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diff --git a/doc/rfc/rfc7932.txt b/doc/rfc/rfc7932.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8432ada --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/rfc/rfc7932.txt @@ -0,0 +1,7171 @@ + + + + + + +Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) J. Alakuijala +Request for Comments: 7932 Z. Szabadka +Category: Informational Google, Inc. +ISSN: 2070-1721 July 2016 + + + Brotli Compressed Data Format + +Abstract + + This specification defines a lossless compressed data format that + compresses data using a combination of the LZ77 algorithm and Huffman + coding, with efficiency comparable to the best currently available + general-purpose compression methods. + +Status of This Memo + + This document is not an Internet Standards Track specification; it is + published for informational purposes. + + This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force + (IETF). It has been approved for publication by the Internet + Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Not all documents approved by the + IESG are a candidate for any level of Internet Standard; see Section + 2 of RFC 7841. + + Information about the current status of this document, any errata, + and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at + http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7932. + +Copyright Notice + + Copyright (c) 2016 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the + document authors. All rights reserved. + + This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal + Provisions Relating to IETF Documents + (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of + publication of this document. Please review these documents + carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect + to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must + include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of + the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as + described in the Simplified BSD License. + + + + + + + +Alakuijala & Szabadka Informational [Page 1] + +RFC 7932 Brotli July 2016 + + +Table of Contents + + 1. Introduction ....................................................3 + 1.1. Purpose ....................................................3 + 1.2. Intended Audience ..........................................3 + 1.3. Scope ......................................................4 + 1.4. Compliance .................................................4 + 1.5. Definitions of Terms and Conventions Used ..................4 + 1.5.1. Packing into Bytes ..................................5 + 2. Compressed Representation Overview ..............................6 + 3. Compressed Representation of Prefix Codes ......................10 + 3.1. Introduction to Prefix Coding .............................10 + 3.2. Use of Prefix Coding in the Brotli Format .................11 + 3.3. Alphabet Sizes ............................................13 + 3.4. Simple Prefix Codes .......................................14 + 3.5. Complex Prefix Codes ......................................15 + 4. Encoding of Distances ..........................................17 + 5. Encoding of Literal Insertion Lengths and Copy Lengths .........19 + 6. Encoding of Block-Switch Commands ..............................22 + 7. Context Modeling ...............................................23 + 7.1. Context Modes and Context ID Lookup for Literals ..........23 + 7.2. Context ID for Distances ..................................26 + 7.3. Encoding of the Context Map ...............................26 + 8. Static Dictionary ..............................................28 + 9. Compressed Data Format .........................................31 + 9.1. Format of the Stream Header ...............................31 + 9.2. Format of the Meta-Block Header ...........................32 + 9.3. Format of the Meta-Block Data .............................35 + 10. Decoding Algorithm ............................................36 + 11. Considerations for Compressor Implementations .................38 + 11.1. Trivial Compressor .......................................39 + 11.2. Aligning Compressed Meta-Blocks to Byte Boundaries .......39 + 11.3. Creating Self-Contained Parts within the + Compressed Data ..........................................40 + 12. Security Considerations .......................................41 + 13. IANA Considerations ...........................................42 + 14. Informative References ........................................43 + Appendix A. Static Dictionary Data ................................44 + Appendix B. List of Word Transformations .........................124 + Appendix C. Computing CRC-32 Check Values ........................127 + Appendix D. Source Code ..........................................127 + Acknowledgments ..................................................127 + Authors' Addresses ...............................................128 + + + + + + + + +Alakuijala & Szabadka Informational [Page 2] + +RFC 7932 Brotli July 2016 + + +1. Introduction + +1.1. Purpose + + The purpose of this specification is to define a lossless compressed + data format that: + + * is independent of CPU type, operating system, file system, and + character set; hence, it can be used for interchange. + + * can be produced or consumed, even for an arbitrarily long, + sequentially presented input data stream, using only an a + priori bounded amount of intermediate storage; hence, it can be + used in data communications or similar structures, such as Unix + filters. + + * compresses data with a compression ratio comparable to the best + currently available general-purpose compression methods, in + particular, considerably better than the gzip program. + + * decompresses much faster than current LZMA implementations. + + The data format defined by this specification does not attempt to: + + * allow random access to compressed data. + + * compress specialized data (e.g., raster graphics) as densely as + the best currently available specialized algorithms. + + This document is the authoritative specification of the brotli + compressed data format. It defines the set of valid brotli + compressed data streams and a decoder algorithm that produces the + uncompressed data stream from a valid brotli compressed data stream. + +1.2. Intended Audience + + This specification is intended for use by software implementers to + compress data into and/or decompress data from the brotli format. + + The text of the specification assumes a basic background in + programming at the level of bits and other primitive data + representations. Familiarity with the technique of Huffman coding is + helpful but not required. + + + + + + + + +Alakuijala & Szabadka Informational [Page 3] + +RFC 7932 Brotli July 2016 + + + This specification uses (heavily) the notations and terminology + introduced in the DEFLATE format specification [RFC1951]. For the + sake of completeness, we always include the whole text of the + relevant parts of RFC 1951; therefore, familiarity with the DEFLATE + format is helpful but not required. + + The compressed data format defined in this specification is an + integral part of the WOFF File Format 2.0 [WOFF2]; therefore, this + specification is also intended for implementers of WOFF 2.0 + compressors and decompressors. + +1.3. Scope + + This document specifies a method for representing a sequence of bytes + as a (usually shorter) sequence of bits and a method for packing the + latter bit sequence into bytes. + +1.4. Compliance + + Unless otherwise indicated below, a compliant decompressor must be + able to accept and decompress any data set that conforms to all the + specifications presented here. A compliant compressor must produce + data sets that conform to all the specifications presented here. + +1.5. Definitions of Terms and Conventions Used + + Byte: 8 bits stored or transmitted as a unit (same as an octet). For + this specification, a byte is exactly 8 bits, even on machines that + store a character on a number of bits different from eight. See + below for the numbering of bits within a byte. + + String: a sequence of arbitrary bytes. + + Bytes stored within a computer do not have a "bit order", since they + are always treated as a unit. However, a byte considered as an + integer between 0 and 255 does have a most and least significant bit + (lsb), and since we write numbers with the most significant digit on + the left, we also write bytes with the most significant bit (msb) on + the left. In the diagrams below, we number the bits of a byte so + that bit 0 is the least significant bit, i.e., the bits are numbered: + + +--------+ + |76543210| + +--------+ + + + + + + + +Alakuijala & Szabadka Informational [Page 4] + +RFC 7932 Brotli July 2016 + + + Within a computer, a number may occupy multiple bytes. All multi- + byte numbers in the format described here are stored with the least + significant byte first (at the lower memory address). For example, + the decimal number 520 is stored as: + + 0 1 + +--------+--------+ + |00001000|00000010| + +--------+--------+ + ^ ^ + | | + | + more significant byte = 2 * 256 + + less significant byte = 8 + +1.5.1. Packing into Bytes + + This document does not address the issue of the order in which bits + of a byte are transmitted on a bit-sequential medium, since the final + data format described here is byte rather than bit oriented. + However, we describe the compressed block format below as a sequence + of data elements of various bit lengths, not a sequence of bytes. + Therefore, we must specify how to pack these data elements into bytes + to form the final compressed byte sequence: + + * Data elements are packed into bytes in order of increasing bit + number within the byte, i.e., starting with the least + significant bit of the byte. + + * Data elements other than prefix codes are packed starting with + the least significant bit of the data element. These are + referred to here as "integer values" and are considered + unsigned. + + * Prefix codes are packed starting with the most significant bit + of the code. + + In other words, if one were to print out the compressed data as a + sequence of bytes, starting with the first byte at the *right* margin + and proceeding to the *left*, with the most significant bit of each + byte on the left as usual, one would be able to parse the result from + right to left, with fixed-width elements in the correct msb-to-lsb + order and prefix codes in bit-reversed order (i.e., with the first + bit of the code in the relative lsb position). + + As an example, consider packing the following data elements into a + sequence of 3 bytes: 3-bit integer value 6, 4-bit integer value 2, + prefix code 110, prefix code 10, 12-bit integer value 3628. + + + + +Alakuijala & Szabadka Informational [Page 5] + +RFC 7932 Brotli July 2016 + + + byte 2 byte 1 byte 0 + +--------+--------+--------+ + |11100010|11000101|10010110| + +--------+--------+--------+ + ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ + | | | | | + | | | | +------ integer value 6 + | | | +---------- integer value 2 + | | +-------------- prefix code 110 + | +---------------- prefix code 10 + +----------------------------- integer value 3628 + +2. Compressed Representation Overview + + A compressed data set consists of a header and a series of meta- + blocks. Each meta-block decompresses to a sequence of 0 to + 16,777,216 (16 MiB) uncompressed bytes. The final uncompressed data + is the concatenation of the uncompressed sequences from each meta- + block. + + The header contains the size of the sliding window that was used + during compression. The decompressor must retain at least that + amount of uncompressed data prior to the current position in the + stream, in order to be able to decompress what follows. The sliding + window size is a power of two, minus 16, where the power is in the + range of 10 to 24. The possible sliding window sizes range from 1 + KiB - 16 B to 16 MiB - 16 B. + + Each meta-block is compressed using a combination of the LZ77 + algorithm (Lempel-Ziv 1977, [LZ77]) and Huffman coding. The result + of Huffman coding is referred to here as a "prefix code". The prefix + codes for each meta-block are independent of those for previous or + subsequent meta-blocks; the LZ77 algorithm may use a reference to a + duplicated string occurring in a previous meta-block, up to the + sliding window size of uncompressed bytes before. In addition, in + the brotli format, a string reference may instead refer to a static + dictionary entry. + + Each meta-block consists of two parts: a meta-block header that + describes the representation of the compressed data part and a + compressed data part. The compressed data consists of a series of + commands. Each command consists of two parts: a sequence of literal + bytes (of strings that have not been detected as duplicated within + the sliding window) and a pointer to a duplicated string, which is + represented as a pair <length, backward distance>. There can be zero + literal bytes in the command. The minimum length of the string to be + + + + + +Alakuijala & Szabadka Informational [Page 6] + +RFC 7932 Brotli July 2016 + + + duplicated is two, but the last command in the meta-block is + permitted to have only literals and no pointer to a string to + duplicate. + + Each command in the compressed data is represented using three + categories of prefix codes: + + 1) One set of prefix codes are for the literal sequence lengths + (also referred to as literal insertion lengths) and backward + copy lengths. That is, a single code word represents two + lengths: one of the literal sequence and one of the backward + copy. + + 2) One set of prefix codes are for literals. + + 3) One set of prefix codes are for distances. + + The prefix code descriptions for each meta-block appear in a compact + form just before the compressed data in the meta-block header. The + insert-and-copy length and distance prefix codes may be followed by + extra bits that are added to the base values determined by the codes. + The number of extra bits is determined by the code. + + One meta-block command then appears as a sequence of prefix codes: + + Insert-and-copy length, literal, literal, ..., literal, distance + + where the insert-and-copy length defines an insertion length and a + copy length. The insertion length determines the number of literals + that immediately follow. The distance defines how far back to go for + the copy and the copy length determines the number of bytes to copy. + The resulting uncompressed data is the sequence of bytes: + + literal, literal, ..., literal, copy, copy, ..., copy + + where the number of literal bytes and copy bytes are determined by + the insert-and-copy length code. (The number of bytes copied for a + static dictionary entry can vary from the copy length.) + + The last command in the meta-block may end with the last literal if + the total uncompressed length of the meta-block has been satisfied. + In that case, there is no distance in the last command, and the copy + length is ignored. + + There can be more than one prefix code for each category, where the + prefix code to use for the next element of that category is + determined by the context of the compressed stream that precedes that + element. Part of that context is three current block types, one for + + + +Alakuijala & Szabadka Informational [Page 7] + +RFC 7932 Brotli July 2016 + + + each category. A block type is in the range of 0..255. For each + category there is a count of how many elements of that category + remain to be decoded using the current block type. Once that count + is expended, a new block type and block count is read from the stream + immediately preceding the next element of that category, which will + use the new block type. + + The insert-and-copy block type directly determines which prefix code + to use for the next insert-and-copy length. For the literal and + distance elements, the respective block type is used in combination + with other context information to determine which prefix code to use + for the next element. + + Consider the following example: + + (IaC0, L0, L1, L2, D0)(IaC1, D1)(IaC2, L3, L4, D2)(IaC3, L5, D3) + + The meta-block here has four commands, contained in parentheses for + clarity, where each of the three categories of symbols within these + commands can be interpreted using different block types. Here we + separate out each category as its own sequence to show an example of + block types assigned to those elements. Each square-bracketed group + is a block that uses the same block type: + + [IaC0, IaC1][IaC2, IaC3] <-- insert-and-copy: block types 0 and 1 + + [L0, L1][L2, L3, L4][L5] <-- literals: block types 0, 1, and 0 + + [D0][D1, D2, D3] <-- distances: block types 0 and 1 + + The subsequent blocks within each block category must have different + block types, but we see that block types can be reused later in the + meta-block. The block types are numbered from 0 to the maximum block + type number of 255, and the first block of each block category is + type 0. The block structure of a meta-block is represented by the + sequence of block-switch commands for each block category, where a + block-switch command is a pair <block type, block count>. The block- + switch commands are represented in the compressed data before the + start of each new block using a prefix code for block types and a + separate prefix code for block counts for each block category. For + the above example, the physical layout of the meta-block is then: + + IaC0 L0 L1 LBlockSwitch(1, 3) L2 D0 IaC1 DBlockSwitch(1, 3) D1 + IaCBlockSwitch(1, 2) IaC2 L3 L4 D2 IaC3 LBlockSwitch(0, 1) L5 D3 + + where xBlockSwitch(t, n) switches to block type t for a count of n + elements. In this example, note that DBlockSwitch(1, 3) immediately + precedes the next required distance, D1. It does not follow the last + + + +Alakuijala & Szabadka Informational [Page 8] + +RFC 7932 Brotli July 2016 + + + distance of the previous block, D0. Whenever an element of a + category is needed, and the block count for that category has reached + zero, then a new block type and count are read from the stream just + before reading that next element. + + The block-switch commands for the first blocks of each category are + not part of the meta-block compressed data. Instead, the first block + type is defined to be 0, and the first block count for each category + is encoded in the meta-block header. The prefix codes for the block + types and counts, a total of six prefix codes over the three + categories, are defined in a compact form in the meta-block header. + + Each category of value (insert-and-copy lengths, literals, and + distances) can be encoded with any prefix code from a collection of + prefix codes belonging to the same category appearing in the meta- + block header. The particular prefix code used can depend on two + factors: the block type of the block the value appears in and the + context of the value. In the case of the literals, the context is + the previous two bytes in the uncompressed data; and in the case of + distances, the context is the copy length from the same command. For + insert-and-copy lengths, no context is used and the prefix code + depends only on the block type. In the case of literals and + distances, the context is mapped to a context ID in the range 0..63 + for literals and 0..3 for distances. The matrix of the prefix code + indexes for each block type and context ID, called the context map, + is encoded in a compact form in the meta-block header. + + For example, the prefix code to use to decode L2 depends on the block + type (1), and the literal context ID determined by the two + uncompressed bytes that were decoded from L0 and L1. Similarly, the + prefix code to use to decode D0 depends on the block type (0) and the + distance context ID determined by the copy length decoded from IaC0. + The prefix code to use to decode IaC3 depends only on the block type + (1). + + In addition to the parts listed above (prefix code for insert-and- + copy lengths, literals, distances, block types, block counts, and the + context map), the meta-block header contains the number of + uncompressed bytes coded in the meta-block and two additional + parameters used in the representation of match distances: the number + of postfix bits and the number of direct distance codes. + + A compressed meta-block may be marked in the header as the last meta- + block, which terminates the compressed stream. + + A meta-block may, instead, simply store the uncompressed data + directly as bytes on byte boundaries with no coding or matching + strings. In this case, the meta-block header information only + + + +Alakuijala & Szabadka Informational [Page 9] + +RFC 7932 Brotli July 2016 + + + contains the number of uncompressed bytes and the indication that the + meta-block is uncompressed. An uncompressed meta-block cannot be the + last meta-block. + + A meta-block may also be empty, which generates no uncompressed data + at all. An empty meta-block may contain metadata information as + bytes starting on byte boundaries, which are not part of either the + sliding window or the uncompressed data. Thus, these metadata bytes + cannot be used to create matching strings in subsequent meta-blocks + and are not used as context bytes for literals. + +3. Compressed Representation of Prefix Codes + +3.1. Introduction to Prefix Coding + + Prefix coding represents symbols from an a priori known alphabet by + bit sequences (codes), one code for each symbol, in a manner such + that different symbols may be represented by bit sequences of + different lengths, but a parser can always parse an encoded string + unambiguously symbol-by-symbol. + + We define a prefix code in terms of a binary tree in which the two + edges descending from each non-leaf node are labeled 0 and 1, and in + which the leaf nodes correspond one-for-one with (are labeled with) + the symbols of the alphabet. The code for a symbol is the sequence + of 0's and 1's on the edges leading from the root to the leaf labeled + with that symbol. For example: + + /\ Symbol Code + 0 1 ------ ---- + / \ A 00 + /\ B B 1 + 0 1 C 011 + / \ D 010 + A /\ + 0 1 + / \ + D C + + A parser can decode the next symbol from the compressed stream by + walking down the tree from the root, at each step choosing the edge + corresponding to the next compressed data bit. + + Given an alphabet with known symbol frequencies, the Huffman + algorithm allows the construction of an optimal prefix code (one that + represents strings with those symbol frequencies using the fewest + + + + + +Alakuijala & Szabadka Informational [Page 10] + +RFC 7932 Brotli July 2016 + + + bits of any possible prefix codes for that alphabet). Such a prefix + code is called a Huffman code. (See [HUFFMAN] for additional + information on Huffman codes.) + + In the brotli format, note that the prefix codes for the various + alphabets must not exceed certain maximum code lengths. This + constraint complicates the algorithm for computing code lengths from + symbol frequencies. Again, see [HUFFMAN] for details. + +3.2. Use of Prefix Coding in the Brotli Format + + The prefix codes used for each alphabet in the brotli format are + canonical prefix codes, which have two additional rules: + + * All codes of a given bit length have lexicographically + consecutive values, in the same order as the symbols they + represent; + + * Shorter codes lexicographically precede longer codes. + + We could recode the example above to follow this rule as follows, + assuming that the order of the alphabet is ABCD: + + Symbol Code + ------ ---- + A 10 + B 0 + C 110 + D 111 + + That is, 0 precedes 10, which precedes 11x, and 110 and 111 are + lexicographically consecutive. + + Given this rule, we can define the canonical prefix code for an + alphabet just by giving the bit lengths of the codes for each symbol + of the alphabet in order; this is sufficient to determine the actual + codes. In our example, the code is completely defined by the + sequence of bit lengths (2, 1, 3, 3). The following algorithm + generates the codes as integers, intended to be read from most to + least significant bit. The code lengths are initially in + tree[I].Len; the codes are produced in tree[I].Code. + + 1) Count the number of codes for each code length. Let + bl_count[N] be the number of codes of length N, N >= 1. + + + + + + + +Alakuijala & Szabadka Informational [Page 11] + +RFC 7932 Brotli July 2016 + + + 2) Find the numerical value of the smallest code for each code + length: + + code = 0; + bl_count[0] = 0; + for (bits = 1; bits <= MAX_BITS; bits++) { + code = (code + bl_count[bits-1]) << 1; + next_code[bits] = code; + } + + 3) Assign numerical values to all codes, using consecutive values + for all codes of the same length with the base values + determined at step 2. Codes that are never used (which have a + bit length of zero) must not be assigned a value. + + for (n = 0; n <= max_code; n++) { + len = tree[n].Len; + if (len != 0) { + tree[n].Code = next_code[len]; + next_code[len]++; + } + } + + + Example: + + Consider the alphabet ABCDEFGH, with bit lengths (3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 2, + 4, 4). After step 1, we have: + + N bl_count[N] + - ----------- + 2 1 + 3 5 + 4 2 + + Step 2 computes the following next_code values: + + N next_code[N] + - ------------ + 1 0 + 2 0 + 3 2 + 4 14 + + + + + + + + +Alakuijala & Szabadka Informational [Page 12] + +RFC 7932 Brotli July 2016 + + + Step 3 produces the following code values: + + Symbol Length Code + ------ ------ ---- + A 3 010 + B 3 011 + C 3 100 + D 3 101 + E 3 110 + F 2 00 + G 4 1110 + H 4 1111 + +3.3. Alphabet Sizes + + Prefix codes are used for different purposes in the brotli format, + and each purpose has a different alphabet size. For literal codes, + the alphabet size is 256. For insert-and-copy length codes, the + alphabet size is 704. For block count codes, the alphabet size is + 26. For distance codes, block type codes, and the prefix codes used + in compressing the context map, the alphabet size is dynamic and is + based on parameters defined in later sections. The following table + summarizes the alphabet sizes for the various prefix codes and the + sections of this document in which they are defined. + + +-----------------+-------------------------+------------+ + | Prefix Code | Alphabet Size | Definition | + +-----------------+-------------------------+------------+ + | literal | 256 | | + +-----------------+-------------------------+------------+ + | distance | 16 + NDIRECT + | Section 4 | + | | (48 << NPOSTFIX) | | + +-----------------+-------------------------+------------+ + | insert-and-copy | 704 | Section 5 | + | length | | | + +-----------------+-------------------------+------------+ + | block count | 26 | Section 6 | + +-----------------+-------------------------+------------+ + | block type | NBLTYPESx + 2, | Section 6 | + | | (where x is I, L, or D) | | + +-----------------+-------------------------+------------+ + | context map | NTREESx + RLEMAXx | Section 7 | + | | (where x is L or D) | | + +-----------------+-------------------------+------------+ + + + + + + + +Alakuijala & Szabadka Informational [Page 13] + +RFC 7932 Brotli July 2016 + + +3.4. Simple Prefix Codes + + The first two bits of the compressed representation of each prefix + code distinguish between simple and complex prefix codes. If this + value is 1, then a simple prefix code follows as described in this + section. Otherwise, a complex prefix code follows as described in + Section 3.5. + + A simple prefix code can have up to four symbols with non-zero code + length. The format of the simple prefix code is as follows: + + 2 bits: value of 1 indicates a simple prefix code + 2 bits: NSYM - 1, where NSYM = number of symbols coded + + NSYM symbols, each encoded using ALPHABET_BITS bits + + 1 bit: tree-select, present only for NSYM = 4 + + The value of ALPHABET_BITS depends on the alphabet of the prefix + code: it is the smallest number of bits that can represent all + symbols in the alphabet. For example, for the alphabet of literal + bytes, ALPHABET_BITS is 8. The value of each of the NSYM symbols + above is the value of the ALPHABET_BITS width integer value. If the + integer value is greater than or equal to the alphabet size, or the + value is identical to a previous value, then the stream should be + rejected as invalid. + + Note that the NSYM symbols may not be presented in sorted order. + Prefix codes of the same bit length must be assigned to the symbols + in sorted order. + + The (non-zero) code lengths of the symbols can be reconstructed as + follows: + + * if NSYM = 1, the code length for the one symbol is zero -- when + encoding this symbol in the compressed data stream using this + prefix code, no actual bits are emitted. Similarly, when + decoding a symbol using this prefix code, no bits are read and + the one symbol is returned. + + * if NSYM = 2, both symbols have code length 1. + + * if NSYM = 3, the code lengths for the symbols are 1, 2, 2 in + the order they appear in the representation of the simple + prefix code. + + + + + + +Alakuijala & Szabadka Informational [Page 14] + +RFC 7932 Brotli July 2016 + + + * if NSYM = 4, the code lengths (in order of symbols decoded) + depend on the tree-select bit: 2, 2, 2, 2 (tree-select bit 0), + or 1, 2, 3, 3 (tree-select bit 1). + +3.5. Complex Prefix Codes + + A complex prefix code is a canonical prefix code, defined by the + sequence of code lengths, as discussed in Section 3.2. For even + greater compactness, the code length sequences themselves are + compressed using a prefix code. The alphabet for code lengths is as + follows: + + 0..15: Represent code lengths of 0..15 + 16: Copy the previous non-zero code length 3..6 times. + The next 2 bits indicate repeat length + (0 = 3, ... , 3 = 6) + If this is the first code length, or all previous + code lengths are zero, a code length of 8 is + repeated 3..6 times. + A repeated code length code of 16 modifies the + repeat count of the previous one as follows: + repeat count = (4 * (repeat count - 2)) + + (3..6 on the next 2 bits) + Example: Codes 7, 16 (+2 bits 11), 16 (+2 bits 10) + will expand to 22 code lengths of 7 + (1 + 4 * (6 - 2) + 5) + 17: Repeat a code length of 0 for 3..10 times. + The next 3 bits indicate repeat length + (0 = 3, ... , 7 = 10) + A repeated code length code of 17 modifies the + repeat count of the previous one as follows: + repeat count = (8 * (repeat count - 2)) + + (3..10 on the next 3 bits) + + Note that a code of 16 that follows an immediately preceding 16 + modifies the previous repeat count, which becomes the new repeat + count. The same is true for a 17 following a 17. A sequence of + three or more 16 codes in a row or three of more 17 codes in a row is + possible, modifying the count each time. Only the final repeat count + is used. The modification only applies if the same code follows. A + 16 repeat does not modify an immediately preceding 17 count nor vice + versa. + + A code length of 0 indicates that the corresponding symbol in the + alphabet will not occur in the compressed data, and it should not + participate in the prefix code construction algorithm given earlier. + A complex prefix code must have at least two non-zero code lengths. + + + + +Alakuijala & Szabadka Informational [Page 15] + +RFC 7932 Brotli July 2016 + + + The bit lengths of the prefix code over the code length alphabet are + compressed with the following variable-length code (as it appears in + the compressed data, where the bits are parsed from right to left): + + Symbol Code + ------ ---- + 0 00 + 1 0111 + 2 011 + 3 10 + 4 01 + 5 1111 + + We can now define the format of the complex prefix code as follows: + + o 2 bits: HSKIP, the number of skipped code lengths, can have values + of 0, 2, or 3. The skipped lengths are taken to be zero. (An + HSKIP of 1 indicates a Simple prefix code.) + + o Code lengths for symbols in the code length alphabet given just + above, in the order: 1, 2, 3, 4, 0, 5, 17, 6, 16, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, + 12, 13, 14, 15. If HSKIP is 2, then the code lengths for symbols + 1 and 2 are zero, and the first code length is for symbol 3. If + HSKIP is 3, then the code length for symbol 3 is also zero, and + the first code length is for symbol 4. + + The code lengths of code length symbols are between 0 and 5, and + they are represented with 2..4 bits according to the variable- + length code above. A code length of 0 means the corresponding + code length symbol is not used. + + If HSKIP is 2 or 3, a respective number of leading code lengths + are implicit zeros and are not present in the code length sequence + above. + + If there are at least two non-zero code lengths, any trailing zero + code lengths are omitted, i.e., the last code length in the + sequence must be non-zero. In this case, the sum of (32 >> code + length) over all the non-zero code lengths must equal to 32. + + If the lengths have been read for the entire code length alphabet + and there was only one non-zero code length, then the prefix code + has one symbol whose code has zero length. In this case, that + symbol results in no bits being emitted by the compressor and no + bits consumed by the decompressor. That single symbol is + immediately returned when this code is decoded. An example of + where this occurs is if the entire code to be represented has + symbols of length 8. For example, a literal code that represents + + + +Alakuijala & Szabadka Informational [Page 16] + +RFC 7932 Brotli July 2016 + + + all literal values with equal probability. In this case the + single symbol is 16, which repeats the previous length. The + previous length is taken to be 8 before any code length code + lengths are read. + + o Sequence of code length symbols, which is at most the size of the + alphabet, encoded using the code length prefix code. Any trailing + 0 or 17 must be omitted, i.e., the last encoded code length symbol + must be between 1 and 16. The sum of (32768 >> code length) over + all the non-zero code lengths in the alphabet, including those + encoded using repeat code(s) of 16, must be equal to 32768. If + the number of times to repeat the previous length or repeat a zero + length would result in more lengths in total than the number of + symbols in the alphabet, then the stream should be rejected as + invalid. + +4. Encoding of Distances + + As described in Section 2, one component of a compressed meta-block + is a sequence of backward distances. In this section, we provide the + details to the encoding of distances. + + Each distance in the compressed data part of a meta-block is + represented with a pair <distance code, extra bits>. The distance + code and the extra bits are encoded back-to-back, the distance code + is encoded using a prefix code over the distance alphabet, while the + extra bits value is encoded as a fixed-width integer value. The + number of extra bits can be 0..24, and it is dependent on the + distance code. + + To convert a distance code and associated extra bits to a backward + distance, we need the sequence of past distances and two additional + parameters: the number of "postfix bits", denoted by NPOSTFIX (0..3), + and the number of direct distance codes, denoted by NDIRECT (0..120). + Both of these parameters are encoded in the meta-block header. We + will also use the following derived parameter: + + POSTFIX_MASK = (1 << NPOSTFIX) - 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Alakuijala & Szabadka Informational [Page 17] + +RFC 7932 Brotli July 2016 + + + The first 16 distance symbols are special symbols that reference past + distances as follows: + + 0: last distance + 1: second-to-last distance + 2: third-to-last distance + 3: fourth-to-last distance + 4: last distance - 1 + 5: last distance + 1 + 6: last distance - 2 + 7: last distance + 2 + 8: last distance - 3 + 9: last distance + 3 + 10: second-to-last distance - 1 + 11: second-to-last distance + 1 + 12: second-to-last distance - 2 + 13: second-to-last distance + 2 + 14: second-to-last distance - 3 + 15: second-to-last distance + 3 + + The ring buffer of the four last distances is initialized by the + values 16, 15, 11, and 4 (i.e., the fourth-to-last is set to 16, the + third-to-last to 15, the second-to-last to 11, and the last distance + to 4) at the beginning of the *stream* (as opposed to the beginning + of the meta-block), and it is not reset at meta-block boundaries. + When a distance symbol 0 appears, the distance it represents (i.e., + the last distance in the sequence of distances) is not pushed to the + ring buffer of last distances; in other words, the expression + "second-to-last distance" means the second-to-last distance that was + not represented by a 0 distance symbol (and similar for "third-to- + last distance" and "fourth-to-last distance"). Similarly, distances + that represent static dictionary words (see Section 8) are not pushed + to the ring buffer of last distances. + + If a special distance symbol resolves to a zero or negative value, + the stream should be rejected as invalid. + + If NDIRECT is greater than zero, then the next NDIRECT distance + symbols, from 16 to 15 + NDIRECT, represent distances from 1 to + NDIRECT. Neither the special distance symbols nor the NDIRECT direct + distance symbols are followed by any extra bits. + + Distance symbols 16 + NDIRECT and greater all have extra bits, where + the number of extra bits for a distance symbol "dcode" is given by + the following formula: + + ndistbits = 1 + ((dcode - NDIRECT - 16) >> (NPOSTFIX + 1)) + + + + +Alakuijala & Szabadka Informational [Page 18] + +RFC 7932 Brotli July 2016 + + + The maximum number of extra bits is 24; therefore, the size of the + distance symbol alphabet is (16 + NDIRECT + (48 << NPOSTFIX)). + + Given a distance symbol "dcode" (>= 16 + NDIRECT), and extra bits + "dextra", the backward distance is given by the following formula: + + hcode = (dcode - NDIRECT - 16) >> NPOSTFIX + lcode = (dcode - NDIRECT - 16) & POSTFIX_MASK + offset = ((2 + (hcode & 1)) << ndistbits) - 4 + distance = ((offset + dextra) << NPOSTFIX) + lcode + NDIRECT + 1 + +5. Encoding of Literal Insertion Lengths and Copy Lengths + + As described in Section 2, the literal insertion lengths and backward + copy lengths are encoded using a single prefix code. This section + provides the details to this encoding. + + Each <insertion length, copy length> pair in the compressed data part + of a meta-block is represented with the following triplet: + + <insert-and-copy length code, insert extra bits, copy extra bits> + + The insert-and-copy length code, the insert extra bits, and the copy + extra bits are encoded back-to-back, the insert-and-copy length code + is encoded using a prefix code over the insert-and-copy length code + alphabet, while the extra bits values are encoded as fixed-width + integer values. The number of insert and copy extra bits can be + 0..24, and they are dependent on the insert-and-copy length code. + + Some of the insert-and-copy length codes also express the fact that + the distance symbol of the distance in the same command is 0, i.e., + the distance component of the command is the same as that of the + previous command. In this case, the distance code and extra bits for + the distance are omitted from the compressed data stream. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Alakuijala & Szabadka Informational [Page 19] + +RFC 7932 Brotli July 2016 + + + We describe the insert-and-copy length code alphabet in terms of the + (not directly used) insert length code and copy length code + alphabets. The symbols of the insert length code alphabet, along + with the number of insert extra bits, and the range of the insert + lengths are as follows: + + Extra Extra Extra + Code Bits Lengths Code Bits Lengths Code Bits Lengths + ---- ---- ------- ---- ---- ------- ---- ---- ------- + 0 0 0 8 2 10..13 16 6 130..193 + 1 0 1 9 2 14..17 17 7 194..321 + 2 0 2 10 3 18..25 18 8 322..577 + 3 0 3 11 3 26..33 19 9 578..1089 + 4 0 4 12 4 34..49 20 10 1090..2113 + 5 0 5 13 4 50..65 21 12 2114..6209 + 6 1 6,7 14 5 66..97 22 14 6210..22593 + 7 1 8,9 15 5 98..129 23 24 22594..16799809 + + The symbols of the copy length code alphabet, along with the number + of copy extra bits, and the range of copy lengths are as follows: + + Extra Extra Extra + Code Bits Lengths Code Bits Lengths Code Bits Lengths + ---- ---- ------- ---- ---- ------- ---- ---- ------- + 0 0 2 8 1 10,11 16 5 70..101 + 1 0 3 9 1 12,13 17 5 102..133 + 2 0 4 10 2 14..17 18 6 134..197 + 3 0 5 11 2 18..21 19 7 198..325 + 4 0 6 12 3 22..29 20 8 326..581 + 5 0 7 13 3 30..37 21 9 582..1093 + 6 0 8 14 4 38..53 22 10 1094..2117 + 7 0 9 15 4 54..69 23 24 2118..16779333 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Alakuijala & Szabadka Informational [Page 20] + +RFC 7932 Brotli July 2016 + + + To convert an insert-and-copy length code to an insert length code + and a copy length code, the following table can be used: + + Insert + length Copy length code + code 0..7 8..15 16..23 + +----------+----------+ + | | | + 0..7 | 0..63 | 64..127 | <--- distance symbol 0 + | | | + +----------+----------+----------+ + | | | | + 0..7 | 128..191 | 192..255 | 384..447 | + | | | | + +----------+----------+----------+ + | | | | + 8..15 | 256..319 | 320..383 | 512..575 | + | | | | + +----------+----------+----------+ + | | | | + 16..23 | 448..511 | 576..639 | 640..703 | + | | | | + +----------+----------+----------+ + + First, look up the cell with the 64 value range containing the + insert-and-copy length code; this gives the insert length code and + the copy length code ranges, both 8 values long. The copy length + code within its range is determined by bits 0..2 (counted from the + lsb) of the insert-and-copy length code. The insert length code + within its range is determined by bits 3..5 (counted from the lsb) of + the insert-and-copy length code. Given the insert length and copy + length codes, the actual insert and copy lengths can be obtained by + reading the number of extra bits given by the tables above. + + If the insert-and-copy length code is between 0 and 127, the distance + code of the command is set to zero (the last distance reused). + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Alakuijala & Szabadka Informational [Page 21] + +RFC 7932 Brotli July 2016 + + +6. Encoding of Block-Switch Commands + + As described in Section 2, a block-switch command is a pair <block + type, block count>. These are encoded in the compressed data part of + the meta-block, right before the start of each new block of a + particular block category. + + Each block type in the compressed data is represented with a block + type code, encoded using a prefix code over the block type code + alphabet. A block type symbol 0 means that the new block type is the + same as the type of the previous block from the same block category, + i.e., the block type that preceded the current type, while a block + type symbol 1 means that the new block type equals the current block + type plus one. If the current block type is the maximal possible, + then a block type symbol of 1 results in wrapping to a new block type + of 0. Block type symbols 2..257 represent block types 0..255, + respectively. The previous and current block types are initialized + to 1 and 0, respectively, at the end of the meta-block header. + + Since the first block type of each block category is 0, the block + type of the first block-switch command is not encoded in the + compressed data. If a block category has only one block type, the + block count of the first block-switch command is also omitted from + the compressed data; otherwise, it is encoded in the meta-block + header. + + Since the end of the meta-block is detected by the number of + uncompressed bytes produced, the block counts for any of the three + categories need not count down to exactly zero at the end of the + meta-block. + + The number of different block types in each block category, denoted + by NBLTYPESL, NBLTYPESI, and NBLTYPESD for literals, insert-and-copy + lengths, and distances, respectively, is encoded in the meta-block + header, and it must equal to the largest block type plus one in that + block category. In other words, the set of literal, insert-and-copy + length, and distance block types must be [0..NBLTYPESL-1], + [0..NBLTYPESI-1], and [0..NBLTYPESD-1], respectively. From this it + follows that the alphabet size of literal, insert-and-copy length, + and distance block type codes is NBLTYPESL + 2, NBLTYPESI + 2, and + NBLTYPESD + 2, respectively. + + Each block count in the compressed data is represented with a pair + <block count code, extra bits>. The block count code and the extra + bits are encoded back-to-back, the block count code is encoded using + a prefix code over the block count code alphabet, while the extra + bits value is encoded as a fixed-width integer value. The number of + extra bits can be 0..24, and it is dependent on the block count code. + + + +Alakuijala & Szabadka Informational [Page 22] + +RFC 7932 Brotli July 2016 + + + The symbols of the block count code alphabet along with the number of + extra bits and the range of block counts are as follows: + + Extra Extra Extra + Code Bits Lengths Code Bits Lengths Code Bits Lengths + ---- ---- ------- ---- ---- ------- ---- ---- ------- + 0 2 1..4 9 4 65..80 18 7 369..496 + 1 2 5..8 10 4 81..96 19 8 497..752 + 2 2 9..12 11 4 97..112 20 9 753..1264 + 3 2 13..16 12 5 113..144 21 10 1265..2288 + 4 3 17..24 13 5 145..176 22 11 2289..4336 + 5 3 25..32 14 5 177..208 23 12 4337..8432 + 6 3 33..40 15 5 209..240 24 13 8433..16624 + 7 3 41..48 16 6 241..304 25 24 16625..16793840 + 8 4 49..64 17 6 305..368 + + The first block-switch command of each block category is special in + the sense that it is encoded in the meta-block header, and as + described earlier, the block type code is omitted since it is an + implicit zero. + +7. Context Modeling + + As described in Section 2, the prefix tree used to encode a literal + byte or a distance code depends on the block type and the context ID. + This section specifies how to compute the context ID for a particular + literal and distance code and how to encode the context map that maps + a <block type, context ID> pair to the index of a prefix code in the + array of literal and distance prefix codes. + +7.1. Context Modes and Context ID Lookup for Literals + + The context for encoding the next literal is defined by the last two + bytes in the stream (p1, p2, where p1 is the most recent byte), + regardless of whether these bytes are produced by uncompressed meta- + blocks, backward references, static dictionary references, or by + literal insertions. At the start of the stream, p1 and p2 are + initialized to zero. + + There are four methods, called context modes, to compute the Context + ID: + + * LSB6, where the Context ID is the value of six least + significant bits of p1, + + * MSB6, where the Context ID is the value of six most significant + bits of p1, + + + + +Alakuijala & Szabadka Informational [Page 23] + +RFC 7932 Brotli July 2016 + + + * UTF8, where the Context ID is a complex function of p1, p2, + optimized for text compression, and + + * Signed, where Context ID is a complex function of p1, p2, + optimized for compressing sequences of signed integers. + + The Context ID for the UTF8 and Signed context modes is computed + using the following lookup tables Lut0, Lut1, and Lut2. + + Lut0 := + 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 4, 4, 0, 0, 4, 0, 0, + 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, + 8, 12, 16, 12, 12, 20, 12, 16, 24, 28, 12, 12, 32, 12, 36, 12, + 44, 44, 44, 44, 44, 44, 44, 44, 44, 44, 32, 32, 24, 40, 28, 12, + 12, 48, 52, 52, 52, 48, 52, 52, 52, 48, 52, 52, 52, 52, 52, 48, + 52, 52, 52, 52, 52, 48, 52, 52, 52, 52, 52, 24, 12, 28, 12, 12, + 12, 56, 60, 60, 60, 56, 60, 60, 60, 56, 60, 60, 60, 60, 60, 56, + 60, 60, 60, 60, 60, 56, 60, 60, 60, 60, 60, 24, 12, 28, 12, 0, + 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, + 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, + 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, + 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, + 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, + 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, + 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, + 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3 + + Lut1 := + 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, + 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, + 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, + 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, + 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, + 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, + 1, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, + 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, + 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, + 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, + 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, + 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, + 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, + 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, + 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, + 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 + + + + + + + +Alakuijala & Szabadka Informational [Page 24] + +RFC 7932 Brotli July 2016 + + + Lut2 := + 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, + 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, + 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, + 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, + 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, + 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, + 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, + 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, + 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, + 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, + 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, + 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, + 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, + 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, + 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, + 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7 + + The lengths and the CRC-32 check values (see Appendix C) of each of + these tables as a sequence of bytes are as follows: + + Table Length CRC-32 + ----- ------ ------ + Lut0 256 0x8e91efb7 + Lut1 256 0xd01a32f4 + Lut2 256 0x0dd7a0d6 + + Given p1 is the last uncompressed byte and p2 is the second-to-last + uncompressed byte, the context IDs can be computed as follows: + + For LSB6: Context ID = p1 & 0x3f + For MSB6: Context ID = p1 >> 2 + For UTF8: Context ID = Lut0[p1] | Lut1[p2] + For Signed: Context ID = (Lut2[p1] << 3) | Lut2[p2] + + From the lookup tables defined above and the operations to compute + the context IDs, we can see that context IDs for literals are in the + range of 0..63. + + The context modes LSB6, MSB6, UTF8, and Signed are denoted by + integers 0, 1, 2, 3. + + A context mode is defined for each literal block type and they are + stored in a consecutive array of bits in the meta-block header, + always two bits per block type. + + + + + + +Alakuijala & Szabadka Informational [Page 25] + +RFC 7932 Brotli July 2016 + + +7.2. Context ID for Distances + + The context for encoding a distance code is defined by the copy + length corresponding to the distance. The context IDs are 0, 1, 2, + and 3 for copy lengths 2, 3, 4, and more than 4, respectively. + +7.3. Encoding of the Context Map + + There are two context maps, one for literals and one for distances. + The size of the context map is 64 * NBLTYPESL for literals, and 4 * + NBLTYPESD for distances. Each value in the context map is an integer + between 0 and 255, indicating the index of the prefix code to be used + when encoding the next literal or distance. + + The context maps are two-dimensional matrices, encoded as one- + dimensional arrays: + + CMAPL[0..(64 * NBLTYPESL - 1)] + CMAPD[0..(4 * NBLTYPESD - 1)] + + The index of the prefix code for encoding a literal or distance code + with block type, BTYPE_x, and context ID, CIDx, is: + + index of literal prefix code = CMAPL[64 * BTYPE_L + CIDL] + index of distance prefix code = CMAPD[4 * BTYPE_D + CIDD] + + The values of the context map are encoded with the combination of run + length encoding for zero values and prefix coding. Let RLEMAX denote + the number of run length codes and NTREES denote the maximum value in + the context map plus one. NTREES must equal the number of different + values in the context map; in other words, the different values in + the context map must be the [0..NTREES-1] interval. The alphabet of + the prefix code has the following RLEMAX + NTREES symbols: + + 0: value zero + 1: repeat a zero 2 to 3 times, read 1 bit for repeat length + 2: repeat a zero 4 to 7 times, read 2 bits for repeat length + ... + RLEMAX: repeat a zero (1 << RLEMAX) to (1 << (RLEMAX+1))-1 + times, read RLEMAX bits for repeat length + RLEMAX + 1: value 1 + ... + RLEMAX + NTREES - 1: value NTREES - 1 + + + + + + + + +Alakuijala & Szabadka Informational [Page 26] + +RFC 7932 Brotli July 2016 + + + If RLEMAX = 0, the run length coding is not used and the symbols of + the alphabet are directly the values in the context map. We can now + define the format of the context map (the same format is used for + literal and distance context maps): + + 1..5 bits: RLEMAX, 0 is encoded with one 0 bit, and values 1..16 + are encoded with bit pattern xxxx1 (so 01001 is 5) + + Prefix code with alphabet size NTREES + RLEMAX + + Context map size values encoded with the above prefix code and run + length coding for zero values. If a run length would result in + more lengths in total than the size of the context map, then + the stream should be rejected as invalid. + + 1 bit: IMTF bit, if set, we do an inverse move-to-front transform + on the values in the context map to get the prefix code + indexes. + + Note that RLEMAX may be larger than the value necessary to represent + the longest sequence of zero values. Also, the NTREES value is + encoded right before the context map as described in Section 9.2. + + We define the inverse move-to-front transform used in this + specification by the following C language function: + + void InverseMoveToFrontTransform(uint8_t* v, int v_len) { + uint8_t mtf[256]; + int i; + for (i = 0; i < 256; ++i) { + mtf[i] = (uint8_t)i; + } + for (i = 0; i < v_len; ++i) { + uint8_t index = v[i]; + uint8_t value = mtf[index]; + v[i] = value; + for (; index; --index) { + mtf[index] = mtf[index - 1]; + } + mtf[0] = value; + } + } + + Note that the inverse move-to-front transform will not produce values + outside the [0..NTREES-1] interval. + + + + + + +Alakuijala & Szabadka Informational [Page 27] + +RFC 7932 Brotli July 2016 + + +8. Static Dictionary + + At any given point during decoding the compressed data, a reference + to a duplicated string in the uncompressed data produced so far has a + maximum backward distance value, which is the minimum of the window + size and the number of uncompressed bytes produced. However, + decoding a distance from the compressed stream, as described in + Section 4, can produce distances that are greater than this maximum + allowed value. In this case, the distance is treated as a reference + to a word in the static dictionary given in Appendix A. The copy + length for a static dictionary reference must be between 4 and 24. + The static dictionary has three parts: + + * DICT[0..DICTSIZE], an array of bytes + * DOFFSET[0..24], an array of byte-offset values for each length + * NDBITS[0..24], an array of bit-depth values for each length + + The number of static dictionary words for a given length is: + + NWORDS[length] = 0 (if length < 4) + NWORDS[length] = (1 << NDBITS[length]) (if length >= 4) + + DOFFSET and DICTSIZE are defined by the following recursion: + + DOFFSET[0] = 0 + DOFFSET[length + 1] = DOFFSET[length] + length * NWORDS[length] + DICTSIZE = DOFFSET[24] + 24 * NWORDS[24] + + The offset of a word within the DICT array for a given length and + index is: + + offset(length, index) = DOFFSET[length] + index * length + + Each static dictionary word has 121 different forms, given by + applying a word transformation to a base word in the DICT array. The + list of word transformations is given in Appendix B. The static + dictionary word for a <length, distance> pair can be reconstructed as + follows: + + word_id = distance - (max allowed distance + 1) + index = word_id % NWORDS[length] + base_word = DICT[offset(length, index)..offset(length, index+1)-1] + transform_id = word_id >> NDBITS[length] + + The string copied to the uncompressed stream is computed by applying + the transformation to the base dictionary word. If transform_id is + greater than 120, or the length is smaller than 4 or greater than 24, + then the compressed stream should be rejected as invalid. + + + +Alakuijala & Szabadka Informational [Page 28] + +RFC 7932 Brotli July 2016 + + + Each word transformation has the following form: + + transform_i(word) = prefix_i + T_i(word) + suffix_i + + where the _i subscript denotes the transform_id above. Each T_i is + one of the following 21 elementary transforms: + + Identity, FermentFirst, FermentAll, + OmitFirst1, ..., OmitFirst9, OmitLast1, ..., OmitLast9 + + The form of these elementary transforms is as follows: + + Identity(word) = word + + FermentFirst(word) = see below + + FermentAll(word) = see below + + OmitFirstk(word) = the last (length(word) - k) bytes of word, or + empty string if length(word) < k + + OmitLastk(word) = the first (length(word) - k) bytes of word, or + empty string if length(word) < k + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Alakuijala & Szabadka Informational [Page 29] + +RFC 7932 Brotli July 2016 + + + We define the FermentFirst and FermentAll transforms used in this + specification by the following C language functions: + + int Ferment(uint8_t* word, int word_len, int pos) { + if (word[pos] < 192) { + if (word[pos] >= 97 and word[pos] <= 122) { + word[pos] = word[pos] ^ 32; + } + return 1; + } else if (word[pos] < 224) { + if (pos + 1 < word_len) { + word[pos + 1] = word[pos + 1] ^ 32; + } + return 2; + } else { + if (pos + 2 < word_len) { + word[pos + 2] = word[pos + 2] ^ 5; + } + return 3; + } + } + + void FermentFirst(uint8_t* word, int word_len) { + if (word_len > 0) { + Ferment(word, word_len, 0); + } + } + + void FermentAll(uint8_t* word, int word_len) { + int i = 0; + while (i < word_len) { + i += Ferment(word, word_len, i); + } + } + + Appendix B contains the list of transformations by specifying the + prefix, elementary transform and suffix components of each of them. + Note that the OmitFirst8 elementary transform is not used in the list + of transformations. The strings in Appendix B are in C-string format + with respect to escape (backslash) characters. + + The maximum number of additional bytes that a transform may add to a + base word is 13. Since the largest base word is 24 bytes long, a + buffer of 38 bytes is sufficient to store any transformed words + (counting a terminating zero byte). + + + + + + +Alakuijala & Szabadka Informational [Page 30] + +RFC 7932 Brotli July 2016 + + +9. Compressed Data Format + + In this section, we describe the format of the compressed data set in + terms of the format of the individual data items described in the + previous sections. + +9.1. Format of the Stream Header + + The stream header has only the following one field: + + 1..7 bits: WBITS, a value in the range 10..24, encoded with the + following variable-length code (as it appears in the + compressed data, where the bits are parsed from right + to left): + + Value Bit Pattern + ----- ----------- + 10 0100001 + 11 0110001 + 12 1000001 + 13 1010001 + 14 1100001 + 15 1110001 + 16 0 + 17 0000001 + 18 0011 + 19 0101 + 20 0111 + 21 1001 + 22 1011 + 23 1101 + 24 1111 + + Note that bit pattern 0010001 is invalid and must not + be used. + + The size of the sliding window, which is the maximum value of any + non-dictionary reference backward distance, is given by the following + formula: + + window size = (1 << WBITS) - 16 + + + + + + + + + + +Alakuijala & Szabadka Informational [Page 31] + +RFC 7932 Brotli July 2016 + + +9.2. Format of the Meta-Block Header + + A compliant compressed data set has at least one meta-block. Each + meta-block contains a header with information about the uncompressed + length of the meta-block, and a bit signaling if the meta-block is + the last one. The format of the meta-block header is the following: + + 1 bit: ISLAST, set to 1 if this is the last meta-block + + 1 bit: ISLASTEMPTY, if set to 1, the meta-block is empty; this + field is only present if ISLAST bit is set -- if it is 1, + then the meta-block and the brotli stream ends at that + bit, with any remaining bits in the last byte of the + compressed stream filled with zeros (if the fill bits are + not zero, then the stream should be rejected as invalid) + + 2 bits: MNIBBLES, number of nibbles to represent the uncompressed + length, encoded with the following fixed-length code: + + Value Bit Pattern + ----- ----------- + 0 11 + 4 00 + 5 01 + 6 10 + + If MNIBBLES is 0, the meta-block is empty, i.e., it does + not generate any uncompressed data. In this case, the + rest of the meta-block has the following format: + + 1 bit: reserved, must be zero + + 2 bits: MSKIPBYTES, number of bytes to represent + metadata length + + MSKIPBYTES * 8 bits: MSKIPLEN - 1, where MSKIPLEN is + the number of metadata bytes; this field is + only present if MSKIPBYTES is positive; + otherwise, MSKIPLEN is 0 (if MSKIPBYTES is + greater than 1, and the last byte is all + zeros, then the stream should be rejected as + invalid) + + 0..7 bits: fill bits until the next byte boundary, + must be all zeros + + MSKIPLEN bytes of metadata, not part of the + uncompressed data or the sliding window + + + +Alakuijala & Szabadka Informational [Page 32] + +RFC 7932 Brotli July 2016 + + + MNIBBLES * 4 bits: MLEN - 1, where MLEN is the length of the meta- + block uncompressed data in bytes (if MNIBBLES is greater + than 4, and the last nibble is all zeros, then the stream + should be rejected as invalid) + + 1 bit: ISUNCOMPRESSED, if set to 1, any bits of compressed data + up to the next byte boundary are ignored, and the rest of + the meta-block contains MLEN bytes of literal data; this + field is only present if the ISLAST bit is not set (if the + ignored bits are not all zeros, the stream should be + rejected as invalid) + + 1..11 bits: NBLTYPESL, number of literal block types, encoded with + the following variable-length code (as it appears in the + compressed data, where the bits are parsed from right to + left, so 0110111 has the value 12): + + Value Bit Pattern + ----- ----------- + 1 0 + 2 0001 + 3..4 x0011 + 5..8 xx0101 + 9..16 xxx0111 + 17..32 xxxx1001 + 33..64 xxxxx1011 + 65..128 xxxxxx1101 + 129..256 xxxxxxx1111 + + Prefix code over the block type code alphabet for literal block + types, appears only if NBLTYPESL >= 2 + + Prefix code over the block count code alphabet for literal + block counts, appears only if NBLTYPESL >= 2 + + Block count code + extra bits for first literal block count, + appears only if NBLTYPESL >= 2 + + 1..11 bits: NBLTYPESI, number of insert-and-copy block types, + encoded with the same variable-length code as above + + Prefix code over the block type code alphabet for insert-and- + copy block types, appears only if NBLTYPESI >= 2 + + Prefix code over the block count code alphabet for insert-and- + copy block counts, appears only if NBLTYPESI >= 2 + + + + + +Alakuijala & Szabadka Informational [Page 33] + +RFC 7932 Brotli July 2016 + + + Block count code + extra bits for first insert-and-copy block + count, appears only if NBLTYPESI >= 2 + + 1..11 bits: NBLTYPESD, number of distance block types, encoded + with the same variable-length code as above + + Prefix code over the block type code alphabet for distance + block types, appears only if NBLTYPESD >= 2 + + Prefix code over the block count code alphabet for distance + block counts, appears only if NBLTYPESD >= 2 + + Block count code + extra bits for first distance block count, + appears only if NBLTYPESD >= 2 + + 2 bits: NPOSTFIX, parameter used in the distance coding + + 4 bits: four most significant bits of NDIRECT, to get the actual + value of the parameter NDIRECT, left-shift this four-bit + number by NPOSTFIX bits + + NBLTYPESL * 2 bits: context mode for each literal block type + + 1..11 bits: NTREESL, number of literal prefix trees, encoded with + the same variable-length code as NBLTYPESL + + Literal context map, encoded as described in Section 7.3, + appears only if NTREESL >= 2; otherwise, the context map has + only zero values + + 1..11 bits: NTREESD, number of distance prefix trees, encoded with + the same variable-length code as NBLTYPESD + + Distance context map, encoded as described in Section 7.3, + appears only if NTREESD >= 2; otherwise, the context map has + only zero values + + NTREESL prefix codes for literals + + NBLTYPESI prefix codes for insert-and-copy lengths + + NTREESD prefix codes for distances + + + + + + + + + +Alakuijala & Szabadka Informational [Page 34] + +RFC 7932 Brotli July 2016 + + +9.3. Format of the Meta-Block Data + + The compressed data part of a meta-block consists of a series of + commands. Each command has the following format: + + Block type code for next insert-and-copy block type, appears only + if NBLTYPESI >= 2 and the previous insert-and-copy block count + is zero + + Block count code + extra bits for next insert-and-copy block + count, appears only if NBLTYPESI >= 2 and the previous insert- + and-copy block count is zero + + Insert-and-copy length, encoded as in Section 5, using the insert- + and-copy length prefix code with the current insert-and-copy + block type index + + Insert length number of literals, with the following format: + + Block type code for next literal block type, appears only if + NBLTYPESL >= 2 and the previous literal block count is zero + + Block count code + extra bits for next literal block count, + appears only if NBLTYPESL >= 2 and the previous literal + block count is zero + + Next byte of the uncompressed data, encoded with the literal + prefix code with the index determined by the previous two + bytes of the uncompressed data, the current literal block + type, and the context map, as described in Section 7.3 + + Block type code for next distance block type, appears only if + NBLTYPESD >= 2 and the previous distance block count is zero + + Block count code + extra bits for next distance block count, + appears only if NBLTYPESD >= 2 and the previous distance block + count is zero + + Distance code, encoded as in Section 4, using the distance prefix + code with the index determined by the copy length, the current + distance block type, and the distance context map, as described + in Section 7.3, appears only if the distance code is not an + implicit 0, as indicated by the insert-and-copy length code + + + + + + + + +Alakuijala & Szabadka Informational [Page 35] + +RFC 7932 Brotli July 2016 + + + The number of commands in the meta-block is such that the sum of the + uncompressed bytes produced (i.e., the number of literals inserted + plus the number of bytes copied from past data or generated from the + static dictionary) over all the commands gives the uncompressed + length, MLEN encoded in the meta-block header. + + If the total number of uncompressed bytes produced after the insert + part of the last command equals MLEN, then the copy length of the + last command is ignored and will not produce any uncompressed output. + In this case, the copy length of the last command can have any value. + In any other case, if the number of literals to insert, the copy + length, or the resulting dictionary word length would cause MLEN to + be exceeded, then the stream should be rejected as invalid. + + If the last command of the last non-empty meta-block does not end on + a byte boundary, the unused bits in the last byte must be zeros. + +10. Decoding Algorithm + + The decoding algorithm that produces the uncompressed data is as + follows: + + read window size + do + read ISLAST bit + if ISLAST + read ISLASTEMPTY bit + if ISLASTEMPTY + break from loop + read MNIBBLES + if MNIBBLES is zero + verify reserved bit is zero + read MSKIPLEN + skip any bits up to the next byte boundary + skip MSKIPLEN bytes + continue to the next meta-block + else + read MLEN + if not ISLAST + read ISUNCOMPRESSED bit + if ISUNCOMPRESSED + skip any bits up to the next byte boundary + copy MLEN bytes of compressed data as literals + continue to the next meta-block + + + + + + + +Alakuijala & Szabadka Informational [Page 36] + +RFC 7932 Brotli July 2016 + + + loop for each three block categories (i = L, I, D) + read NBLTYPESi + if NBLTYPESi >= 2 + read prefix code for block types, HTREE_BTYPE_i + read prefix code for block counts, HTREE_BLEN_i + read block count, BLEN_i + set block type, BTYPE_i to 0 + initialize second-to-last and last block types to 0 and 1 + else + set block type, BTYPE_i to 0 + set block count, BLEN_i to 16777216 + read NPOSTFIX and NDIRECT + read array of literal context modes, CMODE[] + read NTREESL + if NTREESL >= 2 + read literal context map, CMAPL[] + else + fill CMAPL[] with zeros + read NTREESD + if NTREESD >= 2 + read distance context map, CMAPD[] + else + fill CMAPD[] with zeros + read array of literal prefix codes, HTREEL[] + read array of insert-and-copy length prefix codes, HTREEI[] + read array of distance prefix codes, HTREED[] + do + if BLEN_I is zero + read block type using HTREE_BTYPE_I and set BTYPE_I + save previous block type + read block count using HTREE_BLEN_I and set BLEN_I + decrement BLEN_I + read insert-and-copy length symbol using HTREEI[BTYPE_I] + compute insert length, ILEN, and copy length, CLEN + loop for ILEN + if BLEN_L is zero + read block type using HTREE_BTYPE_L and set BTYPE_L + save previous block type + read block count using HTREE_BLEN_L and set BLEN_L + decrement BLEN_L + look up context mode CMODE[BTYPE_L] + compute context ID, CIDL from last two uncompressed bytes + read literal using HTREEL[CMAPL[64*BTYPE_L + CIDL]] + write literal to uncompressed stream + if number of uncompressed bytes produced in the loop for + this meta-block is MLEN, then break from loop (in this + case the copy length is ignored and can have any value) + + + + +Alakuijala & Szabadka Informational [Page 37] + +RFC 7932 Brotli July 2016 + + + if distance code is implicit zero from insert-and-copy code + set backward distance to the last distance + else + if BLEN_D is zero + read block type using HTREE_BTYPE_D and set BTYPE_D + save previous block type + read block count using HTREE_BLEN_D and set BLEN_D + decrement BLEN_D + compute context ID, CIDD from CLEN + read distance code using HTREED[CMAPD[4*BTYPE_D + CIDD]] + compute distance by distance short code substitution + if distance code is not zero, + and distance is not a static dictionary reference, + push distance to the ring buffer of last distances + if distance is less than the max allowed distance plus one + move backwards distance bytes in the uncompressed data, + and copy CLEN bytes from this position to + the uncompressed stream + else + look up the static dictionary word, transform the word as + directed, and copy the result to the uncompressed stream + while number of uncompressed bytes for this meta-block < MLEN + while not ISLAST + + If the stream ends before the completion of the last meta-block, then + the stream should be rejected as invalid. + + Note that a duplicated string reference may refer to a string in a + previous meta-block, i.e., the backward distance may cross one or + more meta-block boundaries. However, a backward copy distance will + not refer past the beginning of the uncompressed stream or the window + size; any such distance is interpreted as a reference to a static + dictionary word. Also, note that the referenced string may overlap + the current position, for example, if the last 2 bytes decoded have + values X and Y, a string reference with <length = 5, distance = 2> + adds X,Y,X,Y,X to the uncompressed stream. + +11. Considerations for Compressor Implementations + + Since the intent of this document is to define the brotli compressed + data format without reference to any particular compression + algorithm, the material in this section is not part of the definition + of the format, and a compressor need not follow it in order to be + compliant. + + + + + + + +Alakuijala & Szabadka Informational [Page 38] + +RFC 7932 Brotli July 2016 + + +11.1. Trivial Compressor + + In this section, we present a very simple algorithm that produces a + valid brotli stream representing an arbitrary sequence of + uncompressed bytes in the form of the following C++ language + function. + + string BrotliCompressTrivial(const string& u) { + if (u.empty()) { + return string(1, 6); + } + int i; + string c; + c.append(1, 12); + for (i = 0; i + 65535 < u.size(); i += 65536) { + c.append(1, 248); + c.append(1, 255); + c.append(1, 15); + c.append(&u[i], 65536); + } + if (i < u.size()) { + int r = u.size() - i - 1; + c.append(1, (r & 31) << 3); + c.append(1, r >> 5); + c.append(1, 8 + (r >> 13)); + c.append(&u[i], r + 1); + } + c.append(1, 3); + return c; + } + + Note that this simple algorithm does not actually compress data, that + is, the brotli representation will always be bigger than the + original, but it shows that every sequence of N uncompressed bytes + can be represented with a valid brotli stream that is not longer than + N + (3 * (N >> 16) + 5) bytes. + +11.2. Aligning Compressed Meta-Blocks to Byte Boundaries + + As described in Section 9, only those meta-blocks that immediately + follow an uncompressed meta-block or a metadata meta-block are + guaranteed to start on a byte boundary. In some applications, it + might be required that every non-metadata meta-block starts on a byte + boundary. This can be achieved by appending an empty metadata meta- + block after every non-metadata meta-block that does not end on a byte + boundary. + + + + + +Alakuijala & Szabadka Informational [Page 39] + +RFC 7932 Brotli July 2016 + + +11.3. Creating Self-Contained Parts within the Compressed Data + + In some encoder implementations, it might be required to make a + sequence of bytes within a brotli stream self-contained, that is, + such that they can be decompressed independently from previous parts + of the compressed data. This is a useful feature for three reasons. + First, if a large compressed file is damaged, it is possible to + recover some of the file after the damage. Second, it is useful when + doing differential transfer of compressed data. If a sequence of + uncompressed bytes is unchanged and compressed independently from + previous data, then the compressed representation may also be + unchanged and can therefore be transferred very cheaply. Third, if + sequences of uncompressed bytes are compressed independently, it + allows for parallel compression of these byte sequences within the + same file, in addition to parallel compression of multiple files. + + Given two sequences of uncompressed bytes, U0 and U1, we will now + describe how to create two sequences of compressed bytes, C0 and C1, + such that the concatenation of C0 and C1 is a valid brotli stream, + and that C0 and C1 (together with the first byte of C0 that contains + the window size) can be decompressed independently from each other to + U0 and U1. + + When compressing the byte sequence U0 to produce C0, we can use any + compressor that works on the complete set of uncompressed bytes U0, + with the following two changes. First, the ISLAST bit of the last + meta-block of C0 must not be set. Second, C0 must end at a byte- + boundary, which can be ensured by appending an empty metadata meta- + block to it, as in Section 11.2. + + When compressing the byte sequence U1 to produce C1, we can use any + compressor that starts a new meta-block at the beginning of U1 within + the U0+U1 input stream, with the following two changes. First, + backward distances in C1 must not refer to static dictionary words or + uncompressed bytes in U0. Even if a sequence of bytes in U1 would + match a static dictionary word, or a sequence of bytes that overlaps + U0, the compressor must represent this sequence of bytes with a + combination of literal insertions and backward references to bytes in + U1 instead. Second, the ring buffer of last four distances must be + replenished first with distances in C1 before using it to encode + other distances in C1. Note that both compressors producing C0 and + C1 have to use the same window size, but the stream header is emitted + only by the compressor that produces C0. + + Note that this method can be easily generalized to more than two + sequences of uncompressed bytes. + + + + + +Alakuijala & Szabadka Informational [Page 40] + +RFC 7932 Brotli July 2016 + + +12. Security Considerations + + As with any compressed file formats, decompressor implementations + should handle all compressed data byte sequences, not only those that + conform to this specification, where non-conformant compressed data + sequences should be rejected as invalid. + + A possible attack against a system containing a decompressor + implementation (e.g., a web browser) is to exploit a buffer overflow + triggered by invalid compressed data. Therefore, decompressor + implementations should perform bounds-checking for each memory access + that result from values decoded from the compressed stream and + derivatives thereof. + + Another possible attack against a system containing a decompressor + implementation is to provide it (either valid or invalid) compressed + data that can make the decompressor system's resource consumption + (CPU, memory, or storage) to be disproportionately large compared to + the size of the compressed data. In addition to the size of the + compressed data, the amount of CPU, memory, and storage required to + decompress a single compressed meta-block within a brotli stream is + controlled by the following two parameters: the size of the + uncompressed meta-block, which is encoded at the start of the + compressed meta-block, and the size of the sliding window, which is + encoded at the start of the brotli stream. Decompressor + implementations in systems where memory or storage is constrained + should perform a sanity-check on these two parameters. The + uncompressed meta-block size that was decoded from the compressed + stream should be compared against either a hard limit, given by the + system's constraints or some expectation about the uncompressed data, + or against a certain multiple of the size of the compressed data. If + the uncompressed meta-block size is determined to be too high, the + compressed data should be rejected. Likewise, when the complete + uncompressed stream is kept in the system containing the decompressor + implementation, the total uncompressed size of the stream should be + checked before decompressing each additional meta-block. If the size + of the sliding window that was decoded from the start of the + compressed stream is greater than a certain soft limit, then the + decompressor implementation should, at first, allocate a smaller + sliding window that fits the first uncompressed meta-block, and + afterwards, before decompressing each additional meta-block, it + should increase the size of the sliding window until the sliding + window size specified in the compressed data is reached. + + + + + + + + +Alakuijala & Szabadka Informational [Page 41] + +RFC 7932 Brotli July 2016 + + + Correspondingly, possible attacks against a system containing a + compressor implementation (e.g., a web server) are to exploit a + buffer overflow or cause disproportionately large resource + consumption by providing, e.g., uncompressible data. As described in + Section 11.1, an output buffer of + + S(N) = N + (3 * (N >> 16) + 5) + + bytes is sufficient to hold a valid compressed brotli stream + representing an arbitrary sequence of N uncompressed bytes. + Therefore, compressor implementations should allocate at least S(N) + bytes of output buffer before compressing N bytes of data with + unknown compressibility and should perform bounds-checking for each + write into this output buffer. If their output buffer is full, + compressor implementations should revert to the trivial compression + algorithm described in Section 11.1. The resource consumption of a + compressor implementation for a particular input data depends mostly + on the algorithm used to find backward matches and on the algorithm + used to construct context maps and prefix codes and only to a lesser + extent on the input data itself. If the system containing a + compressor implementation is overloaded, a possible way to reduce + resource usage is to switch to more simple algorithms for backward + reference search and prefix code construction, or to fall back to the + trivial compression algorithm described in Section 11.1. + + A possible attack against a system that sends compressed data over an + encrypted channel is the following. An attacker who can repeatedly + mix arbitrary (attacker-supplied) data with secret data (passwords, + cookies) and observe the length of the ciphertext can potentially + reconstruct the secret data. To protect against this kind of attack, + applications should not mix sensitive data with non-sensitive, + potentially attacker-supplied data in the same compressed stream. + +13. IANA Considerations + + The "HTTP Content Coding Registry" has been updated with the + registration below: + + +-------+-------------------------------------+------------+ + | Name | Description | Reference | + +-------+-------------------------------------+------------+ + | br | Brotli Compressed Data Format | RFC 7932 | + +-------+-------------------------------------+------------+ + + + + + + + + +Alakuijala & Szabadka Informational [Page 42] + +RFC 7932 Brotli July 2016 + + +14. Informative References + + [HUFFMAN] Huffman, D. A., "A Method for the Construction of Minimum + Redundancy Codes", Proceedings of the Institute of Radio + Engineers, September 1952, Vol. 40, No. 9, pp. 1098-1101. + + [LZ77] Ziv, J. and A. Lempel, "A Universal Algorithm for + Sequential Data Compression", IEEE Transactions on + Information Theory, Vol. 23, No. 3, pp. 337-343, + DOI 10.1109/TIT.1977.1055714, May 1977, + <https://www.cs.duke.edu/courses/spring03/cps296.5/papers/ + ziv_lempel_1977_universal_algorithm.pdf>. + + [RFC1951] Deutsch, P., "DEFLATE Compressed Data Format Specification + version 1.3", RFC 1951, DOI 10.17487/RFC1951, May 1996, + <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1951>. + + [WOFF2] Levantovsky, V., Ed., and R. Levien, Ed., "WOFF File + Format 2.0", W3C Candidate Recommendation, March 2016, + <http://www.w3.org/TR/WOFF2/>. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Alakuijala & Szabadka Informational [Page 43] + +RFC 7932 Brotli July 2016 + + +Appendix A. Static Dictionary Data + + The hexadecimal form of the DICT array is the following, where the + length is 122,784 bytes and the CRC-32 of the byte sequence is + 0x5136cb04. + + 74696d65646f776e6c6966656c6566746261636b636f64656461746173686f77 + 6f6e6c7973697465636974796f70656e6a7573746c696b6566726565776f726b + 74657874796561726f766572626f64796c6f7665666f726d626f6f6b706c6179 + 6c6976656c696e6568656c70686f6d65736964656d6f7265776f72646c6f6e67 + 7468656d7669657766696e64706167656461797366756c6c686561647465726d + 656163686172656166726f6d747275656d61726b61626c6575706f6e68696768 + 646174656c616e646e6577736576656e6e65787463617365626f7468706f7374 + 757365646d61646568616e6468657265776861746e616d654c696e6b626c6f67 + 73697a656261736568656c646d616b656d61696e757365722729202b686f6c64 + 656e6473776974684e65777372656164776572657369676e74616b6568617665 + 67616d657365656e63616c6c7061746877656c6c706c75736d656e7566696c6d + 706172746a6f696e746869736c697374676f6f646e6565647761797377657374 + 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3c6c693e3c6120687265663d22687474703a2f2f7777772e20747970653d2774 + 6578742f6a617661736372697074273ed0b4d0b5d18fd182d0b5d0bbd18cd0bd + d0bed181d182d0b8d181d0bed0bed182d0b2d0b5d182d181d182d0b2d0b8d0b8 + d0bfd180d0bed0b8d0b7d0b2d0bed0b4d181d182d0b2d0b0d0b1d0b5d0b7d0be + d0bfd0b0d181d0bdd0bed181d182d0b8e0a4aae0a581e0a4b8e0a58de0a4a4e0 + a4bfe0a495e0a4bee0a495e0a4bee0a482e0a497e0a58de0a4b0e0a587e0a4b8 + e0a489e0a4a8e0a58de0a4b9e0a58be0a482e0a4a8e0a587e0a4b5e0a4bfe0a4 + a7e0a4bee0a4a8e0a4b8e0a4ade0a4bee0a4abe0a4bfe0a495e0a58de0a4b8e0 + a4bfe0a482e0a497e0a4b8e0a581e0a4b0e0a495e0a58de0a4b7e0a4bfe0a4a4 + + + +Alakuijala & Szabadka Informational [Page 123] + +RFC 7932 Brotli July 2016 + + + e0a495e0a589e0a4aae0a580e0a4b0e0a4bee0a487e0a49fe0a4b5e0a4bfe0a4 + 9ce0a58de0a49ee0a4bee0a4aae0a4a8e0a495e0a4bee0a4b0e0a58de0a4b0e0 + a4b5e0a4bee0a488e0a4b8e0a495e0a58de0a4b0e0a4bfe0a4afe0a4a4e0a4be + + The number of words for each length is given by the following bit- + depth array: + + NDBITS := 0, 0, 0, 0, 10, 10, 11, 11, 10, 10, + 10, 10, 10, 9, 9, 8, 7, 7, 8, 7, + 7, 6, 6, 5, 5 + +Appendix B. List of Word Transformations + + The string literals are in C format, with respect to the use of + backslash escape characters. + + In order to generate a length and check value, the transforms can be + converted to a series of bytes, where each transform is the prefix + sequence of bytes plus a terminating zero byte, a single-byte value + identifying the transform, and the suffix sequence of bytes plus a + terminating zero. The value for the transforms are 0 for Identity, 1 + for FermentFirst, 2 for FermentAll, 3 to 11 for OmitFirst1 to + OmitFirst9, and 12 to 20 for OmitLast1 to OmitLast9. The byte + sequences that represent the 121 transforms are then concatenated to + a single sequence of bytes. The length of that sequence is 648 + bytes, and the CRC-32 is 0x3d965f81. + + ID Prefix Transform Suffix + -- ------ --------- ------ + 0 "" Identity "" + 1 "" Identity " " + 2 " " Identity " " + 3 "" OmitFirst1 "" + 4 "" FermentFirst " " + 5 "" Identity " the " + 6 " " Identity "" + 7 "s " Identity " " + 8 "" Identity " of " + 9 "" FermentFirst "" + 10 "" Identity " and " + 11 "" OmitFirst2 "" + 12 "" OmitLast1 "" + 13 ", " Identity " " + 14 "" Identity ", " + 15 " " FermentFirst " " + 16 "" Identity " in " + 17 "" Identity " to " + 18 "e " Identity " " + + + +Alakuijala & Szabadka Informational [Page 124] + +RFC 7932 Brotli July 2016 + + + 19 "" Identity "\"" + 20 "" Identity "." + 21 "" Identity "\">" + 22 "" Identity "\n" + 23 "" OmitLast3 "" + 24 "" Identity "]" + 25 "" Identity " for " + 26 "" OmitFirst3 "" + 27 "" OmitLast2 "" + 28 "" Identity " a " + 29 "" Identity " that " + 30 " " FermentFirst "" + 31 "" Identity ". " + 32 "." Identity "" + 33 " " Identity ", " + 34 "" OmitFirst4 "" + 35 "" Identity " with " + 36 "" Identity "'" + 37 "" Identity " from " + 38 "" Identity " by " + 39 "" OmitFirst5 "" + 40 "" OmitFirst6 "" + 41 " the " Identity "" + 42 "" OmitLast4 "" + 43 "" Identity ". The " + 44 "" FermentAll "" + 45 "" Identity " on " + 46 "" Identity " as " + 47 "" Identity " is " + 48 "" OmitLast7 "" + 49 "" OmitLast1 "ing " + 50 "" Identity "\n\t" + 51 "" Identity ":" + 52 " " Identity ". " + 53 "" Identity "ed " + 54 "" OmitFirst9 "" + 55 "" OmitFirst7 "" + 56 "" OmitLast6 "" + 57 "" Identity "(" + 58 "" FermentFirst ", " + 59 "" OmitLast8 "" + 60 "" Identity " at " + 61 "" Identity "ly " + 62 " the " Identity " of " + 63 "" OmitLast5 "" + 64 "" OmitLast9 "" + 65 " " FermentFirst ", " + 66 "" FermentFirst "\"" + + + +Alakuijala & Szabadka Informational [Page 125] + +RFC 7932 Brotli July 2016 + + + 67 "." Identity "(" + 68 "" FermentAll " " + 69 "" FermentFirst "\">" + 70 "" Identity "=\"" + 71 " " Identity "." + 72 ".com/" Identity "" + 73 " the " Identity " of the " + 74 "" FermentFirst "'" + 75 "" Identity ". This " + 76 "" Identity "," + 77 "." Identity " " + 78 "" FermentFirst "(" + 79 "" FermentFirst "." + 80 "" Identity " not " + 81 " " Identity "=\"" + 82 "" Identity "er " + 83 " " FermentAll " " + 84 "" Identity "al " + 85 " " FermentAll "" + 86 "" Identity "='" + 87 "" FermentAll "\"" + 88 "" FermentFirst ". " + 89 " " Identity "(" + 90 "" Identity "ful " + 91 " " FermentFirst ". " + 92 "" Identity "ive " + 93 "" Identity "less " + 94 "" FermentAll "'" + 95 "" Identity "est " + 96 " " FermentFirst "." + 97 "" FermentAll "\">" + 98 " " Identity "='" + 99 "" FermentFirst "," + 100 "" Identity "ize " + 101 "" FermentAll "." + 102 "\xc2\xa0" Identity "" + 103 " " Identity "," + 104 "" FermentFirst "=\"" + 105 "" FermentAll "=\"" + 106 "" Identity "ous " + 107 "" FermentAll ", " + 108 "" FermentFirst "='" + 109 " " FermentFirst "," + 110 " " FermentAll "=\"" + 111 " " FermentAll ", " + 112 "" FermentAll "," + 113 "" FermentAll "(" + 114 "" FermentAll ". " + + + +Alakuijala & Szabadka Informational [Page 126] + +RFC 7932 Brotli July 2016 + + + 115 " " FermentAll "." + 116 "" FermentAll "='" + 117 " " FermentAll ". " + 118 " " FermentFirst "=\"" + 119 " " FermentAll "='" + 120 " " FermentFirst "='" + +Appendix C. Computing CRC-32 Check Values + + For the purpose of this specification, we define the CRC-32 check + value of a byte sequence with the following C language function: + + uint32_t CRC32(const uint8_t* v, const int len) { + const uint32_t poly = 0xedb88320UL; + uint32_t crc, c; + int i, k; + crc = 0xffffffffUL; + for (i = 0; i < len; ++i) { + c = (crc ^ v[i]) & 0xff; + for (k = 0; k < 8; k++) c = c & 1 ? poly ^ (c >> 1) : c >> 1; + crc = c ^ (crc >> 8); + } + return crc ^ 0xffffffffUL; + } + +Appendix D. Source Code + + Source code for a C language implementation of a brotli-compliant + compressor and decompressor is available in the brotli open-source + project <https://github.com/google/brotli>. + +Acknowledgments + + The authors would like to thank Mark Adler, Eugene Kliuchnikov, + Robert Obryk, Thomas Pickert, Joe Tsai, and Lode Vandevenne for + providing helpful review comments, validating the specification by + writing an independent decompressor, and suggesting improvements to + the format and the text of the specification. + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Alakuijala & Szabadka Informational [Page 127] + +RFC 7932 Brotli July 2016 + + +Authors' Addresses + + Jyrki Alakuijala + Google, Inc. + + Email: jyrki@google.com + + + Zoltan Szabadka + Google, Inc. + + Email: szabadka@google.com + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Alakuijala & Szabadka Informational [Page 128] + |