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+NWG/RFC# 681 JBP 14-MAY-75 14:38 32157
+3/18/75 NETWORK UNIX S. Holmgren
+
+
+
+ NETWORK UNIX 1
+
+ RFC 681 NIC 32157 2
+
+INTRODUCTION 3
+
+ THE UNIX TIME-SHARING SYSTEM [1] PRESENTS SEVERAL INTERESTING
+ CAPABILITIES AS AN ARPA NETWORK MINI-HOST. IT OFFERS POWERFUL
+ LOCAL PROCESSING FACILITIES IN TERMS OF USER PROGRAMS, SEVERAL
+ COMPILERS, AN EDITOR BASED ON QED, A VERSATILE DOCUMENT
+ PREPARATION SYSTEM, AND AN EFFICIENT FILE SYSTEM FEATURING
+ SOPHISTICATED ACCESS CONTROL, MOUNTABLE AND DE-MOUNTABLE
+ VOLUMES, AND A UNIFIED TREATMENT OF PERIPHERALS AS SPECIAL FILES. 3a
+
+ THE NETWORK CONTROL PROGRAM (NCP), IS INTEGRATED WITHIN THE
+ UNIX FILE SYSTEM. NETWORK CONNECTIONS ARE TREATED AS SPECIAL
+ FILES WHICH CAN BE ACCESSED THROUGH STANDARD UNIX I/O CALLS; VIZ.
+ READ, WRITE, OPEN, CLOSE. SPECIAL FILES HAVE DIRECTORY ENTRIES
+ SIMILAR TO NORMAL FILES EXCEPT THAT CERTAIN FLAG BITS ARE SET.
+ THESE FLAG BITS CAUSE SYSTEM I/O ROUTINES TO TAKE SPECIAL ACTION.
+ IN UNIX, SPECIAL FILES SIGNIFY PERIPHERAL DEVICES. FOR EXAMPLE,
+ I/O TRANSACTION WITH MAGTAPE ZERO WOULD BE ACCOMPLISHED BY
+ ACCESSING THE SPECIAL FILE, "/DEV/MT0". FOR THE UNIX NETWORK
+ SYSTEM, ADDITIONAL SPECIAL FILES WERE CREATED EACH OF WHICH
+ SPECIFIES A HOST ON THE ARPA NETWORK. FOR EXAMPLE
+ "/DEV/NET/HARV" REPRESENTS THE PDP-10 AT HARVARD. THIS SIMPLE
+ ACCESS MECHANISM, THROUGH THE FILING SYSTEM, ALLOWS STANDARD ARPA
+ PROTOCOLS SUCH AS TELNET AND FTP TO BE IMPLEMENTED AS
+ SWAPPABLE USER PROGRAMS, RESIDENT ONLY WHEN NEEDED. FURTHERMORE,
+ A USER MAY WRITE HIS OWN PROGRAMS TO COMMUNICATE WITH THESE
+ SPECIAL FILES JUST AS THE TELNET PROGRAM DOES. THE SAMPLE
+ PROGRAM FOUND BELOW DEPICTS THE ESSENTIALS OF NETWORKING FROM
+ UNIX. 3b
+
+STANDARD I/O 4
+
+ TO PRESENT THE BASIC PROPERTIES OF UNIX I/O, THE READ, WRITE,
+ OPEN, AND CLOSE FUNCTION CALLS ARE SUMMARIZED BELOW. EACH CALL
+ MAY RESULT IN AN ERROR CODE OF MINUS ONE. 4a
+
+ TO MANIPULATE AN EXISTING FILE WITH READS OR WRITES, IT MUST
+ FIRST BE OPENED WITH THE FOLLOWING CALL: 4b
+NWG/RFC# 681 JBP 14-MAY-75 14:38 32157
+3/18/75 NETWORK UNIX S. Holmgren
+
+
+
+ FILEDES = OPEN( "ANYFILENAME",FLAG ) 4b1
+
+ WHERE "ANYFILENAME" IS THE ARBITRARY NAME OF THE FILE TO BE
+ OPENED. THE SECOND PARAMETER INDICATES WHETHER THE FILE IS TO BE
+ READ, WRITTEN, OR UPDATED. THE RETURNED VALUE "FILEDES", IS
+ CALLED A FILE DESCRIPTOR. IT IS AN INTEGER USED TO IDENTIFY THE
+ FILE IN SUBSEQUENT CALLS TO READ AND WRITE. 4c
+
+ ONCE A FILE HAS BEEN OPENED, THE FOLLOWING CALLS MAY BE USED: 4d
+
+ NBYTES = READ( FILEDES,BUFFER,COUNT );
+ NBYTES = WRITE( FILEDES,BUFFER,COUNT ); 4d1
+
+ COUNT IS THE NUMBER OF BYTES TO BE TRANSMITTED BETWEEN THE
+ FILE REPRESENTED BY 'FILEDES' AND THE BYTE ARRAY REPRESENTED BY
+ 'BUFFER'. NBYTES IS THE NUMBER ACTUALLY TRANSMITTED. FOR THE
+ READ CALL, 'NBYTES' MAY BE ZERO TO INDICATE THE END OF FILE; IN
+ EITHER CASE, MINUS ONE WILL BE RETURNED IF THERE WAS AN ERROR. 4e
+
+ FOR EACH OPEN FILE, THE SYSTEM MAINTAINS A POINTER TO THE NEXT
+ BYTE TO BE READ OR WRITTEN. IF N BYTES ARE TRANSMITTED, THE
+ POINTER ADVANCES N BYTES. DATA WRITTEN TO A FILE AFFECT ONLY
+ THOSE BYTES IN THE FILE WHICH ARE INDICATED BY THE POSITION OF
+ THE WRITE POINTER AND THE COUNT; NO OTHER PART OF THE FILE IS
+ CHANGED. IF THE SYSTEM POINTER INDICATES THAT ANY BYTES BEING
+ WRITTEN WOULD LIE BEYOND THE END OF THE FILE, THE FILE IS
+ ENLARGED AS NEEDED. 4f
+
+ ONCE THE USER HAS FINISHED PROCESSING A FILE, IT SHOULD BE
+ CLOSED. THIS IS AFFECTED WITH THE FOLLOWING CALL: 4g
+
+ CLOSE( FILEDES ); 4g1
+
+ ALTHOUGH IT IS NOT ABSOLUTELY NECESSARY TO DO A SPECIFIC CLOSE
+ ON A FILE WHEN FINISHED, (THE SYSTEM CLOSES ALL FILES WHEN A
+ PROGRAM EXITS), IT IS A GOOD PRACTICE, SINCE THE USER IS
+ ALLOWED ONLY SIXTEEN OPEN FILES. 4h
+
+ THERE ARE SEVERAL ADDITIONAL SYSTEM CALLS RELATED TO I/O WHICH
+ WILL NOT BE DISCUSSED IN DETAIL. A FEW OF THE MORE NOTABLE ONES
+ ALLOW THE USER TO: GET THE STATUS OF A FILE, CHANGE THE
+ PROTECTION OR OWNERSHIP OF A FILE, CREATE A FILE, CREATE A
+ DIRECTORY, MAKE A LINK TO AN EXISTING FILE, AND DELETE A
+
+NWG/RFC# 681 JBP 14-MAY-75 14:38 32157
+3/18/75 NETWORK UNIX S. Holmgren
+
+
+
+ FILE. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONCERNING THE DIFFERENT I/O
+ CALLS THE READER IS DIRECTED TO THE UNIX PROGRAMMER'S MANUAL,
+ FIFTH EDITION, K. THOMPSON, AND D. M. RITCHIE, JUNE 1974. 4i
+
+ THE USER COMMUNICATES WITH THE NETWORK VIA THESE SAME SYSTEM
+ CALLS. FOR EXAMPLE, IF ONE WISHED TO CONNECT TO THE THE PDP-10
+ AT HARVARD, THE FOLLOWING SEQUENCE OF CALLS MIGHT BE USED. 4j
+
+ FILEDES = OPEN( "/DEV/NET/HARV",2 );
+ IF( FILEDES < 0 )
+ PRINTF(" HARVARD IS DEAD");
+ ELSE
+ WHILE( (NBYTES=READ(FILEDES,BUF,80)) > 0 )
+ WRITE( 0,BUF,NBYTES ); 4j1
+
+ THE OPEN INSTRUCTS THE SYSTEM TO OPEN A TELNET CONNECTION TO
+ HARVARD, IF MINUS ONE IS RETURNED, THE PROGRAM PRINTS A MESSAGE
+ AND EXITS, OTHERWISE THE PROGRAM WILL READ ANY BYTES SENT BY
+ HARVARD AND PRINT THEM OUT ON THE CONTROLLING TELETYPE. THIS WILL
+ GO ON UNTIL HARVARD CLOSES THE CONNECTION (READ WILL RETURN
+ MINUS ONE WHEN THE CONNECTION IS CLOSED). 4k
+
+UNIX TELNET 5
+
+ IN ORDER TO COMMUNICATE WITH REMOTE HOSTS ON THE ARPA
+ NETWORK, ONE FIRST LOGS IN TO UNIX AS A NORMAL USER. THE USER
+ THEN RUNS A PROGRAM, TELNET, WHICH AFTER ANNOUNCING ITSELF LEAVES
+ HIM WITH SEVERAL OPTIONS. 5a
+
+ HE MAY CONTINUE WITH HIS NORMAL UNIX ACTIVITIES. WHEN TELNET
+ SEES A UNIX COMMAND, IT WILL INITIATE THE REQUEST AS A
+ PARALLEL TASK, IN THE SAME MANNER AS THE UNIX COMMAND PROCESSOR
+ (THE SHELL). SINCE THIS MAY BE DONE REGARDLESS OF WHETHER OR NOT
+ A NETWORK CONNECTION IS OPEN, THE USER MAY SIMULTANEOUSLY RECEIVE
+ OUTPUT FROM A FOREIGN HOST'S SERVER TELNET AND CONVERSE WITH THE
+ LOCAL UNIX SYSTEM. 5b
+
+ WHEN THE TELNET-USER OPENS A CONNECTION, TELNET ACCEPTS THE
+ HOST NAME AND ANY SPECIAL PARAMETERS, AND DOES AN OPEN ON THE
+ SPECIAL FILE CORRESPONDING TO THAT HOST. WHEN CONTROL IS
+ RETURNED, THE CONNECTION IS OPEN. ANY FURTHER DATA RECEIVED
+ FROM THE TERMINAL NOT CONTAINING ESCAPE CHARACTER IS SENT TO THE
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ 1
+
+NWG/RFC# 681 JBP 14-MAY-75 14:38 32157
+3/18/75 NETWORK UNIX S. Holmgren
+
+
+
+ NETWORK FILE. ANY DATA RECEIVED IN RESPONSE TO A READ ON THE
+ NETWORK FILE, IS WRITTEN ON THE USER'S TYPEWRITER. 5c
+
+ COMMUNICATION CONTINUES WITH THE HOST UNTIL THE USER WISHES
+ TO CLOSE THE CONNECTION. THE USER SIMPLY MAKES THIS KNOWN TO
+ TELNET VIA A COMMAND, AND TELNET DOES A STANDARD CLOSE ON THE
+ NETWORK FILE. THE NEGOTIATION OF CLOSING THE NETWORK CONNECTION
+ IS LEFT TO THE SYSTEM, FREEING THE USER FOR OTHER COMPUTATIONAL
+ WORK. 5d
+
+ THERE IS SOME CHARACTER TRANSLATION AND INVISIBLE CONTROL
+ INFORMATION PASSED BACK AND FORTH BETWEEN THE FOREIGN HOST AND
+ THE TELNET PROCESS. THIS INVOLVES RECOGNITION OF TELNET IACS AND
+ THE TRANSLATION OF CARRIAGE RETURN(CR) AND LINE FEED(LF) TO LINE
+ FEED ON ALL DATA RECEIVED FROM THE NETWORK, AND THE INVERSE
+ TRANSLATION OF LF TO CR LF ON ALL DATA SENT TO THE NETWORK. 5e
+
+NCP STRUCTURE 6
+
+ DUE TO THE STRUCTURE OF BOTH THE IMP TO HOST[2] AND HOST TO
+ HOST[3] NETWORK PROTOCOLS, DATA COMES FROM THE NETWORK
+ DESTINED NOT ONLY FOR ONE OF MANY ACTIVE PROCESSES, BUT FOR
+ THE INFORMATION OF THE LOCAL HOST AS A WHOLE. FOR EXAMPLE,
+ NETWORK TRAFFIC SUCH AS A HOST TO HOST RESET, WHICH GENERALLY
+ SIGNALS THAT A FOREIGN HOST HAS COME "ALIVE" MUST BE ACKNOWLEDGED
+ TO LET THAT HOST KNOW THAT THE LOCAL HOST ITSELF IS "ALIVE".
+ THEREFORE, THE LOCAL HOST MUST MONITOR DATA COMING FROM THE NET
+ TO PERFORM NOT ONLY A MESSAGE SWITCHING FUNCTION, WHICH IS THE
+ BULK OF NETWORK TRAFFIC, BUT TO PROVIDE A CONTROL AND STATUS
+ FUNCTION. 6a
+
+ FURTHER, WHEN A PERSON ASSOCIATED WITH THE LOCAL HOST WISHES
+ TO CARRY ON A CONVERSATION WITH A NETWORK SERVER, THE INITIAL
+ CONNECTION PROTOCOL[4] MUST BE USED TO PROVIDE A LOGICAL PORT
+ AT EACH SITE FOR SUCCEEDING INFORMATION FLOW. 6b
+
+ EXPERIENCE WITH THE ANTS MARK I[5] AND ANTS MARK II[6] SYSTEMS
+ HAS SHOWN THAT THE ABOVE CLASSES OF NETWORK EVENTS ARE
+ RELATIVELY INFREQUENT, AND THAT MOST NETWORK TRAFFIC IS IN TERMS
+ OF USER DATA FLOW AND THE ASSOCIATED FLOW CONTROL( HOST TO HOST
+ ALLOCATES AND IMP TO HOST RFNMS). IT IS ALSO THE CASE THAT THE
+ SOFTWARE REQUIRED TO IMPLEMENT THE STATUS AND CONTROL FUNCTION IS
+ THE BULKIEST PART OF AN NCP. 6c
+
+
+
+
+
+ 2
+
+NWG/RFC# 681 JBP 14-MAY-75 14:38 32157
+3/18/75 NETWORK UNIX S. Holmgren
+
+
+
+ IN UNIX, THE KERNEL OF THE OPERATING SYSTEM IS CORERESIDENT
+ AND NON-SWAPPABLE. A LARGE KERNEL REDUCES THE MEMORY AVAILABLE
+ FOR USER PROGRAMS. THUS IT IS DESIRABLE TO MINIMIZE THE
+ AMOUNT OF CODE ADDED TO THE BASIC UNIX KERNEL FOR THE NCP. FOR
+ THIS REASON, THE NCP IS IMPLEMENTED IN TWO PARTS. ONE PART IS
+ ROOTED IN THE KERNEL AND MAKES UP THE NON-SWAPPABLE SECTION,
+ ABOUT 3.5K WORDS OF CORE. THE OTHER SECTION (CALLED THE NCP
+ DAEMON) DEALS WITH USER REQUESTS TO OPEN AND CLOSE CONNECTIONS
+ AND HANDLES THE STATUS TRAFFIC DESCRIBED ABOVE. THE NCP DAEMON
+ RUNS AS A SWAPPABLE USER PROCESS OF ABOUT 8.5K WORDS IN SIZE, AND
+ COMMUNICATES WITH THE KERNEL VIA A SPECIAL FILE. 6d
+
+HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS 7
+
+ THE NETWORK SOFTWARE FOR UNIX WAS DEVELOPED ON A
+ PDP-11/50, WITH MEMORY MANAGEMENT, TWO RK05 DISK PACKS, TWO NINE
+ TRACK MAGTAPE DRIVES, FOUR DECTAPE DRIVES, 32K WORDS OF CORE, AND
+ THREE TERMINALS. PRESENTLY THIS HAS BEEN EXPANDED TO ENCOMPASS A
+ DH11 TERMINAL MULTIPLEXOR, AN RP03 MOVING HEAD DISK, A TWIN
+ PLATTER RF11 FIXED HEAD DISK, FLOATING POINT, AND 48K OF CORE.
+ USER FILES ARE STORED ON THE RP03. THE RF11 IS USED AS A SWAP
+ DISK AND FOR TEMPORARY FILE STORAGE; ONE RK05 PLATTER CONTAINS
+ THE SYSTEM FILES, AND THE SECOND CONTAINS LOGIN AND ACCOUNTING
+ INFORMATION. IN THE NEAR FUTURE, THE SYSTEM WILL BE EXPANDED TO
+ 128K WORDS OF CORE MEMORY WITH 10 DIAL IN AND 10 HARD WIRED
+ TERMINAL LINES. 7a
+
+ THE BASE OPERATING SYSTEM OCCUPIES 24.5K WORDS OF MEMORY. THIS
+ SYSTEM INCLUDES A LARGE NUMBER OF DEVICE DRIVERS, AND ENJOYS A
+ GENEROUS AMOUNT OF SPACE FOR I/O BUFFERS AND SYSTEM TABLES. A
+ MINIMAL SYSTEM WOULD REQUIRE 40K WORDS OF HARDWARE MEMORY. IT
+ SHOULD BE NOTED THAT UNIX ALSO REQUIRES THE MEMORY MANAGEMENT
+ OPTION OFFERED BY DEC TO RUN AT ALL. 7b
+
+ THE BASE OPERATING SYSTEM WAS DEVELOPED BY BELL LABORATORIES
+ IN MURRAY HILL, NEW JERSEY. THE BELL INSTALLATION SUPPORTS A
+ HIGH SPEED PAPER TAPE READER-PUNCH, NINE-TRACK MAGNETIC TAPE,
+ AND DECTAPE. BESIDES THE CONSOLE TERMINAL, THERE ARE 14
+ VARIABLE SPEED COMMUNICATION DATASETS, AND A 201 SERIES DATASET
+ FOR SPOOLING PRINTOUT TO A COMMUNAL LINE PRINTER. THERE ARE ALSO
+ SEVERAL ONE-OF-A-KIND DEVICES INCLUDING A VOICE RESPONSE UNIT, A
+ VOICE SYNTHESIZER, A PHOTOTYPESETTER, A DIGITAL SWITCHING
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ 3
+
+NWG/RFC# 681 JBP 14-MAY-75 14:38 32157
+3/18/75 NETWORK UNIX S. Holmgren
+
+
+
+ NETWORK, AND A SATELLITE PDP-11/20 WHICH GENERATES VECTORS,
+ CURVES, AND CHARACTERS FOR A TEKTRONIX 611 STORAGE-TUBE DISPLAY. 7c
+
+RELIABILITY 8
+
+ AS OF THIS WRITING, NETWORK UNIX HAS BEEN RUNNING ON A FULL
+ TIME BASIS FOR ABOUT FOUR WEEKS. DURING THAT PERIOD, THERE WERE
+ BETWEEN THREE AND FOUR CRASHES A DAY. THIS IS NOT A VALID
+ INDICATOR BECAUSE MANY OF THE FAILURES WERE DUE TO HARDWARE
+ COMPLICATIONS. MORE RECENTLY THE HARDWARE HAS BEEN RE-CONFIGURED
+ TO IMPROVE RELIABILITY AND THE CRASH RATE HAS BEEN REDUCED TO ONE
+ A DAY WITH A DOWN TIME OF 2-3 MINS. THIS IS EXPECTED TO
+ CONTINUE, BUT THE SAMPLING PERIOD HASNT BEEN LONG ENOUGH FOR ANY
+ DEPENDABLE ANALYSIS. 8a
+
+AVAILABILITY 9
+
+ ALTHOUGH THE UNIX NETWORK SOFTWARE WAS DEVELOPED WITHOUT ARPA
+ SUPPORT, THE CENTER FOR ADVANCED COMPUTATION IS WILLING TO
+ PROVIDE IT GRATIS TO THE PEOPLE OF THE ARPA COMMUNITY. 9a
+
+ HOWEVER BELL LABORATORIES MUST BE CONTACTED FOR A LISCENSE TO
+ THE BASE SYSTEM ITSELF. BELL'S POLICY IN THE PAST HAS BEEN TO
+ LISCENSE THE SYSTEM TO UNIVERSITIES FOR A NOMINAL FEE,
+ $150.00, AND UNFORTUNATELY FOR A COST OF $20,000.00 TO
+ "NONUNIVERSITY" INSTITUTIONS. 9b
+
+ IN THIS LIGHT BELL WAS APPROACHED TO SEE WHAT THEIR REACTION
+ WOULD BE TO AN ARPA NETWORK WIDE LISCENSE, THEY SAID THEY WERE
+ OPEN TO SUGGESTIONS IN THAT AREA. SO SHOULD ENOUGH PEOPLE
+ BECOME INTERESTED, PERHAPS A LESS EXPENSIVE FEE CAN BE
+ NEGOTIATED. 9c
+
+ INTERESTED USERS WHO HAVE EITHER SOURCE LISTINGS OR SOURCE
+ FILES INCLUDE: 9d
+
+ THE RAND CORPORATION WHICH IS USING OUR IMPLEMENTATION AS A BASIS
+ FOR THEIR OWN VERSION. 9e
+
+ LINCOLN LABORATORIES WHICH HAS A SOURCE LISTING TO BE USED AS
+ AN AID IN EVALUATION OF THE UNIX SYSTEM. 9f
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ 4
+
+NWG/RFC# 681 JBP 14-MAY-75 14:38 32157
+3/18/75 NETWORK UNIX S. Holmgren
+
+
+
+ THE INCO CORPORATION OF MC LEAN VIR. HAS A LISTING TO HELP IN
+ THE INSTALLATION OF AN NCP INTO DEC'S RSTS OPERATING SYSTEM. 9g
+
+ IN ANY CASE WE ARE WILLING TO HELP ANY GROUP WITH ACQUISITION
+ OF A SYSTEM. 9h
+
+ FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONCERNING THE SYSTEM CONTACT: 9h1
+
+ STEVE HOLMGREN
+ 210 ADVANCED COMPUTATION BLDG.
+ UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS
+ URBANA ILLINOIS 61801
+
+ (217)-333-8469
+ OR
+ HOLMGREN AT BBN
+
+OUTLOOK AND FUTURE PLANS 10
+
+ WITH THE ADVENT OF TELNET IN UNIX, CURRENT PLANS ARE TO RUN THE
+ SYSTEM OVER THE NEXT ONE OR TWO MONTHS AND WORK OUT ANY
+ REMAINING BUGS. WHILE THIS IS GOING ON, EXTENSIVE BANDWITH AND
+ LOAD TESTING IS GOING TO TAKE PLACE AND ANY REASONABLE
+ IMPROVEMENTS MADE. 10a
+
+ AFTER TELNET HAS PROVED ITSELF RELIABLE, THE OPEN SYSTEM CALL
+ WILL BE EXPANDED TO INCLUDE FURTHER PARAMETERIZATION. THIS
+ PARAMETERIZATION WILL ENCOMPASS CONNECTIONS TO SPECIFIC SOCKETS,
+ SIMPLEX CONNECTIONS BASED ON A SOCKET ALREADY IN USE, AND THE
+ ABILITY TO LISTEN ON A LOCAL SOCKET. 10b
+
+ AFTER THOSE EXTENSIONS, NET MAIL, THEN NETWORK FTP AND FINALLY
+ NETWORK RJE WILL BE IMPLEMENTED. ALL WILL RUN AS USER
+ PROGRAMS SO THE KERNEL SYSTEM SIZE WILL NOT INCREASE. 10c
+
+ THERE IS ALSO INTEREST IN IMPLEMENTING SOME OF THE PROCEDURE
+ CALL PROTOCOL BEING DEVELOPED BY THE NATIONAL SOFTWARE WORKS,
+ BUT NO DEFINATE PLAN HAVE BEEN MADE. 10d
+
+ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 11
+
+ I AM MUCH INDEBTED TO GARY GROSSMAN WHO PARTICIPATED IN THE
+ DESIGN AND WROTE THE NCP DAEMON; AND TO STEVE BUNCH WHO WAS THE
+
+
+
+
+
+ 5
+
+NWG/RFC# 681 JBP 14-MAY-75 14:38 32157
+3/18/75 NETWORK UNIX S. Holmgren
+
+
+
+ THE THIRD MEMBER OF OUR DESIGN GROUP AND WROTE THE KERNEL
+ MESSAGE SOFTWARE. 11a
+
+ THE THREE OF US ARE PARTICULARLY APPRECIATIVE OF THE CRITICISM
+ AND SUPPORT OF DR. HUGH FOLK, DR. PETER ALSBERG, GREG
+ CHESSON, JOHN MULLEN, KARL KELLEY AND DAVE HEALY. 11b
+
+REFERENCES 12
+
+ 1. UNIX TIME-SHARING SYSTEM
+ KEN THOMPSON AND DENNIS RITCHIE
+ COMMUNICATIONS OF THE ACM
+ JULY 1974, VOL 17, NUMBER 7 12a
+
+ 2. SPECIFICATIONS FOR THE INTERCONNECTION OF A
+ HOST TO AN IMP
+ REPORT NO. 1822 BOLT BERANEK AND NEWMAN INC.
+ CHAPTER 3, SYSTEM OPERATION 12b
+
+ 3. HOST/HOST PROTOCOL FOR THE ARPA NETWORK
+ ALEX MCKENZIE, BBN
+ NIC DOCUMENT 8246 12c
+
+ 4. OFFICIAL INITIAL CONNECIION PROTOCOL
+ DOCUMENT #2
+ J. POSTEL, UCLA-NMC
+ NIC DOCUMENT 7101 12d
+
+ 5. ANTS MARK I USER'S GUIDE
+ KARL KELLEY
+ CENTER FOR ADVANCED COMPUTATION 2/1/74 12e
+
+ 6. ANTS MARK TWO SYSTEM
+ KARL KELLEY
+ CENTER FOR ADVANCED COMPUTATION 1/10/74 12f
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ 6 \ No newline at end of file