path: root/doc/rfc/rfc4765.txt

Network Working Group                                           H. Debar
Request for Comments: 4765                                France Telecom
Category: Experimental                                          D. Curry
                                                                Guardian
                                                            B. Feinstein
                                                       SecureWorks, Inc.
                                                              March 2007

        The Intrusion Detection Message Exchange Format (IDMEF)

Status of This Memo

   This memo defines an Experimental Protocol for the Internet
   community.  It does not specify an Internet standard of any kind.
   Discussion and suggestions for improvement are requested.
   Distribution of this memo is unlimited.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (C) The IETF Trust (2007).

IESG Note

   The content of this RFC was at one time considered by the IETF, but
   the working group concluded before this work was approved as a
   standards-track protocol.  This RFC is not a candidate for any level
   of Internet Standard.  The IETF disclaims any knowledge of the
   fitness of this RFC for any purpose and in particular notes that the
   decision to publish is not based on complete IETF review for such
   things as security, congestion control, or inappropriate interaction
   with deployed protocols.  The IESG has chosen to publish this
   document in order to document the work as it was when the working
   group concluded and to encourage experimentation and development of
   the technology.  Readers of this RFC should exercise caution in
   evaluating its value for implementation and deployment.

Abstract

   The purpose of the Intrusion Detection Message Exchange Format
   (IDMEF) is to define data formats and exchange procedures for sharing
   information of interest to intrusion detection and response systems
   and to the management systems that may need to interact with them.

   This document describes a data model to represent information
   exported by intrusion detection systems and explains the rationale
   for using this model.  An implementation of the data model in the
   Extensible Markup Language (XML) is presented, an XML Document Type
   Definition is developed, and examples are provided.



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Table of Contents

   1. Introduction ....................................................4
      1.1. About the IDMEF Data Model .................................4
           1.1.1. Problems Addressed by the Data Model ................5
           1.1.2. Data Model Design Goals .............................6
      1.2. About the IDMEF XML Implementation .........................7
           1.2.1. The Extensible Markup Language ......................7
           1.2.2. Rationale for Implementing IDMEF in XML .............8
   2. Notices and Conventions Used in This Document ..................10
   3. Notational Conventions and Formatting Issues ...................10
      3.1. IDMEF XML Documents .......................................10
           3.1.1. The Document Prolog ................................10
           3.1.2. Character Data Processing in IDMEF .................11
           3.1.3. Languages in IDMEF .................................12
      3.2. IDMEF Data Types ..........................................12
           3.2.1. Integers ...........................................12
           3.2.2. Real Numbers .......................................12
           3.2.3. Characters and Strings .............................13
           3.2.4. Bytes ..............................................14
           3.2.5. Enumerated Types ...................................14
           3.2.6. Date-Time Strings ..................................14
           3.2.7. NTP Timestamps .....................................16
           3.2.8. Port Lists .........................................16
           3.2.9. Unique Identifiers .................................17
   4. The IDMEF Data Model and DTD ...................................18
      4.1. Data Model Overview .......................................18
      4.2. The Message Classes .......................................20
           4.2.1. The IDMEF-Message Class ............................20
           4.2.2. The Alert Class ....................................20
           4.2.3. The Heartbeat Class ................................27
           4.2.4. The Core Classes ...................................29
           4.2.5. The Time Classes ...................................41
           4.2.6. The Assessment Classes .............................42
           4.2.7. The Support Classes ................................47
   5. Extending the IDMEF ............................................79
      5.1. Extending the Data Model ..................................79
      5.2. Extending the IDMEF DTD ...................................80
   6. Special Considerations .........................................81
      6.1. XML Validity and Well-Formedness ..........................81
      6.2. Unrecognized XML Tags .....................................82
      6.3. Analyzer-Manager Time Synchronization .....................82
      6.4. NTP Timestamp Wrap-Around .................................84
      6.5. Digital Signatures ........................................85
   7. Examples .......................................................85
      7.1. Denial-of-Service Attacks .................................86
           7.1.1. The "teardrop" Attack ..............................86
           7.1.2. The "ping of death" Attack .........................87



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      7.2. Port Scanning Attacks .....................................88
           7.2.1. Connection to a Disallowed Service .................88
           7.2.2. Simple Port Scanning ...............................89
      7.3. Local Attacks .............................................90
           7.3.1. The "loadmodule" Attack ............................90
           7.3.2. The "phf" Attack ...................................93
           7.3.3. File Modification ..................................94
      7.4. System Policy Violation ...................................96
      7.5. Correlated Alerts .........................................98
      7.6. Analyzer Assessments ......................................99
      7.7. Heartbeat ................................................100
      7.8. XML Extension ............................................101
   8. The IDMEF Document Type Definition (Normative) ................104
   9. Security Considerations .......................................117
   10. IANA Considerations ..........................................118
      10.1. Adding Values to Existing Attributes ....................118
           10.1.1. Attribute Registrations ..........................119
           10.1.2. Registration Template ............................130
      10.2. Adding New Attributes and Classes .......................131
   11. References ...................................................131
      11.1. Normative References ....................................131
      11.2. Informative References ..................................132
   Appendix A.  Acknowledgements ....................................134
   Appendix B.  The IDMEF Schema Definition (Non-normative) .........135



























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1.  Introduction

   The Intrusion Detection Message Exchange Format (IDMEF) [2] is
   intended to be a standard data format that automated intrusion
   detection systems can use to report alerts about events that they
   deem suspicious.  The development of this standard format will enable
   interoperability among commercial, open source, and research systems,
   allowing users to mix-and-match the deployment of these systems
   according to their strong and weak points to obtain an optimal
   implementation.

   The most obvious place to implement the IDMEF is in the data channel
   between an intrusion detection analyzer (or "sensor") and the manager
   (or "console") to which it sends alarms.  But there are other places
   where the IDMEF can be useful:

   o  a single database system that could store the results from a
      variety of intrusion detection products would make it possible for
      data analysis and reporting activities to be performed on "the
      whole picture" instead of just a part of it;

   o  an event correlation system that could accept alerts from a
      variety of intrusion detection products would be capable of
      performing more sophisticated cross-correlation and cross-
      confirmation calculations than one that is limited to a single
      product;

   o  a graphical user interface that could display alerts from a
      variety of intrusion detection products would enable the user to
      monitor all of the products from a single screen, and require him
      or her to learn only one interface, instead of several; and

   o  a common data exchange format would make it easier for different
      organizations (users, vendors, response teams, law enforcement) to
      not only exchange data, but also communicate about it.

   The diversity of uses for the IDMEF needs to be considered when
   selecting its method of implementation.

1.1.  About the IDMEF Data Model

   The IDMEF data model is an object-oriented representation of the
   alert data sent to intrusion detection managers by intrusion
   detection analyzers.







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1.1.1.  Problems Addressed by the Data Model

   The data model addresses several problems associated with
   representing intrusion detection alert data:

   o  Alert information is inherently heterogeneous.  Some alerts are
      defined with very little information, such as origin, destination,
      name, and time of the event.  Other alerts provide much more
      information, such as ports or services, processes, user
      information, and so on.  The data model that represents this
      information must be flexible to accommodate different needs.

      An object-oriented model is naturally extensible via aggregation
      and subclassing.  If an implementation of the data model extends
      it with new classes, either by aggregation or subclassing, an
      implementation that does not understand these extensions will
      still be able to understand the subset of information that is
      defined by the data model.  Subclassing and aggregation provide
      extensibility while preserving the consistency of the model.

   o  Intrusion detection environments are different.  Some analyzers
      detect attacks by analyzing network traffic; others use operating
      system logs or application audit trail information.  Alerts for
      the same attack, sent by analyzers with different information
      sources, will not contain the same information.

      The data model defines support classes that accommodate the
      differences in data sources among analyzers.  In particular, the
      notions of source and target for the alert are represented by the
      combination of Node, Process, Service, and User classes.

   o  Analyzer capabilities are different.  Depending on the
      environment, one may install a lightweight analyzer that provides
      little information in its alerts, or a more complex analyzer that
      will have a greater impact on the running system but provide more
      detailed alert information.  The data model must allow for
      conversion to formats used by tools other than intrusion detection
      analyzers, for the purpose of further processing the alert
      information.

      The data model defines extensions to the basic Document Type
      Definition (DTD) that allow carrying both simple and complex
      alerts.  Extensions are accomplished through subclassing or
      association of new classes.







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   o  Operating environments are different.  Depending on the kind of
      network or operating system used, attacks will be observed and
      reported with different characteristics.  The data model should
      accommodate these differences.

      Significant flexibility in reporting is provided by the Node and
      Service support classes.  If additional information must be
      reported, subclasses may be defined that extend the data model
      with additional attributes.

   o  Commercial vendor objectives are different.  For various reasons,
      vendors may wish to deliver more or less information about certain
      types of attacks.

      The object-oriented approach allows this flexibility while the
      subclassing rules preserve the integrity of the model.

1.1.2.  Data Model Design Goals

   The data model was designed to provide a standard representation of
   alerts in an unambiguous fashion, and to permit the relationship
   between simple and complex alerts to be described.

1.1.2.1.  Representing Events

   The goal of the data model is to provide a standard representation of
   the information that an intrusion detection analyzer reports when it
   detects an occurrence of some unusual event(s).  These alerts may be
   simple or complex, depending on the capabilities of the analyzer that
   creates them.

1.1.2.2.  Content-Driven

   The design of the data model is content-driven.  This means that new
   objects are introduced to accommodate additional content, not
   semantic differences between alerts.  This is an important goal, as
   the task of classifying and naming computer vulnerabilities is both
   extremely difficult and very subjective.

   The data model must be unambiguous.  This means that while we allow
   analyzers to be more or less precise than one another (i.e., one
   analyzer may report more information about an event than another), we
   do not allow them to produce contradictory information in two alerts
   describing the same event (i.e., the common subset of information
   reported by both analyzers must be identical and inserted in the same
   placeholders within the alert data structure).  Of course, it is
   always possible to insert all "interesting" information about an




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   event in extension fields of the alert instead of in the fields where
   it belongs; however, such practice reduces interoperability and
   should be avoided whenever possible.

1.1.2.3.  Relationship between Alerts

   Intrusion detection alerts can be transmitted at several levels.
   This document applies to the entire range, from very simple alerts
   (e.g., those alerts that are the result of a single action or
   operation in the system, such as a failed login report) to very
   complex ones (e.g., the aggregation of several events causing an
   alert to be generated).

   As such, the data model must provide a way for complex alerts that
   aggregate several simple alerts to identify those simple alerts in
   the complex alert's content.

1.2.  About the IDMEF XML Implementation

   Two implementations of the IDMEF were originally proposed to the
   Intrusion Detection Working Group (IDWG): one using the Structure of
   Management Information (SMI) to describe a Simple Network Management
   Protocol (SNMP) MIB, and the other using a DTD to describe XML
   documents.

   These proposed implementations were reviewed by the IDWG at its
   September 1999 and February 2000 meetings; it was decided at the
   February meeting that the XML solution was best at fulfilling the
   IDWG requirements.

1.2.1.  The Extensible Markup Language

   The Extensible Markup Language (XML) [3] is a simplified version of
   the Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML), a syntax for
   specifying text markup defined by the ISO 8879 standard.  XML is
   gaining widespread attention as a language for representing and
   exchanging documents and data on the Internet, and as the solution to
   most of the problems inherent in HyperText Markup Language (HTML).
   XML was published as a recommendation by the World Wide Web
   Consortium (W3C) on February 10, 1998.

   XML is a metalanguage -- a language for describing other languages --
   that enables an application to define its own markup.  XML allows the
   definition of customized markup languages for different types of
   documents and different applications.  This differs from HTML, in
   which there is a fixed set of identifiers with preset meanings that
   must be "adapted" for specialized uses.  Both XML and HTML use
   elements (tags) (identifiers delimited by '<' and '>') and attributes



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   (of the form "name='value'").  But where "<p>" always means
   "paragraph" in HTML, it may mean "paragraph", "person", "price", or
   "platypus" in XML, or it might have no meaning at all, depending on
   the particular application.

   NOTE:  XML provides both a syntax for declaring document markup and
      structure (i.e., defining elements and attributes, specifying the
      order in which they appear, and so on) and a syntax for using that
      markup in documents.  Because markup declarations look radically
      different from markup, many people are confused as to which syntax
      is called XML.  The answer is that they both are, because they are
      actually both part of the same language.

      For clarity in this document, we will use the terms "XML" and "XML
      documents" when speaking in the general case, and the term "IDMEF
      markup" when speaking specifically of the elements (tags) and
      attributes that describe IDMEF messages.

   The publication of XML was followed by the publication of a second
   recommendation [4] by the World Wide Web Consortium, defining the use
   of namespaces in XML documents.  An XML namespace is a collection of
   names, identified by a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) [5].  When
   using namespaces, each tag is identified with the namespace it comes
   from, allowing tags from different namespaces with the same names to
   occur in the same document.  For example, a single document could
   contain both "usa:football" and "europe:football" tags, each with
   different meanings.

   In anticipation of the widespread use of XML namespaces, this memo
   includes the definition of the URI to be used to identify the IDMEF
   namespace.

1.2.2.  Rationale for Implementing IDMEF in XML

   XML-based applications are being used or developed for a wide variety
   of purposes, including electronic data interchange in a variety of
   fields, financial data interchange, electronic business cards,
   calendar and scheduling, enterprise software distribution, web "push"
   technology, and markup languages for chemistry, mathematics, music,
   molecular dynamics, astronomy, book and periodical publishing, web
   publishing, weather observations, real estate transactions, and many
   others.

   XML's flexibility makes it a good choice for these applications; that
   same flexibility makes it a good choice for implementing the IDMEF as
   well.  Other, more specific reasons for choosing XML to implement the
   IDMEF are:




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   o  XML allows a custom language to be developed specifically for the
      purpose of describing intrusion detection alerts.  It also defines
      a standard way to extend this language, either for later revisions
      of this document ("standard" extensions) or for vendor-specific
      use ("non-standard" extensions).

   o  Software tools for processing XML documents are widely available,
      in both commercial and open source forms.  Numerous tools and APIs
      for parsing and/or validating XML are available in a variety of
      languages, including Java, C, C++, Tcl, Perl, Python, and GNU
      Emacs Lisp.  Widespread access to tools will make adoption of the
      IDMEF by product developers easier, and hopefully, faster.

   o  XML meets IDMEF Requirement 5.1 [2], that message formats support
      full internationalization and localization.  The XML standard
      requires support for both the UTF-8 and UTF-16 encodings of ISO/
      IEC 10646 (Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Character Set, "UCS")
      and Unicode, making all XML applications (and therefore all IDMEF-
      compliant applications) compatible with these common character
      encodings.

      XML also provides support for specifying, on a per-element basis,
      the language in which the element's content is written, making
      IDMEF easy to adapt to "Natural Language Support" versions of a
      product.

   o  XML meets IDMEF Requirement 5.2 [2], that message formats must
      support filtering and aggregation.  XML's integration with XSL, a
      style language, allows messages to be combined, discarded, and
      rearranged.

   o  Ongoing XML development projects, in the W3C and elsewhere, will
      provide object-oriented extensions, database support, and other
      useful features.  If implemented in XML, the IDMEF immediately
      gains these features as well.

   o  XML is free, with no license, no license fees, and no royalties.














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2.  Notices and Conventions Used in This Document

   The keywords "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [1].

   An "IDMEF-compliant application" is a program or program component,
   such as an analyzer or manager, that reads and/or writes messages in
   the format specified by this memo.

   An "IDMEF document" is a message that adheres to the requirements
   specified by this memo and that is exchanged by two or more IDMEF
   applications.  "IDMEF message" is another term for an "IDMEF
   document".

3.  Notational Conventions and Formatting Issues

   This document uses three notations: Unified Modeling Language to
   describe the data model [14], XML to describe the markup used in
   IDMEF documents, and IDMEF markup to represent the documents
   themselves.

3.1.  IDMEF XML Documents

   This section describes IDMEF XML document formatting rules.  Most of
   these rules are "inherited" from the rules for formatting XML
   documents.

3.1.1.  The Document Prolog

   The format of an IDMEF XML document prolog is described in the
   following sections.

3.1.1.1.  XML Declaration

   IDMEF documents being exchanged between IDMEF-compliant applications
   MUST begin with an XML declaration, and MUST specify the XML version
   in use.  Specification of the encoding in use is RECOMMENDED.

   An IDMEF message SHOULD therefore start with:

   <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

   <idmef:IDMEF-Message version="1.0"
                        xmlns:idmef="http://iana.org/idmef"/>






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   IDMEF-compliant applications MAY choose to omit the XML declaration
   internally to conserve space, adding it only when the message is sent
   to another destination (e.g., a web browser).  This practice is NOT
   RECOMMENDED unless it can be accomplished without loss of each
   message's version and encoding information.

   In order to be valid (see Section 6.1), an XML document must contain
   a document type definition.  However, this represents significant
   overhead to an IDMEF-compliant application, both in the bandwidth it
   consumes as well as the requirements it places on the XML processor
   (not only to parse the declaration itself, but also to parse the DTD
   it references).

   Implementors MAY decide, therefore, to have analyzers and managers
   agree out-of-band on the particular document type definition they
   will be using to exchange messages (the standard one as defined here,
   or one with extensions), and then omit the document type definition
   from IDMEF messages.  The method for negotiating this agreement is
   outside the scope of this document.  Note that great care must be
   taken in negotiating any such agreements, as the manager may have to
   accept messages from many different analyzers, each using a DTD with
   a different set of extensions.

3.1.2.  Character Data Processing in IDMEF

   For portability reasons, IDMEF-compliant applications SHOULD NOT use,
   and IDMEF messages SHOULD NOT be encoded in, character encodings
   other than UTF-8 and UTF-16.  Consistent with the XML standard, if no
   encoding is specified for an IDMEF message, UTF-8 is assumed.

   NOTE:  The ASCII character set is a subset of the UTF-8 encoding, and
      therefore may be used to encode IDMEF messages.

   Per the XML standard, IDMEF documents encoded in UTF-16 MUST begin
   with the Byte Order Mark described by ISO/IEC 10646 Annex E and
   Unicode Appendix B (the "ZERO WIDTH NO-BREAK SPACE" character,
   #xFEFF).

3.1.2.1.  Character Entity References

   It is RECOMMENDED that IDMEF-compliant applications use the entity
   reference form (see Section 3.2.3.1) of the characters '&', ,'<',
   '>', '"', and ''' (single-quote) whenever writing these characters in
   data, to avoid any possibility of misinterpretation.

3.1.2.2.  White Space Processing

   All IDMEF elements MUST support the "xml:space" attribute.



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3.1.3.  Languages in IDMEF

   IDMEF-compliant applications MUST specify the language in which their
   contents are encoded; in general this can be done by specifying the
   "xml:lang" attribute for the top-level element and letting all other
   elements "inherit" that definition [10].

3.2.  IDMEF Data Types

   Within an XML IDMEF message, all data will be expressed as "text" (as
   opposed to "binary"), since XML is a text formatting language.  We
   provide typing information for the attributes of the classes in the
   data model, however, to convey to the reader the type of data that
   the model expects for each attribute.

   Each data type in the model has specific formatting requirements in
   an XML IDMEF message; these requirements are set forth in this
   section.

3.2.1.  Integers

   Integer attributes are represented by the INTEGER data type.  Integer
   data MUST be encoded in Base 10 or Base 16.

   Base 10 integer encoding uses the digits '0' through '9' and an
   optional sign ('+' or '-').  For example, "123", "-456".

   Base 16 integer encoding uses the digits '0' through '9' and 'a'
   through 'f' (or their uppercase equivalents), and is preceded by the
   characters "0x".  For example, "0x1a2b".

3.2.2.  Real Numbers

   Real (floating-point) attributes are represented by the REAL data
   type.  Real data MUST be encoded in Base 10.

   Real encoding is that of the POSIX 1003.1 "strtod" library function:
   an optional sign ('+' or '-') followed by a non-empty string of
   decimal digits, optionally containing a radix character, then an
   optional exponent part.  An exponent part consists of an 'e' or 'E',
   followed by an optional sign, followed by one or more decimal digits.
   For example, "123.45e02", "-567,89e-03".

   IDMEF-compliant applications MUST support both the '.' and ',' radix
   characters.






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3.2.3.  Characters and Strings

   Single-character attributes are represented by the CHARACTER data
   type.  Multi-character attributes of known length are represented by
   the STRING data type.

   Character and string data have no special formatting requirements,
   other than the need to occasionally use character references (see
   Section 3.2.3.1 and Section 3.2.3.2) to represent special characters.

3.2.3.1.  Character Entity References

   Within XML documents, certain characters have special meanings in
   some contexts.  To include the actual character itself in one of
   these contexts, a special escape sequence, called an entity
   reference, must be used.

   The characters that sometimes need to be escaped, and their entity
   references, are:

                     +-----------+------------------+
                     | Character | Entity Reference |
                     +-----------+------------------+
                     |         & | &amp;            |
                     |           |                  |
                     |         < | &lt;             |
                     |           |                  |
                     |         > | &gt;             |
                     |           |                  |
                     |         " | &quot;           |
                     |           |                  |
                     |         ' | &apos;           |
                     +-----------+------------------+

3.2.3.2.  Character Code References

   Any character defined by the ISO/IEC 10646 and Unicode standards may
   be included in an XML document by the use of a character reference.
   A character reference is started with the characters '&' and '#', and
   ended with the character ';'.  Between these characters, the
   character code for the character is inserted.

   If the character code is preceded by an 'x' it is interpreted in
   hexadecimal (base 16); otherwise, it is interpreted in decimal (base
   10).  For instance, the ampersand (&) is encoded as &#38; or &#x0026;
   and the less-than sign (<) is encoded as &#60; or &#x003C;.





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   Any one-, two-, or four-byte character specified in the ISO/IEC 10646
   and Unicode standards can be included in a document using this
   technique.

3.2.4.  Bytes

   Binary data is represented by the BYTE (and BYTE[]) data type.

   Binary data MUST be encoded in its entirety using base64.

3.2.5.  Enumerated Types

   Enumerated types are represented by the ENUM data type, and consist
   of an ordered list of acceptable values.

3.2.6.  Date-Time Strings

   Date-time strings are represented by the DATETIME data type.  Each
   date-time string identifies a particular instant in time; ranges are
   not supported.

   Date-time strings are formatted according to a subset of ISO 8601:
   2000 [6], as show below.  Section references in parentheses refer to
   sections of the ISO 8601:2000 standard [6].

   1.  Dates MUST be formatted as follows:

          YYYY-MM-DD

       where YYYY is the four-digit year, MM is the two-digit month
       (01-12), and DD is the two-digit day (01-31).  (Section 5.2.1.1,
       "Complete representation -- Extended format".)

   2.  Times MUST be formatted as follows:

          hh:mm:ss

       where hh is the two-digit hour (00-24), mm is the two-digit
       minute (00-59), and ss is the two-digit second (00-60).  (Section
       5.3.1.1, "Complete representation -- Extended format".)

       Note that midnight has two representations, 00:00:00 and
       24:00:00.  Both representations MUST be supported by IDMEF-
       compliant applications; however, the 00:00:00 representation
       SHOULD be used whenever possible.






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       Note also that this format accounts for leap seconds.  Positive
       leap seconds are inserted between 23:59:59Z and 24:00:00Z and are
       represented as 23:59:60Z.  Negative leap seconds are achieved by
       the omission of 23:59:59Z.  IDMEF-compliant applications MUST
       support leap seconds.

   3.  Times MAY be formatted to include a decimal fraction of seconds,
       as follows:

          hh:mm:ss.ss or
          hh:mm:ss,ss

       As many digits as necessary may follow the decimal sign (at least
       one digit must follow the decimal sign).  Decimal fractions of
       hours and minutes are not supported.  (Section 5.3.1.3,
       "Representation of decimal fractions".)

       IDMEF-compliant applications MUST support the use of both decimal
       signs ('.' and ',').

       Note that the number of digits in the fraction part does not
       imply anything about accuracy -- i.e., "00.100000", "00,1000",
       and "00.1" are all equivalent.

   4.  Times MUST be formatted to include (a) an indication that the
       time is in Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) or (b) an indication
       of the difference between the specified time and Coordinated
       Universal Time.

       *  Times in UTC MUST be formatted by appending the letter 'Z' to
          the time string as follows:

             hh:mm:ssZ
             hh:mm:ss.ssZ
             hh:mm:ss,ssZ

          (Section 5.3.3, "Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) -- Extended
          format".)

       *  If the time is ahead of or equal to UTC, a '+' sign is
          appended to the time string; if the time is behind UTC, a '-'
          sign is appended.  Following the sign, the number of hours and
          minutes representing the different from UTC is appended, as
          follows:

             hh:mm:ss+hh:mm
             hh:mm:ss-hh:mm
             hh:mm:ss.ss+hh:mm



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             hh:mm:ss.ss-hh:mm
             hh:mm:ss,ss+hh:mm
             hh:mm:ss,ss-hh:mm

          The difference from UTC MUST be specified in both hours and
          minutes, even if the minutes component is 0.  A "difference"
          of "+00:00" is equivalent to UTC.  (Section 5.3.4.2, "Local
          time and the difference with Coordinated Universal Time --
          Extended Format".)

   5.  Date-time strings are created by joining the date and time
       strings with the letter 'T', as shown below:

          YYYY-MM-DDThh:mm:ssZ
          YYYY-MM-DDThh:mm:ss.ssZ
          YYYY-MM-DDThh:mm:ss,ssZ
          YYYY-MM-DDThh:mm:ss+hh:mm
          YYYY-MM-DDThh:mm:ss-hh:mm
          YYYY-MM-DDThh:mm:ss.ss+hh:mm
          YYYY-MM-DDThh:mm:ss.ss-hh:mm
          YYYY-MM-DDThh:mm:ss,ss+hh:mm
          YYYY-MM-DDThh:mm:ss,ss-hh:mm

       (Section 5.4.1, "Complete representation -- Extended format".)

   In summary, IDMEF date-time strings MUST adhere to one of the nine
   templates identified in Paragraph 5, above.

3.2.7.  NTP Timestamps

   NTP timestamps are represented by the NTPSTAMP data type and are
   described in detail in [7] and [8].  An NTP timestamp is a 64-bit
   unsigned fixed-point number.  The integer part is in the first 32
   bits, and the fraction part is in the last 32 bits.

   Within IDMEF messages, NTP timestamps MUST be encoded as two 32-bit
   hexadecimal values, separated by a period ('.').  For example,
   "0x12345678.0x87654321".

   See also Section 6.4 for more information on NTP timestamps.

3.2.8.  Port Lists

   Port lists are represented by the PORTLIST data type and consist of a
   comma-separated list of numbers (individual integers) and ranges (N-M
   means ports N through M, inclusive).  Any combination of numbers and
   ranges may be used in a single list.  For example,
   "5-25,37,42,43,53,69-119,123-514".



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3.2.9.  Unique Identifiers

   There are two types of unique identifiers used in this specification.
   Both types are represented by STRING data types.

   These identifiers are implemented as attributes on the relevant XML
   elements, and they must have unique values as follows:

   1.  The Analyzer class' (Section 4.2.4.1) "analyzerid" attribute, if
       specified, MUST have a value that is unique across all analyzers
       in the intrusion detection environment.

       The "analyzerid" attribute is not required to be globally unique,
       only unique within the intrusion detection environment of which
       the analyzer is a member.  It is permissible for two analyzers,
       in different intrusion detection environments, to have the same
       value for "analyzerid".

       The default value is "0", which indicates that the analyzer
       cannot generate unique identifiers.

   2.  The Alert and Heartbeat messages (Sections 4.2.2, 4.2.3) must be
       uniquely identified by the couple (analyzerid,messageid), if the
       analyzer supports the generation of message identifiers.

   3.  The Classification, Source, Target, Node, User, Process, Service,
       File, Address, and UserId classes' (Sections 4.2.4.2, 4.2.4.3,
       4.2.4.4, 4.2.7.2, 4.2.7.3, 4.2.7.4, 4.2.7.5, 4.2.7.6, 4.2.7.2.1,
       and 4.2.7.3.1) "ident" attribute, if specified, MUST have a value
       that is unique across all messages sent by the individual
       analyzer.

       The "ident" attribute value MUST be unique for each particular
       combination of data identifying an object, not for each object.
       Objects may have more than one "ident" value associated with
       them.  For example, an identification of a host by name would
       have one value, while an identification of that host by address
       would have another value, and an identification of that host by
       both name and address would have still another value.
       Furthermore, different analyzers may produce different values for
       the same information.

       The "ident" attribute by itself provides a unique identifier only
       among all the "ident" values sent by a particular analyzer.  But
       when combined with the "analyzerid" value for the analyzer, a
       value that is unique across the intrusion detection environment
       is created.  Again, there is no requirement for global
       uniqueness.



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       The default value is "0", which indicates that the analyzer
       cannot generate unique identifiers.

   The specification of methods for creating the unique values contained
   in these attributes is outside the scope of this document.

4.  The IDMEF Data Model and DTD

   In this section, the individual components of the IDMEF data model
   are explained in detail.  Unified Modeling Language (UML) diagrams of
   the model are provided to show how the components are related to each
   other, and relevant sections of the IDMEF DTD are presented to show
   how the model is translated into XML.

4.1.  Data Model Overview

   The relationship between the principal components of the data model
   is shown in Figure 1 (occurrence indicators and attributes are
   omitted).

   The top-level class for all IDMEF messages is IDMEF-Message; each
   type of message is a subclass of this top-level class.  There are
   presently two types of messages defined: Alerts and Heartbeats.
   Within each message, subclasses of the message class are used to
   provide the detailed information carried in the message.

   It is important to note that the data model does not specify how an
   alert should be classified or identified.  For example, a port scan
   may be identified by one analyzer as a single attack against multiple
   targets, while another analyzer might identify it as multiple attacks
   from a single source.  However, once an analyzer has determined the
   type of alert it plans to send, the data model dictates how that
   alert should be formatted.


















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                         IDMEF-Message
                              /_\
                               |
          +--------------------+-------------+
          |                                  |
      +-------+   +--------------+    +-----------+   +----------------+
      | Alert |<>-|   Analyzer   |    | Heartbeat |<>-|    Analyzer    |
      +-------+   +--------------+    +-----------+   +----------------+
      |       |   +--------------+    |           |   +----------------+
      |       |<>-|  CreateTime  |    |           |<>-|   CreateTime   |
      |       |   +--------------+    |           |   +----------------+
      |       |   +--------------+    |           |   +----------------+
      |       |<>-|  DetectTime  |    |           |<>-| AdditionalData |
      |       |   +--------------+    +-----------+   +----------------+
      |       |   +--------------+
      |       |<>-| AnalyzerTime |
      |       |   +--------------+
      |       |   +--------+   +----------+
      |       |<>-| Source |<>-|   Node   |
      |       |   +--------+   +----------+
      |       |   |        |   +----------+
      |       |   |        |<>-|   User   |
      |       |   |        |   +----------+
      |       |   |        |   +----------+
      |       |   |        |<>-| Process  |
      |       |   |        |   +----------+
      |       |   |        |   +----------+
      |       |   |        |<>-| Service  |
      |       |   +--------+   +----------+
      |       |   +--------+   +----------+
      |       |<>-| Target |<>-|   Node   |
      |       |   +--------+   +----------+
      |       |   |        |   +----------+
      |       |   |        |<>-|   User   |
      |       |   |        |   +----------+
      |       |   |        |   +----------+
      |       |   |        |<>-| Process  |
      |       |   |        |   +----------+
      |       |   |        |   +----------+
      |       |   |        |<>-| Service  |       +----------------+
      |       |   |        |   +----------+  +----| Classification |
      |       |   |        |   +----------+  |    +----------------+
      |       |   |        |<>-|   File   |  |    +----------------+
      |       |   +--------+   +----------+  | +--|   Assessment   |
      |       |<>----------------------------+ |  +----------------+
      |       |<>------------------------------+  +----------------+
      |       |<>---------------------------------| AdditionalData |
      +-------+                                   +----------------+



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                       Figure 1: Data Model Overview

4.2.  The Message Classes

   The individual classes are described in the following sections.

4.2.1.  The IDMEF-Message Class

   All IDMEF messages are instances of the IDMEF-Message class; it is
   the top-level class of the IDMEF data model, as well as the IDMEF
   DTD.  There are currently two types (subclasses) of IDMEF-Message:
   Alert and Heartbeat.

   The IDMEF-Message class has a single attribute:

   version

      The version of the IDMEF-Message specification (this document)
      this message conforms to.  Applications specifying a value for
      this attribute MUST specify the value "1.0".

4.2.2.  The Alert Class

   Generally, every time an analyzer detects an event that it has been
   configured to look for, it sends an Alert message to its manager(s).
   Depending on the analyzer, an Alert message may correspond to a
   single detected event or multiple detected events.  Alerts occur
   asynchronously in response to outside events.

   An Alert message is composed of several aggregate classes, as shown
   in Figure 2.  The aggregate classes themselves are described in
   Section 4.2.4, Section 4.2.5, and Section 4.2.6.



















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              +-------------------+
              |    Alert          |
              +-------------------+            +------------------+
              | STRING messageid  |<>----------|     Analyzer     |
              |                   |            +------------------+
              |                   |            +------------------+
              |                   |<>----------|    CreateTime    |
              |                   |            +------------------+
              |                   |            +------------------+
              |                   |<>----------|  Classification  |
              |                   |            +------------------+
              |                   |       0..1 +------------------+
              |                   |<>----------|    DetectTime    |
              |                   |            +------------------+
              |                   |       0..1 +------------------+
              |                   |<>----------|   AnalyzerTime   |
              |                   |            +------------------+
              |                   |       0..* +------------------+
              |                   |<>----------|      Source      |
              |                   |            +------------------+
              |                   |       0..* +------------------+
              |                   |<>----------|      Target      |
              |                   |            +------------------+
              |                   |       0..1 +------------------+
              |                   |<>----------|    Assessment    |
              |                   |            +------------------+
              |                   |       0..* +------------------+
              |                   |<>----------|  AdditionalData  |
              |                   |            +------------------+
              +-------------------+
                     /_\
                      |
                      +----+------------+-------------+
                           |            |             |
                +-------------------+   |   +-------------------+
                |     ToolAlert     |   |   |  CorrelationAlert |
                +-------------------+   |   +-------------------+
                                        |
                              +-------------------+
                              |   OverflowAlert   |
                              +-------------------+

                         Figure 2: The Alert Class








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   The aggregate classes that make up Alert are:

   Analyzer

      Exactly one.  Identification information for the analyzer that
      originated the alert.

   CreateTime

      Exactly one.  The time the alert was created.  Of the three times
      that may be provided with an Alert, this is the only one that is
      required.

   Classification

      Exactly one.  The "name" of the alert, or other information
      allowing the manager to determine what it is.

   DetectTime

      Zero or one.  The time the event(s) leading up to the alert was
      detected.  In the case of more than one event, the time the first
      event was detected.  In some circumstances, this may not be the
      same value as CreateTime.

   AnalyzerTime

      Zero or one.  The current time on the analyzer (see Section 6.3).

   Source

      Zero or more.  The source(s) of the event(s) leading up to the
      alert.

   Target

      Zero or more.  The target(s) of the event(s) leading up to the
      alert.

   Assessment

      Zero or one.  Information about the impact of the event, actions
      taken by the analyzer in response to it, and the analyzer's
      confidence in its evaluation.







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   AdditionalData

      Zero or more.  Information included by the analyzer that does not
      fit into the data model.  This may be an atomic piece of data, or
      a large amount of data provided through an extension to the IDMEF
      (see Section 5).

   Alert is represented in the IDMEF DTD as follows:

   <!ELEMENT Alert                         (
       Analyzer, CreateTime, DetectTime?, AnalyzerTime?,
       Source*, Target*, Classification, Assessment?, (ToolAlert |
       OverflowAlert | CorrelationAlert)?, AdditionalData*
     )>
   <!ATTLIST Alert
       messageid           CDATA                   '0'
       %attlist.global;
     >

   The Alert class has one attribute:

   messageid

      Optional.  A unique identifier for the alert; see Section 3.2.9.

4.2.2.1.  The ToolAlert Class

   The ToolAlert class carries additional information related to the use
   of attack tools or malevolent programs such as Trojan horses and can
   be used by the analyzer when it is able to identify these tools.  It
   is intended to group one or more previously-sent alerts together, to
   say "these alerts were all the result of someone using this tool".

   The ToolAlert class is composed of three aggregate classes, as shown
   in Figure 3.
















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             +------------------+
             |      Alert       |
             +------------------+
                     /_\
                      |
             +------------------+
             |    ToolAlert     |
             +------------------+            +-------------------+
             |                  |<>----------|        name       |
             |                  |            +-------------------+
             |                  |       0..1 +-------------------+
             |                  |<>----------|      command      |
             |                  |            +-------------------+
             |                  |       1..* +-------------------+
             |                  |<>----------|    alertident     |
             |                  |            +-------------------+
             |                  |            | STRING analyzerid |
             |                  |            +-------------------+
             +------------------+

                       Figure 3: The ToolAlert Class

   The aggregate classes that make up ToolAlert are:

   name

      Exactly one.  STRING.  The reason for grouping the alerts
      together, for example, the name of a particular tool.

   command

      Zero or one.  STRING.  The command or operation that the tool was
      asked to perform, for example, a BackOrifice ping.

   alertident

      One or more.  STRING.  The list of alert identifiers that are
      related to this alert.  Because alert identifiers are only unique
      across the alerts sent by a single analyzer, the optional
      "analyzerid" attribute of "alertident" should be used to identify
      the analyzer that a particular alert came from.  If the
      "analyzerid" is not provided, the alert is assumed to have come
      from the same analyzer that is sending the ToolAlert.








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   This is represented in the IDMEF DTD as follows:

   <!ELEMENT ToolAlert                     (
       name, command?, alertident+
     )>
   <!ATTLIST ToolAlert
       %attlist.global;
     >

4.2.2.2.  The CorrelationAlert Class

   The CorrelationAlert class carries additional information related to
   the correlation of alert information.  It is intended to group one or
   more previously-sent alerts together, to say "these alerts are all
   related".

   The CorrelationAlert class is composed of two aggregate classes, as
   shown in Figure 4.

             +------------------+
             |      Alert       |
             +------------------+
                     /_\
                      |
             +------------------+
             | CorrelationAlert |
             +------------------+            +-------------------+
             |                  |<>----------|        name       |
             |                  |            +-------------------+
             |                  |       1..* +-------------------+
             |                  |<>----------|    alertident     |
             |                  |            +-------------------+
             |                  |            | STRING analyzerid |
             |                  |            +-------------------+
             +------------------+

                   Figure 4: The CorrelationAlert Class

   The aggregate classes that make up CorrelationAlert are:

   name

      Exactly one.  STRING.  The reason for grouping the alerts
      together, for example, a particular correlation method.







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   alertident

      One or more.  STRING.  The list of alert identifiers that are
      related to this alert.  Because alert identifiers are only unique
      across the alerts sent by a single analyzer, the optional
      "analyzerid" attribute of "alertident" should be used to identify
      the analyzer that a particular alert came from.  If the
      "analyzerid" is not provided, the alert is assumed to have come
      from the same analyzer that is sending the CorrelationAlert.

   This is represented in the IDMEF DTD as follows.

   <!ELEMENT CorrelationAlert              (
       name, alertident+
     )>
   <!ATTLIST CorrelationAlert
       %attlist.global;
     >

4.2.2.3.  The OverflowAlert Class

   The OverflowAlert carries additional information related to buffer
   overflow attacks.  It is intended to enable an analyzer to provide
   the details of the overflow attack itself.

   The OverflowAlert class is composed of three aggregate classes, as
   shown in Figure 5.

                  +------------------+
                  |      Alert       |
                  +------------------+
                          /_\
                           |
                  +------------------+
                  |  OverflowAlert   |
                  +------------------+            +---------+
                  |                  |<>----------| program |
                  |                  |            +---------+
                  |                  |       0..1 +---------+
                  |                  |<>----------| size    |
                  |                  |            +---------+
                  |                  |       0..1 +---------+
                  |                  |<>----------| buffer  |
                  |                  |            +---------+
                  +------------------+

                     Figure 5: The OverflowAlert Class




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   The aggregate classes that make up OverflowAlert are:

   program

      Exactly one.  STRING.  The program that the overflow attack
      attempted to run (NOTE: this is not the program that was
      attacked).

   size

      Zero or one.  INTEGER.  The size, in bytes, of the overflow (i.e.,
      the number of bytes the attacker sent).

   buffer

      Zero or one.  BYTE[].  Some or all of the overflow data itself
      (dependent on how much the analyzer can capture).

   This is represented in the IDMEF DTD as follows:

   <!ELEMENT OverflowAlert                 (
       program, size?, buffer?
     )>
   <!ATTLIST OverflowAlert
       %attlist.global;
     >

4.2.3.  The Heartbeat Class

   Analyzers use Heartbeat messages to indicate their current status to
   managers.  Heartbeats are intended to be sent in a regular period,
   say, every ten minutes or every hour.  The receipt of a Heartbeat
   message from an analyzer indicates to the manager that the analyzer
   is up and running; lack of a Heartbeat message (or more likely, lack
   of some number of consecutive Heartbeat messages) indicates that the
   analyzer or its network connection has failed.

   All managers MUST support the receipt of Heartbeat messages; however,
   the use of these messages by analyzers is OPTIONAL.  Developers of
   manager software SHOULD permit the software to be configured on a
   per-analyzer basis to use/not use Heartbeat messages.

   A Heartbeat message is composed of several aggregate classes, as
   shown in Figure 6.  The aggregate classes themselves are described in
   Sections 4.2.4 and 4.2.5.






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               +------------------+
               |    Heartbeat     |
               +------------------+            +------------------+
               | STRING messageid |<>----------|     Analyzer     |
               |                  |            +------------------+
               |                  |            +------------------+
               |                  |<>----------|    CreateTime    |
               |                  |            +------------------+
               |                  |       0..1 +------------------+
               |                  |<>----------| HeartbeatInterval|
               |                  |            +------------------+
               |                  |       0..1 +------------------+
               |                  |<>----------|   AnalyzerTime   |
               |                  |            +------------------+
               |                  |       0..* +------------------+
               |                  |<>----------|  AdditionalData  |
               |                  |            +------------------+
               +------------------+

                       Figure 6: The Heartbeat Class

   The aggregate classes that make up Heartbeat are:

   Analyzer

      Exactly one.  Identification information for the analyzer that
      originated the heartbeat.

   CreateTime

      Exactly one.  The time the heartbeat was created.

   HeartbeatInterval

      Zero or one.  The interval in seconds at which heartbeats are
      generated.

   AnalyzerTime

      Zero or one.  The current time on the analyzer (see Section 6.3).

   AdditionalData

      Zero or more.  Information included by the analyzer that does not
      fit into the data model.  This may be an atomic piece of data or a
      large amount of data provided through an extension to the IDMEF
      (see Section 5).




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   This is represented in the IDMEF DTD as follows:

   <!ELEMENT Heartbeat                     (
       Analyzer, CreateTime, HeartbeatInterval?, AnalyzerTime?,
       AdditionalData*
     )>
   <!ATTLIST Heartbeat
       messageid           CDATA                   '0'
       %attlist.global;
     >

   The Heartbeat class has one attribute:

   messageid

      Optional.  A unique identifier for the heartbeat; see
      Section 3.2.9.

4.2.4.  The Core Classes

   The core classes -- Analyzer, Source, Target, Classification, and
   AdditionalData -- are the main parts of Alerts and Heartbeats, as
   shown in Figure 7.

                +-----------+                +----------------+
                | Heartbeat |        +-------|    Analyzer    |
                +-----------+        |       +----------------+
                |           |<>---+--+
                +-----------+     |  |  0..* +----------------+
                                  |  +-------| AdditionalData |
                                  |          +----------------+
                +-----------+     |
                |   Alert   |     |     0..* +----------------+
                +-----------+     |  +-------|     Source     |
                |           |<>---+  |       +----------------+
                |           |        |  0..* +----------------+
                |           |        +-------|     Target     |
                |           |        |       +----------------+
                |           |<>------+
                +-----------+        |       +----------------+
                                     +-------| Classification |
                                             +----------------+

                        Figure 7: The Core Classes







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4.2.4.1.  The Analyzer Class

   The Analyzer class identifies the analyzer from which the Alert or
   Heartbeat message originates.  Only one analyzer may be encoded for
   each alert or heartbeat, and that MUST be the analyzer at which the
   alert or heartbeat originated.  Although the IDMEF data model does
   not prevent the use of hierarchical intrusion detection systems
   (where alerts get relayed up the tree), it does not provide any way
   to record the identity of the "relay" analyzers along the path from
   the originating analyzer to the manager that ultimately receives the
   alert.

   The Analyzer class is composed of three aggregate classes, as shown
   in Figure 8.

                +---------------------+
                |      Analyzer       |
                +---------------------+       0..1 +----------+
                | STRING analyzerid   |<>----------|  Node    |
                | STRING name         |            +----------+
                | STRING manufacturer |
                | STRING model        |       0..1 +----------+
                | STRING version      |<>----------| Process  |
                | STRING class        |            +----------+
                | STRING ostype       |       0..1 +----------+
                | STRING osversion    |<>----------| Analyzer |
                +---------------------+            +----------+

                       Figure 8: The Analyzer Class

   The aggregate classes that make up Analyzer are:

   Node

      Zero or one.  Information about the host or device on which the
      analyzer resides (network address, network name, etc.).

   Process

      Zero or one.  Information about the process in which the analyzer
      is executing.

   Analyzer

      Zero or one.  Information about the analyzer from which the
      message may have gone through.  The idea behind this mechanism is
      that when a manager receives an alert and wants to forward it to
      another analyzer, it needs to substitute the original analyzer



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      information with its own.  To preserve the original analyzer
      information, it may be included in the new analyzer definition.
      This will allow analyzer path tracking.

   This is represented in the IDMEF DTD as follows:

   <!ELEMENT Analyzer                      (
       Node?, Process?, Analyzer?
     )>
   <!ATTLIST Analyzer
       analyzerid          CDATA                   '0'
       name                CDATA                   #IMPLIED
       manufacturer        CDATA                   #IMPLIED
       model               CDATA                   #IMPLIED
       version             CDATA                   #IMPLIED
       class               CDATA                   #IMPLIED
       ostype              CDATA                   #IMPLIED
       osversion           CDATA                   #IMPLIED
       %attlist.global;
     >

   The Analyzer class has eight attributes:

   analyzerid

      Optional (but see below).  A unique identifier for the analyzer;
      see Section 3.2.9.

      This attribute is only "partially" optional.  If the analyzer
      makes use of the "ident" attributes on other classes to provide
      unique identifiers for those objects, then it MUST also provide a
      valid "analyzerid" attribute.  This requirement is dictated by the
      uniqueness requirements of the "ident" attribute (they are unique
      only within the context of a particular "analyzerid").  If the
      analyzer does not make use of the "ident" attributes, however, it
      may also omit the "analyzerid" attribute.

   name

      Optional.  An explicit name for the analyzer that may be easier to
      understand than the analyzerid.

   manufacturer

      Optional.  The manufacturer of the analyzer software and/or
      hardware.





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   model

      Optional.  The model name/number of the analyzer software and/or
      hardware.

   version

      Optional.  The version number of the analyzer software and/or
      hardware.

   class

      Optional.  The class of analyzer software and/or hardware.

   ostype

      Optional.  Operating system name.  On POSIX 1003.1 compliant
      systems, this is the value returned in utsname.sysname by the
      uname() system call, or the output of the "uname -s" command.

   osversion

      Optional.  Operating system version.  On POSIX 1003.1 compliant
      systems, this is the value returned in utsname.release by the
      uname() system call, or the output of the "uname -r" command.

   The "manufacturer", "model", "version", and "class" attributes'
   contents are vendor-specific, but may be used together to identify
   different types of analyzers (and perhaps make determinations about
   the contents to expect in other vendor-specific fields of IDMEF
   messages).

4.2.4.2.  The Classification Class

   The Classification class provides the "name" of an alert, or other
   information allowing the manager to determine what it is.  This name
   is chosen by the alert provider.

   The Classification class is composed of one aggregate class, as shown
   in Figure 9.











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                    +----------------+
                    | Classification |
                    +----------------+       0..* +-----------+
                    | STRING ident   |<>----------| Reference |
                    | STRING text    |            +-----------+
                    +----------------+

                    Figure 9: The Classification Class

   The aggregate class that makes up Classification is:

   Reference

      Zero or more.  Information about the message, pointing to external
      documentation sites, that will provide background information
      about the alert.

   This is represented in the IDMEF DTD as follows:

   <!ELEMENT Classification                (
       Reference*
     )>
   <!ATTLIST Classification
       ident               CDATA                   '0'
       text                CDATA                   #REQUIRED
     >

   The Classification class has two attributes:

   ident

      Optional.  A unique identifier for this classification; see
      Section 3.2.9.

   text

      Required.  A vendor-provided string identifying the Alert message.

4.2.4.3.  The Source Class

   The Source class contains information about the possible source(s) of
   the event(s) that generated an alert.  An event may have more than
   one source (e.g., in a distributed denial-of-service attack).

   The Source class is composed of four aggregate classes, as shown in
   Figure 10.





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                  +------------------+
                  |      Source      |
                  +------------------+       0..1 +---------+
                  | STRING ident     |<>----------|  Node   |
                  | ENUM spoofed     |            +---------+
                  | STRING interface |       0..1 +---------+
                  |                  |<>----------|  User   |
                  |                  |            +---------+
                  |                  |       0..1 +---------+
                  |                  |<>----------| Process |
                  |                  |            +---------+
                  |                  |       0..1 +---------+
                  |                  |<>----------| Service |
                  |                  |            +---------+
                  +------------------+

                        Figure 10: The Source Class

   The aggregate classes that make up Source are:

   Node

      Zero or one.  Information about the host or device that appears to
      be causing the events (network address, network name, etc.).

   User

      Zero or one.  Information about the user that appears to be
      causing the event(s).

   Process

      Zero or one.  Information about the process that appears to be
      causing the event(s).

   Service

      Zero or one.  Information about the network service involved in
      the event(s).












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   This is represented in the IDMEF DTD as follows:

   <!ELEMENT Source                        (
       Node?, User?, Process?, Service?
     )>
   <!ATTLIST Source
       ident               CDATA                   '0'
       spoofed             %attvals.yesno;         'unknown'
       interface           CDATA                   #IMPLIED
       %attlist.global;
     >

   The Source class has three attributes:

   ident

      Optional.  A unique identifier for this source; see Section 3.2.9.

   spoofed

      Optional.  An indication of whether the source is, as far as the
      analyzer can determine, a spoofed address used for hiding the real
      origin of the attack.  The permitted values for this attribute are
      shown below.  The default value is "unknown".  (See also
      Section 10.)

        +------+---------+----------------------------------------+
        | Rank | Keyword | Description                            |
        +------+---------+----------------------------------------+
        |    0 | unknown | Accuracy of source information unknown |
        |      |         |                                        |
        |    1 | yes     | Source is believed to be a decoy       |
        |      |         |                                        |
        |    2 | no      | Source is believed to be "real"        |
        +------+---------+----------------------------------------+

   interface

      Optional.  May be used by a network-based analyzer with multiple
      interfaces to indicate which interface this source was seen on.

4.2.4.4.  The Target Class

   The Target class contains information about the possible target(s) of
   the event(s) that generated an alert.  An event may have more than
   one target (e.g., in the case of a port sweep).





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   The Target class is composed of four aggregate classes, as shown in
   Figure 11.

                  +------------------+
                  |      Target      |
                  +------------------+       0..1 +----------+
                  | STRING ident     |<>----------|   Node   |
                  | ENUM decoy       |            +----------+
                  | STRING interface |       0..1 +----------+
                  |                  |<>----------|   User   |
                  |                  |            +----------+
                  |                  |       0..1 +----------+
                  |                  |<>----------| Process  |
                  |                  |            +----------+
                  |                  |       0..1 +----------+
                  |                  |<>----------| Service  |
                  |                  |            +----------+
                  |                  |       0..n +----------+
                  |                  |<>----------|   File   |
                  |                  |            +----------+
                  +------------------+

                        Figure 11: The Target Class

   The aggregate classes that make up Target are:

   Node

      Zero or one.  Information about the host or device at which the
      event(s) (network address, network name, etc.) is being directed.

   User

      Zero or one.  Information about the user at which the event(s) is
      being directed.

   Process

      Zero or one.  Information about the process at which the event(s)
      is being directed.

   Service

      Zero or one.  Information about the network service involved in
      the event(s).






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   File

      Optional.  Information about file(s) involved in the event(s).

   This is represented in the IDMEF DTD as follows:

   <!ELEMENT Target                        (
       Node?, User?, Process?, Service?, File*
     )>
   <!ATTLIST Target
       ident               CDATA                   '0'
       decoy               %attvals.yesno;         'unknown'
       interface           CDATA                   #IMPLIED
       %attlist.global;
     >

   The Target class has three attributes:

   ident

      Optional.  A unique identifier for this target, see Section 3.2.9.

   decoy

      Optional.  An indication of whether the target is, as far as the
      analyzer can determine, a decoy.  The permitted values for this
      attribute are shown below.  The default value is "unknown".  (See
      also Section 10.)

        +------+---------+----------------------------------------+
        | Rank | Keyword | Description                            |
        +------+---------+----------------------------------------+
        |    0 | unknown | Accuracy of target information unknown |
        |      |         |                                        |
        |    1 | yes     | Target is believed to be a decoy       |
        |      |         |                                        |
        |    2 | no      | Target is believed to be "real"        |
        +------+---------+----------------------------------------+

   interface

      Optional.  May be used by a network-based analyzer with multiple
      interfaces to indicate which interface this target was seen on.








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4.2.4.5.  The Assessment Class

   The Assessment class is used to provide the analyzer's assessment of
   an event -- its impact, actions taken in response, and confidence.

   The Assessment class is composed of three aggregate classes, as shown
   in Figure 12.

                  +------------------+
                  |   Assessment     |
                  +------------------+       0..1 +------------+
                  |                  |<>----------|   Impact   |
                  |                  |            +------------+
                  |                  |       0..* +------------+
                  |                  |<>----------|   Action   |
                  |                  |            +------------+
                  |                  |       0..1 +------------+
                  |                  |<>----------| Confidence |
                  |                  |            +------------+
                  +------------------+

                      Figure 12: The Assessment Class

   The aggregate classes that make up Assessment are:

   Impact

      Zero or one.  The analyzer's assessment of the impact of the event
      on the target(s).

   Action

      Zero or more.  The action(s) taken by the analyzer in response to
      the event.

   Confidence

      Zero or one.  A measurement of the confidence the analyzer has in
      its evaluation of the event.

   This is represented in the IDMEF DTD as follows:

   <!ELEMENT Assessment                    (
       Impact?, Action*, Confidence?
     )>
   <!ATTLIST Assessment
       %attlist.global;
     >



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4.2.4.6.  The AdditionalData Class

   The AdditionalData class is used to provide information that cannot
   be represented by the data model.  AdditionalData can be used to
   provide atomic data (integers, strings, etc.) in cases where only
   small amounts of additional information need to be sent; it can also
   be used to extend the data model and the DTD to support the
   transmission of complex data (such as packet headers).  Detailed
   instructions for extending the data model and the DTD are provided in
   Section 5.

   +------+-------------+----------------------------------------------+
   | Rank | Keyword     | Description                                  |
   +------+-------------+----------------------------------------------+
   |    0 | boolean     | The element contains a boolean value, i.e.,  |
   |      |             | the strings "true" or "false"                |
   |      |             |                                              |
   |    1 | byte        | The element content is a single 8-bit byte   |
   |      |             | (see Section 3.2.4)                          |
   |      |             |                                              |
   |    2 | character   | The element content is a single character    |
   |      |             | (see Section 3.2.3)                          |
   |      |             |                                              |
   |    3 | date-time   | The element content is a date-time string    |
   |      |             | (see Section 3.2.6)                          |
   |      |             |                                              |
   |    4 | integer     | The element content is an integer (see       |
   |      |             | Section 3.2.1)                               |
   |      |             |                                              |
   |    5 | ntpstamp    | The element content is an NTP timestamp (see |
   |      |             | Section 3.2.7)                               |
   |      |             |                                              |
   |    6 | portlist    | The element content is a list of ports (see  |
   |      |             | Section 3.2.8)                               |
   |      |             |                                              |
   |    7 | real        | The element content is a real number (see    |
   |      |             | Section 3.2.2)                               |
   |      |             |                                              |
   |    8 | string      | The element content is a string (see         |
   |      |             | Section 3.2.3)                               |
   |      |             |                                              |
   |    9 | byte-string | The element is a byte[] (see Section 3.2.4)  |
   |      |             |                                              |
   |   10 | xmltext     | The element content is XML-tagged data (see  |
   |      |             | Section 5.2)                                 |
   +------+-------------+----------------------------------------------+





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   The AdditionalData element is declared in the IDMEF DTD as follows:

   <!ENTITY % attvals.adtype               "
       ( boolean | byte | character | date-time | integer | ntpstamp |
         portlist | real | string | byte-string | xmltext )
     ">

   <!ELEMENT AdditionalData           (
     (boolean | byte        | character | date-time |
      integer | ntpstamp    | portlist  | real      |
      string  | byte-string | xmltext  )
    )>

   <!ATTLIST AdditionalData
       type                %attvals.adtype;        'string'
       meaning             CDATA                   #IMPLIED
       %attlist.global;
     >

   The AdditionalData class has one attribute:

   meaning

      Optional.  A string describing the meaning of the element content.
      These values will be vendor/implementation dependent; the method
      for ensuring that managers understand the strings sent by
      analyzers is outside the scope of this specification.  A list of
      acceptable meaning keywords is not within the scope of the
      document, although later versions may undertake to establish such
      a list.





















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4.2.5.  The Time Classes

   The data model provides three classes for representing time.  These
   classes are elements of the Alert and Heartbeat classes.

   The time classes are represented in the IDMEF DTD as follows:

   <!ELEMENT ntpstamp          (#PCDATA)         >
   <!ATTLIST ntpstamp          %attlist.global;  >

   <!ELEMENT CreateTime          (#PCDATA) >
   <!ATTLIST CreateTime
       ntpstamp            CDATA                   #REQUIRED
       %attlist.global;
     >

   <!ELEMENT DetectTime          (#PCDATA) >
   <!ATTLIST DetectTime
       ntpstamp            CDATA                   #REQUIRED
       %attlist.global;
     >

   <!ELEMENT AnalyzerTime        (#PCDATA) >
   <!ATTLIST AnalyzerTime
       ntpstamp            CDATA                   #REQUIRED
       %attlist.global;
     >

   The DATETIME format of the <CreateTime> element content is described
   in Section 3.2.6.

   If the date and time represented by the element content and the NTP
   timestamp differ (should "never" happen), the value in the NTP
   timestamp MUST be used.

4.2.5.1.  The CreateTime Class

   The CreateTime class is used to indicate the date and time the alert
   or heartbeat was created by the analyzer.

4.2.5.2.  The DetectTime Class

   The DetectTime class is used to indicate the date and time that the
   event(s) producing an alert was detected by the analyzer.  In the
   case of more than one event, it is the time that the first event was
   detected.  (This may or may not be the same time as CreateTime;
   analyzers are not required to send alerts immediately upon
   detection).



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4.2.5.3.  The AnalyzerTime Class

   The AnalyzerTime class is used to indicate the current date and time
   on the analyzer.  Its values should be filled in as late as possible
   in the message transmission process, ideally immediately before
   placing the message "on the wire".

   The use of <AnalyzerTime> to perform rudimentary time synchronization
   between analyzers and managers is discussed in Section 6.3.

4.2.6.  The Assessment Classes

   The data model provides three types of "assessments" that an analyzer
   can make about an event.  These classes are aggregates of the
   Assessment class.

4.2.6.1.  The Impact Class

   The Impact class is used to provide the analyzer's assessment of the
   impact of the event on the target(s).  It is represented in the IDMEF
   DTD as follows:

   <!ENTITY % attvals.severity             "
       ( info | low | medium | high )
     ">
   <!ENTITY % attvals.completion           "
       ( failed | succeeded )
     ">
   <!ENTITY % attvals.impacttype           "
       ( admin | dos | file | recon | user | other )
     ">

   <!ELEMENT Impact              (#PCDATA) >
   <!ATTLIST Impact
       severity            %attvals.severity;      #IMPLIED
       completion          %attvals.completion;    #IMPLIED
       type                %attvals.impacttype;    'other'
       %attlist.global;
     >












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   The Impact class has three attributes:

   severity

      An estimate of the relative severity of the event.  The permitted
      values are shown below.  There is no default value.  (See also
      Section 10.)

       +------+---------+-----------------------------------------+
       | Rank | Keyword | Description                             |
       +------+---------+-----------------------------------------+
       |    0 | info    | Alert represents informational activity |
       |      |         |                                         |
       |    1 | low     | Low severity                            |
       |      |         |                                         |
       |    2 | medium  | Medium severity                         |
       |      |         |                                         |
       |    3 | high    | High severity                           |
       +------+---------+-----------------------------------------+

   completion

      An indication of whether the analyzer believes the attempt that
      the event describes was successful or not.  The permitted values
      are shown below.  There is no default value.  (See also
      Section 10.)

           +------+-----------+--------------------------------+
           | Rank | Keyword   | Description                    |
           +------+-----------+--------------------------------+
           |    0 | failed    | The attempt was not successful |
           |      |           |                                |
           |    1 | succeeded | The attempt succeeded          |
           +------+-----------+--------------------------------+

















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   type

      The type of attempt represented by this event, in relatively broad
      categories.  The permitted values are shown below.  The default
      value is "other".  (See also Section 10.)

   +------+---------+--------------------------------------------------+
   | Rank | Keyword | Description                                      |
   +------+---------+--------------------------------------------------+
   |    0 | admin   | Administrative privileges were attempted or      |
   |      |         | obtained                                         |
   |      |         |                                                  |
   |    1 | dos     | A denial of service was attempted or completed   |
   |      |         |                                                  |
   |    2 | file    | An action on a file was attempted or completed   |
   |      |         |                                                  |
   |    3 | recon   | A reconnaissance probe was attempted or          |
   |      |         | completed                                        |
   |      |         |                                                  |
   |    4 | user    | User privileges were attempted or obtained       |
   |      |         |                                                  |
   |    5 | other   | Anything not in one of the above categories      |
   +------+---------+--------------------------------------------------+

   All three attributes are optional.  The element itself may be empty,
   or may contain a textual description of the impact, if the analyzer
   is able to provide additional details.

4.2.6.2.  The Action Class

   The Action class is used to describe any actions taken by the
   analyzer in response to the event.  Is is represented in the IDMEF
   DTD as follows:

   <!ENTITY % attvals.actioncat            "
       ( block-installed | notification-sent | taken-offline | other )
     ">

   <!ELEMENT Action              (#PCDATA) >
   <!ATTLIST Action
       category            %attvals.actioncat;     'other'
       %attlist.global;
     >








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   Action has one attribute:

   category

      The type of action taken.  The permitted values are shown below.
      The default value is "other".  (See also Section 10.)

   +------+-------------------+----------------------------------------+
   | Rank | Keyword           | Description                            |
   +------+-------------------+----------------------------------------+
   |    0 | block-installed   | A block of some sort was installed to  |
   |      |                   | prevent an attack from reaching its    |
   |      |                   | destination.  The block could be a     |
   |      |                   | port block, address block, etc., or    |
   |      |                   | disabling a user account.              |
   |      |                   |                                        |
   |    1 | notification-sent | A notification message of some sort    |
   |      |                   | was sent out-of-band (via pager,       |
   |      |                   | e-mail, etc.).  Does not include the   |
   |      |                   | transmission of this alert.            |
   |      |                   |                                        |
   |    2 | taken-offline     | A system, computer, or user was taken  |
   |      |                   | offline, as when the computer is shut  |
   |      |                   | down or a user is logged off.          |
   |      |                   |                                        |
   |    3 | other             | Anything not in one of the above       |
   |      |                   | categories.                            |
   +------+-------------------+----------------------------------------+

      The element itself may be empty, or may contain a textual
      description of the action, if the analyzer is able to provide
      additional details.

4.2.6.3.  The Confidence Class

   The Confidence class is used to represent the analyzer's best
   estimate of the validity of its analysis.  It is represented in the
   IDMEF DTD as follows:

   <!ENTITY % attvals.rating               "
       ( low | medium | high | numeric )
     ">

   <!ELEMENT Confidence          (#PCDATA) >
   <!ATTLIST Confidence
       rating              %attvals.rating;        'numeric'
       %attlist.global;
     >



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   The Confidence class has one attribute:

   rating

      The analyzer's rating of its analytical validity.  The permitted
      values are shown below.  The default value is "numeric".  (See
      also Section 10.)

   +------+---------+--------------------------------------------------+
   | Rank | Keyword | Description                                      |
   +------+---------+--------------------------------------------------+
   |    0 | low     | The analyzer has little confidence in its        |
   |      |         | validity                                         |
   |      |         |                                                  |
   |    1 | medium  | The analyzer has average confidence in its       |
   |      |         | validity                                         |
   |      |         |                                                  |
   |    2 | high    | The analyzer has high confidence in its validity |
   |      |         |                                                  |
   |    3 | numeric | The analyzer has provided a posterior            |
   |      |         | probability value indicating its confidence in   |
   |      |         | its validity                                     |
   +------+---------+--------------------------------------------------+

   This element should be used only when the analyzer can produce
   meaningful information.  Systems that can output only a rough
   heuristic should use "low", "medium", or "high" as the rating value.
   In this case, the element content should be omitted.

   Systems capable of producing reasonable probability estimates should
   use "numeric" as the rating value and include a numeric confidence
   value in the element content.  This numeric value should reflect a
   posterior probability (the probability that an attack has occurred
   given the data seen by the detection system and the model used by the
   system).  It is a floating point number between 0.0 and 1.0,
   inclusive.  The number of digits should be limited to those
   representable by a single precision floating point value, and may be
   represented as described in Section 3.2.2.

   NOTE:  It should be noted that different types of analyzers may
      compute confidence values in different ways and that in many
      cases, confidence values from different analyzers should not be
      compared (for example, if the analyzers use different methods of
      computing or representing confidence, or are of different types or
      configurations).  Care should be taken when implementing systems
      that process confidence values (such as event correlators) not to
      make comparisons or assumptions that cannot be supported by the
      system's knowledge of the environment in which it is working.



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4.2.7.  The Support Classes

   The support classes make up the major parts of the core classes, and
   are shared between them.

4.2.7.1.  The Reference Class

   The Reference class provides the "name" of an alert, or other
   information allowing the manager to determine what it is.

   The Reference class is composed of two aggregate classes, as shown in
   Figure 13.

                    +----------------+
                    | Reference      |
                    +----------------+            +------+
                    | STRING origin  |<>----------| name |
                    | STRING meaning |            +------+
                    |                |            +------+
                    |                |<>----------| url  |
                    |                |            +------+
                    +----------------+

                      Figure 13: The Reference Class

   The aggregate classes that make up Reference are:

   name

      Exactly one.  STRING.  The name of the alert, from one of the
      origins listed below.

   url

      Exactly one.  STRING.  A URL at which the manager (or the human
      operator of the manager) can find additional information about the
      alert.  The document pointed to by the URL may include an in-depth
      description of the attack, appropriate countermeasures, or other
      information deemed relevant by the vendor.












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   This is represented in the IDMEF DTD as follows:

   <!ENTITY % attvals.origin               "
       ( unknown | vendor-specific | user-specific | bugtraqid | cve |
         osvdb )
     ">

   <!ELEMENT Reference                (
       name, url
     )>
   <!ATTLIST Reference
       origin              %attvals.origin;        'unknown'
       meaning             CDATA                   #IMPLIED
     >

   The Reference class has two attributes:

   origin

      Required.  The source from which the name of the alert originates.
      The permitted values for this attribute are shown below.  The
      default value is "unknown".  (See also Section 10.)

   +------+-----------------+------------------------------------------+
   | Rank | Keyword         | Description                              |
   +------+-----------------+------------------------------------------+
   |    0 | unknown         | Origin of the name is not known          |
   |      |                 |                                          |
   |    1 | vendor-specific | A vendor-specific name (and hence, URL); |
   |      |                 | this can be used to provide              |
   |      |                 | product-specific information             |
   |      |                 |                                          |
   |    2 | user-specific   | A user-specific name (and hence, URL);   |
   |      |                 | this can be used to provide              |
   |      |                 | installation-specific information        |
   |      |                 |                                          |
   |    3 | bugtraqid       | The SecurityFocus ("Bugtraq")            |
   |      |                 | vulnerability database identifier        |
   |      |                 | (http://www.securityfocus.com/bid)       |
   |      |                 |                                          |
   |    4 | cve             | The Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures |
   |      |                 | (CVE) name (http://www.cve.mitre.org/)   |
   |      |                 |                                          |
   |    5 | osvdb           | The Open Source Vulnerability Database   |
   |      |                 | (http://www.osvdb.org)                   |
   +------+-----------------+------------------------------------------+





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   meaning

      Optional.  The meaning of the reference, as understood by the
      alert provider.  This field is only valid if the value of the
      <origin> attribute is set to "vendor-specific" or "user-specific".

4.2.7.2.  The Node Class

   The Node class is used to identify hosts and other network devices
   (routers, switches, etc.).

   The Node class is composed of three aggregate classes, as shown in
   Figure 14.

                   +---------------+
                   |     Node      |
                   +---------------+       0..1 +----------+
                   | STRING ident  |<>----------| location |
                   | ENUM category |            +----------+
                   |               |       0..1 +----------+
                   |               |<>----------|   name   |
                   |               |            +----------+
                   |               |       0..* +----------+
                   |               |<>----------|  Address |
                   |               |            +----------+
                   +---------------+

                         Figure 14: The Node Class

   The aggregate classes that make up Node are:

   location

      Zero or one.  STRING.  The location of the equipment.

   name

      Zero or one.  STRING.  The name of the equipment.  This
      information MUST be provided if no Address information is given.

   Address

      Zero or more.  The network or hardware address of the equipment.
      Unless a name (above) is provided, at least one address must be
      specified.






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   This is represented in the IDMEF DTD as follows:

   <!ENTITY % attvals.nodecat              "
       ( unknown | ads | afs | coda | dfs | dns | hosts | kerberos |
         nds | nis | nisplus | nt | wfw )
     ">

   <!ELEMENT Node                          (
       location?, (name | Address), Address*
     )>
   <!ATTLIST Node
       ident               CDATA                   '0'
       category            %attvals.nodecat;       'unknown'
       %attlist.global;
     >




































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   The Node class has two attributes:

   ident

      Optional.  A unique identifier for the node; see Section 3.2.9.

   category

      Optional.  The "domain" from which the name information was
      obtained, if relevant.  The permitted values for this attribute
      are shown in the table below.  The default value is "unknown".
      (See also Section 10 for extensions to the table.)

      +------+----------+------------------------------------------+
      | Rank | Keyword  | Description                              |
      +------+----------+------------------------------------------+
      |    0 | unknown  | Domain unknown or not relevant           |
      |      |          |                                          |
      |    1 | ads      | Windows 2000 Advanced Directory Services |
      |      |          |                                          |
      |    2 | afs      | Andrew File System (Transarc)            |
      |      |          |                                          |
      |    3 | coda     | Coda Distributed File System             |
      |      |          |                                          |
      |    4 | dfs      | Distributed File System (IBM)            |
      |      |          |                                          |
      |    5 | dns      | Domain Name System                       |
      |      |          |                                          |
      |    6 | hosts    | Local hosts file                         |
      |      |          |                                          |
      |    7 | kerberos | Kerberos realm                           |
      |      |          |                                          |
      |    8 | nds      | Novell Directory Services                |
      |      |          |                                          |
      |    9 | nis      | Network Information Services (Sun)       |
      |      |          |                                          |
      |   10 | nisplus  | Network Information Services Plus (Sun)  |
      |      |          |                                          |
      |   11 | nt       | Windows NT domain                        |
      |      |          |                                          |
      |   12 | wfw      | Windows for Workgroups                   |
      +------+----------+------------------------------------------+









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4.2.7.2.1.  The Address Class

   The Address class is used to represent network, hardware, and
   application addresses.

   The Address class is composed of two aggregate classes, as shown in
   Figure 15.

                  +------------------+
                  |     Address      |
                  +------------------+            +---------+
                  | STRING ident     |<>----------| address |
                  | ENUM category    |            +---------+
                  | STRING vlan-name |       0..1 +---------+
                  | INTEGER vlan-num |<>----------| netmask |
                  |                  |            +---------+
                  +------------------+

                       Figure 15: The Address Class

   The aggregate classes that make up Address are:

   address

      Exactly one.  STRING.  The address information.  The format of
      this data is governed by the category attribute.

   netmask

      Zero or one.  STRING.  The network mask for the address, if
      appropriate.




















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   This is represented in the IDMEF DTD as follows:

   <!ENTITY % attvals.addrcat              "
       ( unknown | atm | e-mail | lotus-notes | mac | sna | vm |
         ipv4-addr | ipv4-addr-hex | ipv4-net | ipv4-net-mask |
         ipv6-addr | ipv6-addr-hex | ipv6-net | ipv6-net-mask )
     ">

   <!ELEMENT Address                       (
       address, netmask?
     )>
   <!ATTLIST Address
       ident               CDATA                   '0'
       category            %attvals.addrcat;       'unknown'
       vlan-name           CDATA                   #IMPLIED
       vlan-num            CDATA                   #IMPLIED
       %attlist.global;
     >

   The Address class has four attributes:

   ident

      Optional.  A unique identifier for the address; see Section 3.2.9.

   category

      Optional.  The type of address represented.  The permitted values
      for this attribute are shown below.  The default value is
      "unknown".  (See also Section 10.)





















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   +------+---------------+--------------------------------------------+
   | Rank | Keyword       | Description                                |
   +------+---------------+--------------------------------------------+
   |    0 | unknown       | Address type unknown                       |
   |      |               |                                            |
   |    1 | atm           | Asynchronous Transfer Mode network address |
   |      |               |                                            |
   |    2 | e-mail        | Electronic mail address (RFC 2822 [12])    |
   |      |               |                                            |
   |    3 | lotus-notes   | Lotus Notes e-mail address                 |
   |      |               |                                            |
   |    4 | mac           | Media Access Control (MAC) address         |
   |      |               |                                            |
   |    5 | sna           | IBM Shared Network Architecture (SNA)      |
   |      |               | address                                    |
   |      |               |                                            |
   |    6 | vm            | IBM VM ("PROFS") e-mail address            |
   |      |               |                                            |
   |    7 | ipv4-addr     | IPv4 host address in dotted-decimal        |
   |      |               | notation (a.b.c.d)                         |
   |      |               |                                            |
   |    8 | ipv4-addr-hex | IPv4 host address in hexadecimal notation  |
   |      |               |                                            |
   |    9 | ipv4-net      | IPv4 network address in dotted-decimal     |
   |      |               | notation, slash, significant bits          |
   |      |               | (a.b.c.d/nn)                               |
   |      |               |                                            |
   |   10 | ipv4-net-mask | IPv4 network address in dotted-decimal     |
   |      |               | notation, slash, network mask in           |
   |      |               | dotted-decimal notation (a.b.c.d/w.x.y.z)  |
   |      |               |                                            |
   |   11 | ipv6-addr     | IPv6 host address                          |
   |      |               |                                            |
   |   12 | ipv6-addr-hex | IPv6 host address in hexadecimal notation  |
   |      |               |                                            |
   |   13 | ipv6-net      | IPv6 network address, slash, significant   |
   |      |               | bits                                       |
   |      |               |                                            |
   |   14 | ipv6-net-mask | IPv6 network address, slash, network mask  |
   +------+---------------+--------------------------------------------+

   vlan-name

      Optional.  The name of the Virtual LAN to which the address
      belongs.






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   vlan-num

      Optional.  The number of the Virtual LAN to which the address
      belongs.

4.2.7.3.  The User Class

   The User class is used to describe users.  It is primarily used as a
   "container" class for the UserId aggregate class, as shown in
   Figure 16.

               +---------------+
               |     User      |
               +---------------+       1..* +--------+
               | STRING ident  |<>----------| UserId |
               | ENUM category |            +--------+
               +---------------+

                         Figure 16: The User Class

   The aggregate class contained in User is:

   UserId

      One or more.  Identification of a user, as indicated by its type
      attribute (see Section 4.2.7.3.1).

   This is represented in the IDMEF DTD as follows:

   <!ENTITY % attvals.usercat              "
       ( unknown | application | os-device )
     ">

   <!ELEMENT User                          (
       UserId+
     )>
   <!ATTLIST User
       ident               CDATA                   '0'
       category            %attvals.usercat;       'unknown'
       %attlist.global;
     >










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   The User class has two attributes:

   ident

      Optional.  A unique identifier for the user; see Section 3.2.9.

   category

      Optional.  The type of user represented.  The permitted values for
      this attribute are shown below.  The default value is "unknown".
      (See also Section 10.)

        +------+-------------+------------------------------------+
        | Rank | Keyword     | Description                        |
        +------+-------------+------------------------------------+
        |    0 | unknown     | User type unknown                  |
        |      |             |                                    |
        |    1 | application | An application user                |
        |      |             |                                    |
        |    2 | os-device   | An operating system or device user |
        +------+-------------+------------------------------------+

4.2.7.3.1.  The UserId Class

   The UserId class provides specific information about a user.  More
   than one UserId can be used within the User class to indicate
   attempts to transition from one user to another, or to provide
   complete information about a user's (or process') privileges.

   The UserId class is composed of two aggregate classes, as shown in
   Figure 17.

                      +--------------+
                      |    UserId    |
                      +--------------+       0..1 +--------+
                      | STRING ident |<>----------|  name  |
                      | ENUM type    |            +--------+
                      | STRING tty   |       0..1 +--------+
                      |              |<>----------| number |
                      |              |            +--------+
                      +--------------+

                        Figure 17: The UserId Class








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   The aggregate classes that make up UserId are:

   name

      Zero or one.  STRING.  A user or group name.

   number

      Zero or one.  INTEGER.  A user or group number.

   This is represented in the IDMEF DTD as follows:

   <!ENTITY % attvals.idtype               "
       ( current-user | original-user | target-user | user-privs |
         current-group | group-privs | other-privs )
     ">

   <!ELEMENT UserId                        (
       (name, number?) | (number, name?)
     )>
   <!ATTLIST UserId
       ident               CDATA                   '0'
       type                %attvals.idtype;        'original-user'
       tty                 CDATA                   #IMPLIED
       %attlist.global;
     >

   The UserId class has three attributes:

   ident

      Optional.  A unique identifier for the user id, see Section 3.2.9.

   type

      Optional.  The type of user information represented.  The
      permitted values for this attribute are shown below.  The default
      value is "original-user".  (See also Section 10.)













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   +------+---------------+--------------------------------------------+
   | Rank | Keyword       | Description                                |
   +------+---------------+--------------------------------------------+
   |    0 | current-user  | The current user id being used by the user |
   |      |               | or process.  On Unix systems, this would   |
   |      |               | be the "real" user id, in general.         |
   |      |               |                                            |
   |    1 | original-user | The actual identity of the user or process |
   |      |               | being reported on.  On those systems that  |
   |      |               | (a) do some type of auditing and (b)       |
   |      |               | support extracting a user id from the      |
   |      |               | "audit id" token, that value should be     |
   |      |               | used.  On those systems that do not        |
   |      |               | support this, and where the user has       |
   |      |               | logged into the system, the "login id"     |
   |      |               | should be used.                            |
   |      |               |                                            |
   |    2 | target-user   | The user id the user or process is         |
   |      |               | attempting to become.  This would apply,   |
   |      |               | on Unix systems for example, when the user |
   |      |               | attempts to use "su", "rlogin", "telnet",  |
   |      |               | etc.                                       |
   |      |               |                                            |
   |    3 | user-privs    | Another user id the user or process has    |
   |      |               | the ability to use, or a user id           |
   |      |               | associated with a file permission.  On     |
   |      |               | Unix systems, this would be the            |
   |      |               | "effective" user id in a user or process   |
   |      |               | context, and the owner permissions in a    |
   |      |               | file context.  Multiple UserId elements of |
   |      |               | this type may be used to specify a list of |
   |      |               | privileges.                                |
   |      |               |                                            |
   |    4 | current-group | The current group id (if applicable) being |
   |      |               | used by the user or process.  On Unix      |
   |      |               | systems, this would be the "real" group    |
   |      |               | id, in general.                            |
   |      |               |                                            |
   |    5 | group-privs   | Another group id the group or process has  |
   |      |               | the ability to use, or a group id          |
   |      |               | associated with a file permission.  On     |
   |      |               | Unix systems, this would be the            |
   |      |               | "effective" group id in a group or process |
   |      |               | context, and the group permissions in a    |
   |      |               | file context.  On BSD-derived Unix         |
   |      |               | systems, multiple UserId elements of this  |
   |      |               | type would be used to include all the      |
   |      |               | group ids on the "group list".             |



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   |    6 | other-privs   | Not used in a user, group, or process      |
   |      |               | context, only used in the file context.    |
   |      |               | The file permissions assigned to users who |
   |      |               | do not match either the user or group      |
   |      |               | permissions on the file.  On Unix systems, |
   |      |               | this would be the "world" permissions.     |
   +------+---------------+--------------------------------------------+

   tty

      Optional.  STRING.  The tty the user is using.

4.2.7.4.  The Process Class

   The Process class is used to describe processes being executed on
   sources, targets, and analyzers.

   The Process class is composed of five aggregate classes, as shown in
   Figure 18.

                     +--------------+
                     |    Process   |
                     +--------------+            +------+
                     | STRING ident |<>----------| name |
                     |              |            +------+
                     |              |       0..1 +------+
                     |              |<>----------| pid  |
                     |              |            +------+
                     |              |       0..1 +------+
                     |              |<>----------| path |
                     |              |            +------+
                     |              |       0..* +------+
                     |              |<>----------| arg  |
                     |              |            +------+
                     |              |       0..* +------+
                     |              |<>----------| env  |
                     |              |            +------+
                     +--------------+

                       Figure 18: The Process Class











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   The aggregate classes that make up Process are:

   name

      Exactly one.  STRING.  The name of the program being executed.
      This is a short name; path and argument information are provided
      elsewhere.

   pid

      Zero or one.  INTEGER.  The process identifier of the process.

   path

      Zero or one.  STRING.  The full path of the program being
      executed.

   arg

      Zero or more.  STRING.  A command-line argument to the program.
      Multiple arguments may be specified (they are assumed to have
      occurred in the same order they are provided) with multiple uses
      of arg.

   env

      Zero or more.  STRING.  An environment string associated with the
      process; generally of the format "VARIABLE=value".  Multiple
      environment strings may be specified with multiple uses of env.

   This is represented in the IDMEF DTD as follows:

    <!ELEMENT Process                       (
       name, pid?, path?, arg*, env*
     )>
   <!ATTLIST Process
       ident               CDATA                   '0'
       %attlist.global;
     >

   The Process class has one attribute:

   ident

      Optional.  A unique identifier for the process; see Section 3.2.9.






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4.2.7.5.  The Service Class

   The Service class describes network services on sources and targets.
   It can identify services by name, port, and protocol.  When Service
   occurs as an aggregate class of Source, it is understood that the
   service is one from which activity of interest is originating; and
   that the service is "attached" to the Node, Process, and User
   information also contained in Source.  Likewise, when Service occurs
   as an aggregate class of Target, it is understood that the service is
   one to which activity of interest is being directed; and that the
   service is "attached" to the Node, Process, and User information also
   contained in Target.  If Service occurs in both Source and Target,
   then information in both locations should be the same.  If
   information is the same in both locations and implementers wish to
   carry it in only one location, they should specify it as an aggregate
   of the Target class.

   The Service class is composed of four aggregate classes, as shown in
   Figure 19.

            +-----------------------------+
            |   Service                   |
            +-----------------------------+       0..1 +----------+
            | STRING  ident               |<>----------|   name   |
            | INTEGER ip_version          |            +----------+
            | INTEGER iana_protocol_number|       0..1 +----------+
            | STRING  iana_protocol_name  |<>----------|   port   |
            |                             |            +----------+
            |                             |       0..1 +----------+
            |                             |<>----------| portlist |
            |                             |            +----------+
            |                             |       0..1 +----------+
            |                             |<>----------| protocol |
            |                             |            +----------+
            +-----------------------------+
                            /_\
                             |
                   +---------+--------+
                   |                  |
            +-------------+     +-------------+
            | SNMPService |     | WebService  |
            +-------------+     +-------------+

                       Figure 19: The Service Class







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   The aggregate classes that make up Service are:

   name

      Zero or one.  STRING.  The name of the service.  Whenever
      possible, the name from the IANA list of well-known ports SHOULD
      be used.

   port

      Zero or one.  INTEGER.  The port number being used.

   portlist

      Zero or one.  PORTLIST.  A list of port numbers being used; see
      Section 3.2.8 for formatting rules.  If a portlist is given, the
      iana_protocol_number and iana_protocol_name MUST apply to all the
      elements of the list.

   protocol

      Zero or one.  STRING.  Additional information about the protocol
      being used.  The intent of the protocol field is to carry
      additional information related to the protocol being used when the
      <Service> attributes iana_protocol_number or/and
      iana_protocol_name are filed.

   A Service MUST be specified as either (a) a name or a port or (b) a
   portlist.  The protocol is optional in all cases, but no other
   combinations are permitted.

   Service is represented in the IDMEF DTD as follows:

   <!ELEMENT Service                       (
       (((name, port?) | (port, name?)) | portlist), protocol?,
       SNMPService?, WebService?
     )>
   <!ATTLIST Service
       ident                CDATA                   '0'
   ip_version           CDATA                   #IMPLIED
   iana_protocol_number CDATA                  #IMPLIED
   iana_protocol_name   CDATA                  #IMPLIED
       %attlist.global;
     >







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   The Service class has four attributes:

   ident

      Optional.  A unique identifier for the service; see Section 3.2.9.

   ip_version

      Optional.  INTEGER.  The IP version number.

   iana_protocol_number

      Optional.  INTEGER.  The IANA protocol number.

   iana_protocol_name

      Optional.  STRING.  The IANA protocol name.

4.2.7.5.1.  The WebService Class

   The WebService class carries additional information related to web
   traffic.

   The WebService class is composed of four aggregate classes, as shown
   in Figure 20.

                   +-------------+
                   |   Service   |
                   +-------------+
                         /_\
                          |
                   +-------------+
                   | WebService  |
                   +-------------+            +-------------+
                   |             |<>----------|     url     |
                   |             |            +-------------+
                   |             |       0..1 +-------------+
                   |             |<>----------|     cgi     |
                   |             |            +-------------+
                   |             |       0..1 +-------------+
                   |             |<>----------| http-method |
                   |             |            +-------------+
                   |             |       0..* +-------------+
                   |             |<>----------|     arg     |
                   |             |            +-------------+
                   +-------------+

                      Figure 20: The WebService Class



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   The aggregate classes that make up WebService are:

   url

      Exactly one.  STRING.  The URL in the request.

   cgi

      Zero or one.  STRING.  The CGI script in the request, without
      arguments.

   http-method

      Zero or one.  STRING.  The HTTP method (PUT, GET) used in the
      request.

   arg

      Zero or more.  STRING.  The arguments to the CGI script.

   This is represented in the IDMEF DTD as follows:

   <!ELEMENT WebService                    (
       url, cgi?, http-method?, arg*
     )>
   <!ATTLIST WebService
       %attlist.global;
     >

4.2.7.5.2.  The SNMPService Class

   The SNMPService class carries additional information related to SNMP
   traffic.  The aggregate classes composing SNMPService must be
   interpreted as described in RFC 3411 [15] and RFC 3584 [16].

   The SNMPService class is composed of eight aggregate classes, as
   shown in Figure 21.














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                +-------------+
                |   Service   |
                +-------------+
                      /_\
                       |
                +-------------+
                | SNMPService |
                +-------------+       0..1 +----------------------+
                |             |<>----------|       oid            |
                |             |            +----------------------+
                |             |       0..1 +----------------------+
                |             |<>----------|messageProcessingModel|
                |             |            +----------------------+
                |             |       0..1 +----------------------+
                |             |<>----------|    securityModel     |
                |             |            +----------------------+
                |             |       0..1 +----------------------+
                |             |<>----------|    securityName      |
                |             |            +----------------------+
                |             |       0..1 +----------------------+
                |             |<>----------|   securityLevel      |
                |             |            +----------------------+
                |             |       0..1 +----------------------+
                |             |<>----------|    contextName       |
                |             |            +----------------------+
                |             |       0..1 +----------------------+
                |             |<>----------|   contextEngineID    |
                |             |            +----------------------+
                |             |       0..1 +----------------------+
                |             |<>----------|     command          |
                |             |            +----------------------+
                +-------------+

                     Figure 21: The SNMPService Class

   The aggregate classes that make up SNMPService are:

   oid

      Zero or one.  STRING.  The object identifier in the request.

   messageProcessingModel

      Zero or one.  INTEGER.  The SNMP version, typically 0 for SNMPv1,
      1 for SNMPv2c, 2 for SNMPv2u and SNMPv2*, and 3 for SNMPv3; see
      RFC 3411 [15] Section 5 for appropriate values.





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   securityModel

      Zero or one.  INTEGER.  The identification of the security model
      in use, typically 0 for any, 1 for SNMPv1, 2 for SNMPv2c, and 3
      for USM; see RFC 3411 [15] Section 5 for appropriate values.

   securityName

      Zero or one.  STRING.  The object's security name; see RFC 3411
      [15] Section 3.2.2.

   securityLevel

      Zero or one.  INTEGER.  The security level of the SNMP request;
      see RFC 3411 [15] Section 3.4.3.

   contextName

      Zero or one.  STRING.  The object's context name; see RFC 3411
      [15] Section 3.3.3.

   contextEngineID

      Zero or one.  STRING.  The object's context engine identifier; see
      RFC 3411 [15] Section 3.3.2.

   command

      Zero or one.  STRING.  The command sent to the SNMP server (GET,
      SET, etc.).

   If other fields of an SNMP message are available and should be
   incorporated in the IDMEF alert, they must be located in the
   additionaldata structure with the meaning being an object definition
   defined in RFC 3411 [15] Section 5 and the value located within the
   additionaldata payload.

   This is represented in the IDMEF DTD as follows:

   <!ELEMENT SNMPService                   (
       oid?, messageProcessingModel?, securityModel?, securityName?,
       securityLevel?, contextName?, contextEngineID?, command?
     )>
   <!ATTLIST SNMPService
       %attlist.global;
     >





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4.2.7.6.  The File Class

   The File class provides specific information about a file or other
   file-like object that has been created, deleted, or modified on the
   target.  The description can provide either the file settings prior
   to the event or the file settings at the time of the event, as
   specified using the "category" attribute.

   The File class is composed of eleven aggregate classes, as shown in
   Figure 22.
                  +--------------+
                  |     File     |
                  +--------------+            +-------------+
                  |              |<>----------|    name     |
                  |              |            +-------------+
                  |              |            +-------------+
                  |              |<>----------|    path     |
                  |              |            +-------------+
                  |              |       0..1 +-------------+
                  |              |<>----------| create-time |
                  |              |            +-------------+
                  |              |       0..1 +-------------+
                  |              |<>----------| modify-time |
                  |              |            +-------------+
                  |              |       0..1 +-------------+
                  |              |<>----------| access-time |
                  |              |            +-------------+
                  |              |       0..1 +-------------+
                  |              |<>----------|  data-size  |
                  |              |            +-------------+
                  |              |       0..1 +-------------+
                  |              |<>----------|  disk-size  |
                  |              |            +-------------+
                  |              |       0..* +-------------+
                  |              |<>----------| FileAccess  |
                  |              |            +-------------+
                  |              |       0..* +-------------+
                  |              |<>----------|   Linkage   |
                  |              |            +-------------+
                  |              |       0..1 +-------------+
                  |              |<>----------|    Inode    |
                  |              |            +-------------+
                  |              |       0..* +-------------+
                  |              |<>----------|  Checksum   |
                  |              |            +-------------+
                  +--------------+

                         Figure 22: The File Class



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   The aggregate classes that make up File are:

   name

      Exactly one.  STRING.  The name of the file to which the alert
      applies, not including the path to the file.

   path

      Exactly one.  STRING.  The full path to the file, including the
      name.  The path name should be represented in as "universal" a
      manner as possible, to facilitate processing of the alert.

      For Windows systems, the path should be specified using the
      Universal Naming Convention (UNC) for remote files, and using a
      drive letter for local files (e.g., "C:\boot.ini").  For Unix
      systems, paths on network file systems should use the name of the
      mounted resource instead of the local mount point (e.g.,
      "fileserver:/usr/local/bin/foo").  The mount point can be provided
      using the <Linkage> element.

   create-time

      Zero or one.  DATETIME.  Time the file was created.  Note that
      this is *not* the Unix "st_ctime" file attribute (which is not
      file creation time).  The Unix "st_ctime" attribute is contained
      in the "Inode" class.

   modify-time

      Zero or one.  DATETIME.  Time the file was last modified.

   access-time

      Zero or one.  DATETIME.  Time the file was last accessed.

   data-size

      Zero or one.  INTEGER.  The size of the data, in bytes.  Typically
      what is meant when referring to file size.  On Unix UFS file
      systems, this value corresponds to stat.st_size.  On Windows NTFS,
      this value corresponds to Valid Data Length (VDL).









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   disk-size

      Zero or one.  INTEGER.  The physical space on disk consumed by the
      file, in bytes.  On Unix UFS file systems, this value corresponds
      to 512 * stat.st_blocks.  On Windows NTFS, this value corresponds
      to End of File (EOF).

   FileAccess

      Zero or more.  Access permissions on the file.

   Linkage

      Zero or more.  File system objects to which this file is linked
      (other references for the file).

   Inode

      Zero or one.  Inode information for this file (relevant to Unix).

   Checksum

      Zero or more.  Checksum information for this file.

   This is represented in the IDMEF DTD as follows:

   <!ENTITY % attvals.filecat              "
       ( current | original )
     ">

   <!ELEMENT File                          (
       name, path, create-time?, modify-time?, access-time?,
       data-size?, disk-size?, FileAccess*, Linkage*, Inode?,
       Checksum*
     )>
   <!ATTLIST File
       ident               CDATA                   '0'
       category            %attvals.filecat;       #REQUIRED
       fstype              CDATA                   #IMPLIED
       file-type           CDATA                   #IMPLIED
       %attlist.global;
     >

   The File class has four attributes (one required and three optional):

   ident

      Optional.  A unique identifier for this file; see Section 3.2.9.



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   category

      Required.  The context for the information being provided.  The
      permitted values are shown below.  There is no default value.
      (See also Section 10.)

   +------+----------+-------------------------------------------------+
   | Rank | Keyword  | Description                                     |
   +------+----------+-------------------------------------------------+
   |    0 | current  | The file information is from after the reported |
   |      |          | change                                          |
   |      |          |                                                 |
   |    1 | original | The file information is from before the         |
   |      |          | reported change                                 |
   +------+----------+-------------------------------------------------+

   fstype

      Optional.  The type of file system the file resides on.  This
      attribute governs how path names and other attributes are
      interpreted.

                +------+---------+-------------------------------------+
                | Rank | Keyword | Description                         |
                +------+---------+-------------------------------------+
                |    0 | ufs     | Berkeley Unix Fast File System      |
                |    1 | efs     | Linux "efs" file system             |
                |    2 | nfs     | Network File System                 |
                |    3 | afs     | Andrew File System                  |
                |    4 | ntfs    | Windows NT File System              |
                |    5 | fat16   | 16-bit Windows FAT File System      |
                |    6 | fat32   | 32-bit Windows FAT File System      |
                |    7 | pcfs    | "PC" (MS-DOS) file system on CD-ROM |
                |    8 | joliet  | Joliet CD-ROM file system           |
                |    9 | iso9660 | ISO 9660 CD-ROM file system         |
                +------+---------+-------------------------------------+

   file-type

      Optional.  The type of file, as a mime-type.











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4.2.7.6.1.  The FileAccess Class

   The FileAccess class represents the access permissions on a file.
   The representation is intended to be useful across operating systems.

   The FileAccess class is composed of two aggregate classes, as shown
   in Figure 23.

                  +--------------+
                  |  FileAccess  |
                  +--------------+            +------------+
                  |              |<>----------|   UserId   |
                  |              |            +------------+
                  |              |       1..* +------------+
                  |              |<>----------| Permission |
                  |              |            +------------+
                  +--------------+

                      Figure 23: The FileAccess Class

   The aggregate classes that make up FileAccess are:

   UserId

      Exactly one.  The user (or group) to which these permissions
      apply.  The value of the "type" attribute must be "user-privs",
      "group-privs", or "other-privs" as appropriate.  Other values for
      "type" MUST NOT be used in this context.























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   Permission

      One or more.  ENUM.  Level of access allowed.  The permitted
      values are shown below.  There is no default value.  (See also
      Section 10.)

   +------+-------------------+----------------------------------------+
   | Rank | Keyword           | Description                            |
   +------+-------------------+----------------------------------------+
   |    0 | noAccess          | No access at all is allowed for this   |
   |      |                   | user                                   |
   |      |                   |                                        |
   |    1 | read              | This user has read access to the file  |
   |      |                   |                                        |
   |    2 | write             | This user has write access to the file |
   |      |                   |                                        |
   |    3 | execute           | This user has the ability to execute   |
   |      |                   | the file                               |
   |      |                   |                                        |
   |    4 | search            | This user has the ability to search    |
   |      |                   | this file (applies to "execute"        |
   |      |                   | permission on directories in Unix)     |
   |      |                   |                                        |
   |    5 | delete            | This user has the ability to delete    |
   |      |                   | this file                              |
   |      |                   |                                        |
   |    6 | executeAs         | This user has the ability to execute   |
   |      |                   | this file as another user              |
   |      |                   |                                        |
   |    7 | changePermissions | This user has the ability to change    |
   |      |                   | the access permissions on this file    |
   |      |                   |                                        |
   |    8 | takeOwnership     | This user has the ability to take      |
   |      |                   | ownership of this file                 |
   +------+-------------------+----------------------------------------+

   The "changePermissions" and "takeOwnership" strings represent those
   concepts in Windows.  On Unix, the owner of the file always has
   "changePermissions" access, even if no other access is allowed for
   that user.  "Full Control" in Windows is represented by enumerating
   the permissions it contains.  The "executeAs" string represents the
   set-user-id and set-group-id features in Unix.









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   This is represented in the IDMEF DTD as follows:

   <!ELEMENT Permission EMPTY >
   <!ATTLIST Permission
       perms               %attvals.fileperm;      #REQUIRED
       %attlist.global;
   >

   <!ENTITY % attvals.fileperm "( noAccess | read | write | execute |
     search | delete | executeAs | changePermissions |
     takeOwnership)" >

4.2.7.6.2.  The Linkage Class

   The Linkage class represents file system connections between the file
   described in the <File> element and other objects in the file system.
   For example, if the <File> element is a symbolic link or shortcut,
   then the <Linkage> element should contain the name of the object the
   link points to.  Further information can be provided about the object
   in the <Linkage> element with another <File> element, if appropriate.

   The Linkage class is composed of three aggregate classes, as shown in
   Figure 24.

                  +--------------+
                  |   Linkage    |
                  +--------------+            +------+
                  |              |<>----------| name |
                  |              |            +------+
                  |              |            +------+
                  |              |<>----------| path |
                  |              |            +------+
                  |              |            +------+
                  |              |<>----------| File |
                  |              |            +------+
                  +--------------+

                       Figure 24: The Linkage Class

   The aggregate classes that make up Linkage are:

   name

      Exactly one.  STRING.  The name of the file system object, not
      including the path.






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   path

      Exactly one.  STRING.  The full path to the file system object,
      including the name.  The path name should be represented in as
      "universal" a manner as possible, to facilitate processing of the
      alert.

   File

      Exactly one.  A <File> element may be used in place of the <name>
      and <path> elements if additional information about the file is to
      be included.

   This is represented in the IDMEF DTD as follows:

   <!ENTITY % attvals.linkcat              "
       ( hard-link | mount-point | reparse-point | shortcut | stream |
         symbolic-link )
     ">

   <!ELEMENT Linkage                       (
       (name, path) | File
     )>
   <!ATTLIST Linkage
       category            %attvals.linkcat;       #REQUIRED
       %attlist.global;
     >
























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   The Linkage class has one attribute:

   category

      The type of object that the link describes.  The permitted values
      are shown below.  There is no default value.  (See also
      Section 10.)

   +------+---------------+--------------------------------------------+
   | Rank | Keyword       | Description                                |
   +------+---------------+--------------------------------------------+
   |    0 | hard-link     | The <name> element represents another name |
   |      |               | for this file.  This information may be    |
   |      |               | more easily obtainable on NTFS file        |
   |      |               | systems than others.                       |
   |      |               |                                            |
   |    1 | mount-point   | An alias for the directory specified by    |
   |      |               | the parent's <name> and <path> elements.   |
   |      |               |                                            |
   |    2 | reparse-point | Applies only to Windows; excludes symbolic |
   |      |               | links and mount points, which are specific |
   |      |               | types of reparse points.                   |
   |      |               |                                            |
   |    3 | shortcut      | The file represented by a Windows          |
   |      |               | "shortcut".  A shortcut is distinguished   |
   |      |               | from a symbolic link because of the        |
   |      |               | difference in their contents, which may be |
   |      |               | of importance to the manager.              |
   |      |               |                                            |
   |    4 | stream        | An Alternate Data Stream (ADS) in Windows; |
   |      |               | a fork on MacOS.  Separate file system     |
   |      |               | entity that is considered an extension of  |
   |      |               | the main <File>.                           |
   |    5 | symbolic-link | The <name> element represents the file to  |
   |      |               | which the link points.                     |
   +------+---------------+--------------------------------------------+















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4.2.7.6.3.  The Inode Class

   The Inode class is used to represent the additional information
   contained in a Unix file system i-node.

   The Inode class is composed of six aggregate classes, as shown in
   Figure 25.

                  +--------------+
                  |    Inode     |
                  +--------------+            +----------------+
                  |              |<>----------|   change-time  |
                  |              |            +----------------+
                  |              |            +----------------+
                  |              |<>----------|     number     |
                  |              |            +----------------+
                  |              |            +----------------+
                  |              |<>----------|  major-device  |
                  |              |            +----------------+
                  |              |            +----------------+
                  |              |<>----------|  minor-device  |
                  |              |            +----------------+
                  |              |            +----------------+
                  |              |<>----------| c-major-device |
                  |              |            +----------------+
                  |              |            +----------------+
                  |              |<>----------| c-minor-device |
                  |              |            +----------------+
                  +--------------+

                        Figure 25: The Inode Class

   The aggregate classes that make up Inode are:

   change-time

      Zero or one.  DATETIME.  The time of the last inode change, given
      by the st_ctime element of "struct stat".

   number

      Zero or one.  INTEGER.  The inode number.

   major-device

      Zero or one.  INTEGER.  The major device number of the device the
      file resides on.




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   minor-device

      Zero or one.  INTEGER.  The minor device number of the device the
      file resides on.

   c-major-device

      Zero or one.  INTEGER.  The major device of the file itself, if it
      is a character special device.

   c-minor-device

      Zero or one.  INTEGER.  The minor device of the file itself, if it
      is a character special device.

   Note that <number>, <major-device>, and <minor-device> must be given
   together, and the <c-major-device> and <c-minor-device> must be given
   together.

   This is represented in the IDMEF DTD as follows:

   <!ELEMENT Inode                         (
       change-time?, (number, major-device, minor-device)?,
       (c-major-device, c-minor-device)?
     )>
   <!ATTLIST Inode
       %attlist.global;
     >























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4.2.7.6.4.  The Checksum Class

   The Checksum class represents checksum information associated with
   the file.  This checksum information can be provided by file
   integrity checkers, among others.

   The checksum class is composed of two aggregate classes, as shown in
   Figure 26.

                  +--------------+
                  |   Checksum   |
                  +--------------+            +-------+
                  | algorithm    |<>----------| value |
                  |              |            +-------+
                  |              |        0..1+-------+
                  |              |<>----------|  key  |
                  |              |            +-------+
                  +--------------+

                       Figure 26: The Checksum Class

   The aggregate classes that make up Checksum are:

   value

      Exactly one.  STRING.  The value of the checksum.

   key

      Zero or one.  STRING.  The key to the checksum, if appropriate.

   This is represented in the IDMEF DTD as follows:

   <!ENTITY % attvals.checksumalgos        "
         ( MD4 | MD5 | SHA1 | SHA2-256 | SHA2-384 | SHA2-512 | CRC-32 |
           Haval | Tiger | Gost )
     ">

   <!ELEMENT Checksum                      (
       value, key?
     )>
   <!ATTLIST Checksum
       algorithm           %attvals.checksumalgos; #REQUIRED
       %attlist.global;
     >






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   The Checksum class has one attribute:

   algorithm

      The cryptographic algorithm used for the computation of the
      checksum.  The permitted values are shown below.  There is no
      default value.  (See also Section 10.)

      +------+----------+------------------------------------------+
      | Rank | Keyword  | Description                              |
      +------+----------+------------------------------------------+
      |    0 | MD4      | The MD4 algorithm.                       |
      |      |          |                                          |
      |    1 | MD5      | The MD5 algorithm.                       |
      |      |          |                                          |
      |    2 | SHA1     | The SHA1 algorithm.                      |
      |      |          |                                          |
      |    3 | SHA2-256 | The SHA2 algorithm with 256 bits length. |
      |      |          |                                          |
      |    4 | SHA2-384 | The SHA2 algorithm with 384 bits length. |
      |      |          |                                          |
      |    5 | SHA2-512 | The SHA2 algorithm with 512 bits length. |
      |      |          |                                          |
      |    6 | CRC-32   | The CRC algorithm with 32 bits length.   |
      |      |          |                                          |
      |    7 | Haval    | The Haval algorithm.                     |
      |      |          |                                          |
      |    8 | Tiger    | The Tiger algorithm.                     |
      |      |          |                                          |
      |    9 | Gost     | The Gost algorithm.                      |
      +------+----------+------------------------------------------+

5.  Extending the IDMEF

   As intrusion detection systems evolve, the IDMEF data model and DTD
   will have to evolve along with them.  To allow new features to be
   added as they are developed, both the data model and the DTD can be
   extended as described in this section.  As these extensions mature,
   they can then be incorporated into future versions of the
   specification.

5.1.  Extending the Data Model

   There are two mechanisms for extending the IDMEF data model,
   inheritance and aggregation:

   o  Inheritance denotes a superclass/subclass type of relationship
      where the subclass inherits all the attributes, operations, and



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      relationships of the superclass.  This type of relationship is
      also called a "is-a" or "kind-of" relationship.  Subclasses may
      have additional attributes or operations that apply only to the
      subclass and not to the superclass.

   o  Aggregation is a form of association in which the whole is related
      to its parts.  This type of relationship is also referred to as a
      "part-of" relationship.  In this case, the aggregate class
      contains all of its own attributes and as many of the attributes
      associated with its parts as required and specified by occurrence
      indicators.

   Of the two mechanisms, inheritance is preferred, because it preserves
   the existing data model structure and also preserves the operations
   (methods) executed on the classes of the structure.

   Note that the rules for extending the IDMEF DTD (see below) set
   limits on the places where extensions to the data model may be made.

5.2.  Extending the IDMEF DTD

   There are two ways to extend the IDMEF DTD:

   1.  The AdditionalData class (see Section 4.2.4.6) allows
       implementors to include arbitrary "atomic" data items (integers,
       strings, etc.) in an Alert or Heartbeat message.  This approach
       SHOULD be used whenever possible.  See Section 7.4 and
       Section 7.5.

   2.  The AdditionalData class allows implementors to extend the IDMEF
       DTD with additional DTD "modules" that describe arbitrarily
       complex data types and relationships.  The remainder of this
       section describes this extension method.

   To extend the IDMEF DTD with a new DTD "module", the following steps
   MUST be followed:

   1.  The document declaration MUST define a DTD location that defines
       the namespace and contains the location of the extension DTD, and
       then reference that namespace.

   2.  Multiple extensions may be included by defining multiple
       namespaces and DTD locations, and referencing them.

   3.  Extension DTDs MUST declare all of their elements and attributes
       in a separate XML namespace.  Extension DTDs MUST NOT declare any
       elements or attributes in the "idmef" or default namespaces.




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   4.  Extensions MUST only be included in IDMEF Alert and Heartbeat
       messages under an <AdditionalData> element whose "type" attribute
       contains the value "xml".  For example:

   In this example, the "vendorco" namespace is defined and then
   referenced, causing the DTD for the extension to be read by the XML
   parser.

   <idmef:IDMEF-Message version="1.0"
     xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
     xmlns:idmef="http://iana.org/idmef"
     xmlns:vendorco="http://vendor.com/idmef"
   xsi:schemaLocation="http://vendor.com/idmef http://v.com/vidmef.xsd">

    <idmef:Alert messageid="...">
         ...
    <idmef:AdditionalData type="xml" meaning="VendorExtension">
     <idmef:xml>
      <vendorco:TestVendor a="attribute of example"
       xmlns:vendorco="http://vendor.com/idmef"
   xsi:schemaLocation="http://vendor.com/idmef http://v.com/vidmef.xsd">
       <vendorco:content>content element of example</vendorco:content>
      </vendorco:TestVendor>
     </idmef:xml>
    </idmef:AdditionalData>
    </idmef:Alert>
   </idmef:IDMEF-Message>

   See Section 7.8 for another example of extending the IDMEF DTD.

6.  Special Considerations

   This section discusses some of the special considerations that must
   be taken into account by implementors of the IDMEF.

6.1.  XML Validity and Well-Formedness

   It is expected that IDMEF-compliant applications will not normally
   include the IDMEF DTD itself in their communications.  Instead, the
   DTD will be referenced in the document type definition in the IDMEF
   message.  Such IDMEF documents will be well-formed and valid as
   defined in [3].

   Other IDMEF documents will be specified that do not include the
   document prolog (e.g., entries in an IDMEF-format database).  Such
   IDMEF documents will be well-formed but not valid.





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   Generally, well-formedness implies that a document has a single
   element that contains everything else (e.g., "<Book>") and that all
   the other elements nest nicely within each other without any
   overlapping (e.g., a "chapter" does not start in the middle of
   another "chapter").

   Validity further implies that not only is the document well-formed,
   but it also follows specific rules (contained in the Document Type
   Definition) about which elements are "legal" in the document, how
   those elements nest within other elements, and so on (e.g., a
   "chapter" does not begin in the middle of a "title").  A document
   cannot be valid unless it references a DTD.

   XML processors are required to be able to parse any well-formed
   document, valid or not.  The purpose of validation is to make the
   processing of that document (what's done with the data after it's
   parsed) easier.  Without validation, a document may contain elements
   in nonsense order, elements "invented" by the author that the
   processing application doesn't understand, and so forth.

   IDMEF documents MUST be well-formed.  IDMEF documents SHOULD be valid
   whenever both possible and practical.

6.2.  Unrecognized XML Tags

   On occasion, an IDMEF-compliant application may receive a well-
   formed, or even well-formed and valid, IDMEF message containing tags
   that it does not understand.  The tags may be either:

   o  Recognized as "legitimate" (a valid document), but the application
      does not know the semantic meaning of the element's content; or

   o  Not recognized at all.

   IDMEF-compliant applications MUST continue to process IDMEF messages
   that contain unknown tags, provided that such messages meet the well-
   formedness requirement of Section 6.1.  It is up to the individual
   application to decide how to process (or ignore) any content from the
   unknown elements(s).

6.3.  Analyzer-Manager Time Synchronization

   Synchronization of time-of-day clocks between analyzers and managers
   is outside the scope of this document.  However, the following
   comments and suggestions are offered:






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   1.  Whenever possible, all analyzers and managers should have their
       time-of-day clocks synchronized to an external source such as NTP
       [7] or SNTP [8] Global Positioning System (GPS), Geosynchronous
       Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES), NIST radio station
       WWV clocks, or some other reliable time standard.

   2.  When external time synchronization is not possible, the IDMEF
       provides the <AnalyzerTime> element, which may be used to perform
       rudimentary time synchronization (see below).

   3.  IDMEF-compliant applications SHOULD permit the user to enable/
       disable the <AnalyzerTime> method of time synchronization as a
       configuration option.

   A number of caveats apply to the use of <AnalyzerTime> for time
   synchronization:

   1.  <AnalyzerTime> works best in a "flat" environment where analyzers
       report up to a single level of managers.  When a tree topology of
       high-level managers, intermediate relays, and analyzers is used,
       the problem becomes more complex.

   2.  When intermediate message relays (managers or otherwise) are
       involved, two scenarios are possible:

       *  The intermediaries may forward entire IDMEF messages, or may
          perform aggregation or correlation, but MUST NOT inject delay.
          In this case, time synchronization is end-to-end between the
          analyzer and the highest-level manager.

       *  The intermediaries may inject delay, due to storage or
          additional processing.  In this case, time synchronization
          MUST be performed at each hop.  This means each intermediary
          must decompose the IDMEF message, adjust all time values, and
          then reconstruct the message before sending it on.

   3.  When the environment is mixed, with some analyzers and managers
       using external time synchronization and some not, all managers
       and intermediaries must perform <AnalyzerTime> synchronization.
       This is because determining whether or not compensation is
       actually needed between two parties rapidly becomes very complex,
       and requires knowledge of other parts of the topology.

   4.  If an alert can take alternate paths, or be stored in multiple
       locations, the recorded times may be different depending on the
       path taken.





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   The above being said, <AnalyzerTime> synchronization is probably
   still better than nothing in many environments.  To implement this
   type of synchronization, the following procedure is suggested:

   1.  When an analyzer or manager sends an IDMEF message, it should
       place the current value of its time-of-day clock in an
       <AnalyzerTime> element.  This should occur as late as possible in
       the message transmission process, ideally right before the
       message is "put on the wire".

   2.  When a manager receives an IDMEF message, it should compute the
       difference between its own time-of-day clock and the time in the
       <AnalyzerTime> element of the message.  This difference should
       then be used to adjust the times in the <CreateTime> and
       <DetectTime> elements (NTP timestamps should also be adjusted).

   3.  If the manager is an intermediary and sends the IDMEF message on
       to a higher-level manager, and hop-by-hop synchronization is in
       effect, it should regenerate the <AnalyzerTime> value to contain
       the value of its own time-of-day clock.

6.4.  NTP Timestamp Wrap-Around

   From [8]:

      Note that, since some time in 1968 (second 2,147,483,648) the most
      significant bit (bit 0 of the integer part) has been set and that
      the 64-bit field will overflow some time in 2036 (second
      4,294,967,296).  Should NTP or SNTP be in use in 2036, some
      external means will be necessary to qualify time relative to 1900
      and time relative to 2036 (and other multiples of 136 years).
      There will exist a 200-picosecond interval, henceforth ignored,
      every 136 years when the 64-bit field will be 0, which by
      convention is interpreted as an invalid or unavailable timestamp.

   IDMEF-compliant applications MUST NOT send a zero-valued NTP
   timestamp unless they mean to indicate that it is invalid or
   unavailable.  If an IDMEF-compliant application must send an IDMEF
   message at the time of rollover, the application should wait for 200
   picoseconds until the timestamp will have a non-zero value.

   Also from [8]:

      As the NTP timestamp format has been in use for the last 17 years,
      it remains a possibility that it will be in use 40 years from now
      when the seconds field overflows.  As it is probably inappropriate
      to archive NTP timestamps before bit 0 was set in 1968, a




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      convenient way to extend the useful life of NTP timestamps is the
      following convention:

         If bit 0 is set, the UTC time is in the range 1968-2036 and UTC
         time is reckoned from 0h 0m 0s UTC on 1 January 1900.

         If bit 0 is not set, the time is in the range 2036-2104 and UTC
         time is reckoned from 6h 28m 16s UTC on 7 February 2036.

      Note that when calculating the correspondence, 2000 is not a leap
      year.  Note also that leap seconds are not counted in the
      reckoning.

   IDMEF-compliant applications in use after 2036-02-07T06:28:16Z MUST
   adhere to the above convention.

6.5.  Digital Signatures

   Standard XML digital signature processing rules and syntax are
   specified in [13].  XML Signatures provide integrity, message
   authentication, and/or signer authentication services for data of any
   type, whether located within the XML that includes the signature or
   elsewhere.

   The IDMEF requirements document [2] assigns responsibility for
   message integrity and authentication to the communications protocol,
   not the message format.  However, in situations where IDMEF messages
   are exchanged over other, less secure protocols, or in cases where
   the digital signatures must be archived for later use, the inclusion
   of digital signatures within an IDMEF message itself may be
   desirable.

   Specifications for the use of digital signatures within IDMEF
   messages are outside the scope of this document.  However, if such
   functionality is needed, use of the XML Signature standard is
   RECOMMENDED.

7.  Examples

   The examples shown in this section demonstrate how the IDMEF is used
   to encode alert data.  These examples are for illustrative purposes
   only, and do not necessarily represent the only (or even the "best")
   way to encode these particular alerts.  These examples should not be
   taken as guidelines on how alerts should be classified.







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7.1.  Denial-of-Service Attacks

   The following examples show how some common denial-of-service attacks
   could be represented in the IDMEF.

7.1.1.  The "teardrop" Attack

   Network-based detection of the "teardrop" attack.  This shows the
   basic format of an alert.

   <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

   <idmef:IDMEF-Message xmlns:idmef="http://iana.org/idmef"
                        version="1.0">
     <idmef:Alert messageid="abc123456789">
       <idmef:Analyzer analyzerid="hq-dmz-analyzer01">
         <idmef:Node category="dns">
           <idmef:location>Headquarters DMZ Network</idmef:location>
           <idmef:name>analyzer01.example.com</idmef:name>
         </idmef:Node>
       </idmef:Analyzer>
       <idmef:CreateTime ntpstamp="0xbc723b45.0xef449129">
         2000-03-09T10:01:25.93464-05:00
       </idmef:CreateTime>
       <idmef:Source ident="a1b2c3d4">
         <idmef:Node ident="a1b2c3d4-001" category="dns">
           <idmef:name>badguy.example.net</idmef:name>
           <idmef:Address ident="a1b2c3d4-002"
                          category="ipv4-net-mask">
             <idmef:address>192.0.2.50</idmef:address>
             <idmef:netmask>255.255.255.255</idmef:netmask>
           </idmef:Address>
         </idmef:Node>
       </idmef:Source>
       <idmef:Target ident="d1c2b3a4">
         <idmef:Node ident="d1c2b3a4-001" category="dns">
           <idmef:Address category="ipv4-addr-hex">
             <idmef:address>0xde796f70</idmef:address>
           </idmef:Address>
         </idmef:Node>
       </idmef:Target>
       <idmef:Classification text="Teardrop detected">
         <idmef:Reference origin="bugtraqid">
           <idmef:name>124</idmef:name>
           <idmef:url>http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/124</idmef:url>
         </idmef:Reference>
       </idmef:Classification>
     </idmef:Alert>



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   </idmef:IDMEF-Message>

7.1.2.  The "ping of death" Attack

   Network-based detection of the "ping of death" attack.  Note the
   identification of multiple targets, and the identification of the
   source as a spoofed address.

   NOTE: The URL has been cut to fit the IETF formating requirements.

   <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

   <idmef:IDMEF-Message version="1.0"
                        xmlns:idmef="http://iana.org/idmef">
     <idmef:Alert messageid="abc123456789">
       <idmef:Analyzer analyzerid="bc-sensor01">
         <idmef:Node category="dns">
           <idmef:name>sensor.example.com</idmef:name>
         </idmef:Node>
       </idmef:Analyzer>
       <idmef:CreateTime ntpstamp="0xbc71f4f5.0xef449129">
         2000-03-09T10:01:25.93464Z
       </idmef:CreateTime>
       <idmef:Source ident="a1a2" spoofed="yes">
         <idmef:Node ident="a1a2-1">
           <idmef:Address ident="a1a2-2" category="ipv4-addr">
             <idmef:address>192.0.2.200</idmef:address>
           </idmef:Address>
         </idmef:Node>
       </idmef:Source>
       <idmef:Target ident="b3b4">
         <idmef:Node>
           <idmef:Address ident="b3b4-1" category="ipv4-addr">
             <idmef:address>192.0.2.50</idmef:address>
           </idmef:Address>
         </idmef:Node>
       </idmef:Target>
       <idmef:Target ident="c5c6">
         <idmef:Node ident="c5c6-1" category="nisplus">
           <idmef:name>lollipop</idmef:name>
         </idmef:Node>
       </idmef:Target>
       <idmef:Target ident="d7d8">
         <idmef:Node ident="d7d8-1">
           <idmef:location>Cabinet B10</idmef:location>
           <idmef:name>Cisco.router.b10</idmef:name>
         </idmef:Node>
       </idmef:Target>



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       <idmef:Classification text="Ping-of-death detected">
         <idmef:Reference origin="cve">
           <idmef:name>CVE-1999-128</idmef:name>
           <idmef:url>http://www.cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/
           cvename.cgi?name=CVE-1999-128</idmef:url>
         </idmef:Reference>
       </idmef:Classification>
     </idmef:Alert>
   </idmef:IDMEF-Message>

7.2.  Port Scanning Attacks

   The following examples show how some common port scanning attacks
   could be represented in the IDMEF.

7.2.1.  Connection to a Disallowed Service

   Host-based detection of a policy violation (attempt to obtain
   information via "finger").  Note the identification of the target
   service, as well as the originating user (obtained, e.g., through RFC
   1413 [11]).

   <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

   <idmef:IDMEF-Message version="1.0"
                        xmlns:idmef="http://iana.org/idmef">
     <idmef:Alert messageid="abc123456789">
       <idmef:Analyzer analyzerid="bc-sensor01">
         <idmef:Node category="dns">
           <idmef:name>sensor.example.com</idmef:name>
         </idmef:Node>
       </idmef:Analyzer>
       <idmef:CreateTime ntpstamp="0xbc72541d.0x00000000">
         2000-03-09T18:47:25+02:00
       </idmef:CreateTime>
       <idmef:Source ident="a123">
         <idmef:Node ident="a123-01">
           <idmef:Address ident="a123-02" category="ipv4-addr">
             <idmef:address>192.0.2.200</idmef:address>
           </idmef:Address>
         </idmef:Node>
         <idmef:User ident="q987-03" category="os-device">
           <idmef:UserId ident="q987-04" type="target-user">
             <idmef:name>badguy</idmef:name>
           </idmef:UserId>
         </idmef:User>
         <idmef:Service ident="a123-03">
           <idmef:port>31532</idmef:port>



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         </idmef:Service>
       </idmef:Source>
       <idmef:Target ident="z456">
         <idmef:Node ident="z456-01" category="nis">
           <idmef:name>myhost</idmef:name>
           <idmef:Address ident="z456-02" category="ipv4-addr">
             <idmef:address>192.0.2.50</idmef:address>
           </idmef:Address>
         </idmef:Node>
         <idmef:Service ident="z456-03">
           <idmef:name>finger</idmef:name>
           <idmef:port>79</idmef:port>
         </idmef:Service>
       </idmef:Target>
       <idmef:Classification text="Portscan">
         <idmef:Reference origin="vendor-specific">
           <idmef:name>finger</idmef:name>
           <idmef:url>http://www.vendor.com/finger</idmef:url>
         </idmef:Reference>
         <idmef:Reference origin="vendor-specific"
                          meaning="general documentation">
           <idmef:name>Distributed attack</idmef:name>
           <idmef:url>http://www.vendor.com/distributed</idmef:url>
         </idmef:Reference>
       </idmef:Classification>
     </idmef:Alert>
   </idmef:IDMEF-Message>

7.2.2.  Simple Port Scanning

   Network-based detection of a port scan.  This shows detection by a
   single analyzer; see Section 7.5 for the same attack as detected by a
   correlation engine.  Note the use of <portlist> to show the ports
   that were scanned.

   <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

   <idmef:IDMEF-Message version="1.0"
                  xmlns:idmef="http://iana.org/idmef">
     <idmef:Alert messageid="abc123456789">
       <idmef:Analyzer analyzerid="hq-dmz-analyzer62">
         <idmef:Node category="dns">
           <idmef:location>Headquarters Web Server</idmef:location>
           <idmef:name>analyzer62.example.com</idmef:name>
         </idmef:Node>
       </idmef:Analyzer>
       <idmef:CreateTime ntpstamp="0xbc72b2b4.0x00000000">
         2000-03-09T15:31:00-08:00



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       </idmef:CreateTime>
       <idmef:Source ident="abc01">
         <idmef:Node ident="abc01-01">
           <idmef:Address ident="abc01-02" category="ipv4-addr">
             <idmef:address>192.0.2.200</idmef:address>
           </idmef:Address>
         </idmef:Node>
       </idmef:Source>
       <idmef:Target ident="def01">
         <idmef:Node ident="def01-01" category="dns">
           <idmef:name>www.example.com</idmef:name>
           <idmef:Address ident="def01-02" category="ipv4-addr">
             <idmef:address>192.0.2.50</idmef:address>
           </idmef:Address>
         </idmef:Node>
         <idmef:Service ident="def01-03">
           <idmef:portlist>5-25,37,42,43,53,69-119,123-514
           </idmef:portlist>
         </idmef:Service>
       </idmef:Target>
       <idmef:Classification text="simple portscan">
         <idmef:Reference origin="vendor-specific">
           <idmef:name>portscan</idmef:name>
           <idmef:url>http://www.vendor.com/portscan</idmef:url>
         </idmef:Reference>
       </idmef:Classification>
     </idmef:Alert>
   </idmef:IDMEF-Message>

7.3.  Local Attacks

   The following examples show how some common local host attacks could
   be represented in the IDMEF.

7.3.1.  The "loadmodule" Attack

   Host-based detection of the "loadmodule" exploit.  This attack
   involves tricking the "loadmodule" program into running another
   program; since "loadmodule" is set-user-id "root", the executed
   program runs with super-user privileges.  Note the use of <User> and
   <Process> to identify the user attempting the exploit and how he's
   doing it.

   <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

   <idmef:IDMEF-Message version="1.0"
                        xmlns:idmef="http://iana.org/idmef">
     <idmef:Alert messageid="abc123456789">



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       <idmef:Analyzer analyzerid="bc-fs-sensor13">
         <idmef:Node category="dns">
           <idmef:name>fileserver.example.com</idmef:name>
         </idmef:Node>
         <idmef:Process>
           <idmef:name>monitor</idmef:name>
           <idmef:pid>8956</idmef:pid>
           <idmef:arg>monitor</idmef:arg>
           <idmef:arg>-d</idmef:arg>
           <idmef:arg>-m</idmef:arg>
           <idmef:arg>idmanager.example.com</idmef:arg>
           <idmef:arg>-l</idmef:arg>
           <idmef:arg>/var/logs/idlog</idmef:arg>
         </idmef:Process>
       </idmef:Analyzer>
       <idmef:CreateTime ntpstamp="0xbc7221c0.0x4ccccccc">
         2000-03-09T08:12:32.3-05:00
       </idmef:CreateTime>
       <idmef:Source ident="a1a2">
         <idmef:User ident="a1a2-01" category="os-device">
           <idmef:UserId ident="a1a2-02"
                         type="original-user">
             <idmef:name>joe</idmef:name>
             <idmef:number>13243</idmef:number>
           </idmef:UserId>
         </idmef:User>
         <idmef:Process ident="a1a2-03">
           <idmef:name>loadmodule</idmef:name>
           <idmef:path>/usr/openwin/bin</idmef:path>
         </idmef:Process>
       </idmef:Source>
       <idmef:Target ident="z3z4">
         <idmef:Node ident="z3z4-01" category="dns">
           <idmef:name>fileserver.example.com</idmef:name>
         </idmef:Node>
       </idmef:Target>
       <idmef:Classification text="Loadmodule attack"
                             ident="loadmodule">
         <idmef:Reference origin="bugtraqid">
           <idmef:name>33</idmef:name>
           <idmef:url>http://www.securityfocus.com</idmef:url>
         </idmef:Reference>
       </idmef:Classification>
     </idmef:Alert>
   </idmef:IDMEF-Message>






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   The Intrusion Detection System (IDS) could also indicate that the
   target user is the "root" user, and show the attempted command; the
   alert might then look like:

   <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

   <idmef:IDMEF-Message version="1.0"
                        xmlns:idmef="http://iana.org/idmef">
     <idmef:Alert messageid="abc123456789">
       <idmef:Analyzer analyzerid="bc-fs-sensor13">
         <idmef:Node category="dns">
           <idmef:name>fileserver.example.com</idmef:name>
         </idmef:Node>
         <idmef:Process>
           <idmef:name>monitor</idmef:name>
           <idmef:pid>8956</idmef:pid>
           <idmef:arg>monitor</idmef:arg>
           <idmef:arg>-d</idmef:arg>
           <idmef:arg>-m</idmef:arg>
           <idmef:arg>idmanager.example.com</idmef:arg>
           <idmef:arg>-l</idmef:arg>
           <idmef:arg>/var/logs/idlog</idmef:arg>
         </idmef:Process>
       </idmef:Analyzer>
       <idmef:CreateTime ntpstamp="0xbc7221c0.0x4ccccccc">
         2000-03-09T08:12:32.3-05:00
       </idmef:CreateTime>
       <idmef:Source ident="a1a2">
         <idmef:User ident="a1a2-01" category="os-device">
           <idmef:UserId ident="a1a2-02" type="original-user">
             <idmef:name>joe</idmef:name>
             <idmef:number>13243</idmef:number>
           </idmef:UserId>
         </idmef:User>
         <idmef:Process ident="a1a2-03">
           <idmef:name>loadmodule</idmef:name>
           <idmef:path>/usr/openwin/bin</idmef:path>
         </idmef:Process>
       </idmef:Source>
       <idmef:Target ident="z3z4">
         <idmef:Node ident="z3z4-01" category="dns">
           <idmef:name>fileserver.example.com</idmef:name>
         </idmef:Node>
         <idmef:User ident="z3z4-02" category="os-device">
           <idmef:UserId ident="z3z4-03" type="target-user">
             <idmef:name>root</idmef:name>
             <idmef:number>0</idmef:number>
           </idmef:UserId>



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         </idmef:User>
         <idmef:Process ident="z3z4-04">
           <idmef:name>sh</idmef:name>
           <idmef:pid>25134</idmef:pid>
           <idmef:path>/bin/sh</idmef:path>
         </idmef:Process>
       </idmef:Target>
       <idmef:Classification text="Loadmodule attack"
                             ident="loadmodule">
       </idmef:Classification>
     </idmef:Alert>
   </idmef:IDMEF-Message>

   Note that the identification of the classification is used.

7.3.2.  The "phf" Attack

   Network-based detection of the "phf" attack.  Note the use of the
   <WebService> element to provide more details about this particular
   attack.

   <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

   <idmef:IDMEF-Message version="1.0"
                        xmlns:idmef="http://iana.org/idmef">
     <idmef:Alert messageid="abc123456789">
       <idmef:Analyzer analyzerid="bc-sensor01">
         <idmef:Node category="dns">
           <idmef:name>sensor.example.com</idmef:name>
         </idmef:Node>
       </idmef:Analyzer>
       <idmef:CreateTime ntpstamp="0xbc71e980.0x00000000">
         2000-03-09T08:12:32-01:00
       </idmef:CreateTime>
       <idmef:Source ident="abc123">
         <idmef:Node ident="abc123-001">
           <idmef:Address ident="abc123-002"
                          category="ipv4-addr">
             <idmef:address>192.0.2.200</idmef:address>
           </idmef:Address>
         </idmef:Node>
         <idmef:Service ident="abc123-003">
           <idmef:port>21534</idmef:port>
         </idmef:Service>
       </idmef:Source>
       <idmef:Target ident="xyz789">
         <idmef:Node ident="xyz789-001" category="dns">
           <idmef:name>www.example.com</idmef:name>



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           <idmef:Address ident="xyz789-002"
                          category="ipv4-addr">
             <idmef:address>192.0.2.100</idmef:address>
           </idmef:Address>
         </idmef:Node>
         <idmef:Service>
           <idmef:port>8080</idmef:port>
           <idmef:WebService>
             <idmef:url>
             http://www.example.com/cgi-bin/phf?/etc/group
             </idmef:url>
             <idmef:cgi>/cgi-bin/phf</idmef:cgi>
             <idmef:http-method>GET</idmef:http-method>
           </idmef:WebService>
         </idmef:Service>
       </idmef:Target>
       <idmef:Classification text="phf attack">
         <idmef:Reference origin="bugtraqid">
           <idmef:name>629</idmef:name>
           <idmef:url>
           http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/629
           </idmef:url>
         </idmef:Reference>
       </idmef:Classification>
     </idmef:Alert>
   </idmef:IDMEF-Message>

7.3.3.  File Modification

   Host-based detection of a race condition attack.  Note the use of the
   <File> to provide information about the files that are used to
   perform the attack.

   <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

   <idmef:IDMEF-Message version="1.0"
                        xmlns:idmef="http://iana.org/idmef">
     <idmef:Alert>
       <idmef:Analyzer analyzerid="bids-192.0.2.1"
                       ostype="Linux"
                       osversion="2.2.16-3">
         <idmef:Node category="hosts">
           <idmef:name>etude</idmef:name>
           <idmef:Address category="ipv4-addr">
             <idmef:address>192.0.2.1</idmef:address>
           </idmef:Address>
         </idmef:Node>
       </idmef:Analyzer>



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       <idmef:CreateTime ntpstamp="0xbc71e980.0x00000000">
         2000-03-09T08:12:32-01:00
       </idmef:CreateTime>
       <idmef:Source spoofed="no">
         <idmef:Node>
           <idmef:location>console</idmef:location>
           <idmef:Address category="ipv4-addr">
             <idmef:address>192.0.2.1</idmef:address>
           </idmef:Address>
           </idmef:Node>
       </idmef:Source>
       <idmef:Target decoy="no">
         <idmef:Node>
           <idmef:location>local</idmef:location>
           <idmef:Address category="ipv4-addr">
             <idmef:address>192.0.2.1</idmef:address>
           </idmef:Address>
         </idmef:Node>
         <idmef:User category="os-device">
           <idmef:UserId type="original-user">
             <idmef:number>456</idmef:number>
           </idmef:UserId>
           <idmef:UserId type="current-user">
             <idmef:name>fred</idmef:name>
             <idmef:number>456</idmef:number>
           </idmef:UserId>
           <idmef:UserId type="user-privs">
             <idmef:number>456</idmef:number>
           </idmef:UserId>
         </idmef:User>
         <idmef:File category="current" fstype="tmpfs">
           <idmef:name>xxx000238483</idmef:name>
           <idmef:path>/tmp/xxx000238483</idmef:path>
           <idmef:FileAccess>
             <idmef:UserId type="user-privs">
               <idmef:name>alice</idmef:name>
               <idmef:number>777</idmef:number>
             </idmef:UserId>
             <idmef:permission perms="read" />
             <idmef:permission perms="write" />
             <idmef:permission perms="delete" />
             <idmef:permission perms="changePermissions" />
           </idmef:FileAccess>
           <idmef:FileAccess>
             <idmef:UserId type="group-privs">
               <idmef:name>user</idmef:name>
               <idmef:number>42</idmef:number>
             </idmef:UserId>



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             <idmef:permission perms="read" />
             <idmef:permission perms="write" />
             <idmef:permission perms="delete" />
           </idmef:FileAccess>
           <idmef:FileAccess>
             <idmef:UserId type="other-privs">
               <idmef:name>world</idmef:name>
             </idmef:UserId>
             <idmef:permission perms="noAccess" />
           </idmef:FileAccess>
           <idmef:Linkage category="symbolic-link">
             <idmef:name>passwd</idmef:name>
             <idmef:path>/etc/passwd</idmef:path>
           </idmef:Linkage>
         </idmef:File>
       </idmef:Target>
       <idmef:Classification text="DOM race condition">
         <idmef:Reference origin="vendor-specific">
           <idmef:name>DOM race condition</idmef:name>
           <idmef:url>file://attack-info/race.html
           </idmef:url>
         </idmef:Reference>
       </idmef:Classification>
     </idmef:Alert>
   </idmef:IDMEF-Message>

7.4.  System Policy Violation

   In this example, logins are restricted to daytime hours.  The alert
   reports a violation of this policy that occurs when a user logs in a
   little after 10:00 pm.  Note the use of <AdditionalData> to provide
   information about the policy being violated.

   <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

   <idmef:IDMEF-Message version="1.0"
                        xmlns:idmef="http://iana.org/idmef">
     <idmef:Alert messageid="abc123456789">
       <idmef:Analyzer analyzerid="bc-ds-01">
         <idmef:Node category="dns">
           <idmef:name>dialserver.example.com</idmef:name>
         </idmef:Node>
       </idmef:Analyzer>
       <idmef:CreateTime ntpstamp="0xbc72e7ef.0x00000000">
         2000-03-09T22:18:07-05:00
       </idmef:CreateTime>
       <idmef:Source ident="s01">
         <idmef:Node ident="s01-1">



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           <idmef:Address category="ipv4-addr">
             <idmef:address>127.0.0.1</idmef:address>
           </idmef:Address>
         </idmef:Node>
         <idmef:Service ident="s01-2">
           <idmef:port>4325</idmef:port>
         </idmef:Service>
       </idmef:Source>
       <idmef:Target ident="t01">
         <idmef:Node ident="t01-1" category="dns">
           <idmef:name>mainframe.example.com</idmef:name>
         </idmef:Node>
         <idmef:User ident="t01-2" category="os-device">
           <idmef:UserId ident="t01-3" type="current-user">
             <idmef:name>louis</idmef:name>
             <idmef:number>501</idmef:number>
           </idmef:UserId>
         </idmef:User>
         <idmef:Service ident="t01-4">
           <idmef:name>login</idmef:name>
           <idmef:port>23</idmef:port>
         </idmef:Service>
       </idmef:Target>
       <idmef:Classification text="Login policy violation">
         <idmef:Reference origin="user-specific">
           <idmef:name>out-of-hours activity</idmef:name>
           <idmef:url>http://my.company.com/policies
           </idmef:url>
         </idmef:Reference>
       </idmef:Classification>
       <idmef:AdditionalData type="date-time"
                             meaning="start-time">
         <idmef:date-time>2000-03-09T07:00:00-05:00</idmef:date-time>
       </idmef:AdditionalData>
       <idmef:AdditionalData type="date-time"
                             meaning="stop-time">
         <idmef:date-time>2000-03-09T19:30:00-05:00</idmef:date-time>
       </idmef:AdditionalData>
     </idmef:Alert>
   </idmef:IDMEF-Message>











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7.5.  Correlated Alerts

   The following example shows how the port scan alert from
   Section 7.2.2 could be represented if it had been detected and sent
   from a correlation engine, instead of a single analyzer.

   <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

   <idmef:IDMEF-Message version="1.0"
                        xmlns:idmef="http://iana.org/idmef">
     <idmef:Alert messageid="abc123456789">
       <idmef:Analyzer analyzerid="bc-corr-01">
         <idmef:Node category="dns">
           <idmef:name>correlator01.example.com</idmef:name>
         </idmef:Node>
       </idmef:Analyzer>
       <idmef:CreateTime ntpstamp="0xbc72423b.0x00000000">
         2000-03-09T15:31:07Z
       </idmef:CreateTime>
       <idmef:Source ident="a1">
         <idmef:Node ident="a1-1">
           <idmef:Address ident="a1-2" category="ipv4-addr">
             <idmef:address>192.0.2.200</idmef:address>
           </idmef:Address>
         </idmef:Node>
       </idmef:Source>
       <idmef:Target ident="a2">
         <idmef:Node ident="a2-1" category="dns">
           <idmef:name>www.example.com</idmef:name>
           <idmef:Address ident="a2-2" category="ipv4-addr">
             <idmef:address>192.0.2.50</idmef:address>
           </idmef:Address>
         </idmef:Node>
         <idmef:Service ident="a2-3">
           <idmef:portlist>5-25,37,42,43,53,69-119,123-514
           </idmef:portlist>
         </idmef:Service>
       </idmef:Target>
       <idmef:Classification text="Portscan">
         <idmef:Reference origin="vendor-specific">
           <idmef:name>portscan</idmef:name>
           <idmef:url>http://www.vendor.com/portscan</idmef:url>
         </idmef:Reference>
       </idmef:Classification>
       <idmef:CorrelationAlert>
         <idmef:name>multiple ports in short time</idmef:name>
         <idmef:alertident>123456781</idmef:alertident>
         <idmef:alertident>123456782</idmef:alertident>



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         <idmef:alertident>123456783</idmef:alertident>
         <idmef:alertident>123456784</idmef:alertident>
         <idmef:alertident>123456785</idmef:alertident>
         <idmef:alertident>123456786</idmef:alertident>
         <idmef:alertident analyzerid="a1b2c3d4">987654321
         </idmef:alertident>
         <idmef:alertident analyzerid="a1b2c3d4">987654322
         </idmef:alertident>
       </idmef:CorrelationAlert>
     </idmef:Alert>
   </idmef:IDMEF-Message>

7.6.  Analyzer Assessments

   Host-based detection of a successful unauthorized acquisition of root
   access through the eject buffer overflow.  Note the use of
   <Assessment> to provide information about the analyzer's evaluation
   of and reaction to the attack.

   <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

   <idmef:IDMEF-Message version="1.0"
                        xmlns:idmef="http://iana.org/idmef">
     <idmef:Alert>
       <idmef:Analyzer analyzerid="bids-192.0.2.1">
       </idmef:Analyzer>
       <idmef:CreateTime ntpstamp="0xbc71e980.0x00000000">
         2000-03-09T08:12:32-01:00
       </idmef:CreateTime>
       <idmef:Source spoofed="no">
         <idmef:Node>
           <idmef:location>console</idmef:location>
           <idmef:Address category="ipv4-addr">
             <idmef:address>192.0.2.1</idmef:address>
           </idmef:Address>
         </idmef:Node>
       </idmef:Source>
       <idmef:Target decoy="no">
         <idmef:Node>
           <idmef:location>local</idmef:location>
           <idmef:Address category="ipv4-addr">
             <idmef:address>192.0.2.1</idmef:address>
           </idmef:Address>
         </idmef:Node>
         <idmef:User category="os-device">
           <idmef:UserId type="original-user">
             <idmef:number>456</idmef:number>
           </idmef:UserId>



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           <idmef:UserId type="current-user">
             <idmef:name>root</idmef:name>
             <idmef:number>0</idmef:number>
           </idmef:UserId>
           <idmef:UserId type="user-privs">
             <idmef:number>0</idmef:number>
           </idmef:UserId>
         </idmef:User>
         <idmef:Process>
           <idmef:name>eject</idmef:name>
           <idmef:pid>32451</idmef:pid>
           <idmef:path>/usr/bin/eject</idmef:path>
           <idmef:arg>\x90\x80\x3f\xff...\x08/bin/sh</idmef:arg>
         </idmef:Process>
       </idmef:Target>
       <idmef:Classification
           text="Unauthorized administrative access">
         <idmef:Reference origin="vendor-specific">
           <idmef:name>Unauthorized user to superuser</idmef:name>
           <idmef:url>file://attack-info/u2s.html</idmef:url>
         </idmef:Reference>
       </idmef:Classification>
       <idmef:Assessment>
         <idmef:Impact severity="high" completion="succeeded"
                 type="admin"/>
         <idmef:Action category="notification-sent">
           page
           </idmef:Action>
         <idmef:Action category="block-installed">
           disabled user (fred)
         </idmef:Action>
         <idmef:Action category="taken-offline">
           logout user (fred)
         </idmef:Action>
         <idmef:Confidence rating="high"/>
       </idmef:Assessment>
     </idmef:Alert>
   </idmef:IDMEF-Message>

7.7.  Heartbeat

   This example shows a Heartbeat message that provides "I'm alive and
   working" information to the manager.  Note the use of
   <AdditionalData> elements, with "meaning" attributes, to provide some
   additional information.






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   <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

   <idmef:IDMEF-Message version="1.0"
                  xmlns:idmef="http://iana.org/idmef">
     <idmef:Heartbeat messageid="abc123456789">
       <idmef:Analyzer analyzerid="hq-dmz-analyzer01">
         <idmef:Node category="dns">
           <idmef:location>Headquarters DMZ Network</idmef:location>
           <idmef:name>analyzer01.example.com</idmef:name>
         </idmef:Node>
       </idmef:Analyzer>
       <idmef:CreateTime ntpstamp="0xbc722ebe.0x00000000">
         2000-03-09T14:07:58Z
       </idmef:CreateTime>
       <idmef:AdditionalData type="real" meaning="%memused">
         <idmef:real>62.5</idmef:real>
       </idmef:AdditionalData>
       <idmef:AdditionalData type="real" meaning="%diskused">
         <idmef:real>87.1</idmef:real>
       </idmef:AdditionalData>
     </idmef:Heartbeat>
   </idmef:IDMEF-Message>

7.8.  XML Extension

   The following example shows how to extend the IDMEF DTD.  In the
   example, the VendorCo company has decided it wants to add geographic
   information to the Node class.  To do this, VendorCo creates a
   Document Type Definition or DTD that defines how their class will be
   formatted:

   <xsd:schema xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"
               xmlns:vendorco="http://vendor.com/idmef"
               targetNamespace="http://vendor.com/idmef"
               elementFormDefault="qualified" >

     <xsd:annotation>
       <xsd:documentation>
         Intrusion Detection Message Exchange Format (IDMEF) Extension
         for geographic information
       </xsd:documentation>
     </xsd:annotation>

     <xsd:complexType name="NodeGeoType">
       <xsd:sequence>
       <xsd:element name="latitude"
                    type="xsd:string" />
       <xsd:element name="longitude"



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                    type="xsd:string" />

       <xsd:element name="elevation"
                    type="xsd:string"
                    minOccurs="0"
                    maxOccurs="1" />
           </xsd:sequence>
       <xsd:attribute name="node-ident"
                      type="xsd:integer"
                      use="required"/>
     </xsd:complexType>

     <xsd:element name="NodeGeography" type="vendorco:NodeGeoType" />

   </xsd:schema>

   The VendorCo:NodeGeography class will contain the geographic data in
   three aggregate classes, VendorCo:latitude, VendorCo:longitude, and
   VendorCo:elevation.  To associate the information in this class with
   a particular node, the "VendorCo:node-ident" attribute is provided;
   it must contain the same value as the "ident" attribute on the
   relevant Node element.

   To make use of this DTD now, VendorCo follows the rules in
   Section 5.2 and defines a parameter entity called "x-vendorco" within
   the Document Type Definition, and then references this entity.  In
   the alert, the VendorCo elements are included under the
   AdditionalData element, with a "type" attribute of "xml", as shown
   below.

   <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

   <idmef:IDMEF-Message version="1.0"
        xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
        xmlns:idmef="http://iana.org/idmef"
        xmlns:vendorco="http://v.com/idmef"
        xsi:schemaLocation="http://v.com/idmef http://v.com/geo.xsd">

     <idmef:Alert messageid="abc123456789">
       <idmef:Analyzer analyzerid="hq-dmz-analyzer01">
         <idmef:Node category="dns">
           <idmef:location>Headquarters DMZ Network</idmef:location>
           <idmef:name>analyzer01.example.com</idmef:name>
         </idmef:Node>
       </idmef:Analyzer>
       <idmef:CreateTime ntpstamp="0xbc723b45.0xef449129">
         2000-03-09T10:01:25.93464-05:00
       </idmef:CreateTime>



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       <idmef:Source ident="a1b2c3d4">
         <idmef:Node ident="a1b2c3d4-001" category="dns">
           <idmef:name>badguy.example.net</idmef:name>
           <idmef:Address ident="a1b2c3d4-002" category="ipv4-net-mask">
             <idmef:address>192.0.2.50</idmef:address>
             <idmef:netmask>255.255.255.255</idmef:netmask>
           </idmef:Address>
         </idmef:Node>
       </idmef:Source>
       <idmef:Target ident="d1c2b3a4">
         <idmef:Node ident="d1c2b3a4-001" category="dns">
           <idmef:Address category="ipv4-addr-hex">
             <idmef:address>0xde796f70</idmef:address>
           </idmef:Address>
         </idmef:Node>
       </idmef:Target>
       <idmef:Classification text="Teardrop">
         <idmef:Reference origin="bugtraqid">
           <idmef:name>124</idmef:name>
           <idmef:url>http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/124</idmef:url>
         </idmef:Reference>
       </idmef:Classification>
       <idmef:AdditionalData type="xml" meaning="node geo info">
         <idmef:xml>
           <vendorco:NodeGeography
             xmlns:vendorco="http://vendor.com/idmef"
      xsi:schemaLocation="http://v.com/idmef http://v.com/geo.xsd"
             vendorco:node-ident="a1b2c3d4-001">
           <vendorco:latitude>38.89</vendorco:latitude>
           <vendorco:longitude>-77.02</vendorco:longitude>
         </vendorco:NodeGeography>
         </idmef:xml>
       </idmef:AdditionalData>
     </idmef:Alert>
   </idmef:IDMEF-Message>
















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8.  The IDMEF Document Type Definition (Normative)

   <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

   <!-- ***************************************************************
    *******************************************************************
    *** Intrusion Detection Message Exchange Format (IDMEF) XML DTD ***
    ***                Version 1.0, 07 March 2006                   ***
    ***                                                             ***
    *** The use and extension of the IDMEF XML DTD are described in ***
    *** RFC 4765, "The Intrusion Detection Message Exchange         ***
    *** Format",  H. Debar, D. Curry, B. Feinstein.                 ***
    *******************************************************************
    *************************************************************** -->

   <!-- ===============================================================
    ===================================================================
    === SECTION 1.  Attribute list declarations.
    ===================================================================
    =============================================================== -->

   <!--
    | Attributes of the IDMEF element.  In general, the fixed values of
    | these attributes will change each time a new version of the DTD
    | is released.
    -->

   <!ENTITY % attlist.idmef                "
       version             CDATA                   #FIXED    '1.0'
     ">

   <!--
    | Attributes of all elements.  These are the "XML" attributes that
    | every element should have.  Space handling, language, and name
    | space.
    -->
   <!ENTITY % attlist.global               "
       xmlns:idmef         CDATA                   #FIXED
           'http://iana.org/idmef'
       xmlns               CDATA                   #FIXED
           'http://iana.org/idmef'
       xml:space           (default | preserve)    'default'
       xml:lang            NMTOKEN                 #IMPLIED
     ">







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   <!-- ===============================================================
    ===================================================================
    === SECTION 2.  Attribute value declarations.  Enumerated values for
    ===            many of the element-specific attribute lists.
    ===================================================================
    =============================================================== -->

   <!--
    | Values for the Action.category attribute.
    -->
   <!ENTITY % attvals.actioncat            "
       ( block-installed | notification-sent | taken-offline | other )
     ">

   <!--
    | Values for the Address.category attribute.
    -->
   <!ENTITY % attvals.addrcat              "
       ( unknown | atm | e-mail | lotus-notes | mac | sna | vm |
         ipv4-addr | ipv4-addr-hex | ipv4-net | ipv4-net-mask |
         ipv6-addr | ipv6-addr-hex | ipv6-net | ipv6-net-mask )
     ">

   <!--
    | Values for the AdditionalData.type attribute.
    -->
   <!ENTITY % attvals.adtype               "
       ( boolean | byte | character | date-time | integer | ntpstamp |
         portlist | real | string | byte-string | xmltext )
     ">

   <!--
    | Values for the Impact.completion attribute.
    -->
   <!ENTITY % attvals.completion           "
       ( failed | succeeded )
     ">
   <!--
    | Values for the File.category attribute.
    -->
   <!ENTITY % attvals.filecat              "
       ( current | original )
     ">

   <!ENTITY % attvals.fileperm "( noAccess | read | write | execute |
     search | delete | executeAs | changePermissions |
     takeOwnership)" >




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   <!--
    | Values for the UserId.type attribute.
    -->
   <!ENTITY % attvals.idtype               "
       ( current-user | original-user | target-user | user-privs |
         current-group | group-privs | other-privs )
     ">

   <!--
    | Values for the Impact.type attribute.
    -->
   <!ENTITY % attvals.impacttype           "
       ( admin | dos | file | recon | user | other )
     ">

   <!--
    | Values for the Linkage.category attribute.
    -->
   <!ENTITY % attvals.linkcat              "
       ( hard-link | mount-point | reparse-point | shortcut | stream |
         symbolic-link )
     ">

   <!--
    | Values for the Checksum.algorithm attribute
    -->
   <!ENTITY % attvals.checksumalgos        "
         ( MD4 | MD5 | SHA1 | SHA2-256 | SHA2-384 | SHA2-512 | CRC-32 |
           Haval | Tiger | Gost )
     ">

   <!--
    | Values for the Node.category attribute.
    -->
   <!ENTITY % attvals.nodecat              "
       ( unknown | ads | afs | coda | dfs | dns | hosts | kerberos |
         nds | nis | nisplus | nt | wfw )
     ">

   <!--
    | Values for the Reference.origin attribute.
    -->
   <!ENTITY % attvals.origin               "
       ( unknown | vendor-specific | user-specific | bugtraqid | cve |
         osvdb )
     ">

   <!--



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    | Values for the Confidence.rating attribute.
    -->
   <!ENTITY % attvals.rating               "
       ( low | medium | high | numeric )
     ">

   <!--
    | Values for the Impact.severity attribute.
    -->
   <!ENTITY % attvals.severity             "
       ( info | low | medium | high )
     ">

   <!--
    | Values for the User.category attribute.
    -->
   <!ENTITY % attvals.usercat              "
       ( unknown | application | os-device )
     ">

   <!--
    | Values for yes/no attributes such as Source.spoofed and
    | Target.decoy.
    -->
   <!ENTITY % attvals.yesno                "
       ( unknown | yes | no )
     ">

   <!-- ===============================================================
    ===================================================================
    === SECTION 3.  Top-level element declarations.  The IDMEF-Message
    ===            element and the types of messages it can include.
    ===================================================================
    =============================================================== -->

   <!ELEMENT IDMEF-Message                 (
       (Alert | Heartbeat)*
     )>
   <!ATTLIST IDMEF-Message
       %attlist.global;
       %attlist.idmef;
     >

   <!ELEMENT Alert                         (
       Analyzer, CreateTime, DetectTime?, AnalyzerTime?,
       Source*, Target*, Classification, Assessment?, (ToolAlert |
       OverflowAlert | CorrelationAlert)?, AdditionalData*
     )>



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   <!ATTLIST Alert
       messageid           CDATA                   '0'
       %attlist.global;
     >

   <!ELEMENT Heartbeat                     (
       Analyzer, CreateTime, HeartbeatInterval?, AnalyzerTime?,
       AdditionalData*
     )>
   <!ATTLIST Heartbeat
       messageid           CDATA                   '0'
       %attlist.global;
     >

   <!-- ===============================================================
    ===================================================================
    === SECTION 4.  Subclasses of the Alert element that provide more
    ===            data for specific types of alerts.
    ===================================================================
    =============================================================== -->

   <!ELEMENT CorrelationAlert              (
       name, alertident+
     )>
   <!ATTLIST CorrelationAlert
       %attlist.global;
     >

   <!ELEMENT OverflowAlert                 (
       program, size?, buffer?
     )>
   <!ATTLIST OverflowAlert
       %attlist.global;
     >

   <!ELEMENT ToolAlert                     (
       name, command?, alertident+
     )>
   <!ATTLIST ToolAlert
       %attlist.global;
     >

   <!-- ===============================================================
    ===================================================================
    === SECTION 5.  The AdditionalData element.  This element allows an
    ===             alert to include additional information that cannot
    ===             be encoded elsewhere in the data model.
    ===================================================================



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    =============================================================== -->


   <!ELEMENT AdditionalData           (
     (boolean | byte        | character | date-time |
      integer | ntpstamp    | portlist  | real      |
      string  | byte-string | xmltext   )
    )>

   <!ATTLIST AdditionalData
       type                %attvals.adtype;        'string'
       meaning             CDATA                   #IMPLIED
       %attlist.global;
     >

   <!-- ===============================================================
    ===================================================================
    === SECTION 6.  Elements related to identifying entities - analyzers
    ===            (the senders of these messages), sources (of
    ===            attacks), and targets (of attacks).
    ===================================================================
    =============================================================== -->

   <!ELEMENT Analyzer                      (
       Node?, Process?, Analyzer?
     )>
   <!ATTLIST Analyzer
       analyzerid          CDATA                   '0'
       name                CDATA                   #IMPLIED
       manufacturer        CDATA                   #IMPLIED
       model               CDATA                   #IMPLIED
       version             CDATA                   #IMPLIED
       class               CDATA                   #IMPLIED
       ostype              CDATA                   #IMPLIED
       osversion           CDATA                   #IMPLIED
       %attlist.global;
     >

   <!ELEMENT Classification                (
       Reference*
     )>
   <!ATTLIST Classification
       ident               CDATA                   '0'
       text                CDATA                   #REQUIRED
     >

   <!ELEMENT Source                        (
       Node?, User?, Process?, Service?



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     )>
   <!ATTLIST Source
       ident               CDATA                   '0'
       spoofed             %attvals.yesno;         'unknown'
       interface           CDATA                   #IMPLIED
       %attlist.global;
     >

   <!ELEMENT Target                        (
       Node?, User?, Process?, Service?, File*
     )>
   <!ATTLIST Target
       ident               CDATA                   '0'
       decoy               %attvals.yesno;         'unknown'
       interface           CDATA                   #IMPLIED
       %attlist.global;
     >

   <!ELEMENT Assessment                    (
       Impact?, Action*, Confidence?
     )>
   <!ATTLIST Assessment
       %attlist.global;
     >

   <!-- ===============================================================
    ===================================================================
    === SECTION 7.  Support elements used for providing detailed info
    ===            about entities - addresses, names, etc.
    ===================================================================
    =============================================================== -->

   <!ELEMENT Reference                (
       name, url
     )>
   <!ATTLIST Reference
       origin              %attvals.origin;        'unknown'
       meaning             CDATA                   #IMPLIED
     >

   <!ELEMENT Node                          (
       location?, (name | Address), Address*
     )>
   <!ATTLIST Node
       ident               CDATA                   '0'
       category            %attvals.nodecat;       'unknown'
       %attlist.global;
     >



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   <!ELEMENT Address                       (
       address, netmask?
     )>
   <!ATTLIST Address
       ident               CDATA                   '0'
       category            %attvals.addrcat;       'unknown'
       vlan-name           CDATA                   #IMPLIED
       vlan-num            CDATA                   #IMPLIED
       %attlist.global;
     >

   <!ELEMENT File                          (
       name, path, create-time?, modify-time?, access-time?,
       data-size?, disk-size?, FileAccess*, Linkage*, Inode?,
       Checksum*
     )>
   <!ATTLIST File
       ident               CDATA                   '0'
       category            %attvals.filecat;       #REQUIRED
       fstype              CDATA                   #IMPLIED
       file-type           CDATA                   #IMPLIED
       %attlist.global;
     >

   <!ELEMENT Permission EMPTY >
   <!ATTLIST Permission
       perms               %attvals.fileperm;      #REQUIRED
       %attlist.global;
   >

   <!ELEMENT FileAccess                    (
       UserId, Permission+
     )>
   <!ATTLIST FileAccess
       %attlist.global;
     >

   <!ELEMENT Inode                         (
       change-time?, (number, major-device, minor-device)?,
       (c-major-device, c-minor-device)?
     )>
   <!ATTLIST Inode
       %attlist.global;
     >

   <!ELEMENT Linkage                       (
       (name, path) | File
     )>



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   <!ATTLIST Linkage
       category            %attvals.linkcat;       #REQUIRED
       %attlist.global;
     >

   <!ELEMENT Checksum                      (
       value, key?
     )>
   <!ATTLIST Checksum
       algorithm           %attvals.checksumalgos; #REQUIRED
       %attlist.global;
     >

   <!ELEMENT Process                       (
       name, pid?, path?, arg*, env*
     )>
   <!ATTLIST Process
       ident               CDATA                   '0'
       %attlist.global;
     >

   <!ELEMENT Service                       (
       (((name, port?) | (port, name?)) | portlist), protocol?,
       SNMPService?, WebService?
     )>
   <!ATTLIST Service
       ident                CDATA                   '0'
   ip_version           CDATA                   #IMPLIED
   iana_protocol_number CDATA                  #IMPLIED
   iana_protocol_name   CDATA                  #IMPLIED
       %attlist.global;
     >

   <!ELEMENT SNMPService                   (
       oid?, messageProcessingModel?, securityModel?, securityName?,
       securityLevel?, contextName?, contextEngineID?, command?
     )>
   <!ATTLIST SNMPService
       %attlist.global;
     >

   <!ELEMENT User                          (
       UserId+
     )>
   <!ATTLIST User
       ident               CDATA                   '0'
       category            %attvals.usercat;       'unknown'
       %attlist.global;



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     >

   <!ELEMENT UserId                        (
       (name, number?) | (number, name?)
     )>
   <!ATTLIST UserId
       ident               CDATA                   '0'
       type                %attvals.idtype;        'original-user'
       tty                 CDATA                   #IMPLIED
       %attlist.global;
     >

   <!ELEMENT WebService                    (
       url, cgi?, http-method?, arg*
     )>
   <!ATTLIST WebService
       %attlist.global;
     >

   <!-- ===============================================================
    ===================================================================
    === SECTION 8.  Simple elements with sub-elements or attributes of a
    ===            special nature.
    ===================================================================
    =============================================================== -->

   <!ELEMENT Action              (#PCDATA) >
   <!ATTLIST Action
       category            %attvals.actioncat;     'other'
       %attlist.global;
     >

   <!ELEMENT CreateTime          (#PCDATA) >
   <!ATTLIST CreateTime
       ntpstamp            CDATA                   #REQUIRED
       %attlist.global;
     >

   <!ELEMENT DetectTime          (#PCDATA) >
   <!ATTLIST DetectTime
       ntpstamp            CDATA                   #REQUIRED
       %attlist.global;

     >

   <!ELEMENT AnalyzerTime        (#PCDATA) >
   <!ATTLIST AnalyzerTime
       ntpstamp            CDATA                   #REQUIRED



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       %attlist.global;
     >

   <!ELEMENT Confidence          (#PCDATA) >
   <!ATTLIST Confidence
       rating              %attvals.rating;        'numeric'
       %attlist.global;
     >

   <!ELEMENT Impact              (#PCDATA) >
   <!ATTLIST Impact
       severity            %attvals.severity;      #IMPLIED
       completion          %attvals.completion;    #IMPLIED
       type                %attvals.impacttype;    'other'
       %attlist.global;
     >

   <!ELEMENT alertident          (#PCDATA) >
   <!ATTLIST alertident
       analyzerid          CDATA                   #IMPLIED
       %attlist.global;
     >

   <!-- ===============================================================
    ===================================================================
    === SECTION 9.  Simple elements with no sub-elements and no special
    === attributes.
    ===================================================================
    =============================================================== -->

   <!ELEMENT boolean           (#PCDATA)         >
   <!ATTLIST boolean           %attlist.global;  >

   <!ELEMENT byte              (#PCDATA)         >
   <!ATTLIST byte              %attlist.global;  >

   <!ELEMENT character         (#PCDATA)         >
   <!ATTLIST character         %attlist.global;  >

   <!ELEMENT date-time         (#PCDATA)         >
   <!ATTLIST date-time         %attlist.global;  >

   <!ELEMENT integer           (#PCDATA)         >
   <!ATTLIST integer           %attlist.global;  >

   <!ELEMENT ntpstamp          (#PCDATA)         >
   <!ATTLIST ntpstamp          %attlist.global;  >




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   <!ELEMENT real              (#PCDATA)         >
   <!ATTLIST real              %attlist.global;  >

   <!ELEMENT string            (#PCDATA)         >
   <!ATTLIST string            %attlist.global;  >

   <!ELEMENT byte-string       (#PCDATA)         >
   <!ATTLIST byte-string       %attlist.global;  >

   <!ELEMENT xmltext           ANY               >
   <!ATTLIST xmltext           %attlist.global;  >

   <!ELEMENT access-time       (#PCDATA)         >
   <!ATTLIST access-time       %attlist.global;  >

   <!ELEMENT address           (#PCDATA)         >
   <!ATTLIST address           %attlist.global;  >

   <!ELEMENT arg               (#PCDATA)         >
   <!ATTLIST arg               %attlist.global;  >

   <!ELEMENT buffer            (#PCDATA)         >
   <!ATTLIST buffer            %attlist.global;  >

   <!ELEMENT c-major-device    (#PCDATA)         >
   <!ATTLIST c-major-device    %attlist.global;  >

   <!ELEMENT c-minor-device    (#PCDATA)         >
   <!ATTLIST c-minor-device    %attlist.global;  >

   <!ELEMENT cgi               (#PCDATA)         >
   <!ATTLIST cgi               %attlist.global;  >

   <!ELEMENT change-time       (#PCDATA)         >
   <!ATTLIST change-time       %attlist.global;  >

   <!ELEMENT command           (#PCDATA)         >
   <!ATTLIST command           %attlist.global;  >

   <!ELEMENT create-time       (#PCDATA)         >
   <!ATTLIST create-time       %attlist.global;  >

   <!ELEMENT data-size         (#PCDATA)         >
   <!ATTLIST data-size         %attlist.global;  >

   <!ELEMENT disk-size         (#PCDATA)         >
   <!ATTLIST disk-size         %attlist.global;  >




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   <!ELEMENT env               (#PCDATA)         >
   <!ATTLIST env               %attlist.global;  >

   <!ELEMENT http-method       (#PCDATA)         >
   <!ATTLIST http-method       %attlist.global;  >

   <!ELEMENT location          (#PCDATA)         >
   <!ATTLIST location          %attlist.global;  >

   <!ELEMENT major-device      (#PCDATA)         >
   <!ATTLIST major-device      %attlist.global;  >

   <!ELEMENT minor-device      (#PCDATA)         >
   <!ATTLIST minor-device      %attlist.global;  >

   <!ELEMENT modify-time       (#PCDATA)         >
   <!ATTLIST modify-time       %attlist.global;  >

   <!ELEMENT name              (#PCDATA)         >
   <!ATTLIST name              %attlist.global;  >

   <!ELEMENT netmask           (#PCDATA)         >
   <!ATTLIST netmask           %attlist.global;  >

   <!ELEMENT number            (#PCDATA)         >
   <!ATTLIST number            %attlist.global;  >

   <!ELEMENT oid               (#PCDATA)         >
   <!ATTLIST oid               %attlist.global;  >

   <!ELEMENT path              (#PCDATA)         >
   <!ATTLIST path              %attlist.global;  >

   <!ELEMENT permission        (#PCDATA)         >
   <!ATTLIST permission        %attlist.global;  >

   <!ELEMENT pid               (#PCDATA)         >
   <!ATTLIST pid               %attlist.global;  >

   <!ELEMENT port              (#PCDATA)         >
   <!ATTLIST port              %attlist.global;  >

   <!ELEMENT portlist          (#PCDATA)         >
   <!ATTLIST portlist          %attlist.global;  >

   <!ELEMENT program           (#PCDATA)         >
   <!ATTLIST program           %attlist.global;  >




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   <!ELEMENT protocol          (#PCDATA)         >
   <!ATTLIST protocol          %attlist.global;  >

   <!ELEMENT size              (#PCDATA)         >
   <!ATTLIST size              %attlist.global;  >

   <!ELEMENT url               (#PCDATA)         >
   <!ATTLIST url               %attlist.global;  >

   <!ELEMENT HeartbeatInterval (#PCDATA)         >
   <!ATTLIST HeartbeatInterval %attlist.global;  >

   <!ELEMENT messageProcessingModel (#PCDATA)    >
   <!ATTLIST messageProcessingModel %attlist.global;>

   <!ELEMENT securityModel     (#PCDATA)         >
   <!ATTLIST securityModel     %attlist.global;  >

   <!ELEMENT securityName      (#PCDATA)         >
   <!ATTLIST securityName      %attlist.global;  >

   <!ELEMENT securityLevel     (#PCDATA)         >
   <!ATTLIST securityLevel     %attlist.global;  >

   <!ELEMENT contextName       (#PCDATA)         >
   <!ATTLIST contextName       %attlist.global;  >

   <!ELEMENT contextEngineID   (#PCDATA)         >
   <!ATTLIST contextEngineID   %attlist.global;  >

   <!ELEMENT value             (#PCDATA)         >
   <!ATTLIST value             %attlist.global;  >

   <!ELEMENT key               (#PCDATA)         >
   <!ATTLIST key               %attlist.global;  >

   <!-- End of IDMEF DTD -->

9.  Security Considerations

   This document describes a data representation for exchanging
   security-related information between intrusion detection system
   implementations.  Although there are no security concerns directly
   applicable to the format of this data, the data itself may contain
   security-sensitive information whose confidentiality, integrity,
   and/or availability may need to be protected.





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   This suggests that the systems used to collect, transmit, process,
   and store this data should be protected against unauthorized use and
   that the data itself should be protected against unauthorized access.
   The means for achieving this protection are outside the scope of this
   document.

   Section 5 of [2] describes the required and recommended security
   characteristics of the transmission protocol that will be used to
   deliver IDMEF data from analyzers to managers.  These requirements
   include message confidentiality, message integrity, non-repudiation,
   and avoidance of duplicate messages.  Both standard and proposed
   protocols exist that provide these features.

   Where a protocol that does not meet the requirements of Section 5 of
   [2] is used to exchange IDMEF messages, it may be desirable to use
   digital signatures to certify the integrity of these messages; this
   is discussed in Section 6.5 of this document.

10.  IANA Considerations

   Section 5 describes how to use the AdditionalData class to include
   arbitrary "atomic" data items in an IDMEF message, as well as how
   AdditionalData may be used to extend the DTD itself by adding new
   classes and attributes.

   From time to time, it may be desirable to move an extension from its
   private or local use status (as all extensions made via the above
   mechanism are) to "standard" status that should be supported by all
   implementations.

   This may be accomplished as described in this section.

10.1.  Adding Values to Existing Attributes

   Several of the attributes specified in this document have lists of
   permissible values that they may contain.  To allow the addition of
   new values to these lists, the IANA created a repository for
   attribute values called "Intrusion Detection Message Exchange Format
   (IDMEF) Attribute Values".

   Following the policies outlined in [9], this repository is
   "Specification Required" by RFC.  Section 10.1.1 describes the
   initial values for this repository.








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   To create a new attribute, you MUST publish an RFC to document the
   type.  In the RFC, include a copy of the registration template found
   in Section 10.1.2 of this document.  Put the template in your IANA
   Considerations section, filling in the appropriate fields.  You MUST
   describe any interoperability and security issues in your document.

   When adding a new attribute value to the repository, the IANA shall
   assign the next rank number in numerical sequence for the value.

10.1.1.  Attribute Registrations

   IDMEF Class Name:  Reference

   IDMEF Attribute Name:  origin

   Registered Values:

   +------+-----------------+------------------------------------------+
   | Rank | Keyword         | Description                              |
   +------+-----------------+------------------------------------------+
   |    0 | unknown         | Origin of the name is not known          |
   |    1 | vendor-specific | A vendor-specific name (and hence, URL); |
   |      |                 | this can be used to provide              |
   |      |                 | product-specific information             |
   |    2 | user-specific   | A user-specific name (and hence, URL);   |
   |      |                 | this can be used to provide              |
   |      |                 | installation-specific information        |
   |    3 | bugtraqid       | The SecurityFocus ("Bugtraq")            |
   |      |                 | vulnerability database identifier        |
   |      |                 | (http://www.securityfocus.com/bid)       |
   |    4 | cve             | The Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures |
   |      |                 | (CVE) name (http://cve.mitre.org/)       |
   |    5 | osvdb           | The Open Source Vulnerability Database   |
   |      |                 | (http://www.osvdb.org)                   |
   +------+-----------------+------------------------------------------+
















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   IDMEF Class Name:  Source

   IDMEF Attribute Name:  spoofed

   Registered Values:

        +------+---------+----------------------------------------+
        | Rank | Keyword | Description                            |
        +------+---------+----------------------------------------+
        |    0 | unknown | Accuracy of source information unknown |
        |    1 | yes     | Source is believed to be a decoy       |
        |    2 | no      | Source is believed to be "real"        |
        +------+---------+----------------------------------------+

   IDMEF Class Name:  Target

   IDMEF Attribute Name:  decoy

   Registered Values:

        +------+---------+----------------------------------------+
        | Rank | Keyword | Description                            |
        +------+---------+----------------------------------------+
        |    0 | unknown | Accuracy of target information unknown |
        |    1 | yes     | Target is believed to be a decoy       |
        |    2 | no      | Target is believed to be "real"        |
        +------+---------+----------------------------------------+
























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   IDMEF Class Name:  AdditionalData

   IDMEF Attribute Name:  type

   Registered Values:

   +------+-------------+----------------------------------------------+
   | Rank | Keyword     | Description                                  |
   +------+-------------+----------------------------------------------+
   |    0 | boolean     | The element contains a boolean value, i.e.,  |
   |      |             | the strings "true" or "false"                |
   |    1 | byte        | The element content is a single 8-bit byte   |
   |      |             | (see Section 3.2.4)                          |
   |    2 | character   | The element content is a single character    |
   |      |             | (see Section 3.2.3)                          |
   |    3 | date-time   | The element content is a date-time string    |
   |      |             | (see Section 3.2.6)                          |
   |    4 | integer     | The element content is an integer (see       |
   |      |             | Section 3.2.1)                               |
   |    5 | ntpstamp    | The element content is an NTP timestamp (see |
   |      |             | Section 3.2.7)                               |
   |    6 | portlist    | The element content is a list of ports (see  |
   |      |             | Section 3.2.8)                               |
   |    7 | real        | The element content is a real number (see    |
   |      |             | Section 3.2.2)                               |
   |    8 | string      | The element content is a string (see         |
   |      |             | Section 3.2.3)                               |
   |    9 | byte-string | The element content is a byte[] (see         |
   |      |             | Section 3.2.4)                               |
   |   10 | xmltext     | The element content is XML-tagged data (see  |
   |      |             | Section 5.2)                                 |
   +------+-------------+----------------------------------------------+



















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   IDMEF Class Name:  Impact

   IDMEF Attribute Name:  severity

   Registered Values:

       +------+---------+-----------------------------------------+
       | Rank | Keyword | Description                             |
       +------+---------+-----------------------------------------+
       |    0 | info    | Alert represents informational activity |
       |      |         |                                         |
       |    1 | low     | Low severity                            |
       |      |         |                                         |
       |    2 | medium  | Medium severity                         |
       |      |         |                                         |
       |    3 | high    | High severity                           |
       +------+---------+-----------------------------------------+

   IDMEF Class Name:  Impact

   IDMEF Attribute Name:  completion

   Registered Values:

           +------+-----------+--------------------------------+
           | Rank | Keyword   | Description                    |
           +------+-----------+--------------------------------+
           |    0 | failed    | The attempt was not successful |
           |    1 | succeeded | The attempt succeeded          |
           +------+-----------+--------------------------------+





















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   IDMEF Class Name:  Impact

   IDMEF Attribute Name:  type

   Registered Values:

   +------+---------+--------------------------------------------------+
   | Rank | Keyword | Description                                      |
   +------+---------+--------------------------------------------------+
   |    0 | admin   | Administrative privileges were attempted or      |
   |      |         | obtained                                         |
   |    1 | dos     | A denial of service was attempted or completed   |
   |    2 | file    | An action on a file was attempted or completed   |
   |    3 | recon   | A reconnaissance probe was attempted or          |
   |      |         | completed                                        |
   |    4 | user    | User privileges were attempted or obtained       |
   |    5 | other   | Anything not in one of the above categories      |
   +------+---------+--------------------------------------------------+

   IDMEF Class Name:  Action

   IDMEF Attribute Name:  category

   Registered Values:

   +------+-------------------+----------------------------------------+
   | Rank | Keyword           | Description                            |
   +------+-------------------+----------------------------------------+
   |    0 | block-installed   | A block of some sort was installed to  |
   |      |                   | prevent an attack from reaching its    |
   |      |                   | destination.  The block could be a     |
   |      |                   | port block, address block, etc., or    |
   |      |                   | disabling a user account.              |
   |    1 | notification-sent | A notification message of some sort    |
   |      |                   | was sent out-of-band (via pager,       |
   |      |                   | e-mail, etc.).  Does not include the   |
   |      |                   | transmission of this alert.            |
   |    2 | taken-offline     | A system, computer, or user was taken  |
   |      |                   | offline, as when the computer is shut  |
   |      |                   | down or a user is logged off.          |
   |    3 | other             | Anything not in one of the above       |
   |      |                   | categories.                            |
   +------+-------------------+----------------------------------------+








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   IDMEF Class Name:  Confidence

   IDMEF Attribute Name:  rating

   Registered Values:

   +------+---------+--------------------------------------------------+
   | Rank | Keyword | Description                                      |
   +------+---------+--------------------------------------------------+
   |    0 | low     | The analyzer has little confidence in its        |
   |      |         | validity                                         |
   |    1 | medium  | The analyzer has average confidence in its       |
   |      |         | validity                                         |
   |    2 | high    | The analyzer has high confidence in its validity |
   |    3 | numeric | The analyzer has provided a posterior            |
   |      |         | probability value indicating its confidence in   |
   |      |         | its validity                                     |
   +------+---------+--------------------------------------------------+

   IDMEF Class Name:  Node

   IDMEF Attribute Name:  category

   Registered Values:

      +------+----------+------------------------------------------+
      | Rank | Keyword  | Description                              |
      +------+----------+------------------------------------------+
      |    0 | unknown  | Domain unknown or not relevant           |
      |    1 | ads      | Windows 2000 Advanced Directory Services |
      |    2 | afs      | Andrew File System (Transarc)            |
      |    3 | coda     | Coda Distributed File System             |
      |    4 | dfs      | Distributed File System (IBM)            |
      |    5 | dns      | Domain Name System                       |
      |    6 | hosts    | Local hosts file                         |
      |    7 | kerberos | Kerberos realm                           |
      |    8 | nds      | Novell Directory Services                |
      |    9 | nis      | Network Information Services (Sun)       |
      |   10 | nisplus  | Network Information Services Plus (Sun)  |
      |   11 | nt       | Windows NT domain                        |
      |   12 | wfw      | Windows for Workgroups                   |
      +------+----------+------------------------------------------+









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   IDMEF Class Name:  Address

   IDMEF Attribute Name:  category

   Registered Values:

   +------+---------------+--------------------------------------------+
   | Rank | Keyword       | Description                                |
   +------+---------------+--------------------------------------------+
   |    0 | unknown       | Address type unknown                       |
   |    1 | atm           | Asynchronous Transfer Mode network address |
   |    2 | e-mail        | Electronic mail address (RFC 822)          |
   |    3 | lotus-notes   | Lotus Notes e-mail address                 |
   |    4 | mac           | Media Access Control (MAC) address         |
   |    5 | sna           | IBM Shared Network Architecture (SNA)      |
   |      |               | address                                    |
   |    6 | vm            | IBM VM ("PROFS") e-mail address            |
   |    7 | ipv4-addr     | IPv4 host address in dotted-decimal        |
   |      |               | notation (a.b.c.d)                         |
   |    8 | ipv4-addr-hex | IPv4 host address in hexadecimal notation  |
   |    9 | ipv4-net      | IPv4 network address in dotted-decimal     |
   |      |               | notation, slash, significant bits          |
   |      |               | (a.b.c.d/nn)                               |
   |   10 | ipv4-net-mask | IPv4 network address in dotted-decimal     |
   |      |               | notation, slash, network mask in           |
   |      |               | dotted-decimal notation (a.b.c.d/w.x.y.z)  |
   |   11 | ipv6-addr     | IPv6 host address                          |
   |   12 | ipv6-addr-hex | IPv6 host address in hexadecimal notation  |
   |   13 | ipv6-net      | IPv6 network address, slash, significant   |
   |      |               | bits                                       |
   |   14 | ipv6-net-mask | IPv6 network address, slash, network mask  |
   +------+---------------+--------------------------------------------+



















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   IDMEF Class Name:  User

   IDMEF Attribute Name:  category

   Registered Values:

        +------+-------------+------------------------------------+
        | Rank | Keyword     | Description                        |
        +------+-------------+------------------------------------+
        |    0 | unknown     | User type unknown                  |
        |    1 | application | An application user                |
        |    2 | os-device   | An operating system or device user |
        +------+-------------+------------------------------------+

   IDMEF Class Name:  UserId

   IDMEF Attribute Name:  category

   Registered Values:

   +------+---------------+--------------------------------------------+
   | Rank | Keyword       | Description                                |
   +------+---------------+--------------------------------------------+
   |    0 | current-user  | The current user id being used by the user |
   |      |               | or process.  On Unix systems, this would   |
   |      |               | be the "real" user id, in general.         |
   |    1 | original-user | The actual identity of the user or process |
   |      |               | being reported on.  On those systems that  |
   |      |               | (a) do some type of auditing and (b)       |
   |      |               | support extracting a user id from the      |
   |      |               | "audit id" token, that value should be     |
   |      |               | used.  On those systems that do not        |
   |      |               | support this, and where the user has       |
   |      |               | logged into the system, the "login id"     |
   |      |               | should be used.                            |
   |    2 | target-user   | The user id the user or process is         |
   |      |               | attempting to become.  This would apply,   |
   |      |               | on Unix systems for example, when the user |
   |      |               | attempts to use "su", "rlogin", "telnet",  |
   |      |               | etc.                                       |











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   |    3 | user-privs    | Another user id the user or process has    |
   |      |               | the ability to use, or a user id           |
   |      |               | associated with a file permission.  On     |
   |      |               | Unix systems, this would be the            |
   |      |               | "effective" user id in a user or process   |
   |      |               | context, and the owner permissions in a    |
   |      |               | file context.  Multiple UserId elements of |
   |      |               | this type may be used to specify a list of |
   |      |               | privileges.                                |
   |    4 | current-group | The current group id (if applicable) being |
   |      |               | used by the user or process.  On Unix      |
   |      |               | systems, this would be the "real" group    |
   |      |               | id, in general.                            |
   |    5 | group-privs   | Another group id the group or process has  |
   |      |               | the ability to use, or a group id          |
   |      |               | associated with a file permission.  On     |
   |      |               | Unix systems, this would be the            |
   |      |               | "effective" group id in a group or process |
   |      |               | context, and the group permissions in a    |
   |      |               | file context.  On BSD-derived Unix         |
   |      |               | systems, multiple UserId elements of this  |
   |      |               | type would be used to include all the      |
   |      |               | group ids on the "group list".             |
   |    6 | other-privs   | Not used in a user, group, or process      |
   |      |               | context, only used in the file context.    |
   |      |               | The file permissions assigned to users who |
   |      |               | do not match either the user or group      |
   |      |               | permissions on the file.  On Unix systems, |
   |      |               | this would be the "world" permissions.     |
   +------+---------------+--------------------------------------------+

   IDMEF Class Name:  File

   IDMEF Attribute Name:  category

   Registered Values:

   +------+----------+-------------------------------------------------+
   | Rank | Keyword  | Description                                     |
   +------+----------+-------------------------------------------------+
   |    0 | current  | The file information is from after the reported |
   |      |          | change                                          |
   |    1 | original | The file information is from before the         |
   |      |          | reported change                                 |
   +------+----------+-------------------------------------------------+






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   IDMEF Class Name:  File

   IDMEF Attribute Name:  fstype

   Registered Values:

         +------+---------+-------------------------------------+
         | Rank | Keyword | Description                         |
         +------+---------+-------------------------------------+
         |    0 | ufs     | Berkeley Unix Fast File System      |
         |    1 | efs     | Linux "efs" file system             |
         |    2 | nfs     | Network File System                 |
         |    3 | afs     | Andrew File System                  |
         |    4 | ntfs    | Windows NT File System              |
         |    5 | fat16   | 16-bit Windows FAT File System      |
         |    6 | fat32   | 32-bit Windows FAT File System      |
         |    7 | pcfs    | "PC" (MS-DOS) file system on CD-ROM |
         |    8 | joliet  | Joliet CD-ROM file system           |
         |    9 | iso9660 | ISO 9660 CD-ROM file system         |
         +------+---------+-------------------------------------+

   IDMEF Class Name:  FileAccess

   IDMEF Attribute Name:  permission

   Registered Values:

   +------+-------------------+----------------------------------------+
   | Rank | Keyword           | Description                            |
   +------+-------------------+----------------------------------------+
   |    0 | noAccess          | No access at all is allowed for this   |
   |      |                   | user                                   |
   |    1 | read              | This user has read access to the file  |
   |    2 | write             | This user has write access to the file |
   |    3 | execute           | This user has the ability to execute   |
   |      |                   | the file                               |
   |    4 | search            | This user has the ability to search    |
   |      |                   | this file (applies to "execute"        |
   |      |                   | permission on directories in Unix)     |
   |    5 | delete            | This user has the ability to delete    |
   |      |                   | this file                              |
   |    6 | executeAs         | This user has the ability to execute   |
   |      |                   | this file as another user              |
   |    7 | changePermissions | This user has the ability to change    |
   |      |                   | the access permissions on this file    |
   |    8 | takeOwnership     | This user has the ability to take      |
   |      |                   | ownership of this file                 |
   +------+-------------------+----------------------------------------+



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   IDMEF Class Name:  Linkage

   IDMEF Attribute Name:  category

   Registered Values:

   +------+---------------+--------------------------------------------+
   | Rank | Keyword       | Description                                |
   +------+---------------+--------------------------------------------+
   |    0 | hard-link     | The <name> element represents another name |
   |      |               | for this file.  This information may be    |
   |      |               | more easily obtainable on NTFS file        |
   |      |               | systems than others.                       |
   |    1 | mount-point   | An alias for the directory specified by    |
   |      |               | the parent's <name> and <path> elements.   |
   |    2 | reparse-point | Applies only to Windows; excludes symbolic |
   |      |               | links and mount points, which are specific |
   |      |               | types of reparse points.                   |
   |    3 | shortcut      | The file represented by a Windows          |
   |      |               | "shortcut".  A shortcut is distinguished   |
   |      |               | from a symbolic link because of the        |
   |      |               | difference in their contents, which may be |
   |      |               | of importance to the manager.              |
   |    4 | stream        | An Alternate Data Stream (ADS) in Windows; |
   |      |               | a fork on MacOS.  Separate file system     |
   |      |               | entity that is considered an extension of  |
   |      |               | the main <File>.                           |
   |    5 | symbolic-link | The <name> element represents the file to  |
   |      |               | which the link points.                     |
   +------+---------------+--------------------------------------------+





















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   IDMEF Class Name:  Checksum

   IDMEF Attribute Name:  algorithm

   Registered Values:

      +------+----------+------------------------------------------+
      | Rank | Keyword  | Description                              |
      +------+----------+------------------------------------------+
      |    0 | MD4      | The MD4 algorithm.                       |
      |    1 | MD5      | The MD5 algorithm.                       |
      |    2 | SHA1     | The SHA1 algorithm.                      |
      |    3 | SHA2-256 | The SHA2 algorithm with 256 bits length. |
      |    4 | SHA2-384 | The SHA2 algorithm with 384 bits length. |
      |    5 | SHA2-512 | The SHA2 algorithm with 512 bits length. |
      |    6 | CRC-32   | The CRC algorithm with 32 bits length.   |
      |    7 | Haval    | The Haval algorithm.                     |
      |    8 | Tiger    | The Tiger algorithm.                     |
      |    9 | Gost     | The Gost algorithm.                      |
      +------+----------+------------------------------------------+

10.1.2.  Registration Template

   IDMEF Class Name:

      <provide the name of the class that contains the attribute to
      which you want to add a new value, e.g., "Address">

   IDMEF Attribute Name:

      <provide the name of the attribute to which you want to add a new
      value, e.g., "category">

   New Attribute Value to Be Defined:

      <provide the name of the new attribute value that you want to add,
      e.g., "sneaker-net">

   Meaning of New Attribute Value:

      <describe in detail what the attribute value means -- i.e., if an
      analyzer sends this value, what is it telling the receiver of the
      information?>

   Contact Person and E-Mail Address:

      <your name and e-mail address>




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10.2.  Adding New Attributes and Classes

   To the extent possible, the IDMEF classes and attributes specified in
   this document have been designed to accommodate all current and near-
   future needs.  Although it is recognized that the addition of new
   classes, as well as the addition of new attributes to existing
   classes, will be necessary in the future, these actions should not be
   taken lightly.

   Any addition of new attributes or classes should only be undertaken
   when the current classes and attributes simply cannot be used to
   represent the information in a "clean" way -- and such additions
   should only be made to represent generally-useful types of data.
   Vendor-specific information, obscure information provided by only a
   particular type of analyzer or used only by a particular type of
   manager, "pet" attributes, and the like are not good reasons to make
   class and attribute additions.

   At the time this RFC was written, the first anticipated case for
   which new classes and attributes will need to be added is to handle
   host-based intrusion detection systems.  However, such additions
   should not be made until some level of consensus has been reached
   about the set of data that will be provided by these systems.

   Following the policies outlined in [9], the addition of new classes
   and attributes to the IDMEF requires "IETF Consensus".

   To add new attributes or classes, you MUST publish an RFC to document
   them, and get that RFC approved by the IESG.  Typically, the IESG
   will seek input on prospective additions from appropriate persons
   (e.g., a relevant working group if one exists).  You MUST describe
   any interoperability and security issues in your document.

11.  References

11.1.  Normative References

   [1]   Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement
         Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.

   [2]   Wood, M. and M. Erlinger, "Intrusion Detection Mesage Exchange
         Requirements", RFC 4766, March 2007.









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   [3]   Sperberg-McQueen, C., Paoli, J., Maler, E., and T. Bray,
         "Extensible Markup Language (XML) 1.0 (Second Edition)", World
         Wide Web Consortium
         FirstEdition http://www.w3.org/TR/2000/REC-xml-20001006,
         October 2000.

   [4]   Bray, T., Hollander, D., and A. Layman, "Namespaces in XML",
         World Wide Web Consortium
         Recommendation http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/
         REC-xml-names-19990114, January 1999.

   [5]   Berners-Lee, T., Fielding, R., and L. Masinter, "Uniform
         Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax", STD 66, RFC 3986,
         January 2005.

   [6]   International Organization for Standardization, "Data elements
         and interchange formats - Information interchange -
         Representation of dates and times", ISO Standard 8601, Second
         Edition, December 2000.

   [7]   Mills, D., "Network Time Protocol (Version 3) Specification,
         Implementation", RFC 1305, March 1992.

   [8]   Mills, D., "Simple Network Time Protocol (SNTP) Version 4 for
         IPv4, IPv6 and OSI", RFC 4330, January 2006.

   [9]   Narten, T. and H. Alvestrand, "Guidelines for Writing an IANA
         Considerations Section in RFCs", BCP 26, RFC 2434,
         October 1998.

   [10]  Phillips, A. and M. Davis, "Tags for Identifying Languages",
         BCP 47, RFC 4646, September 2006.

11.2.  Informative References

   [11]  St. Johns, M., "Identification Protocol", RFC 1413,
         February 1993.

   [12]  Resnick, P., "Internet Message Format", RFC 2822, April 2001.

   [13]  Eastlake, D., Reagle, J., and D. Solo, "(Extensible Markup
         Language) XML-Signature Syntax and Processing", RFC 3275,
         March 2002.

   [14]  Rumbaugh, J., Jacobson, I., and G. Booch, "The Unified Modeling
         Language Reference Model", ISBN 020130998X, 1998.





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   [15]  Harrington, D., Presuhn, R., and B. Wijnen, "An Architecture
         for Describing Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)
         Management Frameworks", STD 62, RFC 3411, December 2002.

   [16]  Frye, R., Levi, D., Routhier, S., and B. Wijnen, "Coexistence
         between Version 1, Version 2, and Version 3 of the
         Internet-standard Network Management Framework", BCP 74,
         RFC 3584, August 2003.











































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Appendix A.  Acknowledgements

   The following individuals contributed substantially to this document
   and should be recognized for their efforts.  This document would not
   exist without their help:

   Dominique Alessandri, IBM Corporation
   Spencer Allain, Teknowledge Corporation
   James L. Burden, California Independent Systems Operator
   Marc Dacier, IBM Corporation
   Oliver Dain, MIT Lincoln Laboratory
   Nicolas Delon, Prelude Hybrid IDS project
   David J. Donahoo, AFIWC
   Michael Erlinger, Harvey Mudd College
   Reinhard Handwerker, Internet Security Systems, Inc.
   Ming-Yuh Huang, The Boeing Company
   Glenn Mansfield, Cyber Solutions, Inc.
   Joe McAlerney, Silicon Defense
   Cynthia McLain, MIT Lincoln Laboratory
   Paul Osterwald, Intrusion.com
   Jean-Philippe Pouzol
   James Riordan, IBM Corporation
   Paul Sangree, Cisco Systems
   Stephane Schitter, IBM Corporation
   Michael J. Slifcak, Trusted Network Technologies, Inc.
   Steven R. Snapp, CyberSafe Corporation
   Stuart Staniford-Chen, Silicon Defense
   Michael Steiner, University of Saarland
   Maureen Stillman, Nokia IP Telephony
   Vimal Vaidya, AXENT
   Yoann Vandoorselaere, Prelude Hybrid IDS project
   Andy Walther, Harvey Mudd College
   Andreas Wespi, IBM Corporation
   John C. C. White, MITRE
   Eric D. Williams, Information Brokers, Inc.
   S. Felix Wu, University of California Davis















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Appendix B.  The IDMEF Schema Definition (Non-normative)

   <?xml version="1.0"?>
   <xsd:schema xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"
               xmlns:idmef="http://iana.org/idmef"
               targetNamespace="http://iana.org/idmef"
               elementFormDefault="qualified" >

     <xsd:annotation>
       <xsd:documentation>
         Intrusion Detection Message Exchange Format (IDMEF) Version 1.0
       </xsd:documentation>
     </xsd:annotation>

     <!-- Section 1 -->
     <!-- Omitted.  This section did namespace magic and is not
          needed with XSD validation. -->

     <!-- Section 2 -->

     <!--
       Values for the Action.category attribute.
     -->
     <xsd:simpleType name="action-category">
       <xsd:restriction base="xsd:token">
         <xsd:enumeration value="block-installed"   />
         <xsd:enumeration value="notification-sent" />
         <xsd:enumeration value="taken-offline"     />
         <xsd:enumeration value="other"             />
       </xsd:restriction>
     </xsd:simpleType>

     <!--
       Values for the Address.category attribute.
      -->
     <xsd:simpleType name="address-category">
       <xsd:restriction base="xsd:token">
         <xsd:enumeration value="unknown"       />
         <xsd:enumeration value="atm"           />
         <xsd:enumeration value="e-mail"        />
         <xsd:enumeration value="lotus-notes"   />
         <xsd:enumeration value="mac"           />
         <xsd:enumeration value="sna"           />
         <xsd:enumeration value="vm"            />
         <xsd:enumeration value="ipv4-addr"     />
         <xsd:enumeration value="ipv4-addr-hex" />
         <xsd:enumeration value="ipv4-net"      />
         <xsd:enumeration value="ipv4-net-mask" />



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         <xsd:enumeration value="ipv6-addr"     />
         <xsd:enumeration value="ipv6-addr-hex" />
         <xsd:enumeration value="ipv6-net"      />
         <xsd:enumeration value="ipv6-net-mask" />
       </xsd:restriction>
     </xsd:simpleType>

     <!--
      | Values for the Impact.severity attribute.
      -->
     <xsd:simpleType name="impact-severity">
       <xsd:restriction base="xsd:token">
         <xsd:enumeration value="info" />
         <xsd:enumeration value="low" />
         <xsd:enumeration value="medium" />
         <xsd:enumeration value="high" />
       </xsd:restriction>
     </xsd:simpleType>

     <!--
       Values for the Impact.completion attribute.
      -->
     <xsd:simpleType name="impact-completion">
       <xsd:restriction base="xsd:token">
         <xsd:enumeration value="failed" />
         <xsd:enumeration value="succeeded" />
       </xsd:restriction>
     </xsd:simpleType>

     <!--
      | Values for the Impact.type attribute.
      -->
     <xsd:simpleType name="impact-type">
       <xsd:restriction base="xsd:token">
         <xsd:enumeration value="admin" />
         <xsd:enumeration value="dos"   />
         <xsd:enumeration value="file"  />
         <xsd:enumeration value="recon" />
         <xsd:enumeration value="user"  />
         <xsd:enumeration value="other" />
       </xsd:restriction>
     </xsd:simpleType>

     <!--
       Values for the File.category attribute.
      -->
     <xsd:simpleType name="file-category">
       <xsd:restriction base="xsd:token">



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         <xsd:enumeration value="current"  />
         <xsd:enumeration value="original" />
       </xsd:restriction>
     </xsd:simpleType>

     <!--
       Values for the FileAccess.Permissions attribute
     -->
     <xsd:simpleType name="file-permission">
       <xsd:restriction base="xsd:token">
         <xsd:enumeration value="noAccess"/>
         <xsd:enumeration value="read"/>
         <xsd:enumeration value="write"/>
         <xsd:enumeration value="execute"/>
         <xsd:enumeration value="search" />
         <xsd:enumeration value="delete" />
         <xsd:enumeration value="executeAs" />
         <xsd:enumeration value="changePermissions" />
         <xsd:enumeration value="takeOwnership" />
       </xsd:restriction>
     </xsd:simpleType>

     <!--
       Values for the Id.type attribute.
      -->
     <xsd:simpleType name="id-type">
       <xsd:restriction base="xsd:token">
         <xsd:enumeration value="current-user"  />
         <xsd:enumeration value="original-user" />
         <xsd:enumeration value="target-user"   />
         <xsd:enumeration value="user-privs"    />
         <xsd:enumeration value="current-group" />
         <xsd:enumeration value="group-privs"   />
         <xsd:enumeration value="other-privs"   />
       </xsd:restriction>
     </xsd:simpleType>

     <!--
      | Values for the Linkage.category attribute.
      -->
     <xsd:simpleType name="linkage-category">
       <xsd:restriction base="xsd:token">
         <xsd:enumeration value="hard-link"     />
         <xsd:enumeration value="mount-point"   />
         <xsd:enumeration value="reparse-point" />
         <xsd:enumeration value="shortcut"      />
         <xsd:enumeration value="stream"        />
         <xsd:enumeration value="symbolic-link" />



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       </xsd:restriction>
     </xsd:simpleType>

     <!--
       | Values for the Checksum.algorithm attribute
     -->
     <xsd:simpleType name="checksum-algorithm">
       <xsd:restriction base="xsd:token">
         <xsd:enumeration value="MD4" />
         <xsd:enumeration value="MD5" />
         <xsd:enumeration value="SHA1" />
         <xsd:enumeration value="SHA2-256" />
         <xsd:enumeration value="SHA2-384" />
         <xsd:enumeration value="SHA2-512" />
         <xsd:enumeration value="CRC-32" />
         <xsd:enumeration value="Haval" />
         <xsd:enumeration value="Tiger" />
         <xsd:enumeration value="Gost" />
       </xsd:restriction>
     </xsd:simpleType>

     <!--
      | Values for the Node.category attribute.
      -->
     <xsd:simpleType name="node-category">
       <xsd:restriction base="xsd:token">
         <xsd:enumeration value="unknown"  />
         <xsd:enumeration value="ads"      />
         <xsd:enumeration value="afs"      />
         <xsd:enumeration value="coda"     />
         <xsd:enumeration value="dfs"      />
         <xsd:enumeration value="dns"      />
         <xsd:enumeration value="hosts"    />
         <xsd:enumeration value="kerberos" />
         <xsd:enumeration value="nds"      />
         <xsd:enumeration value="nis"      />
         <xsd:enumeration value="nisplus"  />
         <xsd:enumeration value="nt"       />
         <xsd:enumeration value="wfw"      />
       </xsd:restriction>
     </xsd:simpleType>

     <!--
      | Values for the reference.origin attribute.
      -->
     <xsd:simpleType name="reference-origin">
       <xsd:restriction base="xsd:token">
         <xsd:enumeration value="unknown" />



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         <xsd:enumeration value="vendor-specific" />
         <xsd:enumeration value="user-specific" />
         <xsd:enumeration value="bugtraqid" />
         <xsd:enumeration value="cve" />
         <xsd:enumeration value="osvdb" />
       </xsd:restriction>
     </xsd:simpleType>

     <!--
      | Values for the Confidence.rating attribute.
      -->
     <xsd:simpleType name="confidence-rating">
       <xsd:restriction base="xsd:token">
         <xsd:enumeration value="low"    />
         <xsd:enumeration value="medium" />
         <xsd:enumeration value="high"   />
         <xsd:enumeration value="numeric" />
       </xsd:restriction>
     </xsd:simpleType>

     <!--
      | Values for the User.category attribute.
      -->
     <xsd:simpleType name="user-category">
       <xsd:restriction base="xsd:token">
         <xsd:enumeration value="unknown"     />
         <xsd:enumeration value="application" />
         <xsd:enumeration value="os-device"   />
       </xsd:restriction>
     </xsd:simpleType>

     <!--
     / Values for the additionaldata.type attribute.
     -->
     <xsd:simpleType name="additionaldata-type">
       <xsd:restriction base="xsd:token">
         <xsd:enumeration value="boolean"     />
         <xsd:enumeration value="byte"        />
         <xsd:enumeration value="character"   />
         <xsd:enumeration value="date-time"   />
         <xsd:enumeration value="integer"     />
         <xsd:enumeration value="ntpstamp"    />
         <xsd:enumeration value="portlist"    />
         <xsd:enumeration value="real"        />
         <xsd:enumeration value="string"      />
         <xsd:enumeration value="byte-string" />
         <xsd:enumeration value="xml"         />
       </xsd:restriction>



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     </xsd:simpleType>


     <!--
      | Values for yes/no attributes such as Source.spoofed and
      | Target.decoy.
      -->
     <xsd:simpleType name="yes-no-type">
       <xsd:restriction base="xsd:token">
         <xsd:enumeration value="unknown" />
         <xsd:enumeration value="yes"     />
         <xsd:enumeration value="no"      />
       </xsd:restriction>
     </xsd:simpleType>

     <xsd:simpleType name="port-range">
       <xsd:restriction base="xsd:string">
         <xsd:pattern value="[0-9]{1,5}(\-[0-9]{1,5})?"/>
       </xsd:restriction>
     </xsd:simpleType>

     <xsd:simpleType name="port-list">
       <xsd:list itemType="idmef:port-range" />
     </xsd:simpleType>

     <xsd:simpleType name="ntpstamp">
       <xsd:restriction base="xsd:string">
         <xsd:pattern value="0x[A-Fa-f0-9]{8}.0x[A-Fa-f0-9]{8}"/>
       </xsd:restriction>
     </xsd:simpleType>

     <xsd:simpleType name="mime-type">
       <xsd:restriction base="xsd:string">
       </xsd:restriction>
     </xsd:simpleType>


     <!-- Section 3: Top-level element declarations.  The IDMEF-Message
          element and the types of messages it can include. -->

     <xsd:complexType name="IDMEF-Message" >
       <xsd:choice minOccurs="1" maxOccurs="unbounded">
         <xsd:element ref="idmef:Alert"     />
         <xsd:element ref="idmef:Heartbeat" />
       </xsd:choice>
       <xsd:attribute name="version" type="xsd:decimal"
                      fixed="1.0" />
     </xsd:complexType>



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     <xsd:element name="IDMEF-Message" type="idmef:IDMEF-Message" />

     <xsd:complexType name="Alert">
       <xsd:sequence>
         <xsd:element name="Analyzer"
                      type="idmef:Analyzer" />
         <xsd:element name="CreateTime"
                      type="idmef:TimeWithNtpstamp" />
         <xsd:element name="DetectTime"
                      type="idmef:TimeWithNtpstamp"
                      minOccurs="0"
                      maxOccurs="1" />
         <xsd:element name="AnalyzerTime"
                      type="idmef:TimeWithNtpstamp"
                      minOccurs="0"
                      maxOccurs="1" />
         <xsd:element name="Source"
                      type="idmef:Source"
                      minOccurs="0"
                      maxOccurs="unbounded" />
         <xsd:element name="Target"
                      type="idmef:Target"
                      minOccurs="0"
                      maxOccurs="unbounded" />
         <xsd:element name="Classification"
                      type="idmef:Classification" />
         <xsd:element name="Assessment"
                      type="idmef:Assessment"
                      minOccurs="0"
                      maxOccurs="1" />
         <xsd:choice minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="1">
           <xsd:element name="ToolAlert"
                        type="idmef:ToolAlert" />
           <xsd:element name="OverflowAlert"
                        type="idmef:OverflowAlert" />
           <xsd:element name="CorrelationAlert"
                        type="idmef:CorrelationAlert" />
         </xsd:choice>
         <xsd:element name="AdditionalData"
                      type="idmef:AdditionalData"
                      minOccurs="0"
                      maxOccurs="unbounded" />
       </xsd:sequence>
       <xsd:attribute name="messageid"
                      type="xsd:string"
                      default="0" />
     </xsd:complexType>




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     <xsd:element name="Alert" type="idmef:Alert" />

     <xsd:complexType name="Heartbeat">
       <xsd:sequence>
         <xsd:element name="Analyzer" type="idmef:Analyzer" />
         <xsd:element name="CreateTime"
                      type="idmef:TimeWithNtpstamp" />
         <xsd:element name="HeartbeatInterval"
                      type="xsd:integer"
                      minOccurs="0"
                      maxOccurs="1" />
         <xsd:element name="AnalyzerTime"
                      type="idmef:TimeWithNtpstamp"
                      minOccurs="0"
                      maxOccurs="1" />
         <xsd:element name="AdditionalData"
                      type="idmef:AdditionalData"
                      minOccurs="0"
                      maxOccurs="unbounded" />
       </xsd:sequence>
       <xsd:attribute name="messageid"
                      type="xsd:string"
                      default="0" />
     </xsd:complexType>

     <xsd:element name="Heartbeat"
                  type="idmef:Heartbeat" />

     <!-- Section 4: Subclasses of the Alert class that provide
          more data for specific types of alerts. -->

     <xsd:complexType name="CorrelationAlert">
       <xsd:sequence>
         <xsd:element name="name"
                      type="xsd:string" />
         <xsd:element name="alertident"
                      type="idmef:Alertident"
                      minOccurs="1"
                      maxOccurs="unbounded" />
       </xsd:sequence>
     </xsd:complexType>

     <xsd:complexType name="OverflowAlert">
       <xsd:sequence>
         <xsd:element name="program"
                      type="xsd:string" />
         <xsd:element name="size"
                      type="xsd:string" />



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         <xsd:element name="buffer"
                      type="xsd:hexBinary" />
       </xsd:sequence>
     </xsd:complexType>

     <xsd:complexType name="ToolAlert">
       <xsd:sequence>
         <xsd:element name="name"
                      type="xsd:string" />
         <xsd:element name="command"
                      type="xsd:string"
                      minOccurs="0"
                      maxOccurs="1" />
         <xsd:element name="alertident"
                      type="idmef:Alertident"
                      minOccurs="1"
                      maxOccurs="unbounded" />
       </xsd:sequence>
     </xsd:complexType>

     <!-- Section 5: The AdditionalData element.  This element allows an
          alert to include additional information that cannot be encoded
          elsewhere in the data model. -->

     <xsd:complexType name="AdditionalData">
       <xsd:choice>
         <xsd:element name="boolean"
                      type="xsd:boolean" />
         <xsd:element name="byte"
                      type="xsd:byte" />
         <xsd:element name="character">
           <xsd:simpleType>
             <xsd:restriction base="xsd:string">
               <xsd:minLength value="1"/>
               <xsd:maxLength value="1"/>
             </xsd:restriction>
           </xsd:simpleType>
         </xsd:element>
         <xsd:element name="date-time"
                      type="xsd:dateTime" />
         <xsd:element name="integer"
                      type="xsd:integer" />
         <xsd:element name="ntpstamp"
                      type="idmef:ntpstamp" />
         <xsd:element name="portlist"
                      type="idmef:port-list" />
         <xsd:element name="real"
                      type="xsd:decimal" />



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         <xsd:element name="string"
                      type="xsd:string" />
         <xsd:element name="byte-string"
                      type="xsd:hexBinary" />
         <xsd:element name="xml"
                      type="idmef:xmltext" />
       </xsd:choice>
       <xsd:attribute name="type"
                      type="idmef:additionaldata-type" />
       <xsd:attribute name="meaning"
                      type="xsd:string" />
     </xsd:complexType>

     <!-- Section 6: Elements related to identifying entities -
          analyzers (the senders of these messages), sources (of
          attacks), and targets (of attacks). -->

     <xsd:complexType name="Analyzer">
       <xsd:sequence>
         <xsd:element name="Node"
                      type="idmef:Node"
                      minOccurs="0"
                      maxOccurs="1" />
         <xsd:element name="Process"
                      type="idmef:Process"
                      minOccurs="0"
                      maxOccurs="1" />
         <xsd:element name="Analyzer"
                      type="idmef:Analyzer"
                      minOccurs="0"
                      maxOccurs="1" />
       </xsd:sequence>
       <xsd:attribute name="analyzerid"
                      type="xsd:string"
                      default="0" />
       <xsd:attribute name="name"
                      type="xsd:string" />
       <xsd:attribute name="manufacturer"
                      type="xsd:string" />
       <xsd:attribute name="model"
                      type="xsd:string" />
       <xsd:attribute name="version"
                      type="xsd:string" />
       <xsd:attribute name="class"
                      type="xsd:string" />
       <xsd:attribute name="ostype"
                      type="xsd:string" />
       <xsd:attribute name="osversion"



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                      type="xsd:string" />
     </xsd:complexType>

     <xsd:complexType name="Source">
       <xsd:sequence>
         <xsd:element name="Node"
                      type="idmef:Node"
                      minOccurs="0"
                      maxOccurs="1" />
         <xsd:element name="User"
                      type="idmef:User"
                      minOccurs="0"
                      maxOccurs="1" />
         <xsd:element name="Process"
                      type="idmef:Process"
                      minOccurs="0"
                      maxOccurs="1" />
         <xsd:element name="Service"
                      type="idmef:Service"
                      minOccurs="0"
                      maxOccurs="1" />
       </xsd:sequence>
       <xsd:attribute name="ident"
                      type="xsd:string"
                      default="0" />
       <xsd:attribute name="spoofed"
                      type="idmef:yes-no-type"
                      default="unknown" />
       <xsd:attribute name="interface"
                      type="xsd:string" />
     </xsd:complexType>

     <xsd:complexType name="Target">
       <xsd:sequence>
         <xsd:element name="Node"
                      type="idmef:Node"
                      minOccurs="0"
                      maxOccurs="1" />
         <xsd:element name="User"
                      type="idmef:User"
                      minOccurs="0"
                      maxOccurs="1" />
         <xsd:element name="Process"
                      type="idmef:Process"
                      minOccurs="0"
                      maxOccurs="1" />
         <xsd:element name="Service"
                      type="idmef:Service"



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                      minOccurs="0"
                      maxOccurs="1" />
         <xsd:element name="File"
                      type="idmef:File"
                      minOccurs="0"
                      maxOccurs="unbounded" />
       </xsd:sequence>
       <xsd:attribute name="ident"
                      type="xsd:string"
                      default="0" />
       <xsd:attribute name="decoy"
                      type="idmef:yes-no-type"
                      default="unknown" />
       <xsd:attribute name="interface"
                      type="xsd:string" />
     </xsd:complexType>

     <!-- Section 7: Support elements used for providing detailed info
          about entities - addresses, names, etc. -->

     <xsd:complexType name="Address">
       <xsd:sequence>
         <xsd:element name="address"
                      type="xsd:string" />
         <xsd:element name="netmask"
                      type="xsd:string"
                      minOccurs="0"
                      maxOccurs="1" />
       </xsd:sequence>
       <xsd:attribute name="ident"
                      type="xsd:string"
                      default="0" />
       <xsd:attribute name="category"
                      type="idmef:address-category"
                      default="unknown" />
       <xsd:attribute name="vlan-name"
                      type="xsd:string" />
       <xsd:attribute name="vlan-num"
                      type="xsd:string" />
     </xsd:complexType>

     <xsd:complexType name="Assessment">
       <xsd:sequence>
         <xsd:element name="Impact"
                      type="idmef:Impact"
                      minOccurs="0"
                      maxOccurs="1" />
         <xsd:element name="Action"



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                      type="idmef:Action"
                      minOccurs="0"
                      maxOccurs="unbounded" />
         <xsd:element name="Confidence"
                      type="idmef:Confidence"
                      minOccurs="0"
                      maxOccurs="1" />
       </xsd:sequence>
     </xsd:complexType>
     <xsd:complexType name="Reference">
       <xsd:sequence>
         <xsd:element name="name"
                      type="xsd:string" />
         <xsd:element name="url"
                      type="xsd:string" />
       </xsd:sequence>
       <xsd:attribute name="origin"
                      type="idmef:reference-origin"
                      default="unknown" />
       <xsd:attribute name="meaning"
                      type="xsd:string" />
     </xsd:complexType>

     <xsd:complexType name="Classification">
       <xsd:sequence>
         <xsd:element name="Reference"
                      type="idmef:Reference"
                      minOccurs="0"
                      maxOccurs="unbounded" />
       </xsd:sequence>
       <xsd:attribute name="ident"
                      type="xsd:string"
                      default="0" />
       <xsd:attribute name="text"
                      type="xsd:string"
                      use="required" />
     </xsd:complexType>

     <xsd:complexType name="File">
       <xsd:sequence>
         <xsd:element name="name"
                      type="xsd:string" />
         <xsd:element name="path"
                      type="xsd:string" />
         <xsd:element name="create-time"
                      type="xsd:dateTime"
                      minOccurs="0"
                      maxOccurs="1" />



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         <xsd:element name="modify-time"
                      type="xsd:dateTime"
                      minOccurs="0"
                      maxOccurs="1" />
         <xsd:element name="access-time"
                      type="xsd:dateTime"
                      minOccurs="0"
                      maxOccurs="1" />
         <xsd:element name="data-size"
                      type="xsd:integer"
                      minOccurs="0"
                      maxOccurs="1" />
         <xsd:element name="disk-size"
                      type="xsd:integer"
                      minOccurs="0"
                      maxOccurs="1" />
         <xsd:element name="FileAccess"
                      type="idmef:FileAccess"
                      minOccurs="0"
                      maxOccurs="unbounded" />
         <xsd:element name="Linkage"
                      type="idmef:Linkage"
                      minOccurs="0"
                      maxOccurs="unbounded" />
         <xsd:element name="Inode"
                      type="idmef:Inode"
                      minOccurs="0"
                      maxOccurs="1" />
         <xsd:element name="Checksum"
                      type="idmef:Checksum"
                      minOccurs="0"
                      maxOccurs="unbounded" />
       </xsd:sequence>
       <xsd:attribute name="ident"
                      type="xsd:string"
                      default="0" />
       <xsd:attribute name="category"
                      type="idmef:file-category"
                      use="required" />
       <xsd:attribute name="fstype"
                      type="xsd:string"
                      use="required" />
       <xsd:attribute name="file-type"
                      type="idmef:mime-type" />
     </xsd:complexType>

     <xsd:complexType name="Permission">
       <xsd:attribute name="perms"



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                      type="idmef:file-permission"
                      use="required" />
     </xsd:complexType>

     <xsd:complexType name="FileAccess">
       <xsd:sequence>
         <xsd:element name="UserId"
                      type="idmef:UserId" />
         <xsd:element name="permission"
                      type="idmef:Permission"
                      minOccurs="1"
                      maxOccurs="unbounded" />
       </xsd:sequence>
     </xsd:complexType>

     <xsd:complexType name="Inode">
       <xsd:sequence>
         <xsd:element name="change-time"
                      type="xsd:string"
                      minOccurs="0"
                      maxOccurs="1" />
         <xsd:sequence minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="1">
           <xsd:element name="number"
                        type="xsd:string" />
           <xsd:element name="major-device"
                        type="xsd:string" />
           <xsd:element name="minor-device"
                        type="xsd:string" />
         </xsd:sequence>
         <xsd:sequence minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="1">
           <xsd:element name="c-major-device"
                        type="xsd:string" />
           <xsd:element name="c-minor-device"
                        type="xsd:string" />
         </xsd:sequence>
       </xsd:sequence>
     </xsd:complexType>

     <xsd:complexType name="Linkage">
       <xsd:choice>
         <xsd:sequence>
           <xsd:element name="name" type="xsd:string" />
           <xsd:element name="path" type="xsd:string" />
         </xsd:sequence>
         <xsd:element name="File" type="idmef:File" />
       </xsd:choice>
       <xsd:attribute name="category"
                      type="idmef:linkage-category"



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                      use="required" />
     </xsd:complexType>

     <xsd:complexType name="Checksum">
       <xsd:sequence>
         <xsd:element name="value"
                      type="xsd:string" />
         <xsd:element name="key"
                      type="xsd:string"
                      minOccurs="0"
                      maxOccurs="1" />
       </xsd:sequence>
       <xsd:attribute name="algorithm"
                      type="idmef:checksum-algorithm"
                      use="required" />
     </xsd:complexType>

     <xsd:complexType name="Node">
       <xsd:sequence>
         <xsd:element name="location"
                      type="xsd:string"
                      minOccurs="0"
                      maxOccurs="1" />
         <xsd:choice>
           <xsd:element name="name"
                        type="xsd:string" />
           <xsd:element name="Address"
                        type="idmef:Address" />
         </xsd:choice>
         <xsd:element name="Address"
                      type="idmef:Address"
                      minOccurs="0"
                      maxOccurs="unbounded" />
       </xsd:sequence>
       <xsd:attribute name="ident"
                      type="xsd:string"
                      default="0" />
       <xsd:attribute name="category"
                      type="idmef:node-category"
                      default="unknown" />
     </xsd:complexType>

     <xsd:complexType name="Process">
       <xsd:sequence>
         <xsd:element name="name"
                      type="xsd:string" />
         <xsd:element name="pid"
                      type="xsd:integer"



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                      minOccurs="0"
                      maxOccurs="1" />
         <xsd:element name="path"
                      type="xsd:string"
                      minOccurs="0"
                      maxOccurs="1" />
         <xsd:element name="arg"
                      type="xsd:string"
                      minOccurs="0"
                      maxOccurs="unbounded" />
         <xsd:element name="env"
                      type="xsd:string"
                      minOccurs="0"
                      maxOccurs="unbounded" />
       </xsd:sequence>
       <xsd:attribute name="ident"
                      type="xsd:string"
                      default="0" />
     </xsd:complexType>

     <xsd:complexType name="Service">
       <xsd:sequence>
         <xsd:choice>
           <xsd:sequence>
             <xsd:element name="name"
                          type="xsd:string" />
             <xsd:element name="port"
                          type="xsd:integer"
                          minOccurs="0"
                          maxOccurs="1" />
           </xsd:sequence>
           <xsd:sequence>
             <xsd:element name="port"
                          type="xsd:integer" />
             <xsd:element name="name"
                          type="xsd:string"
                          minOccurs="0"
                          maxOccurs="1" />
           </xsd:sequence>
           <xsd:element name="portlist"
                        type="idmef:port-list" />
         </xsd:choice>
         <xsd:element name="protocol"
                      type="xsd:string"
                      minOccurs="0"
                      maxOccurs="1" />
         <xsd:element name="SNMPService"
                      type="idmef:SNMPService"



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                      minOccurs="0"
                      maxOccurs="1" />
         <xsd:element name="WebService"
                      type="idmef:WebService"
                      minOccurs="0"
                      maxOccurs="1" />
       </xsd:sequence>
       <xsd:attribute name="ident"
                      type="xsd:string"
                      default="0" />
       <xsd:attribute name="ip_version"
                      type="xsd:integer" />
       <xsd:attribute name="iana_protocol_number"
                      type="xsd:integer" />
       <xsd:attribute name="iana_protocol_name"
                      type="xsd:string" />
     </xsd:complexType>

     <xsd:complexType name="WebService">
       <xsd:sequence>
         <xsd:element name="url"
                      type="xsd:anyURI" />
         <xsd:element name="cgi"
                      type="xsd:string"
                      minOccurs="0"
                      maxOccurs="1" />
         <xsd:element name="http-method"
                      type="xsd:string"
                      minOccurs="0"
                      maxOccurs="1" />
         <xsd:element name="arg"
                      type="xsd:string"
                      minOccurs="0"
                      maxOccurs="unbounded" />
       </xsd:sequence>
     </xsd:complexType>

     <xsd:complexType name="SNMPService">
       <xsd:sequence>
         <xsd:element name="oid"
                      type="xsd:string"
                      minOccurs="0"
                      maxOccurs="1" />
         <xsd:element name="messageProcessingModel"
                      type="xsd:integer"
                      minOccurs="0"
                      maxOccurs="1" />
         <xsd:element name="securityModel"



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                      type="xsd:integer"
                      minOccurs="0"
                      maxOccurs="1" />
         <xsd:element name="securityName"
                      type="xsd:string"
                      minOccurs="0"
                      maxOccurs="1" />
         <xsd:element name="securityLevel"
                      type="xsd:integer"
                      minOccurs="0"
                      maxOccurs="1" />
         <xsd:element name="contextName"
                      type="xsd:string"
                      minOccurs="0"
                      maxOccurs="1" />
         <xsd:element name="contextEngineID"
                      type="xsd:string"
                      minOccurs="0"
                      maxOccurs="1" />
         <xsd:element name="command"
                      type="xsd:string"
                      minOccurs="0"
                      maxOccurs="1" />
       </xsd:sequence>
     </xsd:complexType>

     <xsd:complexType name="User">
       <xsd:sequence>
         <xsd:element name="UserId"
                      type="idmef:UserId"
                      minOccurs="1"
                      maxOccurs="unbounded" />
       </xsd:sequence>
       <xsd:attribute name="ident"
                      type="xsd:string"
                      default="0" />
       <xsd:attribute name="category"
                      type="idmef:user-category"
                      default="unknown" />
     </xsd:complexType>

     <xsd:complexType name="UserId" >
       <xsd:choice>
         <xsd:sequence>
           <xsd:element name="name"
                        type="xsd:string" />
           <xsd:element name="number"
                        type="xsd:integer"



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                        minOccurs="0"
                        maxOccurs="1" />
         </xsd:sequence>
         <xsd:sequence>
           <xsd:element name="number"
                        type="xsd:integer" />
           <xsd:element name="name"
                        type="xsd:string"
                        minOccurs="0"
                        maxOccurs="1" />
         </xsd:sequence>
       </xsd:choice>
       <xsd:attribute name="ident"
                      type="xsd:string"
                      default="0" />
       <xsd:attribute name="type"
                      type="idmef:id-type"
                      default="original-user" />
       <xsd:attribute name="tty"
                      type="xsd:string" />
     </xsd:complexType>

     <!-- Section 8: Simple elements with sub-elements or attributes
          of a special nature. -->

     <xsd:complexType name="Action">
       <xsd:simpleContent>
         <xsd:extension base="xsd:string" >
           <xsd:attribute name="category"
                          type="idmef:action-category"
                          default="other" />
         </xsd:extension>
       </xsd:simpleContent>
     </xsd:complexType>

     <xsd:complexType name="Confidence">
       <xsd:simpleContent>
         <xsd:extension base="xsd:string" >
           <xsd:attribute name="rating"
                          type="idmef:confidence-rating"
                          use="required" />
         </xsd:extension>
       </xsd:simpleContent>
     </xsd:complexType>

     <xsd:complexType name="TimeWithNtpstamp">
       <xsd:simpleContent>
         <xsd:extension base="xsd:dateTime">



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           <xsd:attribute name="ntpstamp"
                          type="idmef:ntpstamp"
                          use="required"/>
         </xsd:extension>
       </xsd:simpleContent>
     </xsd:complexType>

     <xsd:complexType name="Impact">
       <xsd:simpleContent>
         <xsd:extension base="xsd:string" >
           <xsd:attribute name="severity"
                          type="idmef:impact-severity" />
           <xsd:attribute name="completion"
                          type="idmef:impact-completion" />
           <xsd:attribute name="type" type="idmef:impact-type"
                          default="other" />
         </xsd:extension>
       </xsd:simpleContent>
     </xsd:complexType>

     <xsd:complexType name="Alertident">
       <xsd:simpleContent>
         <xsd:extension base="xsd:string" >
           <xsd:attribute name="analyzerid"
                          type="xsd:string" />
         </xsd:extension>
       </xsd:simpleContent>
     </xsd:complexType>

     <xsd:complexType name="xmltext">
       <xsd:complexContent mixed="true">
         <xsd:restriction base="xsd:anyType">
           <xsd:sequence>
             <xsd:any namespace="##other"
                      processContents="lax"
                      minOccurs="0"
                      maxOccurs="unbounded" />
           </xsd:sequence>
         </xsd:restriction>
       </xsd:complexContent>
     </xsd:complexType>

   </xsd:schema>








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Authors' Addresses

   Herve Debar
   France Telecom R & D
   42 Rue des Coutures
   Caen  14000
   FR

   Phone: +33 2 31 75 92 61
   EMail: herve.debar@orange-ftgroup.com
   URI:   http://www.francetelecom.fr/


   David A. Curry
   Guardian Life Insurance Company of America
   7 Hanover Square, 24th Floor
   New York, NY  10004
   US

   Phone: +1 212 919-3086
   EMail: david_a_curry@glic.com
   URI:   http://www.glic.com/


   Benjamin S. Feinstein
   SecureWorks, Inc.
   PO Box 95007
   Atlanta, GA 30347
   US

   Phone: +1 404 327-6339
   Email: bfeinstein@acm.org
   URI:   http://www.secureworks.com/


















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Full Copyright Statement

   Copyright (C) The IETF Trust (2007).

   This document is subject to the rights, licenses and restrictions
   contained in BCP 78, and except as set forth therein, the authors
   retain all their rights.

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   "AS IS" basis and THE CONTRIBUTOR, THE ORGANIZATION HE/SHE REPRESENTS
   OR IS SPONSORED BY (IF ANY), THE INTERNET SOCIETY, THE IETF TRUST AND
   THE INTERNET ENGINEERING TASK FORCE DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS
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Debar, et al.                 Experimental                    [Page 157]
^L