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diff --git a/doc/rfc/rfc5824.txt b/doc/rfc/rfc5824.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..94b4d13 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/rfc/rfc5824.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1515 @@ + + + + + + +Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) K. Kumaki, Ed. +Request for Comments: 5824 KDDI Corporation +Category: Informational R. Zhang +ISSN: 2070-1721 BT + Y. Kamite + NTT Communications Corporation + April 2010 + + + Requirements for Supporting + Customer Resource ReSerVation Protocol (RSVP) + and RSVP Traffic Engineering (RSVP-TE) over a BGP/MPLS IP-VPN + +Abstract + + Today, customers expect to run triple-play services through BGP/MPLS + IP-VPNs. Some service providers will deploy services that request + Quality of Service (QoS) guarantees from a local Customer Edge (CE) + to a remote CE across the network. As a result, the application + (e.g., voice, video, bandwidth-guaranteed data pipe, etc.) + requirements for an end-to-end QoS and reserving an adequate + bandwidth continue to increase. + + Service providers can use both an MPLS and an MPLS Traffic + Engineering (MPLS-TE) Label Switched Path (LSP) to meet their service + objectives. This document describes service-provider requirements + for supporting a customer Resource ReSerVation Protocol (RSVP) and + RSVP-TE over a BGP/MPLS IP-VPN. + +Status of This Memo + + This document is not an Internet Standards Track specification; it is + published for informational purposes. + + This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force + (IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has + received public review and has been approved for publication by the + Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Not all documents + approved by the IESG are a candidate for any level of Internet + Standard; see Section 2 of RFC 5741. + + Information about the current status of this document, any errata, + and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at + http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5824. + + + + + + + +Kumaki, et al. Informational [Page 1] + +RFC 5824 Supporting RSVP/RSVP-TE over BGP/MPLS IP-VPN April 2010 + + +Copyright Notice + + Copyright (c) 2010 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the + document authors. All rights reserved. + + This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal + Provisions Relating to IETF Documents + (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of + publication of this document. Please review these documents + carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect + to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must + include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of + the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as + described in the Simplified BSD License. + + This document may contain material from IETF Documents or IETF + Contributions published or made publicly available before November + 10, 2008. The person(s) controlling the copyright in some of this + material may not have granted the IETF Trust the right to allow + modifications of such material outside the IETF Standards Process. + Without obtaining an adequate license from the person(s) controlling + the copyright in such materials, this document may not be modified + outside the IETF Standards Process, and derivative works of it may + not be created outside the IETF Standards Process, except to format + it for publication as an RFC or to translate it into languages other + than English. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Kumaki, et al. Informational [Page 2] + +RFC 5824 Supporting RSVP/RSVP-TE over BGP/MPLS IP-VPN April 2010 + + +Table of Contents + + 1. Introduction ....................................................4 + 2. Requirements Language ...........................................4 + 3. Terminology .....................................................5 + 4. Problem Statement ...............................................5 + 5. Application Scenarios ...........................................7 + 5.1. Scenario I: Fast Recovery over BGP/MPLS IP-VPNs ............8 + 5.2. Scenario II: Strict C-TE LSP QoS Guarantees ................8 + 5.3. Scenario III: Load Balance of CE-to-CE Traffic .............9 + 5.4. Scenario IV: RSVP Aggregation over MPLS-TE Tunnels ........11 + 5.5. Scenario V: RSVP over Non-TE LSPs .........................12 + 5.6. Scenario VI: RSVP-TE over Non-TE LSPs .....................13 + 6. Detailed Requirements for C-TE LSP Model .......................14 + 6.1. Selective P-TE LSPs .......................................14 + 6.2. Graceful Restart Support for C-TE LSPs ....................14 + 6.3. Rerouting Support for C-TE LSPs ...........................15 + 6.4. FRR Support for C-TE LSPs .................................15 + 6.5. Admission Control Support on P-TE LSP Head-Ends ...........15 + 6.6. Admission Control Support for C-TE LSPs in + LDP-Based Core Networks ...................................16 + 6.7. Policy Control Support for C-TE LSPs ......................16 + 6.8. PCE Features Support for C-TE LSPs ........................16 + 6.9. Diversely Routed C-TE LSP Support .........................16 + 6.10. Optimal Path Support for C-TE LSPs .......................17 + 6.11. Reoptimization Support for C-TE LSPs .....................17 + 6.12. DS-TE Support for C-TE LSPs ..............................17 + 7. Detailed Requirements for C-RSVP Path Model ....................18 + 7.1. Admission Control between PE-CE for C-RSVP Paths ..........18 + 7.2. Aggregation of C-RSVP Paths by P-TE LSPs ..................18 + 7.3. Non-TE LSP Support for C-RSVP Paths .......................18 + 7.4. Transparency of C-RSVP Paths ..............................18 + 8. Commonly Detailed Requirements for Two Models ..................18 + 8.1. CE-PE Routing .............................................18 + 8.2. Complexity and Risks ......................................19 + 8.3. Backward Compatibility ....................................19 + 8.4. Scalability Considerations ................................19 + 8.5. Performance Considerations ................................19 + 8.6. Management Considerations .................................20 + 9. Security Considerations ........................................20 + 10. References ....................................................21 + 10.1. Normative References .....................................21 + 10.2. Informative References ...................................22 + Acknowledgments....................................................23 + Appendix A. Reference Model........................................24 + A.1 End-to-End C-RSVP Path Model................................24 + A.2 End-to-End C-TE LSP Model...................................25 + + + + +Kumaki, et al. Informational [Page 3] + +RFC 5824 Supporting RSVP/RSVP-TE over BGP/MPLS IP-VPN April 2010 + + +1. Introduction + + Some service providers want to build a service that guarantees + Quality of Service (QoS) and a bandwidth from a local Customer Edge + (CE) to a remote CE through the network. A CE includes the network + client equipment owned and operated by the service provider. + However, the CE may not be part of the MPLS provider network. + + Today, customers expect to run triple-play services such as Internet + access, telephone, and television through BGP/MPLS IP-VPNs [RFC4364]. + + As these services evolve, the requirements for an end-to-end QoS to + meet the application requirements also continue to grow. Depending + on the application (e.g., voice, video, bandwidth-guaranteed data + pipe, etc.), a native IP using an RSVP and/or an end-to-end + constrained MPLS Traffic Engineering (MPLS-TE) Label Switched Path + (LSP) may be required. The RSVP path may be used to provide QoS + guarantees and reserve an adequate bandwidth for the data. An end- + to-end MPLS-TE LSP may also be used to guarantee a bandwidth, and + provide extended functionality like MPLS fast reroute (FRR) [RFC4090] + for maintaining the service continuity around node and link, + including the CE-PE link, failures. It should be noted that an RSVP + session between two CEs may also be mapped and tunneled into an MPLS- + TE LSP across an MPLS provider network. + + A number of advantages exist for deploying the model previously + mentioned. The first is that customers can use these network + services while being able to use both private addresses and global + addresses. The second advantage is that the traffic is tunneled + through the service-provider backbone so that customer traffic and + route confidentiality are maintained. + + This document defines a reference model, example application + scenarios, and detailed requirements for a solution supporting a + customer RSVP and RSVP-TE over a BGP/MPLS IP-VPN. + + A specification for a solution is out of scope in this document. + +2. Requirements Language + + The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", + "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this + document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119]. + + + + + + + + +Kumaki, et al. Informational [Page 4] + +RFC 5824 Supporting RSVP/RSVP-TE over BGP/MPLS IP-VPN April 2010 + + +3. Terminology + + This document uses the BGP/MPLS IP-VPN terminology defined in + [RFC4364] and also uses Path Computation Element (PCE) terms defined + in [RFC4655]. + + TE LSP: Traffic Engineering Label Switched Path + + MPLS-TE LSP: Multiprotocol Label Switching TE LSP + + C-RSVP path: Customer RSVP path: a native RSVP path with the + bandwidth reservation of X for customers + + C-TE LSP: Customer Traffic Engineering Label Switched Path: an end- + to-end MPLS-TE LSP for customers + + P-TE LSP: Provider Traffic Engineering Label Switched Path: a + transport TE LSP between two Provider Edges (PEs) + + LSR: a Label Switched Router + + Head-end LSR: an ingress LSR + + Tail-end LSR: an egress LSR + +4. Problem Statement + + Service providers want to deliver triple-play services with QoS + guarantees to their customers. Various techniques are available to + achieve this. Some service providers will wish to offer advanced + services using an RSVP signaling for native IP flows (C-RSVP) or an + RSVP-TE signaling for Customer TE LSPs (C-TE LSPs) over BGP/MPLS + IP-VPNs. + + The following examples outline each method: + + A C-RSVP path with the bandwidth reservation of X can be used to + transport voice traffic. In order to achieve recovery in under 50 ms + during link, node, and Shared Risk Link Group (SRLG) failures, and to + provide strict QoS guarantees, a C-TE LSP with bandwidth X between + data centers or customer sites can be used to carry voice and video + traffic. Thus, service providers or customers can choose a C-RSVP + path or a C-TE LSP to meet their requirements. + + When service providers offer a C-RSVP path between hosts or CEs over + BGP/MPLS IP-VPNs, the CE/host requests an end-to-end C-RSVP path with + the bandwidth reservation of X to the remote CE/host. However, if a + C-RSVP signaling is to send within a VPN, the service-provider + + + +Kumaki, et al. Informational [Page 5] + +RFC 5824 Supporting RSVP/RSVP-TE over BGP/MPLS IP-VPN April 2010 + + + network will face scalability issues because routers need to retain + the RSVP state per a customer. Therefore, in order to solve + scalability issues, multiple C-RSVP reservations can be aggregated at + a PE, where a P-TE LSP head-end can perform admission control using + the aggregated C-RSVP reservations. The method that is described in + [RFC4804] can be considered as a useful approach. In this case, a + reservation request from within the context of a Virtual Routing and + Forwarding (VRF) instance can get aggregated onto a P-TE LSP. The + P-TE LSP can be pre-established, resized based on the request, or + triggered by the request. Service providers, however, cannot provide + a C-RSVP path over the VRF instance as defined in [RFC4364]. The + current BGP/MPLS IP-VPN architecture also does not support an RSVP + instance running in the context of a VRF to process RSVP messages and + integrated services (int-serv) ([RFC1633], [RFC2210]). One solution + is described in [RSVP-L3VPN]. + + If service providers offer a C-TE LSP from a CE to a CE over the + BGP/MPLS IP-VPN, they require that an MPLS-TE LSP from a local CE to + a remote CE be established. However, if a C-TE LSP signaling is to + send within the VPN, the service-provider network may face the + following scalability issues: + + - A C-TE LSP can be aggregated by a P-TE LSP at a PE (i.e., + hierarchical LSPs). In this case, only a PE maintains the state of + customer RSVP sessions. + + - A C-TE LSP cannot be aggregated by a P-TE LSP at a PE, depending on + some policies (i.e., continuous LSPs). In this case, both Ps and + PEs maintain the state of customer RSVP sessions. + + - A C-TE LSP can be aggregated by the non-TE LSP (i.e., LDP). + In this case, only a PE maintains the state of customer RSVP-TE + sessions. Note that it is assumed that there is always enough + bandwidth available in the service-provider core network. + + Furthermore, if service providers provide the C-TE LSP over the + BGP/MPLS IP-VPN, they currently cannot provide it over the VRF + instance as defined in [RFC4364]. Specifically, the current BGP/MPLS + IP-VPN architecture does not support the RSVP-TE instance running in + the context of a VRF to process RSVP messages and trigger the + establishment of the C-TE LSP over the service-provider core network. + If every C-TE LSP is to trigger the establishment or resizing of a + P-TE LSP, the service-provider network will also face scalability + issues that arise from maintaining a large number of P-TE LSPs and/or + + + + + + + +Kumaki, et al. Informational [Page 6] + +RFC 5824 Supporting RSVP/RSVP-TE over BGP/MPLS IP-VPN April 2010 + + + the dynamic signaling of these P-TE LSPs. Section 8.4 of this + document, "Scalability Considerations", provides detailed scalability + requirements. + + Two different models have been described above. The differences + between C-RSVP paths and C-TE LSPs are as follows: + + - C-RSVP path model: data packets among CEs are forwarded by "native + IP packets" (i.e., not labeled packets). + + - C-TE LSP model: data packets among CEs are forwarded by "labeled IP + packets". + + Depending on the service level and the need to meet specific + requirements, service providers should be able to choose P-TE LSPs or + non-TE LSPs in the backbone network. The selection may be dependent + on the service provider's policy and the node's capability to support + the mechanisms described. + + The items listed below are selectively required to support C-RSVP + paths and C-TE LSPs over BGP/MPLS IP-VPNs based on the service level. + For example, some service providers need all of the following items + to provide a service, and some service providers need only some of + them to provide the service. It depends on the service level and + policy of service providers. Detailed requirements are described in + Sections 6, 7, and 8. + + - C-RSVP path QoS guarantees. + + - Fast recovery over the BGP/MPLS IP-VPN to protect traffic for the + C-TE LSP against CE-PE link failure and PE node failure. + + - Strict C-TE LSP bandwidth and QoS guarantees. + + - Resource optimization for C-RSVP paths and C-TE LSPs. + + - Scalability for C-RSVP paths and C-TE LSPs. + +5. Application Scenarios + + The following sections present a few application scenarios for C-RSVP + paths and C-TE LSPs in BGP/MPLS IP-VPN environments. Appendix A, + "Reference Model", describes a C-RSVP path, a C-TE LSP, and a + P-TE LSP. + + In all scenarios, it is the responsibility of the service provider to + ensure that enough bandwidth is available to meet the customers' + application requirements. + + + +Kumaki, et al. Informational [Page 7] + +RFC 5824 Supporting RSVP/RSVP-TE over BGP/MPLS IP-VPN April 2010 + + +5.1. Scenario I: Fast Recovery over BGP/MPLS IP-VPNs + + In this scenario, as shown in Figure 1, a customer uses a VoIP + application between its sites (i.e., between CE1 and CE2). H0 and H1 + represent voice equipment. + + In this case, the customer establishes C-TE LSP1 as a primary path + and C-TE LSP2 as a backup path. If the link between PE1 and CE1 or + the node of PE1 fails, C-TE LSP1 needs C-TE LSP2 as a path + protection. + + Generally speaking, C-RSVP paths are used by customers, and P-TE LSPs + are used by service providers. + + C-TE LSP1 + <----------------------------------------------> + P-TE LSP1 + <---------------------------> + ............. ............. + . --- --- . --- --- --- --- . --- --- . + .|H0 | |CE1|-----|PE1|----|P1 |-----|P2 |----|PE2|-----|CE2| |H1 |. + . --- --- . --- --- --- --- . --- --- . + .........|... --- --- --- --- ...|......... + +-------|PE3|----|P3 |-----|P4 |----|PE4|-------+ + --- --- --- --- + + <---------------------------> + P-TE LSP2 + <----------------------------------------------> + C-TE LSP2 + + <--customer--> <--------BGP/MPLS IP-VPN-------> <--customer-> + network network + + Figure 1. Scenario I + +5.2. Scenario II: Strict C-TE LSP QoS Guarantees + + In this scenario, as shown in Figure 2, service provider B (SP B) + transports voice and video traffic between its sites (i.e., between + CE1 and CE2). In this case, service provider B establishes C-TE LSP1 + with preemption priority 0 and 100-Mbps bandwidth for the voice + traffic, and C-TE LSP2 with preemption priority 1 and 200-Mbps + bandwidth for the unicast video traffic. On the other hand, service + provider A (SP A) also pre-establishes P-TE LSP1 with preemption + priority 0 and 1-Gbps bandwidth for the voice traffic, and P-TE LSP2 + with preemption priority 1 and 2-Gbps bandwidth for the video + + + + +Kumaki, et al. Informational [Page 8] + +RFC 5824 Supporting RSVP/RSVP-TE over BGP/MPLS IP-VPN April 2010 + + + traffic. In this scenario, P-TE LSP1 and P-TE LSP2 should support + Diffserv-aware MPLS Traffic Engineering (DS-TE) [RFC4124]. + + PE1 and PE3 should choose an appropriate P-TE LSP based on the + preemption priority. In this case, C-TE LSP1 must be associated with + P-TE LSP1 at PE1, and C-TE LSP2 must be associated with P-TE LSP2 at + PE3. + + Furthermore, PE1 and PE3 head-ends should control the bandwidth of + C-TE LSPs. In this case, PE1 and PE3 can choose C-TE LSPs by the + amount of maximum available bandwidth for each P-TE LSP, + respectively. + + C-TE LSP1 + <----------------------------------------------> + P-TE LSP1 + <---------------------------> + ............. ............. + . --- --- . --- --- --- --- . --- --- . + .|CE0| |CE1|-----|PE1|----|P1 |-----|P2 |----|PE2|-----|CE2| |CE3|. + . --- --- . --- --- --- --- . --- --- . + .........|... --- --- --- --- ...|......... + +-------|PE3|----|P3 |-----|P4 |----|PE4|-------+ + --- --- --- --- + + <---------------------------> + P-TE LSP2 + <----------------------------------------------> + C-TE LSP2 + + <---SP B----> <--------BGP/MPLS IP-VPN-------> <---SP B---> + network SP A network network + + Figure 2. Scenario II + + It's possible that the customer and the service provider have + differing preemption priorities. In this case, the PE policy will + override the customers. In the case where the service provider does + not support preemption priorities, then such priorities should be + ignored. + +5.3. Scenario III: Load Balance of CE-to-CE Traffic + + In this scenario, as shown in Figure 3, service provider C (SP C) + uses voice and video traffic between its sites (i.e., between CE0 and + CE5/CE7, between CE2 and CE5/CE7, between CE5 and CE0/CE2, and + between CE7 and CE0/CE2). H0 and H1 represent voice and video + equipment. In this case, service provider C establishes C-TE LSP1, + + + +Kumaki, et al. Informational [Page 9] + +RFC 5824 Supporting RSVP/RSVP-TE over BGP/MPLS IP-VPN April 2010 + + + C-TE LSP3, C-TE LSP5, and C-TE LSP7 with preemption priority 0 and + 100-Mbps bandwidth for the voice traffic, and establishes C-TE LSP2, + C-TE LSP4, C-TE LSP6, and C-TE LSP8 with preemption priority 1 and + 200-Mbps bandwidth for the video traffic. On the other hand, service + provider A also pre-establishes P-TE LSP1 and P-TE LSP3 with + preemption priority 0 and 1-Gbps bandwidth for the voice traffic, and + P-TE LSP2 and P-TE LSP4 with preemption priority 1 and 2-Gbps + bandwidth for the video traffic. In this scenario, P-TE LSP1, + P-TE LSP2, P-TE LSP3, and P-TE LSP4 should support DS-TE [RFC4124]. + + All PEs should choose an appropriate P-TE LSP based on the preemption + priority. To minimize the traffic disruption due to a single network + failure, diversely routed C-TE LSPs are established. In this case, + the FRR [RFC4090] is not necessarily required. + + Also, unconstrained TE LSPs (i.e., C-TE LSPs/P-TE LSPs with + 0 bandwidth) [RFC5330] are applicable to this scenario. + + Furthermore, the load balancing for any communication between H0 and + H1 can be done by setting up full-mesh C-TE LSPs between CE0/CE2 and + CE5/CE7. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Kumaki, et al. Informational [Page 10] + +RFC 5824 Supporting RSVP/RSVP-TE over BGP/MPLS IP-VPN April 2010 + + + C-TE LSP1(P=0),2(P=1) (CE0->CE1->...->CE4->CE5) + (CE0<-CE1<-...<-CE4<-CE5) + <----------------------------------------------> + + C-TE LSP3(P=0),4(P=1) (CE2->CE1->...->CE4->CE7) + (CE2<-CE1<-...<-CE4<-CE7) + <----------------------------------------------> + P-TE LSP1 (p=0) + <--------------------> + P-TE LSP2 (p=1) + <--------------------> + .................. .................. + . --- --- . --- --- --- --- . --- --- . + . |CE0|-|CE1|--|PE1|--|P1 |---|P2 |--|PE2|--|CE4|-|CE5| . + . --- /--- --- . --- --- --- --- . --- ---\ --- . + .|H0 | + . + . + |H1 |. + . --- \--- --- . --- --- --- --- . --- ---/ --- . + . |CE2|-|CE3|--|PE3|--|P3 |---|P4 |--|PE4|--|CE6|-|CE7| . + . --- --- . --- --- --- --- . --- --- . + .................. .................. + <--------------------> + P-TE LSP3 (p=0) + <--------------------> + P-TE LSP4 (p=1) + <----------------------------------------------> + C-TE LSP5(P=0),6(P=1) (CE0->CE3->...->CE6->CE5) + (CE0<-CE3<-...<-CE6<-CE5) + + <----------------------------------------------> + C-TE LSP7(P=0),8(P=1) (CE2->CE3->...->CE6->CE7) + (CE2<-CE3<-...<-CE6<-CE7) + + <-----SP C-----> <----BGP/MPLS IP-VPN----> <-----SP C-----> + network SP A network network + + Figure 3. Scenario III + +5.4. Scenario IV: RSVP Aggregation over MPLS-TE Tunnels + + In this scenario, as shown in Figure 4, the customer has two hosts + connecting to CE1 and CE2, respectively. CE1 and CE2 are connected + to PE1 and PE2, respectively, within a VRF instance belonging to the + same VPN. The requesting host (H1) may request from H2 an RSVP path + with the bandwidth reservation of X. This reservation request from + within the context of VRF will get aggregated onto a pre-established + P-TE/DS-TE LSP based upon procedures similar to [RFC4804]. As in the + case of [RFC4804], there may be multiple P-TE LSPs belonging to + different DS-TE class-types. Local policies can be implemented to + + + +Kumaki, et al. Informational [Page 11] + +RFC 5824 Supporting RSVP/RSVP-TE over BGP/MPLS IP-VPN April 2010 + + + map the incoming RSVP path request from H1 to the P-TE LSP with the + appropriate class-type. Please note that the end-to-end (e2e) RSVP + path request may also be initiated by the CE devices themselves. + + C-RSVP path + <-----------------------------------------------------> + + P-TE LSP + <---------------------------> + ............. ............. + . --- --- . --- --- --- --- . --- --- . + .|H1 | |CE1|---|PE1|----|P1 |-----|P2 |----|PE2|---|CE2| |H2 |. + . --- --- . --- --- --- --- . --- --- . + ............. ............. + ^ ^ + | | + VRF instance VRF instance + + <-customer-> <--------BGP/MPLS IP-VPN-------> <-customer-> + network network + + Figure 4. Scenario IV + +5.5. Scenario V: RSVP over Non-TE LSPs + + In this scenario, as shown in Figure 5, a customer has two hosts + connecting to CE1 and CE2, respectively. CE1 and CE2 are connected + to PE1 and PE2, respectively, within a VRF instance belonging to the + same VPN. The requesting host (H1) may request from H2 an RSVP path + with the bandwidth reservation of X. In this case, a non-TE LSP + (i.e., LDP, etc.) is provided between PEs and has LDP, which supports + MPLS Diffserv [RFC3270]. + + Note that this only provides Diffserv, and not the bandwidth + reservation as is done with RSVP-TE. + + Local policies can be implemented to map the customer's reserved flow + to the LSP with the appropriate Traffic Class [RFC5462] at PE1. + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Kumaki, et al. Informational [Page 12] + +RFC 5824 Supporting RSVP/RSVP-TE over BGP/MPLS IP-VPN April 2010 + + + C-RSVP path + <------------------------------------------> + + Non-TE LSP + <---------------------------> + ............. ............. + . --- --- . --- --- --- --- . --- --- . + .|H1 | |CE1|---|PE1|----|P1 |-----|P2 |----|PE2|---|CE2| |H2 |. + . --- --- . --- --- --- --- . --- --- . + ............. ............. + ^ ^ + | | + VRF instance VRF instance + + <-customer-> <-------BGP/MPLS IP-VPN-------> <-customer-> + network network + + Figure 5. Scenario V + +5.6. Scenario VI: RSVP-TE over Non-TE LSPs + + In this scenario, as shown in Figure 6, a customer uses a VoIP + application between its sites (i.e., between CE1 and CE2). H0 and H1 + represent voice equipment. In this case, a non-TE LSP means LDP, and + the customer establishes C-TE LSP1 as a primary path and C-TE LSP2 as + a backup path. If the link between PE1 and CE1 or the node of PE1 + fails, C-TE LSP1 needs C-TE LSP2 as a path protection. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Kumaki, et al. Informational [Page 13] + +RFC 5824 Supporting RSVP/RSVP-TE over BGP/MPLS IP-VPN April 2010 + + + C-TE LSP1 + <-----------------------------------------> + Non-TE LSP + <--------------------------> + ............. ............. + . --- --- . --- --- --- --- . --- --- . + .|H0 | |CE1|---|PE1|----|P1 |-----|P2 |----|PE2|---|CE2| |H1 |. + . --- --- . --- --- --- --- . --- --- . + .........|... --- --- --- --- ...|......... + +-----|PE3|----|P3 |-----|P4 |----|PE4|-----+ + --- --- --- --- + + <--------------------------> + Non-TE LSP + <-----------------------------------------> + C-TE LSP2 + + <-customer-> <------BGP/MPLS IP-VPN------> <-customer-> + network network + + Figure 6. Scenario VI + +6. Detailed Requirements for the C-TE LSP Model + + This section describes detailed requirements for C-TE LSPs in + BGP/MPLS IP-VPN environments. + +6.1. Selective P-TE LSPs + + The solution MUST provide the ability to decide which P-TE LSPs a PE + uses for a C-RSVP path and a C-TE LSP. When a PE receives a native + RSVP and/or a path message from a CE, it MUST be able to decide which + P-TE LSPs it uses. In this case, various kinds of P-TE LSPs exist in + the service-provider network. For example, the PE MUST choose an + appropriate P-TE LSP based on local policies such as: + + 1. preemption priority + 2. affinity + 3. class-type + 4. on the data plane: (Differentiated Services Code Point (DSCP) or + Traffic Class bits) + +6.2. Graceful Restart Support for C-TE LSPs + + The solution SHOULD support the graceful restart capability, where + the C-TE LSP traffic continues to be forwarded during a PE graceful + restart. Graceful restart mechanisms related to this architecture + are described in [RFC3473], [RFC3623], and [RFC4781]. + + + +Kumaki, et al. Informational [Page 14] + +RFC 5824 Supporting RSVP/RSVP-TE over BGP/MPLS IP-VPN April 2010 + + +6.3. Rerouting Support for C-TE LSPs + + The solution MUST provide the rerouting of a C-TE LSP in case of + link, node, and SRLG failures, or in case of preemption. Such + rerouting may be controlled by a CE or by a PE, depending on the + failure. In a dual-homed environment, the ability to perform + rerouting MUST be provided against a CE-PE link failure or a PE + failure, if another CE-PE link or PE is available between the head- + end and the tail-end of the C-TE LSP. + +6.4. FRR Support for C-TE LSPs + + The solution MUST support FRR [RFC4090] features for a C-TE LSP over + a VRF instance. + + In BGP/MPLS IP-VPN environments, a C-TE LSP from a CE traverses + multiple PEs and Ps, albeit tunneled over a P-TE LSP. In order to + avoid PE-CE link/PE node/SRLG failures, a CE (a customer's head-end + router) needs to support link protection or node protection. + + The following protection MUST be supported: + + 1. CE link protection + 2. PE node protection + 3. CE node protection + +6.5. Admission Control Support on P-TE LSP Head-Ends + + The solution MUST support admission control on a P-TE LSP tunnel + head-end for C-TE LSPs. C-TE LSPs may potentially try to reserve the + bandwidth that exceeds the bandwidth of the P-TE LSP. The P-TE LSP + tunnel head-end SHOULD control the number of C-TE LSPs and/or the + bandwidth of C-TE LSPs. For example, the transport TE LSP head-end + SHOULD have a configurable limit on the maximum number of C-TE LSPs + that it can admit from a CE. As for the amount of bandwidth that can + be reserved by C-TE LSPs, there could be two situations: + + 1. Let the P-TE LSP do its natural bandwidth admission + 2. Set a cap on the amount of bandwidth, and have the configuration + option to: + + a. Reserve the minimum cap bandwidth or the C-TE LSP bandwidth on + the P-TE LSP if the required bandwidth is available + b. Reject the C-TE LSP if the required bandwidth by the C-TE LSP + is not available + + + + + + +Kumaki, et al. Informational [Page 15] + +RFC 5824 Supporting RSVP/RSVP-TE over BGP/MPLS IP-VPN April 2010 + + +6.6. Admission Control Support for C-TE LSPs in LDP-Based Core + Networks + + The solution MUST support admission control for a C-TE LSP at a PE in + the LDP-based core network. Specifically, PEs MUST have a + configurable limit on the maximum amount of bandwidth that can be + reserved by C-TE LSPs for a given VRF instance (i.e., for a given + customer). Also, a PE SHOULD have a configurable limit on the total + amount of bandwidth that can be reserved by C-TE LSPs between PEs. + +6.7. Policy Control Support for C-TE LSPs + + The solution MUST support the policy control for a C-TE LSP at a PE. + + The PE MUST be able to perform the following: + + 1. Limit the rate of RSVP messages per CE link. + 2. Accept and map, or reject, requests for a given affinity. + 3. Accept and map, or reject, requests with a specified setup and/or + preemption priorities. + 4. Accept or reject requests for fast reroutes. + 5. Ignore the requested setup and/or preemption priorities, and + select a P-TE LSP based on a local policy that applies to the + CE-PE link or the VRF. + 6. Ignore the requested affinity, and select a P-TE LSP based on a + local policy that applies to the CE-PE link or the VRF. + 7. Perform mapping in the data plane between customer Traffic Class + bits and transport P-TE LSP Traffic Class bits, as signaled per + [RFC3270]. + +6.8. PCE Features Support for C-TE LSPs + + The solution SHOULD support the PCE architecture for a C-TE LSP + establishment in the context of a VRF instance. When a C-TE LSP is + provided, CEs, PEs, and Ps may support PCE features ([RFC4655], + [RFC5440]). + + In this case, CE routers or PE routers may be Path Computation + Clients (PCCs), and PE routers and/or P routers may be PCEs. + Furthermore, the solution SHOULD support a mechanism for dynamic PCE + discovery. Specifically, all PCEs are not necessarily discovered + automatically, and only specific PCEs that know VPN routes should be + discovered automatically. + +6.9. Diversely Routed C-TE LSP Support + + The solution MUST provide for setting up diversely routed C-TE LSPs + over the VRF instance. These diverse C-TE LSPs MAY be traversing + + + +Kumaki, et al. Informational [Page 16] + +RFC 5824 Supporting RSVP/RSVP-TE over BGP/MPLS IP-VPN April 2010 + + + over two different P-TE LSPs that are fully disjoint within a + service-provider network. When a single CE has multiple uplinks that + connect to different PEs, it is desirable that multiple C-TE LSPs + over the VRF instance be established between a pair of LSRs. When + two CEs have multiple uplinks that connect to different PEs, it is + desirable that multiple C-TE LSPs over the VRF instance be + established between two different pairs of LSRs. In these cases, for + example, the following points will be beneficial to customers. + + 1. load balance of the CE-to-CE traffic across diverse C-TE LSPs so + as to minimize the traffic disruption in case of a single network + element failure + 2. path protection (e.g., 1:1, 1:N) + +6.10. Optimal Path Support for C-TE LSPs + + The solution MUST support the optimal path for a C-TE LSP over the + VRF instance. Depending on an application (e.g., voice and video), + an optimal path is needed for a C-TE LSP over the VRF instance. In + the case of a TE LSP, an optimal route may be the shortest path based + on the TE metric applied. For a non-TE LSP using LDP, the IGP metric + may be used to compute optimal paths. + +6.11. Reoptimization Support for C-TE LSPs + + The solution MUST support the reoptimization of a C-TE LSP over the + VRF instance. These LSPs MUST be reoptimized using "make-before- + break" [RFC3209]. + + In this case, it is desirable for a CE to be configured with regard + to the timer-based or event-driven reoptimization. Furthermore, + customers SHOULD be able to reoptimize a C-TE LSP manually. To + provide for delay-sensitive or jitter-sensitive traffic (i.e., voice + traffic), C-TE LSP path computation and route selection are expected + to be optimal for the specific application. + +6.12. DS-TE Support for C-TE LSPs + + The solution MUST support DS-TE [RFC4124] for a C-TE LSP over the VRF + instance. In the event that the service provider and the customer + have differing bandwidth constraint models, then only the service- + provider bandwidth model should be supported. + + Applications, which have different traffic characteristics, are used + in BGP/MPLS IP-VPN environments. Service providers try to achieve + the fine-grained optimization of transmission resources, efficiency, + and further-enhanced network performance. It may be desirable to + perform TE at a per-class level. + + + +Kumaki, et al. Informational [Page 17] + +RFC 5824 Supporting RSVP/RSVP-TE over BGP/MPLS IP-VPN April 2010 + + + By mapping the traffic from a given Diffserv class of service on a + separate C-TE LSP, DS-TE allows this traffic to utilize resources + available to the given class on both shortest paths and non-shortest + paths, and also to follow paths that meet TE constraints that are + specific to the given class. + +7. Detailed Requirements for the C-RSVP Path Model + + This section describes detailed requirements for C-RSVP paths in + BGP/MPLS IP-VPN environments. + +7.1. Admission Control between PE and CE for C-RSVP Paths + + The solution MUST support admission control at the ingress PE. PEs + MUST control RSVP messages per a VRF instance. + +7.2. Aggregation of C-RSVP Paths by P-TE LSPs + + The solution SHOULD support C-RSVP paths aggregated by P-TE LSPs. + P-TE LSPs SHOULD be pre-established manually or dynamically by + operators and MAY be established if triggered by C-RSVP messages. + Also, the P-TE LSP SHOULD support DS-TE. + +7.3. Non-TE LSP Support for C-RSVP Paths + + The solution SHOULD support non-TE LSPs (i.e., LDP-based LSP, etc.). + Non-TE LSPs are established by LDP [RFC5036] between PEs and support + MPLS Diffserv [RFC3270]. The solution MAY support local policies to + map the customer's reserved flow to the LSP with the appropriate + Traffic Class at the PE. + +7.4. Transparency of C-RSVP Paths + + The solution SHOULD NOT change RSVP messages from the local CE to the + remote CE (Path, Resv, Path Error, Resv Error, etc.). The solution + SHOULD allow customers to receive RSVP messages transparently between + CE sites. + +8. Commonly Detailed Requirements for Two Models + + This section describes commonly detailed requirements for C-TE LSPs + and C-RSVP paths in BGP/MPLS IP-VPN environments. + +8.1. CE-PE Routing + + The solution SHOULD support the following routing configuration on + the CE-PE links with either RSVP or RSVP-TE on the CE-PE link: + + + + +Kumaki, et al. Informational [Page 18] + +RFC 5824 Supporting RSVP/RSVP-TE over BGP/MPLS IP-VPN April 2010 + + + 1. static routing + 2. BGP routing + 3. OSPF + 4. OSPF-TE (RSVP-TE case only) + +8.2. Complexity and Risks + + The solution SHOULD avoid introducing unnecessary complexity to the + current operating network to such a degree that it would affect the + stability and diminish the benefits of deploying such a solution over + SP networks. + +8.3. Backward Compatibility + + The deployment of C-RSVP paths and C-TE LSPs SHOULD avoid impacting + existing RSVP and MPLS-TE mechanisms, respectively, but should allow + for a smooth migration or co-existence. + +8.4. Scalability Considerations + + The solution SHOULD minimize the impact on network scalability from a + C-RSVP path and a C-TE LSP over the VRF instance. As identified in + earlier sections, PCE provides a method for offloading computation of + C-TE LSPs and helps with the solution scalability. + + The solution MUST address the scalability of C-RSVP paths and + C-TE LSPs for the following protocols. + + 1. RSVP (e.g., number of RSVP messages, retained state, etc.). + 2. RSVP-TE (e.g., number of RSVP control messages, retained state, + message size, etc.). + 3. BGP (e.g., number of routes, flaps, overload events, etc.). + +8.5. Performance Considerations + + The solution SHOULD be evaluated with regard to the following + criteria. + + 1. Degree of path optimality of the C-TE LSP. + 2. TE LSP setup time. + 3. Failure and restoration time. + 4. Impact and scalability of the control plane due to added overhead. + 5. Impact and scalability of the data/forwarding plane due to added + overhead. + + + + + + + +Kumaki, et al. Informational [Page 19] + +RFC 5824 Supporting RSVP/RSVP-TE over BGP/MPLS IP-VPN April 2010 + + +8.6. Management Considerations + + The solution MUST address the manageability of C-RSVP paths and + C-TE LSPs for the following considerations. + + 1. Need for a MIB module for the control plane (including mapping of + P-TE LSPs and C-TE LSPs) and bandwidth monitoring. + 2. Need for diagnostic tools (this includes traceroute and Ping). + + The solution MUST allow routers to support the MIB module for C-RSVP + paths and C-TE LSPs per a VRF instance. If a CE is managed by + service providers, the solution MUST allow service providers to + collect MIB information for C-RSVP paths and C-TE LSPs from the CE + per a customer. + + Diagnostic tools can detect failures of the control plane and data + plane for general MPLS-TE LSPs [RFC4379]. The solution MUST allow + routers to be able to detect failures of the control plane and the + data plane for C-TE LSPs over a VRF instance. + + MPLS Operations, Administration, and Maintenance (OAM) for C-TE LSPs + MUST be supported within the context of VRF, except for the above. + +9. Security Considerations + + Any solution should consider the following general security + requirements: + + 1. The solution SHOULD NOT divulge the service-provider topology + information to the customer network. + 2. The solution SHOULD minimize the service-provider network's + vulnerability to Denial of Service (DoS) attacks. + 3. The solution SHOULD minimize the misconfiguration of DSCP marking, + preemption, and holding priorities of the customer traffic. + + The following additional security issues for C-TE LSPs relate to both + the control plane and the data plane. + + In terms of the control plane, in both the C-RSVP path and C-TE LSP + models, a PE receives IPv4 or IPv6 RSVP control packets from a CE. + If the CE is a router that is not trusted by service providers, the + PE MUST be able to limit the rate and number of IPv4 or IPv6 RSVP + control packets. + + In terms of the data plane, in the C-TE LSP model, a PE receives + labeled IPv4 or IPv6 data packets from a CE. If the CE is a router + that is not trusted by service providers, the PE MUST be able to + limit the rate of labeled IPv4 or IPv6 data packets. If the CE is a + + + +Kumaki, et al. Informational [Page 20] + +RFC 5824 Supporting RSVP/RSVP-TE over BGP/MPLS IP-VPN April 2010 + + + trusted router for service providers, the PE MAY be able to limit the + rate of labeled IPv4 or IPv6 data packets. Specifically, the PE must + drop MPLS-labeled packets if the MPLS label was not assigned over the + PE-CE link on which the packet was received. The PE must also be + able to police traffic to the traffic profile associated with the LSP + on which traffic is received on the PE-CE link. + + Moreover, flooding RSVP/RSVP-TE control packets from malicious + customers must be avoided. Therefore, a PE MUST isolate the impact + of such customers' RSVP/RSVP-TE packets from other customers. + + In the event that C-TE LSPs are diversely routed over VRF instances, + the VRF should indicate to the CE how such diversity was provided. + +10. References + +10.1. Normative References + + [RFC1633] Braden, R., Clark, D., and S. Shenker, "Integrated + Services in the Internet Architecture: an Overview", + RFC 1633, June 1994. + + [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate + Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997. + + [RFC2210] Wroclawski, J., "The Use of RSVP with IETF Integrated + Services", RFC 2210, September 1997. + + [RFC3209] Awduche, D., Berger, L., Gan, D., Li, T., + Srinivasan, V., and G. Swallow, "RSVP-TE: Extensions + to RSVP for LSP Tunnels", RFC 3209, December 2001. + + [RFC3270] Le Faucheur, F., Wu, L., Davie, B., Davari, S., + Vaananen, P., Krishnan, R., Cheval, P., and + J. Heinanen, "Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) + Support of Differentiated Services", RFC 3270, + May 2002. + + [RFC3473] Berger, L., Ed., "Generalized Multi-Protocol Label + Switching (GMPLS) Signaling Resource ReserVation + Protocol-Traffic Engineering (RSVP-TE) Extensions", + RFC 3473, January 2003. + + [RFC3623] Moy, J., Pillay-Esnault, P., and A. Lindem, "Graceful + OSPF Restart", RFC 3623, November 2003. + + + + + + +Kumaki, et al. Informational [Page 21] + +RFC 5824 Supporting RSVP/RSVP-TE over BGP/MPLS IP-VPN April 2010 + + + [RFC4090] Pan, P., Ed., Swallow, G., Ed., and A. Atlas, Ed., + "Fast Reroute Extensions to RSVP-TE for LSP Tunnels", + RFC 4090, May 2005. + + [RFC4124] Le Faucheur, F., Ed., "Protocol Extensions for Support + of Diffserv-aware MPLS Traffic Engineering", RFC 4124, + June 2005. + + [RFC4364] Rosen, E. and Y. Rekhter, "BGP/MPLS IP Virtual Private + Networks (VPNs)", RFC 4364, February 2006. + + [RFC4379] Kompella, K. and G. Swallow, "Detecting Multi-Protocol + Label Switched (MPLS) Data Plane Failures", RFC 4379, + February 2006. + + [RFC4655] Farrel, A., Vasseur, J.-P., and J. Ash, "A Path + Computation Element (PCE)-Based Architecture", + RFC 4655, August 2006. + + [RFC4781] Rekhter, Y. and R. Aggarwal, "Graceful Restart + Mechanism for BGP with MPLS", RFC 4781, January 2007. + + [RFC5036] Andersson, L., Ed., Minei, I., Ed., and B. Thomas, + Ed., "LDP Specification", RFC 5036, October 2007. + + [RFC5462] Andersson, L. and R. Asati, "Multiprotocol Label + Switching (MPLS) Label Stack Entry: "EXP" Field + Renamed to "Traffic Class" Field", RFC 5462, + February 2009. + +10.2. Informative References + + [RSVP-L3VPN] Davie, B., Le Faucheur, F., and A. Narayanan, "Support + for RSVP in Layer 3 VPNs", Work in Progress, + November 2009. + + [RFC4804] Le Faucheur, F., Ed., "Aggregation of Resource + ReSerVation Protocol (RSVP) Reservations over MPLS + TE/DS-TE Tunnels", RFC 4804, February 2007. + + [RFC5330] Vasseur, JP., Ed., Meyer, M., Kumaki, K., and + A. Bonda, "A Link-Type sub-TLV to Convey the Number of + Traffic Engineering Label Switched Paths Signalled + with Zero Reserved Bandwidth across a Link", RFC 5330, + October 2008. + + + + + + +Kumaki, et al. Informational [Page 22] + +RFC 5824 Supporting RSVP/RSVP-TE over BGP/MPLS IP-VPN April 2010 + + + [RFC5440] Vasseur, JP., Ed., and JL. Le Roux, Ed., "Path + Computation Element (PCE) Communication Protocol + (PCEP)", RFC 5440, March 2009. + +11. Acknowledgments + + The authors would like to express thanks to Nabil Bitar, + David McDysan, and Daniel King for their helpful and useful comments + and feedback. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Kumaki, et al. Informational [Page 23] + +RFC 5824 Supporting RSVP/RSVP-TE over BGP/MPLS IP-VPN April 2010 + + +Appendix A. Reference Model + + In this appendix, a C-RSVP path, a C-TE LSP, and a P-TE LSP are + explained. + + All scenarios in this appendix assume the following: + + - A P-TE LSP is established between PE1 and PE2. This LSP is used by + the VRF instance to forward customer packets within a BGP/MPLS + IP-VPN. + + - The service provider has ensured that enough bandwidth is available + to meet the service requirements. + +A.1. End-to-End C-RSVP Path Model + + A C-RSVP path and a P-TE LSP are shown in Figure 7, in the context of + a BGP/MPLS IP-VPN. A P-TE LSP may be a non-TE LSP (i.e., LDP) in + some cases. In the case of a non-TE mechanism, however, it may be + difficult to guarantee an end-to-end bandwidth, as resources are + shared. + + CE0/CE1 requests an e2e C-RSVP path to CE3/CE2 with the bandwidth + reservation of X. At PE1, this reservation request received in the + context of a VRF will get aggregated onto a pre-established P-TE LSP, + or trigger the establishment of a new P-TE LSP. It should be noted + that C-RSVP sessions across different BGP/MPLS IP-VPNs can be + aggregated onto the same P-TE LSP between the same PE pair, achieving + further scalability. [RFC4804] defines this scenario in more detail. + + The RSVP control messages (e.g., an RSVP PATH message and an RSVP + RESV message) exchanged among CEs are forwarded by IP packets through + the BGP/MPLS IP-VPN. After CE0 and/or CE1 receive a reservation + message from CE2 and/or CE3, CE0/CE1 establishes a C-RSVP path + through the BGP/MPLS IP-VPN. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Kumaki, et al. Informational [Page 24] + +RFC 5824 Supporting RSVP/RSVP-TE over BGP/MPLS IP-VPN April 2010 + + + C-RSVP path + <------------------------------------------> + + P-TE LSP + <---------------------------> + ............. ............. + . --- --- . --- --- --- --- . --- --- . + .|CE0| |CE1|---|PE1|----|P1 |-----|P2 |----|PE2|---|CE2| |CE3|. + . --- --- . --- --- --- --- . --- --- . + ............. ............. + ^ ^ + | | + VRF instance VRF instance + + <-customer-> <------BGP/MPLS IP-VPN------> <-customer-> + network network + or or + another another + service-provider service-provider + network network + + Figure 7. e2e C-RSVP Path Model + +A.2. End-to-End C-TE LSP Model + + A C-TE LSP and a P-TE LSP are shown in Figure 8, in the context of a + BGP/MPLS IP-VPN. A P-TE LSP may be a non-TE LSP (i.e., LDP) in some + cases. As described in the previous sub-section, it may be difficult + to guarantee an end-to-end QoS in some cases. + + CE0/CE1 requests an e2e TE LSP path to CE3/CE2 with the bandwidth + reservation of X. At PE1, this reservation request received in the + context of a VRF will get aggregated onto a pre-established P-TE LSP, + or trigger the establishment of a new P-TE LSP. It should be noted + that C-TE LSPs across different BGP/MPLS IP-VPNs can be aggregated + onto the same P-TE LSP between the same PE pair, achieving further + scalability. + + The RSVP-TE control messages (e.g., an RSVP PATH message and an RSVP + RESV message) exchanged among CEs are forwarded by a labeled packet + through the BGP/MPLS IP-VPN. After CE0 and/or CE1 receive a + reservation message from CE2 and/or CE3, CE0/CE1 establishes a + C-TE LSP through the BGP/MPLS IP-VPN. + + A P-TE LSP is established between PE1 and PE2. This LSP is used by + the VRF instance to forward customer packets within the BGP/MPLS + IP-VPN. + + + + +Kumaki, et al. Informational [Page 25] + +RFC 5824 Supporting RSVP/RSVP-TE over BGP/MPLS IP-VPN April 2010 + + + C-TE LSP + <-------------------------------------------------------> + + or + + C-TE LSP + <-----------------------------------------> + + P-TE LSP + <---------------------------> + ............. ............. + . --- --- . --- --- --- --- . --- --- . + .|CE0| |CE1|---|PE1|----|P1 |-----|P2 |----|PE2|---|CE2| |CE3|. + . --- --- . --- --- --- --- . --- --- . + ............. ............. + ^ ^ + | | + VRF instance VRF instance + + <-customer-> <-------BGP/MPLS IP-VPN-------> <-customer-> + network network + or or + another another + service-provider service-provider + network network + + Figure 8. e2e C-TE LSP Model + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Kumaki, et al. Informational [Page 26] + +RFC 5824 Supporting RSVP/RSVP-TE over BGP/MPLS IP-VPN April 2010 + + +Authors' Addresses + + Kenji Kumaki (Editor) + KDDI Corporation + Garden Air Tower + Iidabashi, Chiyoda-ku + Tokyo 102-8460, JAPAN + EMail: ke-kumaki@kddi.com + + + Raymond Zhang + BT + Farady Building, PP1.21 + 1 Knightrider Street + London EC4V 5BT + UK + EMail: raymond.zhang@bt.com + + + Yuji Kamite + NTT Communications Corporation + Granpark Tower + 3-4-1 Shibaura, Minato-ku + Tokyo 108-8118 + Japan + EMail: y.kamite@ntt.com + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Kumaki, et al. Informational [Page 27] + |