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+Network Working Group                                            V. Cerf
+Request for Comments: 829                                          DARPA
+                                                           November 1982
+
+
+
+             PACKET SATELLITE TECHNOLOGY REFERENCE SOURCES
+
+
+                             Vinton G. Cerf
+               Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
+
+ABSTRACT
+
+This paper describes briefly the packet satellite technology developed
+by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency and several other
+participating organizations in the U.K. and Norway and provides a
+biblography of relevant papers for researchers interested in
+experimental and operational experience with this dynamic
+satellite-sharing technique.
+
+INTRODUCTION
+
+Packet Satellite technology was an outgrowth of early work in packet
+switching on multiaccess radio channels carried out at the University of
+Hawaii with the support of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
+(DARPA).  The primary difference between the earlier packet-switched
+ARPANET [1, 2] and the ALOHA system developed at the University of
+Hawaii [3] was the concept of multiple transmitters dynamically sharing
+a common and directly-accessible radio channel.  In the ARPANET, sources
+of traffic inserted packets of data into the network through packet
+switches called Interface Message Processors (IMPs).  The IMPs used high
+speed point-to-point full-duplex telephone circuits [4] on a
+store-and-forward basis.  All packet traffic for a given telephone
+circuit was queued, if necessary, in the IMP and transmitted as soon as
+the packet reached the head of the queue.  On such full duplex circuits
+there is exactly one transmitter and one receiver in each direction.
+
+The ALOHA system, on the other hand, assigned a common transmit channel
+frequency to ALL radio terminals.  A computer at the University of
+Hawaii received packet bursts from the remote terminals which shared the
+"multi-access" channel.  Under the control of a small processor, each
+terminal would transmit whenever it had traffic, and would await an
+acknowledgement, on another frequency, dedicated to the service host. If
+no acknowledgement was received, the terminal processor would transmit
+again at a randomly chosen time.  The system operated on the assumption
+that no store-and-forward or radio relay was needed.  The University of
+Hawaii researchers later demonstrated that the ALOHA concept worked on a
+satellite channel linking Hawaii and Nasa-Ames via NASA's ATS-1
+satellite [5, 6].  A variety of more elaborate satellite channel
+assignment strategies were developed and analyzed in the early 1970's
+[7-13, 31].
+
+
+Cerf                                                            [Page 1]
+
+
+RFC 829                                                    November 1982
+                                              Remote User Telnet Service
+
+
+THE ATLANTIC PACKET SATELLITE EXPERIMENT (SATNET)
+
+In 1973, DARPA began the development of a packet satellite system which
+would support the sharing of a common, high speed channel among many
+ground stations.  Using an INTELSAT-IV satellite, the Atlantic Packet
+Satellite experiment was carried out with the cooperation and support of
+the British Post Office, COMSAT Corporation, Linkabit Corporation, and
+Bolt Beranek and Newman Corporation, later joined by the Norwegian
+Telecommunication Administration and the Norwegian Defense Research
+Establishment (NDRE).  Along with University College London and COMSAT
+Laboratories, NDRE became one of the major users of the SATNET system.
+
+During 1975-1978, SATNET underwent a broad range of performance
+evaluations and tests.  Since 1979, it has served as a stable support
+for international experiments and demonstrations of command and control
+technology of interest to DARPA, NDRE and the U.K. Royal Signals and
+Radar Establishment (RSRE).  Late in 1982, a ground station was added to
+connect the German Aeronautics and Space Research Establishment (DFVLR)
+into the system.
+
+The early development of SATNET is outlined in [14].  The system design
+is documented in [15-22].  Experience with the operation of the SATNET
+is reported in [23-24] and experimental results in [25-26].  Potential
+services which might be supported by this technology are discussed in
+[27].
+
+The integration of the packet satellite technology into a larger,
+multiple packet network context is discussed in [28-29].  The system is
+expected to continue in use to support joint research by DARPA, RSRE,
+NDRE, DFVLR and UCL.  DARPA and the U.S. Defense Communications Agency
+are experimenting with a 3 megabit/second domestic packet satellite
+system to determine whether packetized voice and data services can be
+integrated economically using this technology.  DARPA and the U.S. Naval
+Electronic Systems Command recently demonstrated a Mobile Access
+Terminal Network (MATNET) which uses packet satellite techniques to
+support ship-ship and ship-shore communication over a shared FLTSATCOM
+satellite channel [30].
+
+ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
+
+The development of Packet Satellite technology has involved many
+institutions and individuals, but special credit for the successful
+realization of the SATNET and its successor systems must be given to Dr.
+Robert E. Kahn, Director, Information Processing Techniques Office,
+DARPA, for his continuous support and technical contributions throughout
+the development and maturation of this technology.
+
+
+
+
+
+Cerf                                                            [Page 2]
+
+
+RFC 829                                                    November 1982
+                                              Remote User Telnet Service
+
+
+REFERENCES
+
+1.  L.G. Roberts and B.D. Wessler, "Computer Network Development to
+Achieve Resource Sharing," Spring Joint Computer Conference, AFIPS
+Proceedings, Vol. 36, 1970, pp. 543-549.
+
+2.  R.E. Kahn, "Resource Sharing Computer Networks," Proceedings of the
+IEEE, Vol. 60, No. 11, November 1972, pp. 1397-1407.
+
+3.  N. Abramson, "The Aloha System - Another Alternative for Computer
+Communications," AFIPS Conference Proceedings, Vol. 36, 1970, pp.
+295-298.
+
+4.  F.E. Heart, et al, "The Interface Message Processor of the ARPA
+Computer Network, Spring Joint Computer Conference, AFIPS Proceedings,
+1970, pp. 551-567.
+
+5.  R. Binder, et al, "Aloha Packet Broadcasting--a retrospect," AFIPS
+Conference Proceedings, National Computer Conference, 1975, pp. 203-215.
+
+6.  N. Abramson and F. Kuo, Editors, Computer Communication Networks,
+Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1973.
+
+7.  L. Kleinrock and S. Lam, "Packet Switching in a Slotted Satellite
+Channel," AFIPS Conference Proceedings, NCC, 1973, pp. 703-710.
+
+8.  L. Kleinrock and F. Tobagi, "Random Access Techniques for Data
+Transmission over Packet Switched Radio Channels," AFIPS Conference
+Proceedings, NCC, 1975, pp. 187-201.
+
+9.  L. Kleinrock and S.S. Lam, "Packet Switching in a Multiaccess
+Broadcast Channel:  Performance Evaluation," IEEE Transactions on
+Communication, Vol. COM-23, 1975, pp. 410-423.
+
+10.  L.G. Roberts, "Aloha Packet System with and without Slots and
+Capture," ACM SIGCOMM, Computer Communication Review, Vol 5, No. 2,
+April 1975.
+
+11.  S.S. Lam and L. Kleinrock, "Packet Switching in a Multi-access
+Broadcast Channel:  Dynamic Control Procedures," IEEE Transactions on
+Communication, Vol Com-23, September, 1975.
+
+12.  L.G. Roberts, "Dynamic Allocation of Satellite Capacity through
+Packet Reservation," AFIPS Conference Proceedings, NCC, 1973, pp.
+711-716.
+
+13.  N. Abramson, "Packet Switching with Satellites," AFIPS Conference
+Proceedings, NCC, 1973, pp. 695-702.
+
+
+
+Cerf                                                            [Page 3]
+
+
+RFC 829                                                    November 1982
+                                              Remote User Telnet Service
+
+
+14.  R.E. Kahn, "The Introduction of Packet Satellite Communications,"
+National Telecommunications Conference, Nov. 1979, p. 45.1.1-45.1.8.
+
+15.  I.M. Jacobs, et al, "CPODA - A Demand Assignment Protocol for
+SATNET," Fifth Data Communications Symposium, Snowbird, Utah, 1977.
+
+16.  I.M. Jacobs, et.al, "General Purpose Satellite Networks,"
+Proceedings IEEE, Vol 66, No. 11, November 1978, pp. 1448-1467.
+
+17.  I.M. Jacobs, et al, "Packet Satellite Network Design Issues,"
+Proceedings, NTC, November 1979.
+
+18.  L. Palmer, J. Kaiser, S. Rothschild and D. Mills, "SATNET Packet
+Data Transmission," COMSAT Technical Review, Volume 12, No. 1, Spring
+1982, pp. 181-212.
+
+19.  Weissler, et al, "Synchronization and Multiple Access Protocol in
+the Initial Satellite IMP," COMPCON, September 1978.
+
+20.  Hsu and Lee, "Channel Scheduling Snychronization for the PODA
+Protocol," ICC, June 1978.
+
+21.  E. Killian and R. Binder, "Control Issues in a PODA Voice/Data
+Satellite Network," ICC, June 1980.
+
+22.  C. Heegaard, J. Heller and A. Viterbi, "A Microprocessor-based PSK
+Modem for Packet Transmission over Satellite Channels," IEEE
+Transactions on Communications, COM-26, No. 5, May 1978, pp. 552-564.
+
+23.  P. Cudhea, D. McNeill, D. Mills, "SATNET Operations," AIAA 9th
+Communications Satellite Systems Conference, Collection of Technical
+Papers, 1982, pp. 100-105.
+
+24.  D.A. McNeill, et al, "SATNET Monitoring and Control," Proceedings
+of the NTC, November 1979.
+
+25.  P.T. Kirstein, et al, "SATNET Applications Activities," Proceedings
+of the NTC, November 1979.
+
+26.  W.W. Chu, et al, "Experimental Results on the Packet Satellite
+Network," Proceedings of the NTC, November 1979.
+
+27.  E.V. Hoversten and H. L. Van Trees, "International Broadcast Packet
+Satellite Services," ICCC Conference Proceedings, Kyoto, Japan,
+September 1978.
+
+28.  V.G. Cerf and R.E. Kahn, "A Protocol for Packet Network
+Intercommunication," IEEE Trans. on Comm., Vol. COM-23, May 1974, pp.
+637-648.
+
+
+Cerf                                                            [Page 4]
+
+
+RFC 829                                                    November 1982
+                                              Remote User Telnet Service
+
+
+29.  V.G. Cerf and P.T. Kirstein, "Issues in Packet Network
+Interconnection," IEEE Proceedings, Vol. 66, No. 11, Nov 1978, pp.
+1386-1408.
+
+30.  L. Evenchik, D. McNeill, R.P. Rice, F. Deckelman, et al, "MATNET,
+an Experimental Navy Shipboard Satellite Communications Network, "IEEE
+INFOCOM 82 Proceedings, March, 1982.
+
+31.  M.L. Molle and L. Kleinrock, "Analysis of Concentrated ALOHA
+Satellite Links," Sixth Data Communications Symposium, Nov 27-29, 1979,
+pp. 87-95.
+
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+Cerf                                                            [Page 5]
+