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diff --git a/doc/rfc/rfc5992.txt b/doc/rfc/rfc5992.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..203d439 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/rfc/rfc5992.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1179 @@ + + + + + + +Independent Submission S. Sharikov +Request for Comments: 5992 Regtime Ltd +Category: Informational D. Miloshevic +ISSN: 2070-1721 Afilias + J. Klensin + October 2010 + + + Internationalized Domain Names Registration and Administration + Guidelines for European Languages Using Cyrillic + +Abstract + + This document is a guideline for registries and registrars on + registering internationalized domain names (IDNs) based on (in + alphabetical order) Bosnian, Bulgarian, Byelorussian, Kildin Sami, + Macedonian, Montenegrin, Russian, Serbian, and Ukrainian languages in + a DNS zone. It describes appropriate characters for registration and + variant considerations for characters from Greek and Latin scripts + with similar appearances and/or derivations. + +Status of This Memo + + This document is not an Internet Standards Track specification; it is + published for informational purposes. + + This is a contribution to the RFC Series, independently of any other + RFC stream. The RFC Editor has chosen to publish this document at + its discretion and makes no statement about its value for + implementation or deployment. Documents approved for publication by + the RFC Editor are not a candidate for any level of Internet + Standard; see Section 2 of RFC 5741. + + Information about the current status of this document, any errata, + and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at + http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5992. + +Copyright Notice + + Copyright (c) 2010 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the + document authors. All rights reserved. + + This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal + Provisions Relating to IETF Documents + (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of + publication of this document. Please review these documents + carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect + to this document. + + + +Sharikov, et al. Informational [Page 1] + +RFC 5992 Cyrillic IDNs October 2010 + + +Table of Contents + + 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 + 1.1. Similar Characters and Variants . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 + 1.2. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 + 2. Languages and Characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 + 2.1. Bosnian and Serbian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 + 2.2. Bulgarian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 + 2.3. Byelorussian (Belarusian, Belarusan) . . . . . . . . . . . 5 + 2.4. Kildin Sami . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 + 2.5. Macedonian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 + 2.6. Montenegrin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 + 2.7. Russian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 + 2.8. Serbian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 + 2.9. Ukrainian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 + 3. Language-Based Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 + 4. Table Processing Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 + 5. Table Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 + 6. Steps after Registering an Input Label . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 + 7. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 + 8. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 + 9. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 + 9.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 + 9.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 + Appendix A. European Cyrillic Character Tables . . . . . . . . . 13 + +1. Introduction + + Cyrillic is one of a fairly small number of scripts that are used, + with different subsets of characters, to write a large number of + languages, some of which are not closely related to the others. When + those languages might be used together in a zone (typical of generic + TLDs (gTLDs) but likely in other zones both at and below the root), + special considerations for intermixing characters may apply. + Cyrillic also has the property that, while it is usually considered a + separate script from the Latin (Roman) and Greek ones, it shares many + characters with them, creating opportunities for visual confusion. + Those difficulties are especially pronounced when "all of Cyrillic" + is used rather than only the characters associated with a particular + language. + + This specification provides guidelines for the use of Cyrillic, as + encoded in Unicode [Unicode52] with internationalized domain name + (IDN) labels derived from most "European" languages that use the + script (use of the term "European" is a convenience, since there is + disagreement about the relevant boundaries for different purposes + and, of course, much of Russia lies within geological Asia). + Specifically, it covers (in alphabetic order) Bosnian, Bulgarian, + + + +Sharikov, et al. Informational [Page 2] + +RFC 5992 Cyrillic IDNs October 2010 + + + Byelorussian, the Kildin member of the Sami (often written "Saami") + language family, Macedonian, Montenegrin, Russian, Serbian, and + Ukrainian. Supplemental tables, based on information in the Unicode + Standard and a recently completed Montenegrin government standard + [MontenegrinChars] are provided for use with Montenegrin. Moldovan + is no longer in official use with Cyrillic script: no registrations + are considered likely in Cyrillic, at least within the relevant + ccTLD, and it is not further discussed in this document. Languages + of Asia that use Cyrillic are not considered here and should be the + subject of separate specifications. + + While Cyrillic script is the primary one used for many of the + relevant languages and countries, Latin script is often used instead + of, or in combination with, it. Standard keyboards used in most of + the countries have both Cyrillic and Latin characters. Therefore, + some registries could use Latin scripts for domain name registration + in their zones. From time to time, some registries and users have + claimed that there is a requirement for mixing Cyrillic and Latin + characters in the same label. We strongly recommend against such + mixing as user confusion is almost certain to result. In addition, + registries that support many scripts will probably encounter the need + to support labels in Greek or Latin scripts as well as Cyrillic, and + a large number of character forms are shared among those three + scripts. + + Because the DNS has no way for the end user to distinguish among the + languages that might have been used to inspire a particular label, it + seems useful to treat the characters of a large number of languages + that use Cyrillic in their writing systems together, rather than + trying to differentiate them. The discussion and tables in this + specification should provide a foundation for developing more + restrictive rules for zones in which only a single language is likely + to be used, but it does not specify those language-specific rules. + + Readers of this document should be aware that its recommendations are + about use in DNS labels. The orthography for some of the languages + involved, especially Kildin Sami, is not completely standardized and + local usage sometimes permits substitution of Latin-based characters + for their Cyrillic equivalents. Unless they are required by official + orthographies, those substitutions should generally be avoided in DNS + labels because of the risk of additional user confusion with the + Latin characters that are visually similar. + +1.1. Similar Characters and Variants + + For some human languages, there are characters and/or strings that + have equivalent or near-equivalent meanings. If someone is allowed + to register a name with such a character or string, the registry + + + +Sharikov, et al. Informational [Page 3] + +RFC 5992 Cyrillic IDNs October 2010 + + + might want to automatically register all the names that have the same + meaning in that language. Further, some registries might want to + restrict the set of characters to be registered for language-based + reasons. + + So-called "variant techniques", introduced in the JET specification + for the CJK script [RFC3743] and its generalization [RFC4290], + describe ways of registering IDNs to decrease the risk of + misunderstandings, cybersquatting, and other forms of confusion. + + The tables below (Appendix A) identify confusable characters in Latin + and Greek scripts that might be easily confused with Cyrillic ones. + + As with variant approaches for other scripts (e.g., see RFC 4713 + [RFC4713] for the Chinese language or RFC 5564 [RFC5564] for the + Arabic language), this document identifies sets of characters that + need special consideration and provides information about them. A + registry that handles names using these characters can then make a + policy decision about how to actually handle them. The options for + those policy decisions would include automatically registering all + look-alike strings to the same registrant, registering one such + string and blocking the others, and so on. + +1.2. Terminology + + The terminology that follows is derived from the JET specification + for the CJK script [RFC3743] and its generalization [RFC4290], but + this specification does not depend on them. All characters listed + here have been verified to be "PVALID" under the IDNA2008 + specification [RFC5890] [RFC5892]. + + A "string" is a sequence of one or more characters. + + This document discusses characters that have equivalent or near- + equivalent characters or strings. The "base character" is the + character that has one or more equivalents; the "variant(s)" are the + character(s) and/or string(s) that are equivalent to the base + character. + + A "registration bundle" is the set of all labels that comes from + expanding all base characters for a single name into their variants. + + A registry is the administrative authority for a DNS zone. That is, + the registry is the body that makes and enforces policies that are + used in a particular zone in the DNS. The term "registry" applies to + all zones in the DNS, not only those that exist at the top level. + + + + + +Sharikov, et al. Informational [Page 4] + +RFC 5992 Cyrillic IDNs October 2010 + + +2. Languages and Characters + + In the interest of clarity and balance, this document describes a + "Base Cyrillic" set of 23 characters for use in comparing the + character usage for Russian and Central European languages that use + Cyrillic. The balance of this section compares the character usage + of the individual languages in that group. + + "Base Cyrillic" consists of the following Unicode code points (names + associated with these code points and those below appear in + Appendix A): U+0430, U+0431, U+0432, U+0433, U+0434, U+0435, U+0436, + U+0437, U+043A, U+043B, U+043C, U+043D, U+043E, U+043F, U+0440, + U+0441, U+0442, U+0443, U+0444, U+0445, U+0446, U+0447, U+0448. + + In addition, modern writing systems that use Cyrillic do not have + digits separate from the "European" ones used with Latin characters. + For registries that permit digits to appear in domain name labels, + the "Base Cyrillic" code point listed above should be considered to + include U+0030, U+0031, U+0032, U+0033, U+0034, U+0035, U+0036, + U+0037, U+0038, and U+0039 (Digit Zero, and Digit One through Digit + Nine). The Hyphen-Minus character (U+002D) may also be used. + + It is worth noting that the EU top-level domain registry allows + Cyrillic registrations using 32 code points [EU-registry]. That list + is sufficient for some of the languages listed here but not for + others. + + The individual languages that are the focus of this specification are + discussed below (in English alphabetical order). + +2.1. Bosnian and Serbian + + Bosnian and Serbian have 30 letters in the alphabet and the + additional seven characters to the base of 23 shared Cyrillic + characters: U+0438, U+0458, U+0452, U+0459, U+045A, U+045B, U+045F. + +2.2. Bulgarian + + The Bulgarian alphabet has 30 characters, seven in addition to the + basic 23: U+0438, U+0439, U+0449, U+044A, U+044C, U+044E, U+044F. + +2.3. Byelorussian (Belarusian, Belarusan) + + The Byelorussian (now often spelled Belarusian or Belarusan) alphabet + has 32 characters, i.e., nine characters in addition to the Base + Cyrillic set of 23 characters: U+0451, U+0456, U+0439, U+044B, + U+044C, U+045E, U+044D, U+044E, U+044F. + + + + +Sharikov, et al. Informational [Page 5] + +RFC 5992 Cyrillic IDNs October 2010 + + +2.4. Kildin Sami + + The phonetics of the Kildin Sami are quite complex and not easily + represented in Cyrillic (see, e.g., Kertom's work [Kert]). The + orthography is not standardized and the writing system may best be + thought of as an attempt to transcribe the language phonetically + (primary in Latin script in the 1930s but in Cyrillic more recently). + Different scholars have reported different numbers of phonemes, + further complicating the transcription process. Kertom identifies 53 + consonants with long-short distinctions and, in many cases, hard-soft + ones. He also identifies ascending and descending diphthongs and one + triphthong as well as more common short and long vowels. + + The primary reference for Kildin Sami, widely circulated for some + time but only in draft, is apparently used by Sami language(s) + experts in Scandinavian countries [Riessl07]. It, and the references + it cites, uses 56 characters, 33 of which do not appear in the basic + set. Eight* of these characters have no precomposed forms in Unicode + and hence must be written as a sequence of two code points with the + second one being COMBINING MACRON (U+0304). Using parentheses to + make the two-code-point sequences more obvious, the additional + characters are: (U+0430 U+0304)*, (U+0435 U+0304)*, U+0438, U+0439, + (U+043E U+0304), U+044A, U+044B, (U+044B U+0304), U+044C, U+044D, + (U+044D U+0304), U+044E, (U+044E U+0304), U+044F, (U+044F U+0304), + U+0451, (U+0451 U+0304), U+0458, U+048B, U+048D, U+048F, U+04BB, + U+04C6, U+04C8, U+04CA, U+04CE, U+04D3, U+04E3, U+04E7, U+04ED, + U+04EF, U+04F1, U+04F9. + + * These characters, CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER A (U+0430) with a + COMBINING MACRON (U+0304) and CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER IE (U+0435) + with a COMBINING MACRON (U+0304), respectively, have the same + visual appearance as LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH MACRON (U+0101) and + LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH MACRON (U+0113). There are no known + keyboards designed specifically for Kildin Sami. If an extended + Latin-based keyboard and associated software are used, these + characters might appear with the code point based on Latin (e.g., + U+0113 for the second case). By contrast, keyboards and input + software that are designed to be more Cyrillic-friendly are more + likely to produce code points for the Cyrillic base characters. + The use of a Latin character base for that second case occurs in + some Western European sources including Riessler's work + [Riessl07]. While we have not found explicit substitutions for A + with Macron, we believe they might be found in practice. These + alternatives are not mapped together by Unicode Normalization Form + C (NFC) (or Normalization Form KC (NFKC)), so registries, and + possibly applications software, should exercise some care about + + + + + +Sharikov, et al. Informational [Page 6] + +RFC 5992 Cyrillic IDNs October 2010 + + + these coding variations. However, U+0101 and U+0113 are Latin + Script characters so, if either is used, any tests on homogeneity + of the script within a label need to be made with care. + + Similar issues may apply to other Kildin Sami characters + constructed with combining sequences. + + The key references in Russian ([Anto90], [Kert86], [Kuru85]) all + propose slightly different character tables relative to each other + and to Riessler's list. Because the latter list appears to be more + comprehensive and to represent more recent scholarship, we have based + the tables in this document on it. We recommend, however, that + registries review these recommendations and the relevant papers + should registration requests for Kildin Sami actually appear. + + Additional perspectives on Kildin Sami can be found on the Omniglot + Sami pages [OmniglotSaami]. + +2.5. Macedonian + + Macedonian has 31 characters in the alphabet. This is eight in + addition to the basic set: U+0438, U+0458, U+0452, U+0459, U+045A, + U+045C, U+045F, U+0491, U+0455. + +2.6. Montenegrin + + According to the most recent, and now final, government specification + [MontenegrinChars], Montenegrin has 32 characters in its alphabet, + including two that have no precomposed forms in Unicode. This is + nine in addition to the basic set and two in addition to Bosnian and + Serbian: U+0437 U+0301, U+0438, U+0441 U+0301, U+0452, U+0458, + U+0459, U+045A, U+045B, U+045F. + + See Bosnian, Section 2.1, above. + +2.7. Russian + + The current Russian alphabet has 33 characters, consisting of the + Base Cyrillic set plus an additional ten characters: U+0451, U+0438, + U+0439, U+0449, U+044A, U+044B, U+044C, U+044D, U+044E, U+044F. + +2.8. Serbian + + See Bosnian, Section 2.1, above. + + + + + + + +Sharikov, et al. Informational [Page 7] + +RFC 5992 Cyrillic IDNs October 2010 + + +2.9. Ukrainian + + The character list for modern Ukrainian has apparently not completely + stabilized. Some references claim 31 characters and therefore an + additional 8 characters to the Base Cyrillic set of 23. Others claim + 33, adding U+0438 and U+0439 and replacing U+044A (Hard Sign) with + U+044C (Soft Sign), for a total of an additional 11 characters as + compared to the Base Cyrillic set. Unless better information is + available, the prudent registry should probably assume that all 34 + characters are in use, i.e., the Base Cyrillic set plus U+0438, + U+0439, U+0454, U+0456, U+0457, U+0491, U+0449, U+044A, U+044C, + U+044E, U+044F. + +3. Language-Based Tables + + The registration strategy described in this document uses a table + that lists all characters allowed for input and any variants of those + characters. Note that the table lists all characters allowed, not + only the ones that have variants. + +4. Table Processing Rules + + The input to the process is called the "input label". The output of + the process is either failure (the input label cannot be registered + at all), or a registration bundle that contains one or more labels in + A-label form. + +5. Table Format + + The table in Appendix A consists of four columns. The first and + second identify the Cyrillic character, and the third and fourth + identify Latin or Greek characters that might be easily confused with + them visually. If both a Latin and Greek character are present, the + Greek one appears in the third and fourth columns on the subsequent + line (with "..." in the first column to indicate more information + about the character specified on the previous line). Variants needed + only because of case folding are shown with "+++" in the first + column, as noted in the table. + + Each character in the table is given in the "U+" notation for Unicode + characters followed, in the next column, by its name as shown in the + Unicode Standard. For easy reference, the characters are listed in + the order in which they appear in the Unicode Standard. + + The table does not, and any future revision MUST NOT, have more than + one entry for a particular base character. + + + + + +Sharikov, et al. Informational [Page 8] + +RFC 5992 Cyrillic IDNs October 2010 + + +6. Steps after Registering an Input Label + + A registry has at least three policy options for handling the cases + where the registration bundle has more than one label. These + options, and their key implications, are: + + o Allocate all labels to the same registrant, making the zone + information identical to that of the input label. + + This option will cause end users to be able to find names with + variants more easily, but will result in larger zone files. In + principle, the zone file could become so large that it could + negatively affect the ability of the registry to perform name + resolution. + + o Block all labels so they cannot be registered in the future. + + This option does not increase the size of the zone file, but it + may cause end users to not be able to find names with variants + that they would expect. + + o Allocate some labels and block some other labels. + + This option is likely to cause the most confusion with users + because including some variants will cause a name to be found, but + using other variants will cause the name to be not found. + + With any of these three options, the registry MUST keep a database + that links each label in the registration bundle to the input label. + This link needs to be maintained so that changes in the non-DNS + registration information (such as the label's owner name and address) + are reflected in every member of the registration bundle as well. + +7. Security Considerations + + The information provided in this document may assist DNS zone + administrators and registrants in selecting names that are less + likely to be confused with others and in adopting policies that help + avoid confusion. It may also assist user-interface designers in + identifying possible areas of confusion so that they can better + protect users. The document otherwise has no consequences for the + security of the Internet. + + + + + + + + + +Sharikov, et al. Informational [Page 9] + +RFC 5992 Cyrillic IDNs October 2010 + + +8. Acknowledgments + + Support from Afilias for a major portion of this work is appreciated. + + The material on Kildin Sami would not have been possible without the + efforts of Cary Karp for his help directly and his pointer to + Riessler's work [Riessl07] and from Vladimir Shadrunov and Sergey + Nikolaevich Teryoshkin for their own analyses and references + ([Anto90], [Kert86], and [Kuru85]) and partial translations from + them. We are grateful for their efforts that facilitated treating it + nearly the same way as other actively used European languages that + use Cyrillic script. + + Careful reading of late drafts of this document by Bill McQuillan, + Alexey Melnikov, and Peter Saint-Andre, identified a number of + editorial problems, some of which might not have been caught + otherwise. + +9. References + +9.1. Normative References + + [RFC5895] Resnick, P. and P. Hoffman, "Mapping Characters + in Mapping Characters for Internationalized + Domain Names in Applications (IDNA) 2008", + RFC 5895, September 2010. + + [Unicode52] The Unicode Consortium. The Unicode Standard, + Version 5.2.0, defined by: "The Unicode Standard, + Version 5.2.0", (Mountain View, CA: The Unicode + Consortium, 2009. ISBN 978-1-936213-00-9). + <http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode5.2.0/>. + +9.2. Informative References + + [Anto90] Antonova, A., "Primer for Sami schools first + grade: Sami language, 2nd edition", Leningrad: + Prosveshchenie, Leningrad department, 1990. + Published in Russian, no authoritative + translation is known. + + [EU-registry] European Registry of Internet Domain Names + (EURid), ".eu Supported Characters", + January 2010, <http://www.eurid.eu/en/ + eu-domain-names/technical-limitations/ + supported-characters>. + + + + + +Sharikov, et al. Informational [Page 10] + +RFC 5992 Cyrillic IDNs October 2010 + + + [Kert] Kertom, G., "Kildin dialect of the Sami + language". Published in Russian, no + authoritative translation is known. + + [Kert86] Kertom, G., "Sami-Russian and Russian-Sami + dictionary: textbook for primary school pupils", + Leningrad: Prosveshchenie Leningrad Department, + 1986. Published in Russian, no authoritative + translation is known. + + [Kuru85] Kuruch, R., "Sami-Russian dictionary: eight + thousand words", Moscow: Russkiy yazyk, 1985. + Published in Russian, no authoritative + translation is known. + + [MontenegrinChars] Crna Gora Ministarstvo prosvjete i nauke + (Ministry of Science and Education, Montenegro), + "Pravopis Crnogorskoga Jezika I", 2009, + <http://www.gov.me/files/1248442673.pdf>. In + Montenegrin, no known English translation. See + especially the table on page 8. + + [OmniglotSaami] Ager, S., "Sami (Saami)", 2009, + <http://www.omniglot.com/writing/saami.htm>. + + [RFC3743] Konishi, K., Huang, K., Qian, H., and Y. Ko, + "Joint Engineering Team (JET) Guidelines for + Internationalized Domain Names (IDN) Registration + and Administration for Chinese, Japanese, and + Korean", RFC 3743, April 2004. + + [RFC4290] Klensin, J., "Suggested Practices for + Registration of Internationalized Domain Names + (IDN)", RFC 4290, December 2005. + + [RFC4713] Lee, X., Mao, W., Chen, E., Hsu, N., and J. + Klensin, "Registration and Administration + Recommendations for Chinese Domain Names", + RFC 4713, October 2006. + + [RFC5564] El-Sherbiny, A., Farah, M., Oueichek, I., and A. + Al-Zoman, "Linguistic Guidelines for the Use of + the Arabic Language in Internet Domains", + RFC 5564, February 2010. + + [RFC5890] Klensin, J., "Internationalized Domain Names for + Applications (IDNA): Definitions and Document + Framework", RFC 5890, August 2010. + + + +Sharikov, et al. Informational [Page 11] + +RFC 5992 Cyrillic IDNs October 2010 + + + [RFC5892] Faltstrom, P., "The Unicode Code Points and + Internationalized Domain Names for Applications + (IDNA)", RFC 5892, August 2010. + + [Riessl07] Riessler, M., "Kola Saami character chart + (draft)", November 2007. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Sharikov, et al. Informational [Page 12] + +RFC 5992 Cyrillic IDNs October 2010 + + +Appendix A. European Cyrillic Character Tables + + These tables are constructed on the basis of the characters that can + actually occur in the DNS, i.e., those that are valid in U-labels as + defined in RFC 5890. If the characters that can be mapped into those + characters are to be considered instead, then the number of variants + would increase considerably. For example, while CYRILLIC SMALL + LETTER A (U+0430) and GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA (U+03B1) are readily + distinguished visually, their capital letter equivalents are not, so, + if case mappings such as those discussed in the IDNA2008 Mapping + document [RFC5895] are considered, the two small letters must be + considered variants of each other. Some of the variants have been + selected on the assumption that unusual fonts may be used and that + users will see what they expect to see; others, involving subtle + decorations but considered more far-fetched out of context, have not + been listed. + + These additional, possibly required, variants are shown below with + "+++" in the first column of the table. + + "..." in the first column is used to indicate more information about + the character specified on the previous line. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Sharikov, et al. Informational [Page 13] + +RFC 5992 Cyrillic IDNs October 2010 + + + Characters needed for European languages, other than Montenegrin and + Sami, written in Cyrillic. + + +----------+--------------------------+---------+-------------------+ + | Cyrillic | Unicode Name | Variant | Unicode Name | + | Char | | | | + +----------+--------------------------+---------+-------------------+ + | U+0430 | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER A | U+0061 | LATIN SMALL | + | | | | LETTER A | + | | | | | + | +++ | | U+03B1 | GREEK SMALL | + | | | | LETTER ALPHA | + | | | | | + | U+0431 | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER BE | | | + | | | | | + | U+0432 | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER VE | U+0062 | LATIN SMALL | + | | | | LETTER B | + | | | | | + | +++ | | U+03B2 | GREEK SMALL | + | | | | LETTER BETA | + | | | | | + | U+0433 | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER | U+0072 | LATIN SMALL | + | | GHE | | LETTER R | + | | | | | + | +++ | | U+03B3 | GREEK SMALL | + | | | | LETTER GAMMA | + | | | | | + | U+0434 | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER DE | | | + | | | | | + | +++ | | U+03B4 | GREEK SMALL | + | | | | LETTER DELTA | + | | | | | + | U+0435 | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER IE | U+0065 | LATIN SMALL | + | | | | LETTER E | + | | | | | + | +++ | | U+03B5 | GREEK SMALL | + | | | | LETTER EPSILON | + | | | | | + | U+0436 | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER | | | + | | ZHE | | | + | | | | | + | U+0437 | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER ZE | | | + | | | | | + | U+0438 | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER I | U+0075 | LATIN SMALL | + | | | | LETTER U | + | | | | | + | U+0439 | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER | | | + | | SHORT I | | | + + + +Sharikov, et al. Informational [Page 14] + +RFC 5992 Cyrillic IDNs October 2010 + + + | | | | | + | U+043A | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER KA | U+006B | LATIN SMALL | + | | | | LETTER K | + | | | | | + | ... | | U+03BA | GREEK SMALL | + | | | | LETTER KAPPA | + | | | | | + | U+043B | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER EL | | | + | | | | | + | +++ | | U+03BB | GREEK SMALL | + | | | | LETTER LAMBDA | + | | | | | + | U+043C | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER EM | U+006D | LATIN SMALL | + | | | | LETTER M | + | | | | | + | +++ | | U+03BC | GREEK SMALL | + | | | | LETTER MU | + | | | | | + | U+043D | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER EN | U+0048 | LATIN CAPITAL | + | | | | LETTER H | + | | | | | + | +++ | | U+0068 | LATIN SMALL | + | | | | LETTER H (in some | + | | | | fonts) | + | | | | | + | +++ | | U+03B7 | GREEK SMALL | + | | | | LETTER ETA | + | | | | | + | U+043E | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER O | U+006F | LATIN SMALL | + | | | | LETTER O | + | | | | | + | ... | | U+03BF | GREEK SMALL | + | | | | LETTER OMICRON | + | | | | | + | U+043F | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER PE | U+006E | LATIN SMALL | + | | | | LETTER N | + | | | | | + | ... | | U+03C0 | GREEK SMALL | + | | | | LETTER PI | + | | | | | + | U+0440 | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER ER | U+0070 | LATIN SMALL | + | | | | LETTER P | + | | | | | + | ... | | U+03C1 | GREEK SMALL | + | | | | LETTER RHO | + | | | | | + | U+0441 | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER ES | U+0063 | LATIN SMALL | + | | | | LETTER C | + + + +Sharikov, et al. Informational [Page 15] + +RFC 5992 Cyrillic IDNs October 2010 + + + | | | | | + | U+0442 | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER TE | U+0074 | LATIN SMALL | + | | | | LETTER T | + | | | | | + | +++ | | U+03C4 | GREEK SMALL | + | | | | LETTER TAU | + | | | | | + | U+0443 | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER U | U+0079 | LATIN SMALL | + | | | | LETTER Y | + | | | | | + | +++ | | U+03C5 | GREEK SMALL | + | | | | LETTER UPSILON | + | | | | | + | U+0444 | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER EF | U+03D5 | GREEK PHI SYMBOL | + | | | | | + | +++ | | U+03C6 | GREEK SMALL | + | | | | LETTER PHI | + | | | | | + | U+0445 | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER HA | U+0078 | LATIN SMALL | + | | | | LETTER X | + | | | | | + | ... | | U+03C7 | GREEK SMALL | + | | | | LETTER CHI | + | | | | | + | U+0446 | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER | | | + | | TSE | | | + | | | | | + | U+0447 | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER | | | + | | CHE | | | + | | | | | + | U+0448 | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER | | | + | | SHA | | | + | | | | | + | U+0449 | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER | | | + | | SHCHA | | | + | | | | | + | U+044A | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER | U+0062 | LATIN SMALL | + | | HARD SIGN | | LETTER B | + | | | | | + | U+044B | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER | | | + | | YERU | | | + | | | | | + | U+044C | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER | U+0062 | LATIN SMALL | + | | SOFT SIGN | | LETTER B | + | | | | | + | U+044D | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER E | | | + | | | | | + | U+044E | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER YU | | | + + + +Sharikov, et al. Informational [Page 16] + +RFC 5992 Cyrillic IDNs October 2010 + + + | | | | | + | U+044F | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER YA | | | + | | | | | + | U+0451 | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER IO | U+00EB | LATIN SMALL | + | | | | LETTER E WITH | + | | | | DIAERESIS | + | | | | | + | U+0452 | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER | | | + | | DJE | | | + | | | | | + | U+0453 | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER | | | + | | GJE | | | + | | | | | + | U+0454 | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER | U+03B5 | GREEK SMALL | + | | UKRAINIAN IE | | LETTER EPSILON | + | | | | | + | U+0455 | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER | U+0073 | LATIN SMALL | + | | DZE | | LETTER S | + | | | | | + | U+0456 | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER | U+0069 | LATIN SMALL | + | | BYELORUSSIAN-UKRAINIAN I | | LETTER I | + | | | | | + | +++ | | U+03B9 | GREEK SMALL | + | | | | LETTER IOTA | + | | | | | + | U+0457 | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER | U+03CA | GREEK SMALL | + | | UKRAINIAN YI | | LETTER IOTA WITH | + | | | | DIALYTIKA | + | | | | | + | +++ | | U+00EF | LATIN SMALL | + | | | | LETTER I WITH | + | | | | DIAERESIS | + | | | | | + | U+0458 | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER JE | U+006A | LATIN SMALL | + | | | | LETTER J | + | | | | | + | ... | | U+03F3 | GREEK LETTER YOT | + | | | | | + | U+0459 | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER | | | + | | LJE | | | + | | | | | + | U+045A | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER | | | + | | NJE | | | + | | | | | + | U+045B | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER | | | + | | TSHE | | | + | | | | | + + + + +Sharikov, et al. Informational [Page 17] + +RFC 5992 Cyrillic IDNs October 2010 + + + | U+045C | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER | | | + | | KJE | | | + | | | | | + | U+045D | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER I | | | + | | WITH GRAVE | | | + | | | | | + | U+045E | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER | | | + | | SHORT U | | | + | | | | | + | U+045F | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER | | | + | | DZHE | | | + | | | | | + | U+0491 | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER | U+0072 | LATIN SMALL | + | | GHE WITH UPTURN | | LETTER R | + | | | | | + | U+04C2 | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER | | | + | | ZHE WITH BREVE | | | + +----------+--------------------------+---------+-------------------+ + + Additional characters needed for Montenegrin written in Cyrillic. + + +--------------+-----------------------------+---------+------------+ + | Cyrillic | Unicode Name | Variant | Unicode | + | Char | | | Name | + +--------------+-----------------------------+---------+------------+ + | U+0437 + | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER ZE | | | + | U+0301 | WITH ACUTE | | | + | | | | | + | U+0441 + | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER ES | | | + | U+0301 | WITH ACUTE | | | + +--------------+-----------------------------+---------+------------+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Sharikov, et al. Informational [Page 18] + +RFC 5992 Cyrillic IDNs October 2010 + + + Additional characters needed for Kildin Sami written in Cyrillic. + + +----------+---------------------+----------+-----------------------+ + | Cyrillic | Unicode Name | Variant | Unicode Name | + | Char | | | | + +----------+---------------------+----------+-----------------------+ + | U+0430 + | CYRILLIC SMALL | U+0101 | LATIN SMALL LETTER A | + | U+0304 | LETTER A WITH | | WITH MACRON | + | | MACRON | | | + | | | | | + | ... | | U+03B1 + | GREEK SMALL LETTER | + | | | U+0304 | ALPHA WITH MACRON | + | | | | | + | U+0435 + | CYRILLIC SMALL | U+0113 | LATIN SMALL LETTER E | + | U+0304 | LETTER IE WITH | | WITH MACRON | + | | MACRON | | | + | | | | | + | U+043E + | CYRILLIC SMALL | U+014D | LATIN SMALL LETTER O | + | U+0304 | LETTER O WITH | | WITH MACRON | + | | MACRON | | | + | | | | | + | ... | | U+03BF + | GREEK SMALL LETTER | + | | | U+0304 | OMICRON WITH MACRON | + | | | | | + | U+044B + | CYRILLIC SMALL | | | + | U+0304 | LETTER YERU WITH | | | + | | MACRON | | | + | | | | | + | U+044D + | CYRILLIC SMALL | | | + | U+0304 | LETTER E WITH | | | + | | MACRON | | | + | | | | | + | U+044E + | CYRILLIC SMALL | | | + | U+0304 | LETTER YU WITH | | | + | | MACRON | | | + | | | | | + | U+044F + | CYRILLIC SMALL | | | + | U+0304 | LETTER YA WITH | | | + | | MACRON | | | + | | | | | + | U+0451 + | CYRILLIC SMALL | U+00EB + | LATIN SMALL LETTER E | + | U+0304 | LETTER IO WITH | U0304 | WITH DIAERESIS AND | + | | MACRON | | MACRON | + | | | | | + | U+048B | CYRILLIC SMALL | | | + | | LETTER SHORT I WITH | | | + | | TAIL | | | + | | | | | + + + +Sharikov, et al. Informational [Page 19] + +RFC 5992 Cyrillic IDNs October 2010 + + + | U+048D | CYRILLIC SMALL | | | + | | LETTER SEMISOFT | | | + | | SIGN | | | + | | | | | + | U+048F | CYRILLIC SMALL | | | + | | LETTER ER WITH TICK | | | + | | | | | + | U+04BB | CYRILLIC SMALL | U+0068 | LATIN SMALL LETTER H | + | | LETTER SHHA | | | + | | | | | + | U+04C6 | CYRILLIC SMALL | | | + | | LETTER EL WITH TAIL | | | + | | | | | + | U+04C8 | CYRILLIC SMALL | | | + | | LETTER EN WITH HOOK | | | + | | | | | + | U+04CA | CYRILLIC SMALL | | | + | | LETTER EN WITH TAIL | | | + | | | | | + | U+04CE | CYRILLIC SMALL | | | + | | LETTER EM WITH TAIL | | | + | | | | | + | U+04D3 | CYRILLIC SMALL | U+00E4 | LATIN SMALL LETTER A | + | | LETTER A WITH | | WITH DIAERESIS | + | | DIAERESIS | | | + | | | | | + | U+04E3 | CYRILLIC SMALL | U+016B | LATIN SMALL LETTER U | + | | LETTER I WITH | | WITH MACRON | + | | MACRON | | | + | | | | | + | U+04E7 | CYRILLIC SMALL | U+00F6 | LATIN SMALL LETTER O | + | | LETTER O WITH | | WITH DIAERESIS | + | | DIAERESIS | | | + | | | | | + | U+04ED | CYRILLIC SMALL | | | + | | LETTER E WITH | | | + | | DIAERESIS | | | + | | | | | + | U+04EF | CYRILLIC SMALL | | | + | | LETTER U WITH | | | + | | MACRON | | | + | | | | | + | U+04F1 | CYRILLIC SMALL | | | + | | LETTER U WITH | | | + | | DIAERESIS | | | + | | | | | + + + + + +Sharikov, et al. Informational [Page 20] + +RFC 5992 Cyrillic IDNs October 2010 + + + | U+04F9 | CYRILLIC SMALL | | | + | | LETTER YERU WITH | | | + | | DIAERESIS | | | + +----------+---------------------+----------+-----------------------+ + +Authors' Addresses + + Sergey Sharikov + Regtime Ltd + Kalinina str.,14 + Samara 443008 + Russia + + Phone: +7(846) 979-9039 + Fax: +7(846)979-9038 + EMail: s.shar@regtime.net + + + Desiree Miloshevic + Afilias + Oxford Internet Institute, 1 St. Giles + Oxford OX1 3JS + United Kingdom + + Phone: +44 7973 987 147 + EMail: dmiloshevic@afilias.info + + + John C Klensin + 1770 Massachusetts Ave, #322 + Cambridge, MA 02140 + USA + + Phone: +1 617 491 5735 + EMail: john-ietf@jck.com + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Sharikov, et al. Informational [Page 21] + |