path: root/doc/rfc/rfc2723.txt

Network Working Group                                        N. Brownlee
Request for Comments: 2723                    The University of Auckland
Category: Informational                                     October 1999


            SRL: A Language for Describing Traffic Flows and
                   Specifying Actions for Flow Groups

Status of this Memo

   This memo provides information for the Internet community.  It does
   not specify an Internet standard of any kind.  Distribution of this
   memo is unlimited.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (C) The Internet Society (1999).  All Rights Reserved.

Abstract

   This document describes a language for specifying rulesets, i.e.
   configuration files which may be loaded into a traffic flow meter so
   as to specify which traffic flows are measured by the meter, and the
   information it will store for each flow.

Table of Contents

   1  Purpose and Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    2
      1.1 RTFM Meters and Traffic Flows . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    2
      1.2 SRL Overview  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    3
   2  SRL Language Description  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    4
      2.1 Define Directive  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    4
      2.2 Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    5
      2.3 Declaration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    5
   3  Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    5
      3.1 IF_statement  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    6
          3.1.1 expression  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    6
          3.1.2 term  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    6
          3.1.3 factor  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    6
          3.1.4 operand_list  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    6
          3.1.5 operand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    6
          3.1.6 Test Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    7
          3.1.7 Action Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    8
          3.1.8 ELSE Clause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    8
      3.2 Compound_statement  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    8
      3.3 Imperative_statement  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    9
          3.3.1 SAVE Statement  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    9
          3.3.2 COUNT Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   10



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          3.3.3 EXIT Statement  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   10
          3.3.4 IGNORE Statement  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   10
          3.3.5 NOMATCH Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   10
          3.3.6 STORE Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   11
          3.3.7 RETURN Statement  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   11
      3.4 Subroutine_declaration  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   11
      3.5 CALL_statement  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   12
   4  Example Programs  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   13
      4.1 Classify IP Port Numbers  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   13
      4.2 Classify Traffic into Groups of Networks  . . . . . . . .   14
   5  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   15
   6  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   15
   7  APPENDICES  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   16
      7.1 Appendix A: SRL Syntax in BNF . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   16
      7.2 Appendix B: Syntax for Values and Masks . . . . . . . . .   18
      7.3 Appendix C: RTFM Attribute Information  . . . . . . . . .   19
   8  Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   20
   9  References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   20
   10 Author's Address  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   21
   11 Full Copyright Statement  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   22

1  Purpose and Scope

   A ruleset for an RTFM Meter is a sequence of instructions to be
   executed by the meter's Pattern Matching Engine (PME).  The form of
   these instructions is described in detail in the 'RTFM Architecture'
   and 'RTFM Meter MIB' documents [RTFM-ARC, RTFM-MIB], but most users -
   at least initially - find them confusing and difficult to write,
   mainly because the effect of each instruction is strongly dependent
   on the state of the meter's Packet Matching Engine at the moment of
   its execution.

   SRL (the Simple Ruleset Language) is a procedural language for
   creating RTFM rulesets.  It has been designed to be simple for people
   to understand, using statements which help to clarify the execution
   context in which they operate.  SRL programs will be compiled into
   rulesets which can then be downloaded to RTFM meters.

   An SRL compiler is available as part of NeTraMet (a free-software
   implementation of the RTFM meter and manager), version 4.2
   [NETRAMET].

1.1  RTFM Meters and Traffic Flows

   The RTFM Architecture [RTFM-ARC] defines a set of 'attributes' which
   apply to network traffic.  Among the attributes are 'address
   attributes,' such as PeerType, PeerAddress, TransType and
   TransAddress, which have meaning for many protocols, e.g. for IPv4



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   traffic (PeerType == 1) PeerAddress is an IP address, TransType is
   TCP(6), UDP(17), ICMP(1), etc., and TransAddress is usually an IP
   port number.

   An 'RTFM Traffic Flow' is simply a stream of packets observed by a
   meter as they pass across a network between two end points (or
   to/from a single end point).  Each 'end point' of a flow is specified
   by the set of values of its address attributes.

   An 'RTFM Meter' is a measuring device - e.g. a program running on a
   Unix or PC host - which observes passing packets and builds 'Flow
   Data Records' for the flows of interest.

   RTFM traffic flows have another important property - they are bi-
   directional.  This means that each flow data record in the meter has
   two sets of counters, one for packets travelling from source to
   destination, the other for returning packets.  Within the RTFM
   architecture such counters appear as further attributes of the flow.

   An RTFM meter must be configured by the user, which means creating a
   'Ruleset' so as to specify which flows are to be measured, and how
   much information (i.e. which attributes) should be stored for each of
   them.  A ruleset is effectively a program for a minimal virtual
   machine, the 'Packet Matching Engine (PME),' which is described in
   detail in [RTFM-ARC]. An RTFM meter may run multiple rule sets, with
   every passing packet being processed by each of the rulesets.  The
   rule 'actions' in this document are described as though only a single
   ruleset were running.

   In the past creating a ruleset has meant writing machine code for the
   PME, which has proved rather difficult to do.  SRL provides a high-
   level language which should enable users to create effective rulesets
   without having to understand the details of the PME.

   The language may be useful in other applications, being suitable for
   any application area which involves selecting traffic flows from a
   stream of packets.

1.2  SRL Overview

   An SRL program is executed from the beginning for each new packet
   arriving at the meter.  It has two essential goals.

   (a) Decide whether the current packet is part of a flow which is of
       interest and, if necessary, determine its direction (i.e. decide
       which of its end-points is considered to be its source).  Other
       packets will be ignored.




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   (b) SAVE whatever information is required to identify the flow and
       accumulate (COUNT) quantitative information for that flow.

   At execution, the meter's Packet Matching Engine (PME) begins by
   using source and destination attributes as they appear 'on the wire.'
   If the attributes do not match those of a flow to be recorded, the
   PME will normally execute the program again, this time with the
   source and destination addresses interchanged.  Because of this bi-
   directional matching, an RTFM meter is able to build up tables of
   flows with two sets of counters - one for forward packets, the other
   for backward packets.  The programmer can, if required, suppress the
   reverse-direction matching and assign 'forward' and 'backward'
   directions which conform to the conventions of the external context.

   Goal (a) is achieved using IF statements which perform comparisons on
   information from the packet or from SRL variables.  Goal (b) is
   achieved using one or more SAVE statements to store the flow's
   identification attributes; a COUNT statement then increments the
   statistical data accumulating for it.

2  SRL Language Description

   The SRL language is explained below using 'railway diagrams' to
   describe the syntax.  Flow through a diagram is from left to right.
   The only exception to this is that lines carrying a left arrow may
   only be traversed right to left.  In the diagrams, keywords are
   written in capital letters; in practice an SRL compiler must be
   insensitive to case.  Lower-case identifiers are explained in the
   text, or they refer to another diagram.

   The tokens of an SRL program obey the following rules:

   -  Comments may appear on any line of an SRL program, following a #
   -  White space is used to separate tokens
   -  Semicolon is used as the terminator for most statements
   -  Identifiers (e.g. for defines and labels) must start with a letter
   -  Identifiers may contain letters, digits and underscores
   -  The case of letters is not significant
   -  Reserved words (shown in upper case in this document) may not be
      used as identifiers

2.1  Define Directive

   --- DEFINE -- defname ---- = ---- defined_text ------------------ ;

   Simple parameterless defines are supported via the syntax above.  The
   define name, defname, is an identifier.  The defined text starts
   after the equal sign, and continues up to (but not including) the



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   closing semicolon.  If a semicolon is required within the defined
   text it must be preceded by a backslash, i.e. \; in an SRL define
   produces ; in the text.

   Wherever defname appears elsewhere in the program, it will be
   replaced by the defined text.

   For example,

   DEFINE ftp = (20, 21);  # Well-known Port numbers from [ASG-NBR]
   DEFINE telnet = 23;
   DEFINE www = 80;

2.2  Program

   ------------+-------+-------- Statement -------+-------+-----------
               |       |                          |       |
               |       +------- Declaration ------+       |
               |                                          |
               +---------------------<--------------------+

   An SRL program is a sequence of statements or declarations.  It does
   not have any special enclosing symbols.  Statements and declarations
   terminate with a semicolon, except for compound statements, which
   terminate with a right brace.

2.3  Declaration

   ---------------------- Subroutine_declaration ---------------------

   SRL's only explicit declaration is the subroutine declaration.  Other
   implicit declarations are labels (declared where they appear in front
   of a statement) and subroutine parameters (declared in the subroutine
   header).

3  Statement

   ----------------+---- IF_statement ----------------+---------------
                   |                                  |
                   +---- Compound_statement ----------+
                   |                                  |
                   +---- Imperative_statement --------+
                   |                                  |
                   +---- CALL_statement --------------+

   An SRL program is a sequence of SRL statements.  There are four kinds
   of statements, as follows.




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3.1  IF_statement

               Test Part                Action Part
             .............            ...............

   --- IF --- expression ---+------------+---- Statement ----+--->
                            |            |                   |
                            +-- SAVE , --+                   |
                            |                                |
                            +-- SAVE ; ----------------------+

          >-----------+-----------------------------+-----------------
                      |                             |
                      +-----ELSE --- Statement -----+

3.1.1  expression

   -------- term --------+------------------------+-------------------
                         |                        |
                         +--<-- term ----- || ----+    logical OR

3.1.2  term

   ------- factor -------+------------------------+-------------------
                         |                        |
                         +--<-- factor --- && ----+    logical AND

3.1.3  factor

   ------------+-------- attrib  ==  operand_list --------+-----------
               |                                          |
               +------------ ( expression ) --------------+

3.1.4  operand_list

   ----------+------------------ operand -----------------+-----------
             |                                            |
             +-- ( operand ---+-------------------+-- ) --+
                              |                   |
                              +-<-- operand  , ---+

3.1.5  operand

   ------------- value ---------+----------------------+--------------
                                |                      |
                                +------- / width ------+
                                |                      |
                                +------- & mask -------+



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3.1.6  Test Part

   The IF statement evaluates a logical expression.  If the expression
   value is TRUE, the action indicated in the 'Action Part' of the
   diagram is executed.  If the value is FALSE and the IF has an ELSE
   clause, that ELSE clause is executed (see below).

   The simplest form of expression is a test for equality (== operator);
   in this an RTFM attribute value (from the packet or from an SRL
   variable) is ANDed with a mask and compared with a value.  A list of
   RTFM attributes is given in Appendix C. More complicated expressions
   may be built up using parentheses and the && (logical AND) and ||
   (logical OR) operators.

   Operand values may be specified as dotted decimal, hexadecimal or as
   a character constant (enclosed in apostrophes).  The syntax for
   operand values is given in Appendix B.

   Masks may be specified as numbers,
           dotted decimal  e.g. &255.255
        or hexadecimal     e.g. &FF-FF
   or as a width in bits   e.g. /16

   If a mask is not specified, an all-ones mask is used.

   In SRL a value is always combined with a mask; this combination is
   referred to as an operand.  For example, if we were interested in
   flows originating from IP network 130.216, we might write:

      IF SourcePeerAddress == 130.216.0.0 & 255.255.0.0  SAVE;

   or equivalently

      IF SourcePeerAddress == 130.216/16  SAVE;

   A list of values enclosed in parentheses may also be specified; the
   test succeeds if the masked attribute equals any of the values in the
   list.  For example:

      IF SourcePeerAddress == ( 130.216.7/24, 130.216.34/24 ) SAVE;

   As this last example indicates, values are right-padded with zeroes,
   i.e. the given numbers specify the leading bytes of masks and values.

   The operand values and masks used in an IF statement must be
   consistent with the attribute being tested.  For example, a four-byte
   value is acceptable as a peer address, but would not be accepted as a
   transport address (which may not be longer than two bytes).



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3.1.7  Action Part

   A SAVE action (i.e. SAVE , or SAVE ;) saves attribute(s), mask(s) and
   value(s) as given in the statement.  If the IF expression tests more
   than one attribute, the masks and values are saved for all the
   matched attributes.  For each value_list in the statement the value
   saved is the one which the packet actually matched.  See below for
   further description of SAVE statements.

   Other actions are described in detail under "Imperative statements"
   below.  Note that the RETURN action is valid only within subroutines.

3.1.8  ELSE Clause

   An ELSE Clause provides a statement which will be executed if the
   IF's test fails.  The statement following ELSE will often be another
   IF statement, providing SRL's version of a 'select' statement.  Note
   that an ELSE clause always matches the immediately preceding IF.

3.2  Compound_statement

   -------+-------------+----- { ---+---- Statement ----+--- } -------
          |             |           |                   |
          +-- label : --+           +--------<----------+

   A compound statement is a sequence of statements enclosed in braces.
   Each statement will terminate with a semicolon, unless it is another
   compound statement (which terminates with a right brace).

   A compound statement may be labelled, i.e. preceded by an identifier
   followed by a semi-colon.  Each statement inside the braces is
   executed in sequence unless an EXIT statement is performed, as
   explained below.

   Labels have a well-defined scope, within which they must be unique.
   Labels within a subroutine (i.e. between a SUBROUTINE and its
   matching ENDSUB) are local to that subroutine and are not visible
   outside it.  Labels outside subroutines are part of a program's outer
   block.












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3.3  Imperative_statement

   ------+---------------------------------------------------+------ ;
         |                                                   |
         +-- SAVE attrib --+--+-----------+--+---------------+
         |                 |  |           |  |               |
         |                 |  +- / width -+  |               |
         |                 |  |           |  |               |
         |                 |  +- & mask --+  |               |
         |                 |                 |               |
         |                 +--- = operand ---+               |
         |                                                   |
         +-- COUNT ------------------------------------------+
         |                                                   |
         +-- EXIT label  ------------------------------------+
         |                                                   |
         +-- IGNORE -----------------------------------------+
         |                                                   |
         +-- NOMATCH ----------------------------------------+
         |                                                   |
         +-- RETURN --+-------+------------------------------+
         |            |       |                              |
         |            +-- n --+                              |
         |                                                   |
         +-- STORE variable := value ------------------------+

3.3.1  SAVE Statement

   The SAVE statement saves information which will (later) identify the
   flow in the meter's flow table.  It does not actually record anything
   in the table; this is done when a subsequent COUNT statement
   executes.

   SAVE has two possible forms:

   SAVE attrib = operand ; saves the attribute, mask and value as given
        in the statement.  This form of the SAVE statement is similar to
        that allowed in an IF statement, except that - since imperative
        statements do not perform a test - you may save an arbitrary
        value.

   SAVE attrib ;
   SAVE attrib / width ;
   SAVE attrib & mask ; saves the attribute and mask from the statement,
        and the value resulting from their application to the current
        packet.  This is most useful when used to save a value with a
        wider mask than than was used to select the packet.  For
        example:



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             IF DestPeerAddress == 130.216/16
                     NOMATCH;
             ELSE IF SourcePeerAddress == 130.216/16 {
                     SAVE SourcePeerAddress /24;
                     COUNT;
                     }
             ELSE IGNORE;

3.3.2  COUNT Statement

   The COUNT statement appears after all testing and saving is complete;
   it instructs the PME to build the flow identifier from the attributes
   which have been SAVEd, find it in the meter's flow table (creating a
   new entry if this is the first packet observed for the flow), and
   increment its counters.  The meter then moves on to examine the next
   incoming packet.

3.3.3  EXIT Statement

   The EXIT statement exits a labelled compound statement.  The next
   statement to be executed will be the one following that compound
   statement.  This provides a well-defined way to jump to a clearly
   identified point in a program.  For example:

   outer: {
      ...
      if SourcePeerAddress == 192.168/16
         exit outer;  # exits the statement labelled 'outer'
      ...
      }
   # execution resumes here

   In practice the language provides sufficient logical structure that
   one seldom - if ever - needs to use the EXIT statement.

3.3.4  IGNORE Statement

   The IGNORE statement terminates examination of the current packet
   without saving any information from it.  The meter then moves on to
   examine the next incoming packet, beginning again at the first
   statement of its program.

3.3.5  NOMATCH Statement

   The NOMATCH statement indicates that matching has failed for this
   execution of the program.  If it is executed when a packet is being
   processed with its addresses in 'on the wire' order, the PME will




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   perform the program again from the beginning with source and
   destination addresses interchanged.  If it is executed following such
   an interchange, the packet will be IGNOREd.

   NOMATCH is illustrated in the SAVE example (section 3.3.1), where it
   is used to ensure that flows having 130.216/16 as an end-point are
   counted as though 130.216 had been those flows' source peer (IP)
   address.

3.3.6  STORE Statement

   The STORE statement assigns a value to an SRL variable and SAVEs it.
   There are six SRL variables:

           SourceClass        SourceKind
           DestClass          DestKind
           FlowClass          FlowKind

   Their names have no particular significance; they were arbitrarily
   chosen as likely RTFM attributes but can be used to store any
   single-byte integer values.  Their values are set to zero each time
   examination of a new packet begins.  For example:

   STORE SourceClass := 3;
   STORE FlowKind := 'W'

3.3.7  RETURN Statement

   The RETURN statement is used to return from subroutines and can be
   used only within the context of a subroutine.  It is described in
   detail below (CALL statement).

3.4  Subroutine_declaration

   -- SUBROUTINE subname ( --+-----------------------------+-- ) -->
                             |                             |
                             +--+-- ADDRESS --- pname --+--+
                                |                       |
                                +-- VARIABLE -- pname --+
                                |                       |
                                +------<------- , ------+

          >------+-------- Statement ---------+----- ENDSUB -------- ;
                 |                            |
                 +-------------<--------------+






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   A Subroutine declaration has three parts:

      the subname is an identifier, used to name the subroutine.

      the parameter list specifies the subroutine's parameters.  Each
         parameter is preceded with a keyword indicating its type -
         VARIABLE indicates an SRL variable (see the STORE statement
         above), ADDRESS indicates any other RTFM attribute.  A
         parameter name may be any identifier, and its scope is limited
         to the subroutine's body.

      the body specifies what processing the subroutine will perform.
         This is simply a sequence of Statements, terminated by the
         ENDSUB keyword.

   Note that EXITs in a subroutine may not refer to labels outside it.
   The only way to leave a subroutine is via a RETURN statement.

3.5  CALL_statement

   ---- CALL subname ( --+---------------------+-- ) ---->
                         |                     |
                         +--+-- parameter --+--+
                            |               |
                            +----<--- , ----+

         >---+-------------------------------------+--- ENDCALL ---- ;
             |                                     |
             +---+--+-- n : --+--- Statement --+---+
                 |  |         |                |
                 |  +----<----+                |
                 |                             |
                 +--------------<--------------+

   The CALL statement invokes an SRL subroutine.  The parameters are SRL
   variables or other RTFM attributes, and their types must match those
   in the subroutine declaration.  Following the parameters is a
   sequence of statements, each preceded by an integer label.  These
   labels will normally be 1:, 2:, 3:, etc, but they do not have to be
   contiguous, nor in any particular order.  They are referred to in
   RETURN statements within the subroutine body.

   e.g. RETURN 2;   would return to the statement labelled 2:
                       within in the CALL statement.

   Execution of the labelled statement completes the CALL.





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   If the return statement does not specify a return label, the first
   statement executed after RETURN will be the statement immediately
   following ENDCALL.

4  Example Programs

4.1  Classify IP Port Numbers

   #
   #  Classify IP port numbers
   #
      define IPv4 = 1;  # Address Family number from [ASG-NBR]
   #
      define ftp = (20, 21);  # Well-Known Port numbers from [ASG-NBR]
      define telnet = 23;
      define www = 80;
   #
      define tcp = 6;  # Protocol numbers from [ASG-NBR]
      define udp = 17;
   #
      if SourcePeerType == IPv4 save;
      else ignore;  # Not an IPv4 packet
   #
      if (SourceTransType == tcp || SourceTransType == udp) save, {
         if SourceTransAddress == (www, ftp, telnet)  nomatch;
            # We want the well-known port as Dest
   #
         if DestTransAddress == telnet
            save, store FlowKind := 'T';
         else if DestTransAddress == www
            save, store FlowKind := 'W';
         else if DestTransAddress == ftp
            save, store FlowKind := 'F';
         else {
            save DestTransAddress;
            store FlowKind := '?';
            }
         }
      else save SourceTransType = 0;
   #
      save SourcePeerAddress /32;
      save DestPeerAddress   /32;
      count;
   #







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   This program counts only IP packets, saving SourceTransType (tcp, udp
   or 0), Source- and DestPeerAddress (32-bit IP addresses) and FlowKind
   ('W' for www, 'F' for ftp, 'T' for telnet, '?' for unclassified).
   The program uses a NOMATCH action to specify the packet direction -
   its resulting flows will have the well-known ports as their
   destination.

4.2  Classify Traffic into Groups of Networks

   #
   # SRL program to classify traffic into network groups
   #
   define my_net = 130.216/16;
   define k_nets = ( 130.217/16, 130.123/16, 130.195/16,
                    132.181/16, 138.75/16, 139.80/16 );
   #
      call net_kind (SourcePeerAddress, SourceKind)
         endcall;
      call net_kind (DestPeerAddress,   DestKind)
         endcall;
      count;
   #
      subroutine net_kind (address addr, variable net)
         if addr == my_net save, {
            store net := 10;  return 1;
            }
         else if addr == k_nets save, {
            store net := 20;  return 2;
            }
         save addr/24;  # Not my_net or in k_nets
         store net := 30;  return 3;
         endsub;
   #

   The net_kind subroutine determines whether addr is my network
   (130.216), one of the Kawaihiko networks (in the k_nets list), or
   some other network.  It saves the network address from addr (16 bits
   for my_net and the k_net networks, 24 bits for others), stores a
   value of 10, 20 or 30 in net, and returns to 1:, 2:  or 3:.  Note
   that the network numbers used are contained within the two DEFINEs,
   making them easy to change.

   net_kind is called twice, saving Source- and DestPeerAddress and
   Source- and DestKind; the COUNT statement produces flows identified
   by these four RTFM attributes, with no particular source-dest
   ordering.





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   In the program no use is made of return numbers and they could have
   been omitted.  However, we might wish to re-use the subroutine in
   another program doing different things for different return numbers,
   as in the version below.

   call net_kind (DestPeerAddress, DestKind)
      1: nomatch;  # We want my_net as source
         endcall;
   call net_kind (SourcePeerAddress, SourceKind)
      1: count;    # my_net -> other networks
         endcall;
   save SourcePeerAddress /24;
   save DestPeerAddress /24;
   count;

   This version uses a NOMATCH statement to ensure that its resulting
   flows have my_net as their source.  The NOMATCH also rejects my_net
   -> my_net traffic.  Traffic which doesn't have my_net as source or
   destination saves 24 bits of its peer addresses (the subroutine might
   only have saved 16) before counting such an unusual flow.

5  Security Considerations

   SRL is a language for creating rulesets (i.e. configuration files)
   for RTFM Traffic Meters - it does not present any security issues in
   itself.

   On the other hand, flow data gathered using such rulesets may well be
   valuable.  It is therefore important to take proper precautions to
   ensure that access to the meter and its data is secure.  Ways to
   achieve this are discussed in detail in the Architecture and Meter
   MIB documents [RTFM-ARC, RTFM-MIB].

6  IANA Considerations

   Appendix C below lists the RTFM attributes by name.  Since SRL only
   refers to attributes by name, SRL users do not have to know the
   attribute numbers.

   The size (in bytes) of the various attribute values is also listed in
   Appendix C. These sizes reflect the object sizes for the attribute
   values as they are stored in the RTFM Meter MIB [RTFM-MIB].

   IANA considerations for allocating new attributes are discussed in
   detail in the RTFM Architecture document [RTFM-ARC].






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7  APPENDICES

7.1  Appendix A: SRL Syntax in BNF

      <SRL program>    ::=  <S or D> | <SRL program> <S or D>

      <S or D>         ::=  <statement> | <declaration>

      <declaration>    ::=  <Subroutine declaration>

      <statement>      ::=  <IF statement> |
                            <Compound statement> |
                            <Imperative statement> |
                            <CALL statement>

      <IF statement>   ::=  IF <expression> <if action> <opt else>

      <if action>      ::=  SAVE ; |
                            SAVE , <statement> |
                            <statement>

      <opt else>       ::=  <null> |
                            ELSE <statement>

      <expression>     ::=  <term> | <term> || <term>

      <term>           ::=  <factor> | <factor> && <factor>

      <factor>         ::=  <attribute> == <operand list> |
                            ( <expression> )

      <operand list>   ::=  <operand> | ( <actual operand list> )

      <actual operand list> ::= <operand> |
                            <actual operand list> , <operand>

      <operand>        ::=  <value> |
                            <value> / <width> |
                            <value> & <mask>

      <Compound statement> ::= <opt label> { <statement seq> }

      <opt label>      ::=  <null> |
                            <identifier> :

      <statement seq>  ::=  <statement> | <statement seq> <statement>

      <Imperative statement> ::=  ; |



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                            SAVE <attribute> <opt operand> ; |
                            COUNT ; |
                            EXIT <label> ; |
                            IGNORE ; |
                            NOMATCH ; |
                            RETURN <integer> ; |
                            RETURN ; |
                            STORE <variable> := <value> ;

      <opt operand>    ::=  <null> |
                            <width or mask> |
                            = <operand>

      <width or mask>   ::= / <width> | & <mask>

      <Subroutine declaration> ::=
                            SUBROUTINE <sub header> <sub body> ENDSUB ;

      <sub header>     ::=  <subname> ( ) |
                            <subname> ( <sub param list> )

      <sub param list> ::= <sub param> | <sub param list> , <sub param>

      <sub param>      ::=  ADDRESS <pname> | VARIABLE <pname>

      <pname>          ::=  <identifier>

      <sub body>       ::=  <statement sequence>

      <CALL statement> ::=  CALL <call header> <opt call body> ENDCALL ;

      <call header>    ::=  <subname> ( ) |
                            <subname> ( <call param list> )

      <call param list> ::= <call param> |
                            <call param list> , <call param>

      <call param>     ::=  <attribute> | <variable>

      <opt call body>  ::=  <null> |
                            <actual call body>

      <actual call body> ::=  <numbered statement> |
                            <actual call body> <numbered statement>

      <numbered statement> ::= <int label seq> <statement>

      <int label seq>  ::=  <integer> : | <int label seq> <integer> :



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   The following are terminals, recognised by the scanner:

      <identifier>     Described in section 2
      <integer>        A decimal integer

      <attribute>      Attribute name, as listed in Appendix C

      <value>, <mask>  Described in section 5.2

      <width>     ::= <integer>
      <label>     ::= <identifier>

      <variable>  ::=  SourceClass | DestClass | FlowClass |
                        SourceKind | DestKind | FlowKind

7.2  Appendix B: Syntax for Values and Masks

   Values and masks consist of sequences of numeric fields, each of one
   or more bytes.  The non-blank character following a field indicates
   the field width, and whether the number is decimal or hexadecimal.
   These 'field type' characters may be:

     .  period      decimal, single byte
     -  minus       hex,     single byte
     !  exclaim     decimal, two bytes

   For example, 130.216.0.0 is an IP address (in dotted decimal), and
   FF-FF-00-00 is an IP address in hexadecimal.

   The last field of a value or mask has no field width character.
   Instead it takes the same width as the preceding field.  For example,
   1.3.10!50 and 1.3.0.10.0.50 are two different ways to specify the
   same value.

   Unspecified fields (at the right-hand side of a value or mask) are
   set to zero, i.e. 130.216 is the same as 130.216.0.0.

   If only a single field is specified (no field width character), the
   value given fills the whole field.  For example, 23 and 0.23 specify
   the same value for a SourceTransAddress operand.  For variables
   (which have one-byte values) a C-style character constant may also be
   used.

   IPv6 addresses and masks may also be used, following the conventions
   set out in the IP Version 6 Addressing Architecture RFC [V6-ADR].






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7.3  Appendix C: RTFM Attribute Information

   The following attributes may be tested in an IF statement, and their
   values may be SAVEd (except for MatchingStoD). Their maximum size (in
   bytes) is shown to the left, and a brief description is given for
   each.  The names given here are reserved words in SRL (they are
   <attribute> terminals in the grammar given in Appendix A).

   Note that this table gives only a very brief summary.  The Meter MIB
   [RTFM-MIB] provides the definitive specification of attributes and
   their allowed values.  The MIB variables which represent flow
   attributes have 'flowData' prepended to their names to indicate that
   they belong to the MIB's flowData table.

   1  SourceInterface, DestInterface
         Interface(s) on which the flow was observed

   1  SourceAdjacentType, DestAdjacentType
         Indicates the interface type(s), i.e. an ifType from [ASG-NBR],
         or an Address Family Number (if metering within a tunnel)

   0  SourceAdjacentAddress, DestAdjacentAddress
         For IEEE 802.x interfaces, the MAC addresses for the flow

   1  SourcePeerType, DestPeerType
         Peer protocol types, i.e. Address Family Number from [ASG-NBR],
         such as IPv4, Novell, Ethertalk, ..

   0  SourcePeerAddress, DestPeerAddress
         Peer Addresses (size varies, e.g. 4 for IPv4, 3 for Ethertalk))

   1  SourceTransType, DestTransType
         Transport layer type, i.e. Protocol Number from [ASG-NBR]
         such as tcp(6), udp(17), ospf(89), ..

   2  SourceTransAddress, DestTransAddress
         Transport layer addresses (e.g. port numbers for TCP and UDP)

   1  FlowRuleset
         Rule set number for the flow

   1  MatchingStoD
         Indicates whether the packet is being matched with its
         addresses in 'wire order.'  See [RTFM-ARC] for details.

   The following variables may be tested in an IF, and their values may
   be set by a STORE. They all have one-byte values.




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      SourceClass, DestClass, FlowClass,
      SourceKind,  DestKind,  FlowKind

   The following RTFM attributes are not address attributes - they are
   measured attributes of a flow.  Their values may be read from an RTFM
   meter.  (For example, NeTraMet uses a FORMAT statement to specify
   which attribute values are to be read from the meter.)

   8  ToOctets, FromOctets
         Total number of octets seen for each direction of the flow

   8  ToPDUs, FromPDUs
         Total number of PDUs seen for each direction of the flow

   4  FirstTime, LastActiveTime
         Time (in centiseconds) that first and last PDUs were seen
         for the flow

   Other attributes will be defined by the RTFM working group from time
   to time.

8  Acknowledgments

   The SRL language is part of the RTFM Working Group's efforts to make
   the RTFM traffic measurement system easier to use.  Initial work on
   the language was done by Cyndi Mills and Brad Frazee in Boston.  SRL
   was developed in Auckland; it was greatly assisted by detailed
   discussion with John White and Russell Fulton.  Discussion has
   continued on the RTFM and NeTraMet mailing lists.

9  References

   [ASG-NBR]  Reynolds, J. and J. Postel, "Assigned Numbers",
              STD 2, RFC 1700, October 1994.

   [NETRAMET] Brownlee, N., NeTraMet home page,
              http://www.auckland.ac.nz/net/NeTraMet

   [RTFM-ARC] Brownlee, N., Mills, C. and G. Ruth, "Traffic Flow
              Measurement: Architecture", RFC 2722, October 1999.

   [RTFM-MIB] Brownlee, N., "Traffic Flow Measurement: Meter MIB",
              RFC 2720, October 1999.

   [V6-ADDR]  Hinden, R. and S. Deering, "IP Version 6 Addressing
              Architecture," RFC 2373, July 1998.





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10  Author's Address

   Nevil Brownlee
   Information Technology Systems & Services
   The University of Auckland
   Private Bag 92-019
   Auckland, New Zealand

   Phone: +64 9 373 7599 x8941
   EMail: n.brownlee@auckland.ac.nz









































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11  Full Copyright Statement

   Copyright (C) The Internet Society (1999).  All Rights Reserved.

   This document and translations of it may be copied and furnished to
   others, and derivative works that comment on or otherwise explain it
   or assist in its implementation may be prepared, copied, published
   and distributed, in whole or in part, without restriction of any
   kind, provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are
   included on all such copies and derivative works.  However, this
   document itself may not be modified in any way, such as by removing
   the copyright notice or references to the Internet Society or other
   Internet organizations, except as needed for the purpose of
   developing Internet standards in which case the procedures for
   copyrights defined in the Internet Standards process must be
   followed, or as required to translate it into languages other than
   English.

   The limited permissions granted above are perpetual and will not be
   revoked by the Internet Society or its successors or assigns.

   This document and the information contained herein is provided on an
   "AS IS" basis and THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING
   TASK FORCE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING
   BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION
   HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
   MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.

Acknowledgement

   Funding for the RFC Editor function is currently provided by the
   Internet Society.



















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