the found or created RtpTransceiver with the "m=" + section by setting the value of the RtpTransceiver's mid + property to the MID of the "m=" section, and establish a + mapping between the transceiver and the index of the "m=" + section. If the "m=" section does not include a MID (i.e., + the remote endpoint does not support the MID extension), + generate a value for the RtpTransceiver mid property, + following the guidance for "a=mid" mentioned in + Section 5.2.1. + + - For each specified media format that is also supported by the + local implementation, establish a mapping between the specified + payload type and the media format, as described in [RFC3264], + Section 6.1. Specifically, this means that the implementation + records the payload type to be used in outgoing RTP packets + when sending each specified media format, as well as the + relative preference for each format that is indicated in their + ordering. If any indicated media format is not supported by + the local implementation, it MUST be ignored. + + - For each specified "rtx" media format, establish a mapping + between the RTX payload type and its associated primary payload + type, as described in [RFC4588], Section 4. If any referenced + primary payload types are not present, this MUST result in an + error. Note that RTX payload types may refer to primary + payload types that are not supported by the local media + implementation, in which case the RTX payload type MUST also be + ignored. + + - For each specified fmtp parameter that is supported by the + local implementation, enable them on the associated media + formats. + + - For each specified Synchronization Source (SSRC) that is + signaled in the "m=" section, prepare to demux RTP streams + intended for this "m=" section using that SSRC, as described in + [RFC8843], Section 9.2. + + - For each specified RTP header extension that is also supported + by the local implementation, establish a mapping between the + extension ID and URI, as described in [RFC5285], Section 5. + Specifically, this means that the implementation records the + extension ID to be used in outgoing RTP packets when sending + each specified header extension. If any indicated RTP header + extension is not supported by the local implementation, it MUST + be ignored. + + - For each specified RTCP feedback mechanism that is supported by + the local implementation, enable them on the associated media + formats. + + - For any specified "TIAS" ("Transport Independent Application + Specific Maximum") bandwidth value, set this value as a + constraint on the maximum RTP bitrate to be used when sending + media, as specified in [RFC3890]. If a "TIAS" value is not + present but an "AS" value is specified, generate a "TIAS" value + using this formula: + + TIAS = AS * 1000 * 0.95 - (50 * 40 * 8) + + The 1000 changes the unit from kbps to bps (as required by + TIAS), and the 0.95 is to allocate 5% to RTCP. An estimate of + header overhead is then subtracted out, in which the 50 is + based on 50 packets per second, the 40 is based on typical + header size (in bytes), and the 8 converts bytes to bits. Note + that "TIAS" is preferred over "AS" because it provides more + accurate control of bandwidth. + + - For any "RR" or "RS" bandwidth values, handle as specified in + [RFC3556], Section 2. + + - Any specified "CT" bandwidth value MUST be ignored, as the + meaning of this construct at the media level is not well + defined. + + - If the "m=" section is of type "audio": + + o For each specified "CN" media format, configure silence + suppression for all supported media formats with the same + clock rate, as described in [RFC3389], Section 5, except for + formats that have their own internal silence suppression + mechanisms. Silence suppression for such formats (e.g., + Opus) is controlled via fmtp parameters, as discussed in + Section 5.2.3.2. + + o For each specified "telephone-event" media format, enable + dual-tone multifrequency (DTMF) transmission for all + supported media formats with the same clock rate, as + described in [RFC4733], Section 2.5.1.2. If there are any + supported media formats that do not have a corresponding + telephone-event format, disable DTMF transmission for those + formats. + + o For any specified "ptime" value, configure the available + media formats to use the specified packet size when sending. + If the specified size is not supported for a media format, + use the next closest value instead. + + Finally, if this description is of type "pranswer" or "answer", + follow the processing defined in Section 5.11 below. + +5.11. Applying an Answer + + In addition to the steps mentioned above for processing a local or + remote description, the following steps are performed when processing + a description of type "pranswer" or "answer". + + For each "m=" section, the following steps MUST be performed: + + * If the "m=" section has been rejected (i.e., the <port> value is + set to zero in the answer), stop any reception or transmission of + media for this section, and, unless a non-rejected "m=" section is + bundled with this "m=" section, discard any associated ICE + components, as described in [RFC8839], Section 4.4.3.1. + + * If the remote DTLS fingerprint has been changed or the value of + the "a=tls-id" attribute has changed, tear down the DTLS + connection. This includes the case when the PeerConnection state + is "have-remote-pranswer". If a DTLS connection needs to be torn + down but the answer does not indicate an ICE restart or, in the + case of "have-remote-pranswer", new ICE credentials, an error MUST + be generated. If an ICE restart is performed without a change in + the tls-id value or fingerprint, then the same DTLS connection is + continued over the new ICE channel. Note that although JSEP + requires that answerers change the tls-id value if and only if the + offerer does, non-JSEP answerers are permitted to change the tls- + id value as long as the offer contained an ICE restart. Thus, + JSEP implementations that process DTLS data prior to receiving an + answer MUST be prepared to receive either a ClientHello or data + from the previous DTLS connection. + + * If no valid DTLS connection exists, prepare to start a DTLS + connection, using the specified roles and fingerprints, on any + underlying ICE components, once they are active. + + * If the "m=" section <proto> value indicates use of RTP: + + - If the "m=" section references RTCP feedback mechanisms that + were not present in the corresponding "m=" section in the + offer, this indicates a negotiation problem and MUST result in + an error. However, new media formats and new RTP header + extension values are permitted in the answer, as described in + [RFC3264], Section 7 and [RFC5285], Section 6. + + - If the "m=" section has RTCP mux enabled, discard the RTCP ICE + component, if one exists, and begin or continue muxing RTCP + over the RTP ICE component, as specified in [RFC5761], + Section 5.1.3. Otherwise, prepare to transmit RTCP over the + RTCP ICE component; if no RTCP ICE component exists because + RTCP mux was previously enabled, this MUST result in an error. + + - If the "m=" section has Reduced-Size RTCP enabled, configure + the RTCP transmission for this "m=" section to use Reduced-Size + RTCP, as specified in [RFC5506]. + + - If the direction attribute in the answer indicates that the + JSEP implementation should be sending media ("sendonly" for + local answers, "recvonly" for remote answers, or "sendrecv" for + either type of answer), choose the media format to send as the + most preferred media format from the remote description that is + also locally supported, as discussed in Sections 6.1 and 7 of + [RFC3264], and start transmitting RTP media using that format + once the underlying transport layers have been established. If + an SSRC has not already been chosen for this outgoing RTP + stream, choose a unique random one. If media is already being + transmitted, the same SSRC SHOULD be used unless the clock rate + of the new codec is different, in which case a new SSRC MUST be + chosen, as specified in [RFC7160], Section 4.1. + + - The payload type mapping from the remote description is used to + determine payload types for the outgoing RTP streams, including + the payload type for the send media format chosen above. Any + RTP header extensions that were negotiated should be included + in the outgoing RTP streams, using the extension mapping from + the remote description. If the MID header extension has been + negotiated, include it in the outgoing RTP streams, as + indicated in [RFC8843], Section 15. If the RtpStreamId or + RepairedRtpStreamId header extensions have been negotiated and + rid-ids have been established, include these header extensions + in the outgoing RTP streams, as indicated in [RFC8851], + Section 4. + + - If the "m=" section is of type "audio", and silence suppression + was (1) configured for the send media format as a result of + processing the remote description and (2) also enabled for that + format in the local description, use silence suppression for + outgoing media, in accordance with the guidance in + Section 5.2.3.2. If these conditions are not met, silence + suppression MUST NOT be used for outgoing media. + + - If simulcast has been negotiated, send the appropriate number + of Source RTP Streams as specified in [RFC8853], Section 5.3.3. + + - If the send media format chosen above has a corresponding "rtx" + media format or a FEC mechanism has been negotiated, establish + a redundancy RTP stream with a unique random SSRC for each + Source RTP Stream, and start or continue transmitting RTX/FEC + packets as needed. + + - If the send media format chosen above has a corresponding "red" + media format of the same clock rate, allow redundant encoding + using the specified format for resiliency purposes, as + discussed in [RFC8854], Section 3.2. Note that unlike RTX or + FEC media formats, the "red" format is transmitted on the + Source RTP Stream, not the redundancy RTP stream. + + - Enable the RTCP feedback mechanisms referenced in the media + section for all Source RTP Streams using the specified media + formats. Specifically, begin or continue sending the requested + feedback types and reacting to received feedback, as specified + in [RFC4585], Section 4.2. When sending RTCP feedback, follow + the rules and recommendations from [RFC8108], Section 5.4.1 to + select which SSRC to use. + + - If the direction attribute in the answer indicates that the + JSEP implementation should not be sending media ("recvonly" for + local answers, "sendonly" for remote answers, or "inactive" for + either type of answer), stop transmitting all RTP media, but + continue sending RTCP, as described in [RFC3264], Section 5.1. + + * If the "m=" section <proto> value indicates use of SCTP: + + - If an SCTP association exists and the remote SCTP port has + changed, discard the existing SCTP association. This includes + the case when the PeerConnection state is "have-remote- + pranswer". + + - If no valid SCTP association exists, prepare to initiate an + SCTP association over the associated ICE component and DTLS + connection, using the local SCTP port value from the local + description and the remote SCTP port value from the remote + description, as described in [RFC8841], Section 10.2. + + If the answer contains valid bundle groups, discard any ICE + components for the "m=" sections that will be bundled onto the + primary ICE components in each bundle, and begin muxing these "m=" + sections accordingly, as described in [RFC8843], Section 7.4. + + If the description is of type "answer" and there are still remaining + candidates in the ICE candidate pool, discard them. + +6. Processing RTP/RTCP + + When bundling, associating incoming RTP/RTCP with the proper "m=" + section is defined in [RFC8843], Section 9.2. When not bundling, the + proper "m=" section is clear from the ICE component over which the + RTP/RTCP is received. + + Once the proper "m=" section or sections are known, RTP/RTCP is + delivered to the RtpTransceiver(s) associated with the "m=" + section(s) and further processing of the RTP/RTCP is done at the + RtpTransceiver level. This includes using the RID mechanism + [RFC8851] and its associated RtpStreamId and RepairedRtpStreamId + identifiers to distinguish between multiple encoded streams and + determine which Source RTP stream should be repaired by a given + redundancy RTP stream. + +7. Examples + + Note that this example section shows several SDP fragments. To + accommodate RFC line-length restrictions, some of the SDP lines have + been split into multiple lines, where leading whitespace indicates + that a line is a continuation of the previous line. In addition, + some blank lines have been added to improve readability but are not + valid in SDP. + + More examples of SDP for WebRTC call flows, including examples with + IPv6 addresses, can be found in [SDP4WebRTC]. + +7.1. Simple Example + + This section shows a very simple example that sets up a minimal + audio/video call between two JSEP endpoints without using Trickle + ICE. The example in the following section provides a more detailed + example of what could happen in a JSEP session. + + The code flow below shows Alice's endpoint initiating the session to + Bob's endpoint. The messages from the JavaScript application in + Alice's browser to the JavaScript in Bob's browser, abbreviated as + "AliceJS" and "BobJS", respectively, are assumed to flow over some + signaling protocol via a web server. The JavaScript on both Alice's + side and Bob's side waits for all candidates before sending the offer + or answer, so the offers and answers are complete; Trickle ICE is not + used. The user agents (JSEP implementations) in Alice's and Bob's + browsers, abbreviated as "AliceUA" and "BobUA", respectively, are + both using the default bundle policy of "balanced" and the default + RTCP mux policy of "require". + + // set up local media state + AliceJS->AliceUA: create new PeerConnection + AliceJS->AliceUA: addTrack with two tracks: audio and video + AliceJS->AliceUA: createOffer to get offer + AliceJS->AliceUA: setLocalDescription with offer + AliceUA->AliceJS: multiple onicecandidate events with candidates + + // wait for ICE gathering to complete + AliceUA->AliceJS: onicecandidate event with null candidate + AliceJS->AliceUA: get |offer-A1| from pendingLocalDescription + + // |offer-A1| is sent over signaling protocol to Bob + AliceJS->WebServer: signaling with |offer-A1| + WebServer->BobJS: signaling with |offer-A1| + + // |offer-A1| arrives at Bob + BobJS->BobUA: create a PeerConnection + BobJS->BobUA: setRemoteDescription with |offer-A1| + BobUA->BobJS: ontrack events for audio and video tracks + + // Bob accepts call + BobJS->BobUA: addTrack with local tracks + BobJS->BobUA: createAnswer + BobJS->BobUA: setLocalDescription with answer + BobUA->BobJS: multiple onicecandidate events with candidates + + // wait for ICE gathering to complete + BobUA->BobJS: onicecandidate event with null candidate + BobJS->BobUA: get |answer-A1| from currentLocalDescription + + // |answer-A1| is sent over signaling protocol + // to Alice + BobJS->WebServer: signaling with |answer-A1| + WebServer->AliceJS: signaling with |answer-A1| + + // |answer-A1| arrives at Alice + AliceJS->AliceUA: setRemoteDescription with |answer-A1| + AliceUA->AliceJS: ontrack events for audio and video tracks + + // media flows + BobUA->AliceUA: media sent from Bob to Alice + AliceUA->BobUA: media sent from Alice to Bob + + The SDP for |offer-A1| looks like: + + v=0 + o=- 4962303333179871722 1 IN IP4 0.0.0.0 + s=- + t=0 0 + a=ice-options:trickle ice2 + a=group:BUNDLE a1 v1 + a=group:LS a1 v1 + + m=audio 10100 UDP/TLS/RTP/SAVPF 96 0 8 97 98 + c=IN IP4 203.0.113.100 + a=mid:a1 + a=sendrecv + a=rtpmap:96 opus/48000/2 + a=rtpmap:0 PCMU/8000 + a=rtpmap:8 PCMA/8000 + a=rtpmap:97 telephone-event/8000 + a=rtpmap:98 telephone-event/48000 + a=fmtp:97 0-15 + a=fmtp:98 0-15 + a=maxptime:120 + a=extmap:1 urn:ietf:params:rtp-hdrext:sdes:mid + a=extmap:2 urn:ietf:params:rtp-hdrext:ssrc-audio-level + a=msid:47017fee-b6c1-4162-929c-a25110252400 + a=ice-ufrag:ETEn + a=ice-pwd:OtSK0WpNtpUjkY4+86js7ZQl + a=fingerprint:sha-256 + 19:E2:1C:3B:4B:9F:81:E6:B8:5C:F4:A5:A8:D8:73:04: + BB:05:2F:70:9F:04:A9:0E:05:E9:26:33:E8:70:88:A2 + a=setup:actpass + a=tls-id:91bbf309c0990a6bec11e38ba2933cee + a=rtcp:10101 IN IP4 203.0.113.100 + a=rtcp-mux + a=rtcp-rsize + a=candidate:1 1 udp 2113929471 203.0.113.100 10100 typ host + a=candidate:1 2 udp 2113929470 203.0.113.100 10101 typ host + a=end-of-candidates + + m=video 10102 UDP/TLS/RTP/SAVPF 100 101 102 103 + c=IN IP4 203.0.113.100 + a=mid:v1 + a=sendrecv + a=rtpmap:100 VP8/90000 + a=rtpmap:101 H264/90000 + a=fmtp:101 packetization-mode=1;profile-level-id=42e01f + a=rtpmap:102 rtx/90000 + a=fmtp:102 apt=100 + a=rtpmap:103 rtx/90000 + a=fmtp:103 apt=101 + a=extmap:1 urn:ietf:params:rtp-hdrext:sdes:mid + a=extmap:3 urn:ietf:params:rtp-hdrext:sdes:rtp-stream-id + a=rtcp-fb:100 ccm fir + a=rtcp-fb:100 nack + a=rtcp-fb:100 nack pli + a=msid:47017fee-b6c1-4162-929c-a25110252400 + a=ice-ufrag:BGKk + a=ice-pwd:mqyWsAjvtKwTGnvhPztQ9mIf + a=fingerprint:sha-256 + 19:E2:1C:3B:4B:9F:81:E6:B8:5C:F4:A5:A8:D8:73:04: + BB:05:2F:70:9F:04:A9:0E:05:E9:26:33:E8:70:88:A2 + a=setup:actpass + a=tls-id:91bbf309c0990a6bec11e38ba2933cee + a=rtcp:10103 IN IP4 203.0.113.100 + a=rtcp-mux + a=rtcp-rsize + a=candidate:1 1 udp 2113929471 203.0.113.100 10102 typ host + a=candidate:1 2 udp 2113929470 203.0.113.100 10103 typ host + a=end-of-candidates + + The SDP for |answer-A1| looks like: + + v=0 + o=- 6729291447651054566 1 IN IP4 0.0.0.0 + s=- + t=0 0 + a=ice-options:trickle ice2 + a=group:BUNDLE a1 v1 + a=group:LS a1 v1 + + m=audio 10200 UDP/TLS/RTP/SAVPF 96 0 8 97 98 + c=IN IP4 203.0.113.200 + a=mid:a1 + a=sendrecv + a=rtpmap:96 opus/48000/2 + a=rtpmap:0 PCMU/8000 + a=rtpmap:8 PCMA/8000 + a=rtpmap:97 telephone-event/8000 + a=rtpmap:98 telephone-event/48000 + a=fmtp:97 0-15 + a=fmtp:98 0-15 + a=maxptime:120 + a=extmap:1 urn:ietf:params:rtp-hdrext:sdes:mid + a=extmap:2 urn:ietf:params:rtp-hdrext:ssrc-audio-level + a=msid:61317484-2ed4-49d7-9eb7-1414322a7aae + a=ice-ufrag:6sFv + a=ice-pwd:cOTZKZNVlO9RSGsEGM63JXT2 + a=fingerprint:sha-256 + 6B:8B:F0:65:5F:78:E2:51:3B:AC:6F:F3:3F:46:1B:35: + DC:B8:5F:64:1A:24:C2:43:F0:A1:58:D0:A1:2C:19:08 + a=setup:active + a=tls-id:eec3392ab83e11ceb6a0990c903fbb19 + a=rtcp-mux + a=rtcp-rsize + a=candidate:1 1 udp 2113929471 203.0.113.200 10200 typ host + a=end-of-candidates + + m=video 10200 UDP/TLS/RTP/SAVPF 100 101 102 103 + c=IN IP4 203.0.113.200 + a=mid:v1 + a=sendrecv + a=rtpmap:100 VP8/90000 + a=rtpmap:101 H264/90000 + a=fmtp:101 packetization-mode=1;profile-level-id=42e01f + a=rtpmap:102 rtx/90000 + a=fmtp:102 apt=100 + a=rtpmap:103 rtx/90000 + a=fmtp:103 apt=101 + a=extmap:1 urn:ietf:params:rtp-hdrext:sdes:mid + a=extmap:3 urn:ietf:params:rtp-hdrext:sdes:rtp-stream-id + a=rtcp-fb:100 ccm fir + a=rtcp-fb:100 nack + a=rtcp-fb:100 nack pli + a=msid:61317484-2ed4-49d7-9eb7-1414322a7aae + +7.2. Detailed Example + + This section shows a more involved example of a session between two + JSEP endpoints. Trickle ICE is used in full trickle mode, with a + bundle policy of "max-bundle", an RTCP mux policy of "require", and a + single TURN server. Initially, both Alice and Bob establish an audio + channel and a data channel. Later, Bob adds two video flows -- one + for his video feed and one for screen sharing, both supporting FEC -- + with the video feed configured for simulcast. Alice accepts these + video flows but does not add video flows of her own, so they are + handled as recvonly. Alice also specifies a maximum video decoder + resolution. + + // set up local media state + AliceJS->AliceUA: create new PeerConnection + AliceJS->AliceUA: addTrack with an audio track + AliceJS->AliceUA: createDataChannel to get data channel + AliceJS->AliceUA: createOffer to get |offer-B1| + AliceJS->AliceUA: setLocalDescription with |offer-B1| + + // |offer-B1| is sent over signaling protocol to Bob + AliceJS->WebServer: signaling with |offer-B1| + WebServer->BobJS: signaling with |offer-B1| + + // |offer-B1| arrives at Bob + BobJS->BobUA: create a PeerConnection + BobJS->BobUA: setRemoteDescription with |offer-B1| + BobUA->BobJS: ontrack event with audio track from Alice + + // candidates are sent to Bob + AliceUA->AliceJS: onicecandidate (host) |offer-B1-candidate-1| + AliceJS->WebServer: signaling with |offer-B1-candidate-1| + AliceUA->AliceJS: onicecandidate (srflx) |offer-B1-candidate-2| + AliceJS->WebServer: signaling with |offer-B1-candidate-2| + AliceUA->AliceJS: onicecandidate (relay) |offer-B1-candidate-3| + AliceJS->WebServer: signaling with |offer-B1-candidate-3| + + WebServer->BobJS: signaling with |offer-B1-candidate-1| + BobJS->BobUA: addIceCandidate with |offer-B1-candidate-1| + WebServer->BobJS: signaling with |offer-B1-candidate-2| + BobJS->BobUA: addIceCandidate with |offer-B1-candidate-2| + WebServer->BobJS: signaling with |offer-B1-candidate-3| + BobJS->BobUA: addIceCandidate with |offer-B1-candidate-3| + + // Bob accepts call + BobJS->BobUA: addTrack with local audio + BobJS->BobUA: createDataChannel to get data channel + BobJS->BobUA: createAnswer to get |answer-B1| + BobJS->BobUA: setLocalDescription with |answer-B1| + + // |answer-B1| is sent to Alice + BobJS->WebServer: signaling with |answer-B1| + WebServer->AliceJS: signaling with |answer-B1| + AliceJS->AliceUA: setRemoteDescription with |answer-B1| + AliceUA->AliceJS: ontrack event with audio track from Bob + + // candidates are sent to Alice + BobUA->BobJS: onicecandidate (host) |answer-B1-candidate-1| + BobJS->WebServer: signaling with |answer-B1-candidate-1| + BobUA->BobJS: onicecandidate (srflx) |answer-B1-candidate-2| + BobJS->WebServer: signaling with |answer-B1-candidate-2| + BobUA->BobJS: onicecandidate (relay) |answer-B1-candidate-3| + BobJS->WebServer: signaling with |answer-B1-candidate-3| + + WebServer->AliceJS: signaling with |answer-B1-candidate-1| + AliceJS->AliceUA: addIceCandidate with |answer-B1-candidate-1| + WebServer->AliceJS: signaling with |answer-B1-candidate-2| + AliceJS->AliceUA: addIceCandidate with |answer-B1-candidate-2| + WebServer->AliceJS: signaling with |answer-B1-candidate-3| + AliceJS->AliceUA: addIceCandidate with |answer-B1-candidate-3| + + // data channel opens + BobUA->BobJS: ondatachannel event + AliceUA->AliceJS: ondatachannel event + BobUA->BobJS: onopen + AliceUA->AliceJS: onopen + + // media is flowing between endpoints + BobUA->AliceUA: audio+data sent from Bob to Alice + AliceUA->BobUA: audio+data sent from Alice to Bob + + // some time later, Bob adds two video streams + // note: no candidates exchanged, because of bundle + BobJS->BobUA: addTrack with first video stream + BobJS->BobUA: addTrack with second video stream + BobJS->BobUA: createOffer to get |offer-B2| + BobJS->BobUA: setLocalDescription with |offer-B2| + + // |offer-B2| is sent to Alice + BobJS->WebServer: signaling with |offer-B2| + WebServer->AliceJS: signaling with |offer-B2| + AliceJS->AliceUA: setRemoteDescription with |offer-B2| + AliceUA->AliceJS: ontrack event with first video track + AliceUA->AliceJS: ontrack event with second video track + AliceJS->AliceUA: createAnswer to get |answer-B2| + AliceJS->AliceUA: setLocalDescription with |answer-B2| + + // |answer-B2| is sent over signaling protocol + // to Bob + AliceJS->WebServer: signaling with |answer-B2| + WebServer->BobJS: signaling with |answer-B2| + BobJS->BobUA: setRemoteDescription with |answer-B2| + + // media is flowing between endpoints + BobUA->AliceUA: audio+video+data sent from Bob to Alice + AliceUA->BobUA: audio+video+data sent from Alice to Bob + + The SDP for |offer-B1| looks like: + + v=0 + o=- 4962303333179871723 1 IN IP4 0.0.0.0 + s=- + t=0 0 + a=ice-options:trickle ice2 + a=group:BUNDLE a1 d1 + + m=audio 9 UDP/TLS/RTP/SAVPF 96 0 8 97 98 + c=IN IP4 0.0.0.0 + a=mid:a1 + a=sendrecv + a=rtpmap:96 opus/48000/2 + a=rtpmap:0 PCMU/8000 + a=rtpmap:8 PCMA/8000 + a=rtpmap:97 telephone-event/8000 + a=rtpmap:98 telephone-event/48000 + a=fmtp:97 0-15 + a=fmtp:98 0-15 + a=maxptime:120 + a=extmap:1 urn:ietf:params:rtp-hdrext:sdes:mid + a=extmap:2 urn:ietf:params:rtp-hdrext:ssrc-audio-level + a=msid:57017fee-b6c1-4162-929c-a25110252400 + a=ice-ufrag:ATEn + a=ice-pwd:AtSK0WpNtpUjkY4+86js7ZQl + a=fingerprint:sha-256 + 29:E2:1C:3B:4B:9F:81:E6:B8:5C:F4:A5:A8:D8:73:04: + BB:05:2F:70:9F:04:A9:0E:05:E9:26:33:E8:70:88:A2 + a=setup:actpass + a=tls-id:17f0f4ba8a5f1213faca591b58ba52a7 + a=rtcp-mux + a=rtcp-mux-only + a=rtcp-rsize + + m=application 0 UDP/DTLS/SCTP webrtc-datachannel + c=IN IP4 0.0.0.0 + a=mid:d1 + a=sctp-port:5000 + a=max-message-size:65536 + a=bundle-only + + |offer-B1-candidate-1| looks like: + + ufrag ATEn + index 0 + mid a1 + attr candidate:1 1 udp 2113929471 203.0.113.100 10100 typ host + + |offer-B1-candidate-2| looks like: + + ufrag ATEn + index 0 + mid a1 + attr candidate:1 1 udp 1845494015 198.51.100.100 11100 typ srflx + raddr 203.0.113.100 rport 10100 + + |offer-B1-candidate-3| looks like: + + ufrag ATEn + index 0 + mid a1 + attr candidate:1 1 udp 255 192.0.2.100 12100 typ relay + raddr 198.51.100.100 rport 11100 + + The SDP for |answer-B1| looks like: + + v=0 + o=- 7729291447651054566 1 IN IP4 0.0.0.0 + s=- + t=0 0 + a=ice-options:trickle ice2 + a=group:BUNDLE a1 d1 + + m=audio 9 UDP/TLS/RTP/SAVPF 96 0 8 97 98 + c=IN IP4 0.0.0.0 + a=mid:a1 + a=sendrecv + a=rtpmap:96 opus/48000/2 + a=rtpmap:0 PCMU/8000 + a=rtpmap:8 PCMA/8000 + a=rtpmap:97 telephone-event/8000 + a=rtpmap:98 telephone-event/48000 + a=fmtp:97 0-15 + a=fmtp:98 0-15 + a=maxptime:120 + a=extmap:1 urn:ietf:params:rtp-hdrext:sdes:mid + a=extmap:2 urn:ietf:params:rtp-hdrext:ssrc-audio-level + a=msid:71317484-2ed4-49d7-9eb7-1414322a7aae + a=ice-ufrag:7sFv + a=ice-pwd:dOTZKZNVlO9RSGsEGM63JXT2 + a=fingerprint:sha-256 + 7B:8B:F0:65:5F:78:E2:51:3B:AC:6F:F3:3F:46:1B:35: + DC:B8:5F:64:1A:24:C2:43:F0:A1:58:D0:A1:2C:19:08 + a=setup:active + a=tls-id:7a25ab85b195acaf3121f5a8ab4f0f71 + a=rtcp-mux + a=rtcp-mux-only + a=rtcp-rsize + + m=application 9 UDP/DTLS/SCTP webrtc-datachannel + c=IN IP4 0.0.0.0 + a=mid:d1 + a=sctp-port:5000 + a=max-message-size:65536 + + |answer-B1-candidate-1| looks like: + + ufrag 7sFv + index 0 + mid a1 + attr candidate:1 1 udp 2113929471 203.0.113.200 10200 typ host + + |answer-B1-candidate-2| looks like: + + ufrag 7sFv + index 0 + mid a1 + attr candidate:1 1 udp 1845494015 198.51.100.200 11200 typ srflx + raddr 203.0.113.200 rport 10200 + + |answer-B1-candidate-3| looks like: + + ufrag 7sFv + index 0 + mid a1 + attr candidate:1 1 udp 255 192.0.2.200 12200 typ relay + raddr 198.51.100.200 rport 11200 + + The SDP for |offer-B2| is shown below. In addition to the new "m=" + sections for video, both of which are offering FEC and one of which + is offering simulcast, note the increment of the version number in + the "o=" line; changes to the "c=" line, indicating the local + candidate that was selected; and the inclusion of gathered candidates + as a=candidate lines. + + v=0 + o=- 7729291447651054566 2 IN IP4 0.0.0.0 + s=- + t=0 0 + a=ice-options:trickle ice2 + a=group:BUNDLE a1 d1 v1 v2 + a=group:LS a1 v1 + + m=audio 12200 UDP/TLS/RTP/SAVPF 96 0 8 97 98 + c=IN IP4 192.0.2.200 + a=mid:a1 + a=sendrecv + a=rtpmap:96 opus/48000/2 + a=rtpmap:0 PCMU/8000 + a=rtpmap:8 PCMA/8000 + a=rtpmap:97 telephone-event/8000 + a=rtpmap:98 telephone-event/48000 + a=fmtp:97 0-15 + a=fmtp:98 0-15 + a=maxptime:120 + a=extmap:1 urn:ietf:params:rtp-hdrext:sdes:mid + a=extmap:2 urn:ietf:params:rtp-hdrext:ssrc-audio-level + a=msid:71317484-2ed4-49d7-9eb7-1414322a7aae + a=ice-ufrag:7sFv + a=ice-pwd:dOTZKZNVlO9RSGsEGM63JXT2 + a=fingerprint:sha-256 + 7B:8B:F0:65:5F:78:E2:51:3B:AC:6F:F3:3F:46:1B:35: + DC:B8:5F:64:1A:24:C2:43:F0:A1:58:D0:A1:2C:19:08 + a=setup:actpass + a=tls-id:7a25ab85b195acaf3121f5a8ab4f0f71 + a=rtcp-mux + a=rtcp-mux-only + a=rtcp-rsize + a=candidate:1 1 udp 2113929471 203.0.113.200 10200 typ host + a=candidate:1 1 udp 1845494015 198.51.100.200 11200 typ srflx + raddr 203.0.113.200 rport 10200 + a=candidate:1 1 udp 255 192.0.2.200 12200 typ relay + raddr 198.51.100.200 rport 11200 + a=end-of-candidates + + m=application 12200 UDP/DTLS/SCTP webrtc-datachannel + c=IN IP4 192.0.2.200 + a=mid:d1 + a=sctp-port:5000 + a=max-message-size:65536 + + m=video 12200 UDP/TLS/RTP/SAVPF 100 101 102 103 104 + c=IN IP4 192.0.2.200 + a=mid:v1 + a=sendrecv + a=rtpmap:100 VP8/90000 + a=rtpmap:101 H264/90000 + a=fmtp:101 packetization-mode=1;profile-level-id=42e01f + a=rtpmap:102 rtx/90000 + a=fmtp:102 apt=100 + a=rtpmap:103 rtx/90000 + a=fmtp:103 apt=101 + a=rtpmap:104 flexfec/90000 + a=extmap:1 urn:ietf:params:rtp-hdrext:sdes:mid + a=extmap:3 urn:ietf:params:rtp-hdrext:sdes:rtp-stream-id + a=rtcp-fb:100 ccm fir + a=rtcp-fb:100 nack + a=rtcp-fb:100 nack pli + a=msid:71317484-2ed4-49d7-9eb7-1414322a7aae + a=rid:1 send + a=rid:2 send + a=rid:3 send + a=simulcast:send 1;2;3 + + m=video 12200 UDP/TLS/RTP/SAVPF 100 101 102 103 104 + c=IN IP4 192.0.2.200 + a=mid:v2 + a=sendrecv + a=rtpmap:100 VP8/90000 + a=rtpmap:101 H264/90000 + a=fmtp:101 packetization-mode=1;profile-level-id=42e01f + a=rtpmap:102 rtx/90000 + a=fmtp:102 apt=100 + a=rtpmap:103 rtx/90000 + a=fmtp:103 apt=101 + a=rtpmap:104 flexfec/90000 + a=extmap:1 urn:ietf:params:rtp-hdrext:sdes:mid + a=extmap:3 urn:ietf:params:rtp-hdrext:sdes:rtp-stream-id + a=rtcp-fb:100 ccm fir + a=rtcp-fb:100 nack + a=rtcp-fb:100 nack pli + a=msid:81317484-2ed4-49d7-9eb7-1414322a7aae + + The SDP for |answer-B2| is shown below. In addition to the + acceptance of the video "m=" sections, the use of a=recvonly to + indicate one-way video, and the use of a=imageattr to limit the + received resolution, note the use of setup:passive to maintain the + existing DTLS roles. + + v=0 + o=- 4962303333179871723 2 IN IP4 0.0.0.0 + s=- + t=0 0 + a=ice-options:trickle ice2 + a=group:BUNDLE a1 d1 v1 v2 + a=group:LS a1 v1 + + m=audio 12100 UDP/TLS/RTP/SAVPF 96 0 8 97 98 + c=IN IP4 192.0.2.100 + a=mid:a1 + a=sendrecv + a=rtpmap:96 opus/48000/2 + a=rtpmap:0 PCMU/8000 + a=rtpmap:8 PCMA/8000 + a=rtpmap:97 telephone-event/8000 + a=rtpmap:98 telephone-event/48000 + a=fmtp:97 0-15 + a=fmtp:98 0-15 + a=maxptime:120 + a=extmap:1 urn:ietf:params:rtp-hdrext:sdes:mid + a=extmap:2 urn:ietf:params:rtp-hdrext:ssrc-audio-level + a=msid:57017fee-b6c1-4162-929c-a25110252400 + a=ice-ufrag:ATEn + a=ice-pwd:AtSK0WpNtpUjkY4+86js7ZQl + a=fingerprint:sha-256 + 29:E2:1C:3B:4B:9F:81:E6:B8:5C:F4:A5:A8:D8:73:04: + BB:05:2F:70:9F:04:A9:0E:05:E9:26:33:E8:70:88:A2 + a=setup:passive + a=tls-id:17f0f4ba8a5f1213faca591b58ba52a7 + a=rtcp-mux + a=rtcp-mux-only + a=rtcp-rsize + a=candidate:1 1 udp 2113929471 203.0.113.100 10100 typ host + a=candidate:1 1 udp 1845494015 198.51.100.100 11100 typ srflx + raddr 203.0.113.100 rport 10100 + a=candidate:1 1 udp 255 192.0.2.100 12100 typ relay + raddr 198.51.100.100 rport 11100 + a=end-of-candidates + + m=application 12100 UDP/DTLS/SCTP webrtc-datachannel + c=IN IP4 192.0.2.100 + a=mid:d1 + a=sctp-port:5000 + a=max-message-size:65536 + + m=video 12100 UDP/TLS/RTP/SAVPF 100 101 102 103 + c=IN IP4 192.0.2.100 + a=mid:v1 + a=recvonly + a=rtpmap:100 VP8/90000 + a=rtpmap:101 H264/90000 + a=fmtp:101 packetization-mode=1;profile-level-id=42e01f + a=rtpmap:102 rtx/90000 + a=fmtp:102 apt=100 + a=rtpmap:103 rtx/90000 + a=fmtp:103 apt=101 + a=imageattr:100 recv [x=[48:1920],y=[48:1080],q=1.0] + a=extmap:1 urn:ietf:params:rtp-hdrext:sdes:mid + a=extmap:3 urn:ietf:params:rtp-hdrext:sdes:rtp-stream-id + a=rtcp-fb:100 ccm fir + a=rtcp-fb:100 nack + a=rtcp-fb:100 nack pli + + m=video 12100 UDP/TLS/RTP/SAVPF 100 101 102 103 + c=IN IP4 192.0.2.100 + a=mid:v2 + a=recvonly + a=rtpmap:100 VP8/90000 + a=rtpmap:101 H264/90000 + a=fmtp:101 packetization-mode=1;profile-level-id=42e01f + a=rtpmap:102 rtx/90000 + a=fmtp:102 apt=100 + a=rtpmap:103 rtx/90000 + a=fmtp:103 apt=101 + a=imageattr:100 recv [x=[48:1920],y=[48:1080],q=1.0] + a=extmap:1 urn:ietf:params:rtp-hdrext:sdes:mid + a=extmap:3 urn:ietf:params:rtp-hdrext:sdes:rtp-stream-id + a=rtcp-fb:100 ccm fir + a=rtcp-fb:100 nack + a=rtcp-fb:100 nack pli + +7.3. Early Transport Warmup Example + + This example demonstrates the early-warmup technique described in + Section 4.1.10.1. Here, Alice's endpoint sends an offer to Bob's + endpoint to start an audio/video call. Bob immediately responds with + an answer that accepts the audio/video "m=" sections but marks them + as sendonly (from his perspective), meaning that Alice will not yet + send media. This allows the JSEP implementation to start negotiating + ICE and DTLS immediately. Bob's endpoint then prompts him to answer + the call, and when he does, his endpoint sends a second offer, which + enables the audio and video "m=" sections, and thereby bidirectional + media transmission. The advantage of such a flow is that as soon as + the first answer is received, the implementation can proceed with ICE + and DTLS negotiation and establish the session transport. If the + transport setup completes before the second offer is sent, then media + can be transmitted by the callee immediately upon answering the call, + minimizing perceived post-dial delay. The second offer/answer + exchange can also change the preferred codecs or other session + parameters. + + This example also makes use of the "relay" ICE candidate policy + described in Section 3.5.3 to minimize the ICE gathering and checking + needed. + + // set up local media state + AliceJS->AliceUA: create new PeerConnection with "relay" ICE policy + AliceJS->AliceUA: addTrack with two tracks: audio and video + AliceJS->AliceUA: createOffer to get |offer-C1| + AliceJS->AliceUA: setLocalDescription with |offer-C1| + + // |offer-C1| is sent over signaling protocol to Bob + AliceJS->WebServer: signaling with |offer-C1| + WebServer->BobJS: signaling with |offer-C1| + + // |offer-C1| arrives at Bob + BobJS->BobUA: create new PeerConnection with "relay" ICE policy + BobJS->BobUA: setRemoteDescription with |offer-C1| + BobUA->BobJS: ontrack events for audio and video + + // a relay candidate is sent to Bob + AliceUA->AliceJS: onicecandidate (relay) |offer-C1-candidate-1| + AliceJS->WebServer: signaling with |offer-C1-candidate-1| + + WebServer->BobJS: signaling with |offer-C1-candidate-1| + BobJS->BobUA: addIceCandidate with |offer-C1-candidate-1| + + // Bob prepares an early answer to warm up the + // transport + BobJS->BobUA: addTransceiver with null audio and video tracks + BobJS->BobUA: transceiver.setDirection(sendonly) for both + BobJS->BobUA: createAnswer + BobJS->BobUA: setLocalDescription with answer + + // |answer-C1| is sent over signaling protocol + // to Alice + BobJS->WebServer: signaling with |answer-C1| + WebServer->AliceJS: signaling with |answer-C1| + + // |answer-C1| (sendonly) arrives at Alice + AliceJS->AliceUA: setRemoteDescription with |answer-C1| + AliceUA->AliceJS: ontrack events for audio and video + + // a relay candidate is sent to Alice + BobUA->BobJS: onicecandidate (relay) |answer-B1-candidate-1| + BobJS->WebServer: signaling with |answer-B1-candidate-1| + + WebServer->AliceJS: signaling with |answer-B1-candidate-1| + AliceJS->AliceUA: addIceCandidate with |answer-B1-candidate-1| + + // ICE and DTLS establish while call is ringing + + // Bob accepts call, starts media, and sends + // new offer + BobJS->BobUA: transceiver.setTrack with audio and video tracks + BobUA->AliceUA: media sent from Bob to Alice + BobJS->BobUA: transceiver.setDirection(sendrecv) for both + transceivers + BobJS->BobUA: createOffer + BobJS->BobUA: setLocalDescription with offer + + // |offer-C2| is sent over signaling protocol + // to Alice + BobJS->WebServer: signaling with |offer-C2| + WebServer->AliceJS: signaling with |offer-C2| + + // |offer-C2| (sendrecv) arrives at Alice + AliceJS->AliceUA: setRemoteDescription with |offer-C2| + AliceJS->AliceUA: createAnswer + AliceJS->AliceUA: setLocalDescription with |answer-C2| + AliceUA->BobUA: media sent from Alice to Bob + + // |answer-C2| is sent over signaling protocol + // to Bob + AliceJS->WebServer: signaling with |answer-C2| + WebServer->BobJS: signaling with |answer-C2| + BobJS->BobUA: setRemoteDescription with |answer-C2| + + The SDP for |offer-C1| looks like: + + v=0 + o=- 1070771854436052752 1 IN IP4 0.0.0.0 + s=- + t=0 0 + a=ice-options:trickle ice2 + a=group:BUNDLE a1 v1 + a=group:LS a1 v1 + + m=audio 9 UDP/TLS/RTP/SAVPF 96 0 8 97 98 + c=IN IP4 0.0.0.0 + a=mid:a1 + a=sendrecv + a=rtpmap:96 opus/48000/2 + a=rtpmap:0 PCMU/8000 + a=rtpmap:8 PCMA/8000 + a=rtpmap:97 telephone-event/8000 + a=rtpmap:98 telephone-event/48000 + a=fmtp:97 0-15 + a=fmtp:98 0-15 + a=maxptime:120 + a=extmap:1 urn:ietf:params:rtp-hdrext:sdes:mid + a=extmap:2 urn:ietf:params:rtp-hdrext:ssrc-audio-level + a=msid:bbce3ba6-abfc-ac63-d00a-e15b286f8fce + a=ice-ufrag:4ZcD + a=ice-pwd:ZaaG6OG7tCn4J/lehAGz+HHD + a=fingerprint:sha-256 + C4:68:F8:77:6A:44:F1:98:6D:7C:9F:47:EB:E3:34:A4: + 0A:AA:2D:49:08:28:70:2E:1F:AE:18:7D:4E:3E:66:BF + a=setup:actpass + a=tls-id:9e5b948ade9c3d41de6617b68f769e55 + a=rtcp-mux + a=rtcp-mux-only + a=rtcp-rsize + + m=video 0 UDP/TLS/RTP/SAVPF 100 101 102 103 + c=IN IP4 0.0.0.0 + a=mid:v1 + a=sendrecv + a=rtpmap:100 VP8/90000 + a=rtpmap:101 H264/90000 + a=fmtp:101 packetization-mode=1;profile-level-id=42e01f + a=rtpmap:102 rtx/90000 + a=fmtp:102 apt=100 + a=rtpmap:103 rtx/90000 + a=fmtp:103 apt=101 + a=extmap:1 urn:ietf:params:rtp-hdrext:sdes:mid + a=extmap:3 urn:ietf:params:rtp-hdrext:sdes:rtp-stream-id + a=rtcp-fb:100 ccm fir + a=rtcp-fb:100 nack + a=rtcp-fb:100 nack pli + a=msid:bbce3ba6-abfc-ac63-d00a-e15b286f8fce + a=bundle-only + + |offer-C1-candidate-1| looks like: + + ufrag 4ZcD + index 0 + mid a1 + attr candidate:1 1 udp 255 192.0.2.100 12100 typ relay + raddr 0.0.0.0 rport 0 + + The SDP for |answer-C1| looks like: + + v=0 + o=- 6386516489780559513 1 IN IP4 0.0.0.0 + s=- + t=0 0 + a=ice-options:trickle ice2 + a=group:BUNDLE a1 v1 + a=group:LS a1 v1 + + m=audio 9 UDP/TLS/RTP/SAVPF 96 0 8 97 98 + c=IN IP4 0.0.0.0 + a=mid:a1 + a=sendonly + a=rtpmap:96 opus/48000/2 + a=rtpmap:0 PCMU/8000 + a=rtpmap:8 PCMA/8000 + a=rtpmap:97 telephone-event/8000 + a=rtpmap:98 telephone-event/48000 + a=fmtp:97 0-15 + a=fmtp:98 0-15 + a=maxptime:120 + a=extmap:1 urn:ietf:params:rtp-hdrext:sdes:mid + a=extmap:2 urn:ietf:params:rtp-hdrext:ssrc-audio-level + a=msid:751f239e-4ae0-c549-aa3d-890de772998b + a=ice-ufrag:TpaA + a=ice-pwd:t2Ouhc67y8JcCaYZxUUTgKw/ + a=fingerprint:sha-256 + A2:F3:A5:6D:4C:8C:1E:B2:62:10:4A:F6:70:61:C4:FC: + 3C:E0:01:D6:F3:24:80:74:DA:7C:3E:50:18:7B:CE:4D + a=setup:active + a=tls-id:55e967f86b7166ed14d3c9eda849b5e9 + a=rtcp-mux + a=rtcp-mux-only + a=rtcp-rsize + + m=video 9 UDP/TLS/RTP/SAVPF 100 101 102 103 + c=IN IP4 0.0.0.0 + a=mid:v1 + a=sendonly + a=rtpmap:100 VP8/90000 + a=rtpmap:101 H264/90000 + a=fmtp:101 packetization-mode=1;profile-level-id=42e01f + a=rtpmap:102 rtx/90000 + a=fmtp:102 apt=100 + a=rtpmap:103 rtx/90000 + a=fmtp:103 apt=101 + a=extmap:1 urn:ietf:params:rtp-hdrext:sdes:mid + a=extmap:3 urn:ietf:params:rtp-hdrext:sdes:rtp-stream-id + a=rtcp-fb:100 ccm fir + a=rtcp-fb:100 nack + a=rtcp-fb:100 nack pli + a=msid:751f239e-4ae0-c549-aa3d-890de772998b + + |answer-C1-candidate-1| looks like: + + ufrag TpaA + index 0 + mid a1 + attr candidate:1 1 udp 255 192.0.2.200 12200 typ relay + raddr 0.0.0.0 rport 0 + + The SDP for |offer-C2| looks like: + + v=0 + o=- 6386516489780559513 2 IN IP4 0.0.0.0 + s=- + t=0 0 + a=ice-options:trickle ice2 + a=group:BUNDLE a1 v1 + a=group:LS a1 v1 + + m=audio 12200 UDP/TLS/RTP/SAVPF 96 0 8 97 98 + c=IN IP4 192.0.2.200 + a=mid:a1 + a=sendrecv + a=rtpmap:96 opus/48000/2 + a=rtpmap:0 PCMU/8000 + a=rtpmap:8 PCMA/8000 + a=rtpmap:97 telephone-event/8000 + a=rtpmap:98 telephone-event/48000 + a=fmtp:97 0-15 + a=fmtp:98 0-15 + a=maxptime:120 + a=extmap:1 urn:ietf:params:rtp-hdrext:sdes:mid + a=extmap:2 urn:ietf:params:rtp-hdrext:ssrc-audio-level + a=msid:751f239e-4ae0-c549-aa3d-890de772998b + a=ice-ufrag:TpaA + a=ice-pwd:t2Ouhc67y8JcCaYZxUUTgKw/ + a=fingerprint:sha-256 + A2:F3:A5:6D:4C:8C:1E:B2:62:10:4A:F6:70:61:C4:FC: + 3C:E0:01:D6:F3:24:80:74:DA:7C:3E:50:18:7B:CE:4D + a=setup:actpass + a=tls-id:55e967f86b7166ed14d3c9eda849b5e9 + a=rtcp-mux + a=rtcp-mux-only + a=rtcp-rsize + a=candidate:1 1 udp 255 192.0.2.200 12200 typ relay + raddr 0.0.0.0 rport 0 + a=end-of-candidates + + m=video 12200 UDP/TLS/RTP/SAVPF 100 101 102 103 + c=IN IP4 192.0.2.200 + a=mid:v1 + a=sendrecv + a=rtpmap:100 VP8/90000 + a=rtpmap:101 H264/90000 + a=fmtp:101 packetization-mode=1;profile-level-id=42e01f + a=rtpmap:102 rtx/90000 + a=fmtp:102 apt=100 + a=rtpmap:103 rtx/90000 + a=fmtp:103 apt=101 + a=extmap:1 urn:ietf:params:rtp-hdrext:sdes:mid + a=extmap:3 urn:ietf:params:rtp-hdrext:sdes:rtp-stream-id + a=rtcp-fb:100 ccm fir + a=rtcp-fb:100 nack + a=rtcp-fb:100 nack pli + a=msid:751f239e-4ae0-c549-aa3d-890de772998b + + The SDP for |answer-C2| looks like: + + v=0 + o=- 1070771854436052752 2 IN IP4 0.0.0.0 + s=- + t=0 0 + a=ice-options:trickle ice2 + a=group:BUNDLE a1 v1 + a=group:LS a1 v1 + + m=audio 12100 UDP/TLS/RTP/SAVPF 96 0 8 97 98 + c=IN IP4 192.0.2.100 + a=mid:a1 + a=sendrecv + a=rtpmap:96 opus/48000/2 + a=rtpmap:0 PCMU/8000 + a=rtpmap:8 PCMA/8000 + a=rtpmap:97 telephone-event/8000 + a=rtpmap:98 telephone-event/48000 + a=fmtp:97 0-15 + a=fmtp:98 0-15 + a=maxptime:120 + a=extmap:1 urn:ietf:params:rtp-hdrext:sdes:mid + a=extmap:2 urn:ietf:params:rtp-hdrext:ssrc-audio-level + a=msid:bbce3ba6-abfc-ac63-d00a-e15b286f8fce + a=ice-ufrag:4ZcD + a=ice-pwd:ZaaG6OG7tCn4J/lehAGz+HHD + a=fingerprint:sha-256 + C4:68:F8:77:6A:44:F1:98:6D:7C:9F:47:EB:E3:34:A4: + 0A:AA:2D:49:08:28:70:2E:1F:AE:18:7D:4E:3E:66:BF + a=setup:passive + a=tls-id:9e5b948ade9c3d41de6617b68f769e55 + a=rtcp-mux + a=rtcp-mux-only + a=rtcp-rsize + a=candidate:1 1 udp 255 192.0.2.100 12100 typ relay + raddr 0.0.0.0 rport 0 + a=end-of-candidates + + m=video 12100 UDP/TLS/RTP/SAVPF 100 101 102 103 + c=IN IP4 192.0.2.100 + a=mid:v1 + a=sendrecv + a=rtpmap:100 VP8/90000 + a=rtpmap:101 H264/90000 + a=fmtp:101 packetization-mode=1;profile-level-id=42e01f + a=rtpmap:102 rtx/90000 + a=fmtp:102 apt=100 + a=rtpmap:103 rtx/90000 + a=fmtp:103 apt=101 + a=extmap:1 urn:ietf:params:rtp-hdrext:sdes:mid + a=extmap:3 urn:ietf:params:rtp-hdrext:sdes:rtp-stream-id + a=rtcp-fb:100 ccm fir + a=rtcp-fb:100 nack + a=rtcp-fb:100 nack pli + a=msid:bbce3ba6-abfc-ac63-d00a-e15b286f8fce + +8. Security Considerations + + The IETF has published separate documents [RFC8827] [RFC8826] + describing the security architecture for WebRTC as a whole. The + remainder of this section describes security considerations for this + document. + + While formally the JSEP interface is an API, it is better to think of + it as an Internet protocol, with the application JavaScript being + untrustworthy from the perspective of the JSEP implementation. Thus, + the threat model of [RFC3552] applies. In particular, JavaScript can + call the API in any order and with any inputs, including malicious + ones. This is particularly relevant when we consider the SDP that is + passed to setLocalDescription. While correct API usage requires that + the application pass in SDP that was derived from createOffer or + createAnswer, there is no guarantee that applications do so. The + JSEP implementation MUST be prepared for the JavaScript to pass in + bogus data instead. + + Conversely, the application programmer needs to be aware that the + JavaScript does not have complete control of endpoint behavior. One + case that bears particular mention is that editing ICE candidates out + of the SDP or suppressing trickled candidates does not have the + expected behavior: implementations will still perform checks from + those candidates even if they are not sent to the other side. Thus, + for instance, it is not possible to prevent the remote peer from + learning your public IP address by removing server-reflexive + candidates. Applications that wish to conceal their public IP + address MUST instead configure the ICE agent to use only relay + candidates. + +9. IANA Considerations + + This document has no IANA actions. + +10. References + +10.1. Normative References + + [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate + Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, + DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997, + <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>. + + [RFC3261] Rosenberg, J., Schulzrinne, H., Camarillo, G., Johnston, + A., Peterson, J., Sparks, R., Handley, M., and E. + Schooler, "SIP: Session Initiation Protocol", RFC 3261, + DOI 10.17487/RFC3261, June 2002, + <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3261>. + + [RFC3264] Rosenberg, J. and H. Schulzrinne, "An Offer/Answer Model + with Session Description Protocol (SDP)", RFC 3264, + DOI 10.17487/RFC3264, June 2002, + <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3264>. + + [RFC3552] Rescorla, E. and B. Korver, "Guidelines for Writing RFC + Text on Security Considerations", BCP 72, RFC 3552, + DOI 10.17487/RFC3552, July 2003, + <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3552>. + + [RFC3605] Huitema, C., "Real Time Control Protocol (RTCP) attribute + in Session Description Protocol (SDP)", RFC 3605, + DOI 10.17487/RFC3605, October 2003, + <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3605>. + + [RFC3711] Baugher, M., McGrew, D., Naslund, M., Carrara, E., and K. + Norrman, "The Secure Real-time Transport Protocol (SRTP)", + RFC 3711, DOI 10.17487/RFC3711, March 2004, + <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3711>. + + [RFC3890] Westerlund, M., "A Transport Independent Bandwidth + Modifier for the Session Description Protocol (SDP)", + RFC 3890, DOI 10.17487/RFC3890, September 2004, + <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3890>. + + [RFC4145] Yon, D. and G. Camarillo, "TCP-Based Media Transport in + the Session Description Protocol (SDP)", RFC 4145, + DOI 10.17487/RFC4145, September 2005, + <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4145>. + + [RFC4566] Handley, M., Jacobson, V., and C. Perkins, "SDP: Session + Description Protocol", RFC 4566, DOI 10.17487/RFC4566, + July 2006, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4566>. + + [RFC4585] Ott, J., Wenger, S., Sato, N., Burmeister, C., and J. Rey, + "Extended RTP Profile for Real-time Transport Control + Protocol (RTCP)-Based Feedback (RTP/AVPF)", RFC 4585, + DOI 10.17487/RFC4585, July 2006, + <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4585>. + + [RFC5124] Ott, J. and E. Carrara, "Extended Secure RTP Profile for + Real-time Transport Control Protocol (RTCP)-Based Feedback + (RTP/SAVPF)", RFC 5124, DOI 10.17487/RFC5124, February + 2008, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5124>. + + [RFC5285] Singer, D. and H. Desineni, "A General Mechanism for RTP + Header Extensions", RFC 5285, DOI 10.17487/RFC5285, July + 2008, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5285>. + + [RFC5761] Perkins, C. and M. Westerlund, "Multiplexing RTP Data and + Control Packets on a Single Port", RFC 5761, + DOI 10.17487/RFC5761, April 2010, + <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5761>. + + [RFC5888] Camarillo, G. and H. Schulzrinne, "The Session Description + Protocol (SDP) Grouping Framework", RFC 5888, + DOI 10.17487/RFC5888, June 2010, + <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5888>. + + [RFC6236] Johansson, I. and K. Jung, "Negotiation of Generic Image + Attributes in the Session Description Protocol (SDP)", + RFC 6236, DOI 10.17487/RFC6236, May 2011, + <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6236>. + + [RFC6347] Rescorla, E. and N. Modadugu, "Datagram Transport Layer + Security Version 1.2", RFC 6347, DOI 10.17487/RFC6347, + January 2012, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6347>. + + [RFC6716] Valin, JM., Vos, K., and T. Terriberry, "Definition of the + Opus Audio Codec", RFC 6716, DOI 10.17487/RFC6716, + September 2012, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6716>. + + [RFC6904] Lennox, J., "Encryption of Header Extensions in the Secure + Real-time Transport Protocol (SRTP)", RFC 6904, + DOI 10.17487/RFC6904, April 2013, + <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6904>. + + [RFC7160] Petit-Huguenin, M. and G. Zorn, Ed., "Support for Multiple + Clock Rates in an RTP Session", RFC 7160, + DOI 10.17487/RFC7160, April 2014, + <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7160>. + + [RFC7587] Spittka, J., Vos, K., and JM. Valin, "RTP Payload Format + for the Opus Speech and Audio Codec", RFC 7587, + DOI 10.17487/RFC7587, June 2015, + <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7587>. + + [RFC7742] Roach, A.B., "WebRTC Video Processing and Codec + Requirements", RFC 7742, DOI 10.17487/RFC7742, March 2016, + <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7742>. + + [RFC7850] Nandakumar, S., "Registering Values of the SDP 'proto' + Field for Transporting RTP Media over TCP under Various + RTP Profiles", RFC 7850, DOI 10.17487/RFC7850, April 2016, + <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7850>. + + [RFC7874] Valin, JM. and C. Bran, "WebRTC Audio Codec and Processing + Requirements", RFC 7874, DOI 10.17487/RFC7874, May 2016, + <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7874>. + + [RFC8108] Lennox, J., Westerlund, M., Wu, Q., and C. Perkins, + "Sending Multiple RTP Streams in a Single RTP Session", + RFC 8108, DOI 10.17487/RFC8108, March 2017, + <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8108>. + + [RFC8122] Lennox, J. and C. Holmberg, "Connection-Oriented Media + Transport over the Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol + in the Session Description Protocol (SDP)", RFC 8122, + DOI 10.17487/RFC8122, March 2017, + <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8122>. + + [RFC8174] Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC + 2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174, + May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>. + + [RFC8445] Keranen, A., Holmberg, C., and J. Rosenberg, "Interactive + Connectivity Establishment (ICE): A Protocol for Network + Address Translator (NAT) Traversal", RFC 8445, + DOI 10.17487/RFC8445, July 2018, + <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8445>. + + [RFC8826] Rescorla, E., "Security Considerations for WebRTC", + RFC 8826, DOI 10.17487/RFC8826, January 2021, + <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8826>. + + [RFC8827] Rescorla, E., "WebRTC Security Architecture", RFC 8827, + DOI 10.17487/RFC8827, January 2021, + <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8827>. + + [RFC8830] Alvestrand, H., "WebRTC MediaStream Identification in the + Session Description Protocol", RFC 8830, + DOI 10.17487/RFC8830, January 2021, + <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8830>. + + [RFC8834] Perkins, C., Westerlund, M., and J. Ott, "Media Transport + and Use of RTP in WebRTC", RFC 8834, DOI 10.17487/RFC8834, + January 2021, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8834>. + + [RFC8838] Ivov, E., Uberti, J., and P. Saint-Andre, "Trickle ICE: + Incremental Provisioning of Candidates for the Interactive + Connectivity Establishment (ICE) Protocol", RFC 8838, + DOI 10.17487/RFC8838, January 2021, + <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8838>. + + [RFC8839] Petit-Huguenin, M., Nandakumar, S., Holmberg, C., Keränen, + A., and R. Shpount, "Session Description Protocol (SDP) + Offer/Answer Procedures for Interactive Connectivity + Establishment (ICE)", RFC 8839, DOI 10.17487/RFC8839, + January 2021, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8839>. + + [RFC8840] Ivov, E., Stach, T., Marocco, E., and C. Holmberg, "A + Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) Usage for Incremental + Provisioning of Candidates for the Interactive + Connectivity Establishment (Trickle ICE)", RFC 8840, + DOI 10.17487/RFC8840, January 2021, + <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8840>. + + [RFC8841] Holmberg, C., Shpount, R., Loreto, S., and G. Camarillo, + "Session Description Protocol (SDP) Offer/Answer + Procedures for Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) + over Datagram Transport Layer Security (DTLS) Transport", + RFC 8841, DOI 10.17487/RFC8841, January 2021, + <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8841>. + + [RFC8842] Holmberg, C. and R. Shpount, "Session Description Protocol + (SDP) Offer/Answer Considerations for Datagram Transport + Layer Security (DTLS) and Transport Layer Security (TLS)", + RFC 8842, DOI 10.17487/RFC8842, January 2021, + <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8842>. + + [RFC8843] Holmberg, C., Alvestrand, H., and C. Jennings, + "Negotiating Media Multiplexing Using the Session + Description Protocol (SDP)", RFC 8843, + DOI 10.17487/RFC8843, January 2021, + <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8843>. + + [RFC8851] Roach, A.B., Ed., "RTP Payload Format Restrictions", + RFC 8851, DOI 10.17487/RFC8851, January 2021, + <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8851>. + + [RFC8852] Roach, A.B., Nandakumar, S., and P. Thatcher, "RTP Stream + Identifier Source Description (SDES)", RFC 8852, + DOI 10.17487/RFC8852, January 2021, + <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8852>. + + [RFC8853] Burman, B., Westerlund, M., Nandakumar, S., and M. Zanaty, + "Using Simulcast in Session Description Protocol (SDP) and + RTP Sessions", RFC 8853, DOI 10.17487/RFC8853, January + 2021, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8853>. + + [RFC8854] Uberti, J., "WebRTC Forward Error Correction + Requirements", RFC 8854, DOI 10.17487/RFC8854, January + 2021, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8854>. + + [RFC8858] Holmberg, C., "Indicating Exclusive Support of RTP and RTP + Control Protocol (RTCP) Multiplexing Using the Session + Description Protocol (SDP)", RFC 8858, + DOI 10.17487/RFC8858, January 2021, + <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8858>. + + [RFC8859] Nandakumar, S., "A Framework for Session Description + Protocol (SDP) Attributes When Multiplexing", RFC 8859, + DOI 10.17487/RFC8859, January 2021, + <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8859>. + +10.2. Informative References + + [RFC3389] Zopf, R., "Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP) Payload for + Comfort Noise (CN)", RFC 3389, DOI 10.17487/RFC3389, + September 2002, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3389>. + + [RFC3556] Casner, S., "Session Description Protocol (SDP) Bandwidth + Modifiers for RTP Control Protocol (RTCP) Bandwidth", + RFC 3556, DOI 10.17487/RFC3556, July 2003, + <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3556>. + + [RFC3960] Camarillo, G. and H. Schulzrinne, "Early Media and Ringing + Tone Generation in the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)", + RFC 3960, DOI 10.17487/RFC3960, December 2004, + <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3960>. + + [RFC4568] Andreasen, F., Baugher, M., and D. Wing, "Session + Description Protocol (SDP) Security Descriptions for Media + Streams", RFC 4568, DOI 10.17487/RFC4568, July 2006, + <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4568>. + + [RFC4588] Rey, J., Leon, D., Miyazaki, A., Varsa, V., and R. + Hakenberg, "RTP Retransmission Payload Format", RFC 4588, + DOI 10.17487/RFC4588, July 2006, + <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4588>. + + [RFC4733] Schulzrinne, H. and T. Taylor, "RTP Payload for DTMF + Digits, Telephony Tones, and Telephony Signals", RFC 4733, + DOI 10.17487/RFC4733, December 2006, + <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4733>. + + [RFC5245] Rosenberg, J., "Interactive Connectivity Establishment + (ICE): A Protocol for Network Address Translator (NAT) + Traversal for Offer/Answer Protocols", RFC 5245, + DOI 10.17487/RFC5245, April 2010, + <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5245>. + + [RFC5506] Johansson, I. and M. Westerlund, "Support for Reduced-Size + Real-Time Transport Control Protocol (RTCP): Opportunities + and Consequences", RFC 5506, DOI 10.17487/RFC5506, April + 2009, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5506>. + + [RFC5576] Lennox, J., Ott, J., and T. Schierl, "Source-Specific + Media Attributes in the Session Description Protocol + (SDP)", RFC 5576, DOI 10.17487/RFC5576, June 2009, + <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5576>. + + [RFC5763] Fischl, J., Tschofenig, H., and E. Rescorla, "Framework + for Establishing a Secure Real-time Transport Protocol + (SRTP) Security Context Using Datagram Transport Layer + Security (DTLS)", RFC 5763, DOI 10.17487/RFC5763, May + 2010, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5763>. + + [RFC5764] McGrew, D. and E. Rescorla, "Datagram Transport Layer + Security (DTLS) Extension to Establish Keys for the Secure + Real-time Transport Protocol (SRTP)", RFC 5764, + DOI 10.17487/RFC5764, May 2010, + <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5764>. + + [RFC6120] Saint-Andre, P., "Extensible Messaging and Presence + Protocol (XMPP): Core", RFC 6120, DOI 10.17487/RFC6120, + March 2011, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6120>. + + [RFC6464] Lennox, J., Ed., Ivov, E., and E. Marocco, "A Real-time + Transport Protocol (RTP) Header Extension for Client-to- + Mixer Audio Level Indication", RFC 6464, + DOI 10.17487/RFC6464, December 2011, + <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6464>. + + [RFC8828] Uberti, J. and G. Shieh, "WebRTC IP Address Handling + Requirements", RFC 8828, DOI 10.17487/RFC8828, January + 2021, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8828>. + + [SDP4WebRTC] + Nandakumar, S. and C. Jennings, "Annotated Example SDP for + WebRTC", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf- + rtcweb-sdp-14, 17 December 2020, + <https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-rtcweb-sdp-14>. + + [TS26.114] 3GPP, "3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical + Specification Group Services and System Aspects; IP + Multimedia Subsystem (IMS); Multimedia Telephony; Media + handling and interaction (Release 16)", 3GPP TS 26.114 + V16.3.0, September 2019, + <https://www.3gpp.org/DynaReport/26114.htm>. + + [W3C.webrtc] + Jennings, C., Ed., Boström, H., Ed., and J. Bruaroey, Ed., + "WebRTC 1.0: Real-time Communication Between Browsers", + World Wide Web Consortium PR PR-webrtc-20201215, December + 2020, <https://www.w3.org/TR/2020/PR-webrtc-20201215/>. + +Appendix A. SDP ABNF Syntax + + For the syntax validation performed in Section 5.8, the following + list of ABNF definitions is used: + + +=========================+==========================+ + | Attribute | Reference | + +=========================+==========================+ + | ptime | Section 6 of [RFC4566] | + +-------------------------+--------------------------+ + | maxptime | Section 6 of [RFC4566] | + +-------------------------+--------------------------+ + | rtpmap | Section 6 of [RFC4566] | + +-------------------------+--------------------------+ + | recvonly | Section 9 of [RFC4566] | + +-------------------------+--------------------------+ + | sendrecv | Section 9 of [RFC4566] | + +-------------------------+--------------------------+ + | sendonly | Section 9 of [RFC4566] | + +-------------------------+--------------------------+ + | inactive | Section 9 of [RFC4566] | + +-------------------------+--------------------------+ + | fmtp | Section 9 of [RFC4566] | + +-------------------------+--------------------------+ + | rtcp | Section 2.1 of [RFC3605] | + +-------------------------+--------------------------+ + | setup | Section 4 of [RFC4145] | + +-------------------------+--------------------------+ + | fingerprint | Section 5 of [RFC8122] | + +-------------------------+--------------------------+ + | rtcp-fb | Section 4.2 of [RFC4585] | + +-------------------------+--------------------------+ + | extmap | Section 7 of [RFC5285] | + +-------------------------+--------------------------+ + | mid | Section 4 of [RFC5888] | + +-------------------------+--------------------------+ + | group | Section 5 of [RFC5888] | + +-------------------------+--------------------------+ + | imageattr | Section 3.1 of [RFC6236] | + +-------------------------+--------------------------+ + | extmap (encrypt option) | Section 4 of [RFC6904] | + +-------------------------+--------------------------+ + | candidate | Section 5.1 of [RFC8839] | + +-------------------------+--------------------------+ + | remote-candidates | Section 5.2 of [RFC8839] | + +-------------------------+--------------------------+ + | ice-lite | Section 5.3 of [RFC8839] | + +-------------------------+--------------------------+ + | ice-ufrag | Section 5.4 of [RFC8839] | + +-------------------------+--------------------------+ + | ice-pwd | Section 5.4 of [RFC8839] | + +-------------------------+--------------------------+ + | ice-options | Section 5.6 of [RFC8839] | + +-------------------------+--------------------------+ + | msid | Section 3 of [RFC8830] | + +-------------------------+--------------------------+ + | rid | Section 10 of [RFC8851] | + +-------------------------+--------------------------+ + | simulcast | Section 5.1 of [RFC8853] | + +-------------------------+--------------------------+ + | tls-id | Section 4 of [RFC8842] | + +-------------------------+--------------------------+ + + Table 1: SDP ABNF References + +Acknowledgements + + Harald Alvestrand, Taylor Brandstetter, Suhas Nandakumar, and Peter + Thatcher provided significant text for this document. Bernard Aboba, + Adam Bergkvist, Jan-Ivar Bruaroey, Dan Burnett, Ben Campbell, Alissa + Cooper, Richard Ejzak, Stefan Håkansson, Ted Hardie, Christer + Holmberg, Andrew Hutton, Randell Jesup, Matthew Kaufman, Anant + Narayanan, Adam Roach, Robert Sparks, Neil Stratford, Martin Thomson, + Sean Turner, and Magnus Westerlund all provided valuable feedback on + this document. + +Authors' Addresses + + Justin Uberti + Google + 747 6th Street South + Kirkland, WA 98033 + United States of America + + Email: justin@uberti.name + + + Cullen Jennings + Cisco + 400 3rd Avenue SW + Calgary AB T2P 4H2 + Canada + + Email: fluffy@iii.ca + + + Eric Rescorla (editor) + Mozilla + + Email: ekr@rtfm.com |