1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
1027
1028
1029
1030
1031
1032
1033
1034
1035
1036
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
1047
1048
1049
1050
1051
1052
1053
1054
1055
1056
1057
1058
1059
1060
1061
1062
1063
1064
1065
1066
1067
1068
1069
1070
1071
1072
1073
1074
1075
1076
1077
1078
1079
1080
1081
1082
1083
1084
1085
1086
1087
1088
1089
1090
1091
1092
1093
1094
1095
1096
1097
1098
1099
1100
1101
1102
1103
1104
1105
1106
1107
1108
1109
1110
1111
1112
1113
1114
1115
1116
1117
1118
1119
1120
1121
1122
1123
1124
1125
1126
1127
1128
1129
1130
1131
1132
1133
1134
1135
1136
1137
1138
1139
1140
1141
1142
1143
1144
1145
1146
1147
1148
1149
1150
1151
1152
1153
1154
1155
1156
1157
1158
1159
1160
1161
1162
1163
1164
1165
1166
1167
1168
1169
1170
1171
1172
1173
1174
1175
1176
1177
1178
1179
1180
1181
1182
1183
1184
1185
1186
1187
1188
1189
1190
1191
1192
1193
1194
1195
1196
1197
1198
1199
1200
1201
1202
1203
1204
1205
1206
1207
1208
1209
1210
1211
1212
1213
1214
1215
1216
1217
1218
1219
1220
1221
1222
1223
1224
1225
1226
1227
1228
1229
1230
1231
1232
1233
1234
1235
1236
1237
1238
1239
1240
1241
1242
1243
1244
1245
1246
1247
1248
1249
1250
1251
1252
1253
1254
1255
1256
1257
1258
1259
1260
1261
1262
1263
1264
1265
1266
1267
1268
1269
1270
1271
1272
1273
1274
1275
1276
1277
1278
1279
1280
1281
1282
1283
1284
1285
1286
1287
1288
1289
1290
1291
1292
1293
1294
1295
1296
1297
1298
1299
1300
1301
1302
1303
1304
1305
1306
1307
1308
1309
1310
1311
1312
1313
1314
1315
1316
1317
1318
1319
1320
1321
1322
1323
1324
1325
1326
1327
1328
1329
1330
1331
1332
1333
1334
1335
1336
1337
1338
1339
1340
1341
1342
1343
1344
1345
1346
1347
1348
1349
1350
1351
1352
1353
1354
1355
1356
1357
1358
1359
1360
1361
1362
1363
1364
1365
1366
1367
1368
1369
1370
1371
1372
1373
1374
1375
1376
1377
1378
1379
1380
1381
1382
1383
1384
1385
1386
1387
1388
1389
1390
1391
1392
1393
1394
1395
1396
1397
1398
1399
1400
1401
1402
1403
1404
1405
1406
1407
1408
1409
1410
1411
1412
1413
1414
1415
1416
1417
1418
1419
1420
1421
1422
1423
1424
1425
1426
1427
1428
1429
1430
1431
1432
1433
1434
1435
1436
1437
1438
1439
1440
1441
1442
1443
1444
1445
1446
1447
1448
1449
1450
1451
1452
1453
1454
1455
1456
1457
1458
1459
1460
1461
1462
1463
1464
1465
1466
1467
1468
1469
1470
1471
1472
1473
1474
1475
1476
1477
1478
1479
1480
1481
1482
1483
1484
1485
1486
1487
1488
1489
1490
1491
1492
1493
1494
1495
1496
1497
1498
1499
1500
1501
1502
1503
1504
1505
1506
1507
1508
1509
1510
1511
1512
1513
1514
1515
1516
1517
1518
1519
1520
1521
1522
1523
1524
1525
1526
1527
1528
1529
1530
1531
1532
1533
1534
1535
1536
1537
1538
1539
1540
1541
1542
1543
1544
1545
1546
1547
1548
1549
1550
1551
1552
1553
1554
1555
1556
1557
1558
1559
1560
1561
1562
1563
1564
1565
1566
1567
1568
1569
1570
1571
1572
1573
1574
1575
1576
1577
1578
1579
1580
1581
1582
1583
1584
1585
1586
1587
1588
1589
1590
1591
1592
1593
1594
1595
1596
1597
1598
1599
1600
1601
1602
1603
1604
1605
1606
1607
1608
1609
1610
1611
1612
1613
1614
1615
1616
1617
1618
1619
1620
1621
1622
1623
1624
1625
1626
1627
1628
1629
1630
1631
1632
1633
1634
1635
1636
1637
1638
1639
1640
1641
1642
1643
1644
1645
1646
1647
1648
1649
1650
1651
1652
1653
1654
1655
1656
1657
1658
1659
1660
1661
1662
1663
1664
1665
1666
1667
1668
1669
1670
1671
1672
1673
1674
1675
1676
1677
1678
1679
1680
1681
1682
1683
1684
1685
1686
1687
1688
1689
1690
1691
1692
1693
1694
1695
1696
1697
1698
1699
1700
1701
1702
1703
1704
1705
1706
1707
1708
1709
1710
1711
1712
1713
1714
1715
1716
1717
1718
1719
1720
1721
1722
1723
1724
1725
1726
1727
1728
1729
1730
1731
1732
1733
1734
1735
1736
1737
1738
1739
1740
1741
1742
1743
1744
1745
1746
1747
1748
1749
1750
1751
1752
1753
1754
1755
1756
1757
1758
1759
1760
1761
1762
1763
1764
1765
1766
1767
1768
1769
1770
1771
1772
1773
1774
1775
1776
1777
1778
1779
1780
1781
1782
1783
1784
1785
1786
1787
1788
1789
1790
1791
1792
1793
1794
1795
1796
1797
1798
1799
1800
1801
1802
1803
1804
1805
1806
1807
1808
1809
1810
1811
1812
1813
1814
1815
1816
1817
1818
1819
1820
1821
1822
1823
1824
1825
1826
1827
1828
1829
1830
1831
1832
1833
1834
1835
1836
1837
1838
1839
1840
1841
1842
1843
1844
1845
1846
1847
1848
1849
1850
1851
1852
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860
1861
1862
1863
1864
1865
1866
1867
1868
1869
1870
1871
1872
1873
1874
1875
1876
1877
1878
1879
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884
1885
1886
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
2031
2032
2033
2034
2035
2036
2037
2038
2039
2040
2041
2042
2043
2044
2045
2046
2047
2048
2049
2050
2051
2052
2053
2054
2055
2056
2057
2058
2059
2060
2061
2062
2063
2064
2065
2066
2067
2068
2069
2070
2071
2072
2073
2074
2075
2076
2077
2078
2079
2080
2081
2082
2083
2084
2085
2086
2087
2088
2089
2090
2091
2092
2093
2094
2095
2096
2097
2098
2099
2100
2101
2102
2103
2104
2105
2106
2107
2108
2109
2110
2111
2112
2113
2114
2115
2116
2117
2118
2119
2120
2121
2122
2123
2124
2125
2126
2127
2128
2129
2130
2131
2132
2133
2134
2135
2136
2137
2138
2139
2140
2141
2142
2143
2144
2145
2146
2147
2148
2149
2150
2151
2152
2153
2154
2155
2156
2157
2158
2159
2160
2161
2162
2163
2164
2165
2166
2167
2168
2169
2170
2171
2172
2173
2174
2175
2176
2177
2178
2179
2180
2181
2182
2183
2184
2185
2186
2187
2188
2189
2190
2191
2192
2193
2194
2195
2196
2197
2198
2199
2200
2201
2202
2203
2204
2205
2206
2207
2208
2209
2210
2211
2212
2213
2214
2215
2216
2217
2218
2219
2220
2221
2222
2223
2224
2225
2226
2227
2228
2229
2230
2231
2232
2233
2234
2235
2236
2237
2238
2239
2240
2241
2242
2243
2244
2245
2246
2247
2248
2249
2250
2251
2252
2253
2254
2255
2256
2257
2258
2259
2260
2261
2262
2263
2264
2265
2266
2267
2268
2269
2270
2271
2272
2273
2274
2275
2276
2277
2278
2279
2280
2281
2282
2283
2284
2285
2286
2287
2288
2289
2290
2291
2292
2293
2294
2295
2296
2297
2298
2299
2300
2301
2302
2303
2304
2305
2306
2307
2308
2309
2310
2311
2312
2313
2314
2315
2316
2317
2318
2319
2320
2321
2322
2323
2324
2325
2326
2327
2328
2329
2330
2331
2332
2333
2334
2335
2336
2337
2338
2339
2340
2341
2342
2343
2344
2345
2346
2347
2348
2349
2350
2351
2352
2353
2354
2355
2356
2357
2358
2359
2360
2361
2362
2363
2364
2365
2366
2367
2368
2369
2370
2371
2372
2373
2374
2375
2376
2377
2378
2379
2380
2381
2382
2383
2384
2385
2386
2387
2388
2389
2390
2391
2392
2393
2394
2395
2396
2397
2398
2399
2400
2401
2402
2403
2404
2405
2406
2407
2408
2409
2410
2411
2412
2413
2414
2415
2416
2417
2418
2419
2420
2421
2422
2423
2424
2425
2426
2427
2428
2429
2430
2431
2432
2433
2434
2435
2436
2437
2438
2439
2440
2441
2442
2443
2444
2445
2446
2447
2448
2449
2450
2451
2452
2453
2454
2455
2456
2457
2458
2459
2460
2461
2462
2463
2464
2465
2466
2467
2468
2469
2470
2471
2472
2473
2474
2475
2476
2477
2478
2479
2480
2481
2482
2483
2484
2485
2486
2487
2488
2489
2490
2491
2492
2493
2494
2495
2496
2497
2498
2499
2500
2501
2502
2503
2504
2505
2506
2507
2508
2509
2510
2511
2512
2513
2514
2515
2516
2517
2518
2519
2520
2521
2522
2523
2524
2525
2526
2527
2528
2529
2530
2531
2532
2533
2534
2535
2536
2537
2538
2539
2540
2541
2542
2543
2544
2545
2546
2547
2548
2549
2550
2551
2552
2553
2554
2555
2556
2557
2558
2559
2560
2561
2562
2563
2564
2565
2566
2567
2568
2569
2570
2571
2572
2573
2574
2575
2576
2577
2578
2579
2580
2581
2582
2583
2584
2585
2586
2587
2588
2589
2590
2591
2592
2593
2594
2595
2596
2597
2598
2599
2600
2601
2602
2603
2604
2605
2606
2607
2608
2609
2610
2611
2612
2613
2614
2615
2616
2617
2618
2619
2620
2621
2622
2623
2624
2625
2626
2627
2628
2629
2630
2631
2632
2633
2634
2635
2636
2637
2638
2639
2640
2641
2642
2643
2644
2645
2646
2647
2648
2649
2650
2651
2652
2653
2654
2655
2656
2657
2658
2659
2660
2661
2662
2663
2664
2665
2666
2667
2668
2669
2670
2671
2672
2673
2674
2675
2676
2677
2678
2679
2680
2681
2682
2683
2684
2685
2686
2687
2688
2689
2690
2691
2692
2693
2694
2695
2696
2697
2698
2699
2700
2701
2702
2703
2704
2705
2706
2707
2708
2709
2710
2711
2712
2713
2714
2715
2716
2717
2718
2719
2720
2721
2722
2723
2724
2725
2726
2727
2728
2729
2730
2731
2732
2733
2734
2735
2736
2737
2738
2739
2740
2741
2742
2743
2744
2745
2746
2747
2748
2749
2750
2751
2752
2753
2754
2755
2756
2757
2758
2759
2760
2761
2762
2763
2764
2765
2766
2767
2768
2769
2770
2771
2772
2773
2774
2775
2776
2777
2778
2779
2780
2781
2782
2783
2784
2785
2786
2787
2788
2789
2790
2791
2792
2793
2794
2795
2796
2797
2798
2799
2800
2801
2802
2803
2804
2805
2806
2807
2808
2809
2810
2811
2812
2813
2814
2815
2816
2817
2818
2819
2820
2821
2822
2823
2824
2825
2826
2827
2828
2829
2830
2831
2832
2833
2834
2835
2836
2837
2838
2839
2840
2841
2842
2843
2844
2845
2846
2847
2848
2849
2850
2851
2852
2853
2854
2855
2856
2857
2858
2859
2860
2861
2862
2863
2864
2865
2866
2867
2868
2869
2870
2871
2872
2873
2874
2875
2876
2877
2878
2879
2880
2881
2882
2883
2884
2885
2886
2887
2888
2889
2890
2891
2892
2893
2894
2895
2896
2897
2898
2899
2900
2901
2902
2903
2904
2905
2906
2907
2908
2909
2910
2911
2912
2913
2914
2915
2916
2917
2918
2919
2920
2921
2922
2923
2924
2925
2926
2927
2928
2929
2930
2931
2932
2933
2934
2935
2936
2937
2938
2939
2940
2941
2942
2943
2944
2945
2946
2947
2948
2949
2950
2951
2952
2953
2954
2955
2956
2957
2958
2959
2960
2961
2962
2963
2964
2965
2966
2967
2968
2969
2970
2971
2972
2973
2974
2975
2976
2977
2978
2979
2980
2981
2982
2983
2984
2985
2986
2987
2988
2989
2990
2991
2992
2993
2994
2995
2996
2997
2998
2999
3000
3001
3002
3003
3004
3005
3006
3007
3008
3009
3010
3011
3012
3013
3014
3015
3016
3017
3018
3019
3020
3021
3022
3023
3024
3025
3026
3027
3028
3029
3030
3031
3032
3033
3034
3035
3036
3037
3038
3039
3040
3041
3042
3043
3044
3045
3046
3047
3048
3049
3050
3051
3052
3053
3054
3055
3056
3057
3058
3059
3060
3061
3062
3063
3064
3065
3066
3067
3068
3069
3070
3071
3072
3073
3074
3075
3076
3077
3078
3079
3080
3081
3082
3083
3084
3085
3086
3087
3088
3089
3090
3091
3092
3093
3094
3095
3096
3097
3098
3099
3100
3101
3102
3103
3104
3105
3106
3107
3108
3109
3110
3111
3112
3113
3114
3115
3116
3117
3118
3119
3120
3121
3122
3123
3124
3125
3126
3127
3128
3129
3130
3131
3132
3133
3134
3135
3136
3137
3138
3139
3140
3141
3142
3143
3144
3145
3146
3147
3148
3149
3150
3151
3152
3153
3154
3155
3156
3157
3158
3159
3160
3161
3162
3163
3164
3165
3166
3167
3168
3169
3170
3171
3172
3173
3174
3175
3176
3177
3178
3179
3180
3181
3182
3183
3184
3185
3186
3187
3188
3189
3190
3191
3192
3193
3194
3195
3196
3197
3198
3199
3200
3201
3202
3203
3204
3205
3206
3207
3208
3209
3210
3211
3212
3213
3214
3215
3216
3217
3218
3219
3220
3221
3222
3223
3224
3225
3226
3227
3228
3229
3230
3231
3232
3233
3234
3235
3236
3237
3238
3239
3240
3241
3242
3243
3244
3245
3246
3247
3248
3249
3250
3251
3252
3253
3254
3255
3256
3257
3258
3259
3260
3261
3262
3263
3264
3265
3266
3267
3268
3269
3270
3271
3272
3273
3274
3275
3276
3277
3278
3279
3280
3281
3282
3283
3284
3285
3286
3287
3288
3289
3290
3291
3292
3293
3294
3295
3296
3297
3298
3299
3300
3301
3302
3303
3304
3305
3306
3307
3308
3309
3310
3311
3312
3313
3314
3315
3316
3317
3318
3319
3320
3321
3322
3323
3324
3325
3326
3327
3328
3329
3330
3331
3332
3333
3334
3335
3336
3337
3338
3339
3340
3341
3342
3343
3344
3345
3346
3347
3348
3349
3350
3351
3352
3353
3354
3355
3356
3357
3358
3359
3360
3361
3362
3363
3364
3365
3366
3367
3368
3369
3370
3371
3372
3373
3374
3375
3376
3377
3378
3379
3380
3381
3382
3383
3384
3385
3386
3387
3388
3389
3390
3391
3392
3393
3394
3395
3396
3397
3398
3399
3400
3401
3402
3403
3404
3405
3406
3407
3408
3409
3410
3411
3412
3413
3414
3415
3416
3417
3418
3419
3420
3421
3422
3423
3424
3425
3426
3427
3428
3429
3430
3431
3432
3433
3434
3435
3436
3437
3438
3439
3440
3441
3442
3443
3444
3445
3446
3447
3448
3449
3450
3451
3452
3453
3454
3455
3456
3457
3458
3459
3460
3461
3462
3463
3464
3465
3466
3467
3468
3469
3470
3471
3472
3473
3474
3475
3476
3477
3478
3479
3480
3481
3482
3483
3484
3485
3486
3487
3488
3489
3490
3491
3492
3493
3494
3495
3496
3497
3498
3499
3500
3501
3502
3503
3504
3505
3506
3507
3508
3509
3510
3511
3512
3513
3514
3515
3516
3517
3518
3519
3520
3521
3522
3523
3524
3525
3526
3527
3528
3529
3530
3531
3532
3533
3534
3535
3536
3537
3538
3539
3540
3541
3542
3543
3544
3545
3546
3547
3548
3549
3550
3551
3552
3553
3554
3555
3556
3557
3558
3559
3560
3561
3562
3563
3564
3565
3566
3567
3568
3569
3570
3571
3572
3573
3574
3575
3576
3577
3578
3579
3580
3581
3582
3583
3584
3585
3586
3587
3588
3589
3590
3591
3592
3593
3594
3595
3596
3597
3598
3599
3600
3601
3602
3603
3604
3605
3606
3607
3608
3609
3610
3611
3612
3613
3614
3615
3616
3617
3618
3619
3620
3621
3622
3623
3624
3625
3626
3627
3628
3629
3630
3631
3632
3633
3634
3635
3636
3637
3638
3639
3640
3641
3642
3643
3644
3645
3646
3647
3648
3649
3650
3651
3652
3653
3654
3655
3656
3657
3658
3659
3660
3661
3662
3663
3664
3665
3666
3667
3668
3669
3670
3671
3672
3673
3674
3675
3676
3677
3678
3679
3680
3681
3682
3683
3684
3685
3686
3687
3688
3689
3690
3691
3692
3693
3694
3695
3696
3697
3698
3699
3700
3701
3702
3703
3704
3705
3706
3707
3708
3709
3710
3711
3712
3713
3714
3715
3716
3717
3718
3719
3720
3721
3722
3723
3724
3725
3726
3727
3728
3729
3730
3731
3732
3733
3734
3735
3736
3737
3738
3739
3740
3741
3742
3743
3744
3745
3746
3747
3748
3749
3750
3751
3752
3753
3754
3755
|
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) C. Jennings
Request for Comments: 6216 Cisco Systems
Category: Informational K. Ono
ISSN: 2070-1721 Columbia University
R. Sparks
B. Hibbard, Ed.
Tekelec
April 2011
Example Call Flows Using Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)
Security Mechanisms
Abstract
This document shows example call flows demonstrating the use of
Transport Layer Security (TLS), and Secure/Multipurpose Internet Mail
Extensions (S/MIME) in Session Initiation Protocol (SIP). It also
provides information that helps implementers build interoperable SIP
software. To help facilitate interoperability testing, it includes
certificates used in the example call flows and processes to create
certificates for testing.
Status of This Memo
This document is not an Internet Standards Track specification; it is
published for informational purposes.
This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force
(IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has
received public review and has been approved for publication by the
Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Not all documents
approved by the IESG are a candidate for any level of Internet
Standard; see Section 2 of RFC 5741.
Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6216.
Jennings, et al. Informational [Page 1]
^L
RFC 6216 SIP Secure Call Flows April 2011
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2011 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
(http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
publication of this document. Please review these documents
carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must
include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
described in the Simplified BSD License.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. Certificates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.1. CA Certificates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.2. Host Certificates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.3. User Certificates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3. Call Flow with Message Over TLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.1. TLS with Server Authentication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.2. MESSAGE Transaction Over TLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4. Call Flow with S/MIME-Secured Message . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4.1. MESSAGE Request with Signed Body . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4.2. MESSAGE Request with Encrypted Body . . . . . . . . . . . 20
4.3. MESSAGE Request with Encrypted and Signed Body . . . . . . 22
5. Observed Interoperability Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
6. Additional Test Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
7. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
8. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
9. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
9.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
9.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Appendix A. Making Test Certificates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
A.1. makeCA script . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
A.2. makeCert script . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Appendix B. Certificates for Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
B.1. Certificates Using EKU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
B.2. Certificates NOT Using EKU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
B.3. Certificate Chaining with a Non-Root CA . . . . . . . . . 58
Appendix C. Message Dumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Jennings, et al. Informational [Page 2]
^L
RFC 6216 SIP Secure Call Flows April 2011
1. Introduction
This document is informational and is not normative on any aspect of
SIP.
SIP with TLS ([RFC5246]) implementations are becoming very common.
Several implementations of the S/MIME ([RFC5751]) portion of SIP
([RFC3261]) are also becoming available. After several
interoperability events, it is clear that it is difficult to write
these systems without any test vectors or examples of "known good"
messages to test against. Furthermore, testing at the events is
often hindered due to the lack of a commonly trusted certification
authority to sign the certificates used in the events. This document
addresses both of these issues by providing messages that give
detailed examples that implementers can use for comparison and that
can also be used for testing. In addition, this document provides a
common certificate and private key that can be used to set up a mock
Certification Authority (CA) that can be used during the SIP
interoperability events. Certificate requests from the users will be
signed by the private key of the mock CA. The document also provides
some hints and clarifications for implementers.
A simple SIP call flow using SIPS URIs and TLS is shown in Section 3.
The certificates for the hosts used are shown in Section 2.2, and the
CA certificates used to sign these are shown in Section 2.1.
The text from Section 4.1 through Section 4.3 shows some simple SIP
call flows using S/MIME to sign and encrypt the body of the message.
The user certificates used in these examples are shown in
Section 2.3. These host certificates are signed with the same mock
CA private key.
Section 5 presents a partial list of items that implementers should
consider in order to implement systems that will interoperate.
Scripts and instructions to make certificates that can be used for
interoperability testing are presented in Appendix A, along with
methods for converting these to various formats. The certificates
used while creating the examples and test messages in this document
are made available in Appendix B.
Binary copies of various messages in this document that can be used
for testing appear in Appendix C.
Jennings, et al. Informational [Page 3]
^L
RFC 6216 SIP Secure Call Flows April 2011
2. Certificates
2.1. CA Certificates
The certificate used by the CA to sign the other certificates is
shown below. This is an X.509v3 ([X.509]) certificate. Note that
the X.509v3 Basic Constraints in the certificate allows it to be used
as a CA, certification authority. This certificate is not used
directly in the TLS call flow; it is used only to verify user and
host certificates.
Version: 3 (0x2)
Serial Number:
96:a3:84:17:4e:ef:8a:4c
Signature Algorithm: sha1WithRSAEncryption
Issuer: C=US, ST=California, L=San Jose, O=sipit,
OU=Sipit Test Certificate Authority
Validity
Not Before: Jan 27 18:36:05 2011 GMT
Not After : Jan 3 18:36:05 2111 GMT
Subject: C=US, ST=California, L=San Jose, O=sipit,
OU=Sipit Test Certificate Authority
Subject Public Key Info:
Public Key Algorithm: rsaEncryption
RSA Public Key: (2048 bit)
Modulus (2048 bit):
00:ab:1f:91:61:f1:1c:c5:cd:a6:7b:16:9b:b7:14:
79:e4:30:9e:98:d0:ec:07:b7:bd:77:d7:d1:f5:5b:
2c:e2:ee:e6:b1:b0:f0:85:fa:a5:bc:cb:cc:cf:69:
2c:4f:fc:50:ef:9d:31:2b:c0:59:ea:fb:64:6f:1f:
55:a7:3d:fd:70:d2:56:db:14:99:17:92:70:ac:26:
f8:34:41:70:d9:c0:03:91:6a:ba:d1:11:8f:ac:12:
31:de:b9:19:70:8d:5d:a7:7d:8b:19:cc:40:3f:ae:
ff:de:1f:db:94:b3:46:77:6c:ae:ae:ff:3e:d6:84:
5b:c2:de:0b:26:65:d0:91:c7:70:4b:c7:0a:4a:bf:
c7:97:04:dd:ba:58:47:cb:e0:2b:23:76:87:65:c5:
55:34:10:ab:27:1f:1c:f8:30:3d:b0:9b:ca:a2:81:
72:4c:bd:60:fe:f7:21:fe:0b:db:0b:db:e9:5b:01:
36:d4:28:15:6b:79:eb:d0:91:1b:21:59:b8:0e:aa:
bf:d5:b1:6c:70:37:a3:3f:a5:7d:0e:95:46:f6:f6:
58:67:83:75:42:37:18:0b:a4:41:39:b2:2f:6c:80:
2c:78:ec:a5:0f:be:9c:10:f8:c0:0b:0d:73:99:9e:
0d:d7:97:50:cb:cc:45:34:23:49:41:85:22:24:ad:
29:c3
Exponent: 65537 (0x10001)
X509v3 extensions:
X509v3 Subject Key Identifier:
95:45:7E:5F:2B:EA:65:98:12:91:04:F3:63:C7:68:9A:58:16:77:27
Jennings, et al. Informational [Page 4]
^L
RFC 6216 SIP Secure Call Flows April 2011
X509v3 Authority Key Identifier:
95:45:7E:5F:2B:EA:65:98:12:91:04:F3:63:C7:68:9A:58:16:77:27
X509v3 Basic Constraints:
CA:TRUE
Signature Algorithm: sha1WithRSAEncryption
06:5f:9e:ae:a0:9a:bc:b5:b9:5b:7e:97:33:cc:df:63:98:98:
94:cb:0d:66:a9:83:e8:aa:58:2a:59:a1:9e:47:31:a6:af:5c:
3f:a2:25:86:f8:df:05:92:b7:db:69:a1:69:72:87:66:c5:ab:
35:89:01:37:19:c9:74:eb:09:d1:3f:88:7b:24:13:42:ca:2d:
fb:45:e6:cc:4b:f8:21:78:f3:f5:97:ec:09:92:24:a2:f0:e6:
94:8d:97:4a:00:94:00:bd:25:b8:17:2c:52:53:5d:cc:5c:48:
a4:a1:1d:2d:f6:50:55:13:a4:d3:b2:a2:f4:f1:b9:6d:48:5e:
5c:f3:de:e0:fc:59:09:a1:d9:14:61:65:bf:d8:3f:b9:ba:2e:
7c:ed:5c:24:9b:6b:ca:aa:5f:f1:c1:1e:b0:a8:da:82:0f:fb:
4c:71:3b:4d:7b:38:c8:e3:8a:2a:19:34:44:26:0b:ea:f0:47:
38:46:28:65:04:e2:01:52:dd:ec:3d:e5:f5:53:74:77:74:75:
6d:c6:d9:c2:0a:ac:3b:b8:98:5c:55:53:34:74:52:a8:26:b1:
2f:30:22:d0:8b:b7:f3:a0:dd:68:07:33:d5:ae:b7:81:b2:94:
58:72:4e:7c:c6:72:2f:bd:6c:69:fb:b5:17:a8:2a:8d:d7:2c:
91:06:c8:0c
The certificate content shown above and throughout this document was
rendered by the OpenSSL "x509" tool. These dumps are included only
as informative examples. Output may vary among future revisions of
the tool. At the time of this document's publication, there were
some irregularities in the presentation of Distinguished Names (DNs).
In particular, note that in the "Issuer" and "Subject" fields, it
appears the intent is to present DNs in Lightweight Directory Access
Protocol (LDAP) format. If this was intended, the spaces should have
been omitted after the delimiting commas, and the elements should
have been presented in order of most-specific to least-specific.
Please refer to Appendix A of [RFC4514]. Using the "Issuer" DN from
above as an example and following guidelines in [RFC4514], it should
have instead appeared as:
Issuer: OU=Sipit Test Certificate Authority,O=sipit,L=San Jose,
ST=California,C=US
The ASN.1 ([X.683]) parse of the CA certificate is shown below.
0:l= 949 cons: SEQUENCE
4:l= 669 cons: SEQUENCE
8:l= 3 cons: cont [ 0 ]
10:l= 1 prim: INTEGER :02
13:l= 9 prim: INTEGER :96A384174EEF8A4C
24:l= 13 cons: SEQUENCE
Jennings, et al. Informational [Page 5]
^L
RFC 6216 SIP Secure Call Flows April 2011
26:l= 9 prim: OBJECT :sha1WithRSAEncryption
37:l= 0 prim: NULL
39:l= 112 cons: SEQUENCE
41:l= 11 cons: SET
43:l= 9 cons: SEQUENCE
45:l= 3 prim: OBJECT :countryName
50:l= 2 prim: PRINTABLESTRING :US
54:l= 19 cons: SET
56:l= 17 cons: SEQUENCE
58:l= 3 prim: OBJECT :stateOrProvinceName
63:l= 10 prim: UTF8STRING
43 61 6c 69 66 6f 72 6e-69 61 California
75:l= 17 cons: SET
77:l= 15 cons: SEQUENCE
79:l= 3 prim: OBJECT :localityName
84:l= 8 prim: UTF8STRING
53 61 6e 20 4a 6f 73 65- San Jose
94:l= 14 cons: SET
96:l= 12 cons: SEQUENCE
98:l= 3 prim: OBJECT :organizationName
103:l= 5 prim: UTF8STRING
73 69 70 69 74 sipit
110:l= 41 cons: SET
112:l= 39 cons: SEQUENCE
114:l= 3 prim: OBJECT :organizationalUnitName
119:l= 32 prim: UTF8STRING
53 69 70 69 74 20 54 65-73 74 20 43 65 72 74 69 Sipit Test Certi
66 69 63 61 74 65 20 41-75 74 68 6f 72 69 74 79 ficate Authority
153:l= 32 cons: SEQUENCE
155:l= 13 prim: UTCTIME :110127183605Z
170:l= 15 prim: GENERALIZEDTIME :21110103183605Z
187:l= 112 cons: SEQUENCE
189:l= 11 cons: SET
191:l= 9 cons: SEQUENCE
193:l= 3 prim: OBJECT :countryName
198:l= 2 prim: PRINTABLESTRING :US
202:l= 19 cons: SET
204:l= 17 cons: SEQUENCE
206:l= 3 prim: OBJECT :stateOrProvinceName
211:l= 10 prim: UTF8STRING
43 61 6c 69 66 6f 72 6e-69 61 California
223:l= 17 cons: SET
225:l= 15 cons: SEQUENCE
227:l= 3 prim: OBJECT :localityName
232:l= 8 prim: UTF8STRING
53 61 6e 20 4a 6f 73 65- San Jose
242:l= 14 cons: SET
244:l= 12 cons: SEQUENCE
Jennings, et al. Informational [Page 6]
^L
RFC 6216 SIP Secure Call Flows April 2011
246:l= 3 prim: OBJECT :organizationName
251:l= 5 prim: UTF8STRING
73 69 70 69 74 sipit
258:l= 41 cons: SET
260:l= 39 cons: SEQUENCE
262:l= 3 prim: OBJECT :organizationalUnitName
267:l= 32 prim: UTF8STRING
53 69 70 69 74 20 54 65-73 74 20 43 65 72 74 69 Sipit Test Certi
66 69 63 61 74 65 20 41-75 74 68 6f 72 69 74 79 ficate Authority
301:l= 290 cons: SEQUENCE
305:l= 13 cons: SEQUENCE
307:l= 9 prim: OBJECT :rsaEncryption
318:l= 0 prim: NULL
320:l= 271 prim: BIT STRING
00 30 82 01 0a 02 82 01-01 00 ab 1f 91 61 f1 1c .0...........a..
c5 cd a6 7b 16 9b b7 14-79 e4 30 9e 98 d0 ec 07 ...{....y.0.....
b7 bd 77 d7 d1 f5 5b 2c-e2 ee e6 b1 b0 f0 85 fa ..w...[,........
a5 bc cb cc cf 69 2c 4f-fc 50 ef 9d 31 2b c0 59 .....i,O.P..1+.Y
ea fb 64 6f 1f 55 a7 3d-fd 70 d2 56 db 14 99 17 ..do.U.=.p.V....
92 70 ac 26 f8 34 41 70-d9 c0 03 91 6a ba d1 11 .p.&.4Ap....j...
8f ac 12 31 de b9 19 70-8d 5d a7 7d 8b 19 cc 40 ...1...p.].}...@
3f ae ff de 1f db 94 b3-46 77 6c ae ae ff 3e d6 ?.......Fwl...>.
84 5b c2 de 0b 26 65 d0-91 c7 70 4b c7 0a 4a bf .[...&e...pK..J.
c7 97 04 dd ba 58 47 cb-e0 2b 23 76 87 65 c5 55 .....XG..+#v.e.U
34 10 ab 27 1f 1c f8 30-3d b0 9b ca a2 81 72 4c 4..'...0=.....rL
bd 60 fe f7 21 fe 0b db-0b db e9 5b 01 36 d4 28 .`..!......[.6.(
15 6b 79 eb d0 91 1b 21-59 b8 0e aa bf d5 b1 6c .ky....!Y......l
70 37 a3 3f a5 7d 0e 95-46 f6 f6 58 67 83 75 42 p7.?.}..F..Xg.uB
37 18 0b a4 41 39 b2 2f-6c 80 2c 78 ec a5 0f be 7...A9./l.,x....
9c 10 f8 c0 0b 0d 73 99-9e 0d d7 97 50 cb cc 45 ......s.....P..E
34 23 49 41 85 22 24 ad-29 c3 02 03 01 00 01 4#IA."$.)......
595:l= 80 cons: cont [ 3 ]
597:l= 78 cons: SEQUENCE
599:l= 29 cons: SEQUENCE
601:l= 3 prim: OBJECT :X509v3 Subject Key Identifier
606:l= 22 prim: OCTET STRING
04 14 95 45 7e 5f 2b ea-65 98 12 91 04 f3 63 c7 ...E~_+.e.....c.
68 9a 58 16 77 27 h.X.w'
630:l= 31 cons: SEQUENCE
632:l= 3 prim: OBJECT :X509v3 Authority Key Identifier
637:l= 24 prim: OCTET STRING
30 16 80 14 95 45 7e 5f-2b ea 65 98 12 91 04 f3 0....E~_+.e.....
63 c7 68 9a 58 16 77 27- c.h.X.w'
663:l= 12 cons: SEQUENCE
665:l= 3 prim: OBJECT :X509v3 Basic Constraints
670:l= 5 prim: OCTET STRING
30 03 01 01 ff 0....
677:l= 13 cons: SEQUENCE
Jennings, et al. Informational [Page 7]
^L
RFC 6216 SIP Secure Call Flows April 2011
679:l= 9 prim: OBJECT :sha1WithRSAEncryption
690:l= 0 prim: NULL
692:l= 257 prim: BIT STRING
00 06 5f 9e ae a0 9a bc-b5 b9 5b 7e 97 33 cc df .._.......[~.3..
63 98 98 94 cb 0d 66 a9-83 e8 aa 58 2a 59 a1 9e c.....f....X*Y..
47 31 a6 af 5c 3f a2 25-86 f8 df 05 92 b7 db 69 G1..\?.%.......i
a1 69 72 87 66 c5 ab 35-89 01 37 19 c9 74 eb 09 .ir.f..5..7..t..
d1 3f 88 7b 24 13 42 ca-2d fb 45 e6 cc 4b f8 21 .?.{$.B.-.E..K.!
78 f3 f5 97 ec 09 92 24-a2 f0 e6 94 8d 97 4a 00 x......$......J.
94 00 bd 25 b8 17 2c 52-53 5d cc 5c 48 a4 a1 1d ...%..,RS].\H...
2d f6 50 55 13 a4 d3 b2-a2 f4 f1 b9 6d 48 5e 5c -.PU........mH^\
f3 de e0 fc 59 09 a1 d9-14 61 65 bf d8 3f b9 ba ....Y....ae..?..
2e 7c ed 5c 24 9b 6b ca-aa 5f f1 c1 1e b0 a8 da .|.\$.k.._......
82 0f fb 4c 71 3b 4d 7b-38 c8 e3 8a 2a 19 34 44 ...Lq;M{8...*.4D
26 0b ea f0 47 38 46 28-65 04 e2 01 52 dd ec 3d &...G8F(e...R..=
e5 f5 53 74 77 74 75 6d-c6 d9 c2 0a ac 3b b8 98 ..Stwtum.....;..
5c 55 53 34 74 52 a8 26-b1 2f 30 22 d0 8b b7 f3 \US4tR.&./0"....
a0 dd 68 07 33 d5 ae b7-81 b2 94 58 72 4e 7c c6 ..h.3......XrN|.
72 2f bd 6c 69 fb b5 17-a8 2a 8d d7 2c 91 06 c8 r/.li....*..,...
0c .
2.2. Host Certificates
The certificate for the host example.com is shown below. Note that
the Subject Alternative Name is set to example.com and is a DNS type.
The certificates for the other hosts are shown in Appendix B.
Version: 3 (0x2)
Serial Number:
96:a3:84:17:4e:ef:8a:4f
Signature Algorithm: sha1WithRSAEncryption
Issuer: C=US, ST=California, L=San Jose, O=sipit,
OU=Sipit Test Certificate Authority
Validity
Not Before: Feb 7 19:32:17 2011 GMT
Not After : Jan 14 19:32:17 2111 GMT
Subject: C=US, ST=California, L=San Jose, O=sipit, CN=example.com
Subject Public Key Info:
Public Key Algorithm: rsaEncryption
RSA Public Key: (2048 bit)
Modulus (2048 bit):
00:dd:74:06:02:10:c2:e7:04:1f:bc:8c:b6:24:e7:
9b:94:a3:48:37:85:9e:6d:83:12:84:50:1a:8e:48:
b1:fa:86:8c:a7:80:b9:be:52:ec:a6:ca:63:47:84:
ad:f6:74:85:82:16:7e:4e:36:40:0a:74:2c:20:a9:
6a:0e:6a:7f:35:cf:70:71:63:7d:e9:43:67:81:4c:
ea:b5:1e:b7:4c:a3:35:08:7b:21:0d:2a:73:07:63:
9d:8d:75:bf:1f:d4:8e:e6:67:60:75:f7:ea:0a:7a:
Jennings, et al. Informational [Page 8]
^L
RFC 6216 SIP Secure Call Flows April 2011
6c:90:af:92:45:e0:62:05:9a:8a:10:98:dc:7c:54:
8b:e4:61:95:3b:04:fc:10:50:ef:80:45:ba:5e:84:
97:76:c1:20:25:c1:92:1d:89:0a:f7:55:62:64:fa:
e8:69:a2:62:4c:67:d3:08:d9:61:b5:3d:16:54:b6:
b7:44:8d:59:2b:90:d4:e9:fb:c7:7d:87:58:c3:12:
ac:33:78:00:50:ba:07:05:b3:b9:01:1a:63:55:6c:
e1:7a:ec:a3:07:ae:3b:02:83:a1:69:e0:c3:dc:2d:
61:e9:b2:e3:b3:71:c8:a6:cf:da:fb:3e:99:c7:e5:
71:b9:c9:17:d4:ed:bc:a0:47:54:09:8c:6e:6d:53:
9a:2c:c9:68:c6:6f:f1:3d:91:1a:24:43:77:7d:91:
69:4b
Exponent: 65537 (0x10001)
X509v3 extensions:
X509v3 Subject Alternative Name:
DNS:example.com, URI:sip:example.com
X509v3 Basic Constraints:
CA:FALSE
X509v3 Subject Key Identifier:
CC:06:59:5B:8B:5E:D6:0D:F2:05:4D:1B:68:54:1E:FC:F9:43:19:17
X509v3 Authority Key Identifier:
95:45:7E:5F:2B:EA:65:98:12:91:04:F3:63:C7:68:9A:58:16:77:27
X509v3 Key Usage:
Digital Signature, Non Repudiation, Key Encipherment
X509v3 Extended Key Usage:
TLS Web Server Authentication, 1.3.6.1.5.5.7.3.20
Signature Algorithm: sha1WithRSAEncryption
6a:9a:d1:db:00:4b:90:86:b0:53:ea:6f:30:31:89:1e:9b:09:
14:bd:6f:b9:02:aa:6f:58:ee:30:03:b8:a1:fd:b3:41:72:ff:
b3:0d:cb:76:a7:17:c6:57:38:06:13:e5:f3:e4:30:17:4d:f7:
97:b5:f3:74:e9:81:f8:f4:55:a3:0d:f5:82:38:c3:98:43:52:
1f:84:cd:1a:b4:a3:45:9f:3d:e2:31:fd:cb:a2:ad:ed:60:7d:
fa:d2:aa:49:2f:41:a9:80:01:bb:ed:b6:75:c9:97:69:7f:0c:
91:60:f1:c4:5a:36:e8:5c:ac:e1:a8:e7:9a:55:e5:e0:cd:01:
f4:de:93:f4:38:6c:c1:71:d2:fd:cd:1b:5d:25:eb:90:7b:31:
41:e7:37:0e:e5:c0:01:48:91:f7:34:dd:c6:1f:74:e6:34:34:
e6:cd:93:0f:3f:ce:94:ad:91:d9:e2:72:b1:9f:1d:d3:a5:7d:
5e:e2:a4:56:c5:b1:71:4d:10:0a:5d:a6:56:e6:57:1f:48:a5:
5c:75:67:ea:ab:35:3e:f6:b6:fa:c1:f3:8a:c1:80:71:32:18:
6c:33:b5:fa:16:5a:16:e1:a1:6c:19:67:f5:45:68:64:6f:b2:
31:dc:e3:5a:1a:b2:d4:87:89:96:fd:87:ba:38:4e:0a:19:07:
03:4b:9b:b1
The example host certificate above, as well as all the others
presented in this document, are signed directly by a root CA. These
certificate chains have a length equal to two: the root CA and the
host certificate. Non-root CAs exist and may also sign certificates.
The certificate chains presented by hosts with certificates signed by
Jennings, et al. Informational [Page 9]
^L
RFC 6216 SIP Secure Call Flows April 2011
non-root CAs will have a length greater than two. For more details
on how certificate chains are validated, see Sections 6.1 and 6.2 of
[RFC5280].
2.3. User Certificates
User certificates are used by many applications to establish user
identity. The user certificate for fluffy@example.com is shown
below. Note that the Subject Alternative Name has a list of names
with different URL types such as a sip, im, or pres URL. This is
necessary for interoperating with a Common Profile for Instant
Messaging (CPIM) gateway. In this example, example.com is the domain
for fluffy. The message could be coming from any host in
*.example.com, and the address-of-record (AOR) in the user
certificate would still be the same. The others are shown in
Appendix B.1. These certificates make use of the Extended Key Usage
(EKU) extension discussed in [RFC5924]. Note that the X509v3
Extended Key Usage attribute refers to the SIP OID introduced in
[RFC5924], which is 1.3.6.1.5.5.7.3.20.
Version: 3 (0x2)
Serial Number:
96:a3:84:17:4e:ef:8a:4d
Signature Algorithm: sha1WithRSAEncryption
Issuer: C=US, ST=California, L=San Jose, O=sipit,
OU=Sipit Test Certificate Authority
Validity
Not Before: Feb 7 19:32:17 2011 GMT
Not After : Jan 14 19:32:17 2111 GMT
Subject: C=US, ST=California, L=San Jose, O=sipit,
CN=fluffy
Subject Public Key Info:
Public Key Algorithm: rsaEncryption
RSA Public Key: (2048 bit)
Modulus (2048 bit):
00:a3:2c:59:0c:e9:bc:e4:ec:d3:9e:fb:99:02:ec:
b1:36:3a:b7:d3:1d:4d:c3:3a:b6:ae:50:bd:5f:55:
08:77:8c:7e:a4:e9:f0:68:31:28:8f:23:32:56:19:
c3:22:97:a7:6d:fd:a7:22:2a:01:b5:af:61:bd:5f:
7e:c1:14:e5:98:29:b4:34:4e:38:8a:26:ee:0d:da:
db:27:b9:78:d6:ac:ac:04:78:32:98:c2:75:e7:6a:
b7:2d:b3:3c:e3:eb:97:a5:ef:8b:59:42:50:17:7b:
fe:a7:81:af:37:a7:e7:e3:1f:b0:8d:d0:72:2f:6c:
14:42:c6:01:68:e1:8f:fd:56:4d:7d:cf:16:dc:aa:
05:61:0b:0a:ca:ca:ec:51:ec:53:6e:3d:2b:00:80:
fe:35:1b:06:0a:61:13:88:0b:44:f3:cc:fd:2b:0e:
b4:a2:0b:a0:97:84:14:2e:ee:2b:e3:2f:c1:1a:9e:
86:9a:78:6a:a2:4c:57:93:e7:01:26:d3:56:0d:bd:
Jennings, et al. Informational [Page 10]
^L
RFC 6216 SIP Secure Call Flows April 2011
b0:2f:f8:da:c7:3c:01:dc:cb:2d:31:8c:6c:c6:5c:
b4:63:e8:b2:a2:40:11:bf:ad:f8:6d:12:01:97:1d:
47:f8:6a:15:8b:fb:27:96:73:44:46:34:d7:24:1c:
cf:56:8d:d4:be:d6:94:5b:f0:a6:67:e3:dd:cf:b4:
f2:d5
Exponent: 65537 (0x10001)
X509v3 extensions:
X509v3 Subject Alternative Name:
URI:sip:fluffy@example.com, URI:im:fluffy@example.com,
URI:pres:fluffy@example.com
X509v3 Basic Constraints:
CA:FALSE
X509v3 Subject Key Identifier:
85:97:09:B8:D3:55:37:24:8A:DC:DE:E3:91:72:E4:22:CF:98:87:52
X509v3 Authority Key Identifier:
95:45:7E:5F:2B:EA:65:98:12:91:04:F3:63:C7:68:9A:58:16:77:27
X509v3 Key Usage:
Digital Signature, Non Repudiation, Key Encipherment
X509v3 Extended Key Usage:
E-mail Protection, 1.3.6.1.5.5.7.3.20
Signature Algorithm: sha1WithRSAEncryption
a8:a9:8f:d8:8a:0b:88:ed:ff:4f:bf:e5:cd:8f:9e:7b:b8:e6:
f2:2c:aa:e3:23:5b:9a:71:5e:fd:20:a3:dd:d9:d3:c1:f2:e8:
f0:be:77:db:33:cc:8a:7b:4f:91:2b:8d:d6:f7:14:c3:8d:e0:
60:d3:34:50:bc:be:67:22:cd:f5:74:7b:f4:9a:68:a2:52:2b:
81:2f:46:d3:09:9f:25:c3:20:e8:10:d5:ef:38:7b:d1:17:d4:
f1:d7:54:67:56:f1:13:cf:2f:fc:8b:83:fc:14:e7:01:82:59:
83:cc:b1:8d:f0:c7:da:4e:b1:dc:cc:54:cf:6c:3b:47:47:59:
87:d9:16:ec:af:af:e1:12:13:23:1e:0a:db:f5:b5:ff:5d:ab:
15:0e:e3:25:91:00:0e:90:db:d8:07:11:90:81:01:3a:48:a8:
aa:9e:b0:62:d3:36:f0:0c:b7:2f:a7:17:92:52:36:29:14:0a:
d6:65:86:67:73:74:6e:aa:3c:ee:47:38:1e:c8:6e:06:81:85:
1c:2e:f0:b6:04:7d:6c:38:db:81:9c:b8:07:e3:07:be:f5:2f:
09:68:63:04:6b:87:0e:36:b9:a1:a3:fb:c8:30:0c:a0:63:8d:
6d:ab:0a:f8:44:b0:78:19:1a:38:7e:fa:6a:a1:d4:4b:4b:75:
75:bf:6f:09
Versions of these certificates that do not make use of EKU are also
included in Appendix B.2
Jennings, et al. Informational [Page 11]
^L
RFC 6216 SIP Secure Call Flows April 2011
3. Call Flow with Message Over TLS
3.1. TLS with Server Authentication
The flow below shows the edited SSLDump output of the host
example.com forming a TLS [RFC5246] connection to example.net. In
this example, mutual authentication is not used. Note that the
client proposed three protocol suites including
TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA defined in [RFC5246]. The certificate
returned by the server contains a Subject Alternative Name that is
set to example.net. A detailed discussion of TLS can be found in SSL
and TLS [EKR-TLS]. For more details on the SSLDump tool, see the
SSLDump Manual [ssldump-manpage].
This example does not use the Server Extended Hello (see [RFC5246]).
New TCP connection #1: example.com(50738) <-> example.net(5061)
1 1 0.0004 (0.0004) C>SV3.1(101) Handshake
ClientHello
Version 3.1
random[32]=
4c 09 5b a7 66 77 eb 43 52 30 dd 98 4d 09 23 d3
ff 81 74 ab 04 69 bb 79 8c dc 59 cd c2 1f b7 ec
cipher suites
TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA
TLS_ECDH_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA
TLS_DHE_RSA_WITH_AES_256_SHA
TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA
TLS_DSS_RSA_WITH_AES_256_SHA
TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA
TLS_ECDH_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA
TLS_DHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA
TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA
TLS_DHE_DSS_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA
TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_DES_192_CBC3_SHA
TLS_ECDH_RSA_WITH_DES_192_CBC3_SHA
TLS_DHE_RSA_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA
TLS_RSA_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA
TLS_DHE_DSS_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA
TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_RC4_128_SHA
TLS_ECDH_RSA_WITH_RC4_128_SHA
TLS_RSA_WITH_RC4_128_SHA
TLS_RSA_WITH_RC4_128_MD5
TLS_DHE_RSA_WITH_DES_CBC_SHA
TLS_DHE_RSA_EXPORT_WITH_DES40_CBC_SHA
TLS_RSA_WITH_DES_CBC_SHA
TLS_RSA_EXPORT_WITH_DES40_CBC_SHA
TLS_DHE_DSS_WITH_DES_CBC_SHA
Jennings, et al. Informational [Page 12]
^L
RFC 6216 SIP Secure Call Flows April 2011
TLS_DHE_DSS_EXPORT_WITH_DES40_CBC_SHA
TLS_RSA_EXPORT_WITH_RC4_40_MD5
compression methods
NULL
1 2 0.0012 (0.0007) S>CV3.1(48) Handshake
ServerHello
Version 3.1
random[32]=
4c 09 5b a7 30 87 74 c7 16 98 24 d5 af 35 17 a7
ef c3 78 0c 94 d4 94 d2 7b a6 3f 40 04 25 f6 e0
session_id[0]=
cipherSuite TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA
compressionMethod NULL
1 3 0.0012 (0.0000) S>CV3.1(1858) Handshake
Certificate
1 4 0.0012 (0.0000) S>CV3.1(14) Handshake
CertificateRequest
certificate_types rsa_sign
certificate_types dss_sign
certificate_types unknown value
ServerHelloDone
1 5 0.0043 (0.0031) C>SV3.1(7) Handshake
Certificate
1 6 0.0043 (0.0000) C>SV3.1(262) Handshake
ClientKeyExchange
1 7 0.0043 (0.0000) C>SV3.1(1) ChangeCipherSpec
1 8 0.0043 (0.0000) C>SV3.1(48) Handshake
1 9 0.0129 (0.0085) S>CV3.1(170) Handshake
1 10 0.0129 (0.0000) S>CV3.1(1) ChangeCipherSpec
1 11 0.0129 (0.0000) S>CV3.1(48) Handshake
1 12 0.0134 (0.0005) C>SV3.1(32) application_data
1 13 0.0134 (0.0000) C>SV3.1(496) application_data
1 14 0.2150 (0.2016) S>CV3.1(32) application_data
1 15 0.2150 (0.0000) S>CV3.1(336) application_data
1 16 12.2304 (12.0154) S>CV3.1(32) Alert
1 12.2310 (0.0005) S>C TCP FIN
1 17 12.2321 (0.0011) C>SV3.1(32) Alert
3.2. MESSAGE Transaction Over TLS
Once the TLS session is set up, the following MESSAGE request (as
defined in [RFC3428] is sent from fluffy@example.com to
kumiko@example.net. Note that the URI has a SIPS URL and that the
VIA indicates that TLS was used. In order to format this document,
the <allOneLine> convention from [RFC4475] is used to break long
lines. The actual message does not contain the line breaks contained
within those tags.
Jennings, et al. Informational [Page 13]
^L
RFC 6216 SIP Secure Call Flows April 2011
MESSAGE sips:kumiko@example.net:5061 SIP/2.0
<allOneLine>
Via: SIP/2.0/TLS 192.0.2.2:15001;
branch=z9hG4bK-d8754z-c785a077a9a8451b-1---d8754z-;
rport=50738
</allOneLine>
Max-Forwards: 70
To: <sips:kumiko@example.net:5061>
From: <sips:fluffy@example.com:15001>;tag=1a93430b
Call-ID: OTZmMDE2OWNlYTVjNDkzYzBhMWRlMDU4NDExZmU4ZTQ.
CSeq: 4308 MESSAGE
<allOneLine>
Accept: multipart/signed, text/plain, application/pkcs7-mime,
application/sdp, multipart/alternative
</allOneLine>
Content-Type: text/plain
Content-Length: 6
Hello!
When a User Agent (UA) goes to send a message to example.com, the UA
can see if it already has a TLS connection to example.com and if it
does, it may send the message over this connection. A UA should have
some scheme for reusing connections as opening a new TLS connection
for every message results in awful performance. Implementers are
encouraged to read [RFC5923] and [RFC3263].
The response is sent from example.net to example.com over the same
TLS connection. It is shown below.
SIP/2.0 200 OK
<allOneLine>
Via: SIP/2.0/TLS 192.0.2.2:15001;
branch=z9hG4bK-d8754z-c785a077a9a8451b-1---d8754z-;
rport=50738
</allOneLine>
To: <sips:kumiko@example.net:5061>;tag=0d075510
From: <sips:fluffy@example.com:15001>;tag=1a93430b
Call-ID: OTZmMDE2OWNlYTVjNDkzYzBhMWRlMDU4NDExZmU4ZTQ.
CSeq: 4308 MESSAGE
Content-Length: 0
Jennings, et al. Informational [Page 14]
^L
RFC 6216 SIP Secure Call Flows April 2011
4. Call Flow with S/MIME-Secured Message
4.1. MESSAGE Request with Signed Body
Below is an example of a signed message. The values on the Content-
Type line (multipart/signed) and on the Content-Disposition line have
been broken across lines to fit on the page, but they are not broken
across lines in actual implementations.
MESSAGE sip:kumiko@example.net SIP/2.0
<allOneLine>
Via: SIP/2.0/TCP 192.0.2.2:15001;
branch=z9hG4bK-d8754z-3a922b6dc0f0ff37-1---d8754z-;
rport=50739
</allOneLine>
Max-Forwards: 70
To: <sip:kumiko@example.net>
From: <sip:fluffy@example.com>;tag=ef6bad5e
Call-ID: N2NiZjI0NjRjNDQ0MTY1NDRjNWNmMGU1MDA2MDRhYmI.
CSeq: 8473 MESSAGE
<allOneLine>
Accept: multipart/signed, text/plain, application/pkcs7-mime,
application/sdp, multipart/alternative
</allOneLine>
<allOneLine>
Content-Type: multipart/signed;boundary=3b515e121b43a911;
micalg=sha1;protocol="application/pkcs7-signature"
</allOneLine>
Content-Length: 774
--3b515e121b43a911
Content-Type: text/plain
Content-Transfer-Encoding: binary
Hello!
--3b515e121b43a911
Content-Type: application/pkcs7-signature;name=smime.p7s
<allOneLine>
Content-Disposition: attachment;handling=required;
filename=smime.p7s
</allOneLine>
Content-Transfer-Encoding: binary
*****************
* BINARY BLOB 1 *
*****************
--3b515e121b43a911--
Jennings, et al. Informational [Page 15]
^L
RFC 6216 SIP Secure Call Flows April 2011
It is important to note that the signature ("BINARY BLOB 1") is
computed over the MIME headers and body, but excludes the multipart
boundary lines. The value on the Message-body line ends with CRLF.
The CRLF is included in the boundary and is not part of the signature
computation. To be clear, the signature is computed over data
starting with the "C" in the "Content-Type" and ending with the "!"
in the "Hello!".
Content-Type: text/plain
Content-Transfer-Encoding: binary
Hello!
Following is the ASN.1 parsing of encrypted contents referred to
above as "BINARY BLOB 1". Note that at address 30, the hash for the
signature is specified as SHA-1. Also note that the sender's
certificate is not attached as it is optional in [RFC5652].
0 472: SEQUENCE {
4 9: OBJECT IDENTIFIER signedData (1 2 840 113549 1 7 2)
15 457: [0] {
19 453: SEQUENCE {
23 1: INTEGER 1
26 11: SET {
28 9: SEQUENCE {
30 5: OBJECT IDENTIFIER sha1 (1 3 14 3 2 26)
37 0: NULL
: }
: }
39 11: SEQUENCE {
41 9: OBJECT IDENTIFIER data (1 2 840 113549 1 7 1)
: }
52 420: SET {
56 416: SEQUENCE {
60 1: INTEGER 1
63 125: SEQUENCE {
65 112: SEQUENCE {
67 11: SET {
69 9: SEQUENCE {
71 3: OBJECT IDENTIFIER countryName (2 5 4 6)
76 2: PrintableString 'US'
: }
: }
80 19: SET {
82 17: SEQUENCE {
84 3: OBJECT IDENTIFIER
: stateOrProvinceName (2 5 4 8)
89 10: UTF8String 'California'
Jennings, et al. Informational [Page 16]
^L
RFC 6216 SIP Secure Call Flows April 2011
: }
: }
101 17: SET {
103 15: SEQUENCE {
105 3: OBJECT IDENTIFIER localityName (2 5 4 7)
110 8: UTF8String 'San Jose'
: }
: }
120 14: SET {
122 12: SEQUENCE {
124 3: OBJECT IDENTIFIER
: organizationName (2 5 4 10)
129 5: UTF8String 'sipit'
: }
: }
136 41: SET {
138 39: SEQUENCE {
140 3: OBJECT IDENTIFIER
: organizationalUnitName (2 5 4 11)
145 32: UTF8String 'Sipit Test Certificate
Authority'
: }
: }
: }
179 9: INTEGER 00 96 A3 84 17 4E EF 8A 4D
: }
190 9: SEQUENCE {
192 5: OBJECT IDENTIFIER sha1 (1 3 14 3 2 26)
199 0: NULL
: }
201 13: SEQUENCE {
203 9: OBJECT IDENTIFIER
: rsaEncryption (1 2 840 113549 1 1 1)
214 0: NULL
: }
216 256: OCTET STRING
: 74 4D 21 39 D6 E2 E2 2C 30 5A AA BC 4E 60 8D 69
: A7 E5 79 50 1A B1 7D 4A D3 C1 03 9F 19 7D A2 76
: 97 B3 CE 30 CD 62 4B 96 20 35 DB C1 64 D9 33 92
: 96 CD 28 03 98 6E 2C 0C F6 8D 93 40 F2 88 DA 29
: AD 0B C2 0E F9 D3 6A 95 2C 79 6E C2 3D 62 E6 54
: A9 1B AC 66 DB 16 B7 44 6C 03 1B 71 9C EE C9 EC
: 4D 93 B1 CF F5 17 79 C5 C8 BA 2F A7 6C 4B DC CF
: 62 A3 F3 1A 1B 24 E4 40 66 3C 4F 87 86 BF 09 6A
: 7A 43 60 2B FC D8 3D 2B 57 17 CB 81 03 2A 56 69
: 81 82 FA 78 DE D2 3A 2F FA A3 C5 EA 8B E8 0C 36
: 1B BC DC FD 1B 8C 2E 0F 01 AF D9 E1 04 0E 4E 50
: 94 75 7C BD D9 0B DD AA FA 36 E3 EC E4 A5 35 46
Jennings, et al. Informational [Page 17]
^L
RFC 6216 SIP Secure Call Flows April 2011
: BE A2 97 1D AD BA 44 54 3A ED 94 DA 76 4A 51 BA
: A4 7D 7A 62 BF 2A 2F F2 5C 5A FE CA E6 B9 DC 5D
: EA 26 F2 35 17 19 20 CE 97 96 4E 72 9C 72 FD 1F
: 68 C1 6A 5C 86 42 F2 ED F2 70 65 4C C7 44 C5 7C
: }
: }
: }
: }
: }
SHA-1 parameters may be omitted entirely, instead of being set to
NULL, as mentioned in [RFC3370]. The above dump of Blob 1 has SHA-1
parameters set to NULL. Below are the same contents signed with the
same key, but omitting the NULL according to [RFC3370]. This is the
preferred encoding. This is covered in greater detail in Section 5.
0 468: SEQUENCE {
4 9: OBJECT IDENTIFIER signedData (1 2 840 113549 1 7 2)
15 453: [0] {
19 449: SEQUENCE {
23 1: INTEGER 1
26 9: SET {
28 7: SEQUENCE {
30 5: OBJECT IDENTIFIER sha1 (1 3 14 3 2 26)
: }
: }
37 11: SEQUENCE {
39 9: OBJECT IDENTIFIER data (1 2 840 113549 1 7 1)
: }
50 418: SET {
54 414: SEQUENCE {
58 1: INTEGER 1
61 125: SEQUENCE {
63 112: SEQUENCE {
65 11: SET {
67 9: SEQUENCE {
69 3: OBJECT IDENTIFIER countryName (2 5 4 6)
74 2: PrintableString 'US'
: }
: }
78 19: SET {
80 17: SEQUENCE {
82 3: OBJECT IDENTIFIER
: stateOrProvinceName (2 5 4 8)
87 10: UTF8String 'California'
: }
: }
99 17: SET {
Jennings, et al. Informational [Page 18]
^L
RFC 6216 SIP Secure Call Flows April 2011
101 15: SEQUENCE {
103 3: OBJECT IDENTIFIER localityName (2 5 4 7)
108 8: UTF8String 'San Jose'
: }
: }
118 14: SET {
120 12: SEQUENCE {
122 3: OBJECT IDENTIFIER
: organizationName (2 5 4 10)
127 5: UTF8String 'sipit'
: }
: }
134 41: SET {
136 39: SEQUENCE {
138 3: OBJECT IDENTIFIER
: organizationalUnitName (2 5 4 11)
143 32: UTF8String 'Sipit Test Certificate
Authority'
: }
: }
: }
177 9: INTEGER 00 96 A3 84 17 4E EF 8A 4D
: }
188 7: SEQUENCE {
190 5: OBJECT IDENTIFIER sha1 (1 3 14 3 2 26)
: }
197 13: SEQUENCE {
199 9: OBJECT IDENTIFIER
: rsaEncryption (1 2 840 113549 1 1 1)
210 0: NULL
: }
212 256: OCTET STRING
: 74 4D 21 39 D6 E2 E2 2C 30 5A AA BC 4E 60 8D 69
: A7 E5 79 50 1A B1 7D 4A D3 C1 03 9F 19 7D A2 76
: 97 B3 CE 30 CD 62 4B 96 20 35 DB C1 64 D9 33 92
: 96 CD 28 03 98 6E 2C 0C F6 8D 93 40 F2 88 DA 29
: AD 0B C2 0E F9 D3 6A 95 2C 79 6E C2 3D 62 E6 54
: A9 1B AC 66 DB 16 B7 44 6C 03 1B 71 9C EE C9 EC
: 4D 93 B1 CF F5 17 79 C5 C8 BA 2F A7 6C 4B DC CF
: 62 A3 F3 1A 1B 24 E4 40 66 3C 4F 87 86 BF 09 6A
: 7A 43 60 2B FC D8 3D 2B 57 17 CB 81 03 2A 56 69
: 81 82 FA 78 DE D2 3A 2F FA A3 C5 EA 8B E8 0C 36
: 1B BC DC FD 1B 8C 2E 0F 01 AF D9 E1 04 0E 4E 50
: 94 75 7C BD D9 0B DD AA FA 36 E3 EC E4 A5 35 46
: BE A2 97 1D AD BA 44 54 3A ED 94 DA 76 4A 51 BA
: A4 7D 7A 62 BF 2A 2F F2 5C 5A FE CA E6 B9 DC 5D
: EA 26 F2 35 17 19 20 CE 97 96 4E 72 9C 72 FD 1F
: 68 C1 6A 5C 86 42 F2 ED F2 70 65 4C C7 44 C5 7C
Jennings, et al. Informational [Page 19]
^L
RFC 6216 SIP Secure Call Flows April 2011
: }
: }
: }
: }
: }
4.2. MESSAGE Request with Encrypted Body
Below is an example of an encrypted text/plain message that says
"Hello!". The binary encrypted contents have been replaced with the
block "BINARY BLOB 2".
MESSAGE sip:kumiko@example.net SIP/2.0
<allOneLine>
Via: SIP/2.0/TCP 192.0.2.2:15001;
branch=z9hG4bK-d8754z-c276232b541dd527-1---d8754z-;
rport=50741
</allOneLine>
Max-Forwards: 70
To: <sip:kumiko@example.net>
From: <sip:fluffy@example.com>;tag=7a2e3025
Call-ID: MDYyMDhhODA3NWE2ZjEyYzAwOTZlMjExNWI2ZWQwZGM.
CSeq: 3260 MESSAGE
<allOneLine>
Accept: multipart/signed, text/plain, application/pkcs7-mime,
application/sdp, multipart/alternative
</allOneLine>
<allOneLine>
Content-Disposition: attachment;handling=required;
filename=smime.p7
</allOneLine>
Content-Transfer-Encoding: binary
<allOneLine>
Content-Type: application/pkcs7-mime;smime-type=enveloped-data;
name=smime.p7m
</allOneLine>
Content-Length: 565
*****************
* BINARY BLOB 2 *
*****************
Following is the ASN.1 parsing of "BINARY BLOB 2". Note that at
address 454, the encryption is set to aes128-CBC.
0 561: SEQUENCE {
4 9: OBJECT IDENTIFIER envelopedData (1 2 840 113549 1 7 3)
15 546: [0] {
Jennings, et al. Informational [Page 20]
^L
RFC 6216 SIP Secure Call Flows April 2011
19 542: SEQUENCE {
23 1: INTEGER 0
26 409: SET {
30 405: SEQUENCE {
34 1: INTEGER 0
37 125: SEQUENCE {
39 112: SEQUENCE {
41 11: SET {
43 9: SEQUENCE {
45 3: OBJECT IDENTIFIER countryName (2 5 4 6)
50 2: PrintableString 'US'
: }
: }
54 19: SET {
56 17: SEQUENCE {
58 3: OBJECT IDENTIFIER
: stateOrProvinceName (2 5 4 8)
63 10: UTF8String 'California'
: }
: }
75 17: SET {
77 15: SEQUENCE {
79 3: OBJECT IDENTIFIER localityName (2 5 4 7)
84 8: UTF8String 'San Jose'
: }
: }
94 14: SET {
96 12: SEQUENCE {
98 3: OBJECT IDENTIFIER
: organizationName (2 5 4 10)
103 5: UTF8String 'sipit'
: }
: }
110 41: SET {
112 39: SEQUENCE {
114 3: OBJECT IDENTIFIER
: organizationalUnitName (2 5 4 11)
119 32: UTF8String 'Sipit Test Certificate
Authority'
: }
: }
: }
153 9: INTEGER 00 96 A3 84 17 4E EF 8A 4E
: }
164 13: SEQUENCE {
166 9: OBJECT IDENTIFIER
: rsaEncryption (1 2 840 113549 1 1 1)
177 0: NULL
Jennings, et al. Informational [Page 21]
^L
RFC 6216 SIP Secure Call Flows April 2011
: }
179 256: OCTET STRING
: B9 12 8F 32 AB 4A E2 38 C1 E0 53 69 88 D6 25 E7
: 40 03 B1 DE 79 21 A3 E8 23 5A 1B CB FB 58 F4 97
: 48 A7 C8 F0 3D DF 41 A3 5A 90 32 70 82 FA B0 DE
: D8 94 7C 6C 2E 01 FE 33 BD 62 CB 07 4F 58 DE 6F
: EA 3F EF B4 FB 46 72 58 9A 88 A0 85 BC 23 D7 C8
: 09 0B 90 8D 4A 5F 3F 96 7C AC D4 E2 19 E8 02 B6
: 0E F3 0D F2 91 4A 67 A9 EE 51 6A 97 D7 86 6D EC
: 78 6E C6 E0 83 7C E1 00 1F 5A 40 59 60 0C D7 EB
: A3 FB 04 B3 C9 A5 EB 79 ED B3 56 F8 F6 51 B2 5E
: 58 E2 D8 17 28 33 A6 B8 35 8C 0E 14 7F 90 D0 7B
: 03 00 6C 3D 81 29 F5 D7 E5 AC 75 5E E0 F0 DD E3
: 3E B2 06 97 D6 49 A9 CB 38 08 F1 84 05 F5 C0 BC
: 55 A6 D4 C9 D8 FD A4 AC 40 9F 9D 51 5B F7 3A C3
: C3 CD 3A E7 6D 21 05 D0 50 75 4F 14 D8 77 76 C6
: 13 A6 48 12 7B 25 CC 22 5D 73 BD 40 E4 15 02 A2
: 39 4A CB D9 55 08 A4 EE 4E 8A 5E BA C4 4A 46 9C
: }
: }
439 124: SEQUENCE {
441 9: OBJECT IDENTIFIER data (1 2 840 113549 1 7 1)
452 29: SEQUENCE {
454 9: OBJECT IDENTIFIER
: aes128-CBC (2 16 840 1 101 3 4 1 2)
465 16: OCTET STRING
: CA 35 CA BD 1E 78 83 D9 20 6C 47 B9 9F DC 91 88
: }
483 80: [0]
: 1B AE 12 C4 0E 55 96 AB 99 CC 1C 7F B5 98 A4 BF
: D2 D8 7F 94 BB B5 38 05 59 F2 38 A1 CD 29 75 17
: 1D 63 1B 0B B0 2D 88 06 7F 78 80 F3 5A 3E DC 35
: BF 22 1E 03 32 59 98 DA FD 81 5F D9 41 63 3A 18
: FD B5 84 14 01 46 0B 40 EB 56 29 86 47 8B D1 EE
: }
: }
: }
: }
4.3. MESSAGE Request with Encrypted and Signed Body
In the example below, some of the header values have been split
across multiple lines. Where the lines have been broken, the
<allOneLine> convention has been used. This was only done to make it
fit in the RFC format. Specifically, the application/pkcs7-mime
Content-Type line is one line with no whitespace between the "mime;"
and the "smime-type". The values are split across lines for
formatting, but are not split in the real message. The binary
Jennings, et al. Informational [Page 22]
^L
RFC 6216 SIP Secure Call Flows April 2011
encrypted content has been replaced with "BINARY BLOB 3", and the
binary signed content has been replaced with "BINARY BLOB 4".
MESSAGE sip:kumiko@example.net SIP/2.0
<allOneLine>
Via: SIP/2.0/TCP 192.0.2.2:15001;
branch=z9hG4bK-d8754z-97a26e59b7262b34-1---d8754z-;
rport=50742
</allOneLine>
Max-Forwards: 70
To: <sip:kumiko@example.net>
From: <sip:fluffy@example.com>;tag=379f5b27
Call-ID: MjYwMzdjYTY3YWRkYzgzMjU0MGI4Mzc2Njk1YzJlNzE.
CSeq: 5449 MESSAGE
<allOneLine>
Accept: multipart/signed, text/plain, application/pkcs7-mime,
application/sdp, multipart/alternative
</allOneLine>
<allOneLine>
Content-Type: multipart/signed;boundary=e8df6e1ce5d1e864;
micalg=sha1;protocol="application/pkcs7-signature"
</allOneLine>
Content-Length: 1455
--e8df6e1ce5d1e864
<allOneLine>
Content-Type: application/pkcs7-mime;smime-type=enveloped-data;
name=smime.p7m
</allOneLine>
<allOneLine>
Content-Disposition: attachment;handling=required;
filename=smime.p7
</allOneLine>
Content-Transfer-Encoding: binary
*****************
* BINARY BLOB 3 *
*****************
--e8df6e1ce5d1e864
Content-Type: application/pkcs7-signature;name=smime.p7s
<allOneLine>
Content-Disposition: attachment;handling=required;
filename=smime.p7s
</allOneLine>
Content-Transfer-Encoding: binary
*****************
* BINARY BLOB 4 *
Jennings, et al. Informational [Page 23]
^L
RFC 6216 SIP Secure Call Flows April 2011
*****************
--e8df6e1ce5d1e864--
Below is the ASN.1 parsing of "BINARY BLOB 3".
0 561: SEQUENCE {
4 9: OBJECT IDENTIFIER envelopedData (1 2 840 113549 1 7 3)
15 546: [0] {
19 542: SEQUENCE {
23 1: INTEGER 0
26 409: SET {
30 405: SEQUENCE {
34 1: INTEGER 0
37 125: SEQUENCE {
39 112: SEQUENCE {
41 11: SET {
43 9: SEQUENCE {
45 3: OBJECT IDENTIFIER countryName (2 5 4 6)
50 2: PrintableString 'US'
: }
: }
54 19: SET {
56 17: SEQUENCE {
58 3: OBJECT IDENTIFIER
: stateOrProvinceName (2 5 4 8)
63 10: UTF8String 'California'
: }
: }
75 17: SET {
77 15: SEQUENCE {
79 3: OBJECT IDENTIFIER localityName (2 5 4 7)
84 8: UTF8String 'San Jose'
: }
: }
94 14: SET {
96 12: SEQUENCE {
98 3: OBJECT IDENTIFIER
: organizationName (2 5 4 10)
103 5: UTF8String 'sipit'
: }
: }
110 41: SET {
112 39: SEQUENCE {
114 3: OBJECT IDENTIFIER
: organizationalUnitName (2 5 4 11)
119 32: UTF8String 'Sipit Test Certificate
Authority'
: }
Jennings, et al. Informational [Page 24]
^L
RFC 6216 SIP Secure Call Flows April 2011
: }
: }
153 9: INTEGER 00 96 A3 84 17 4E EF 8A 4E
: }
164 13: SEQUENCE {
166 9: OBJECT IDENTIFIER
: rsaEncryption (1 2 840 113549 1 1 1)
177 0: NULL
: }
179 256: OCTET STRING
: 49 11 0B 11 52 A9 9D E3 AA FB 86 CB EB 12 CC 8E
: 96 9D 85 3E 80 D2 7C C4 9B B7 81 4B B5 FA 13 80
: 6A 6A B2 34 72 D8 C0 82 60 DA B3 43 F8 51 8C 32
: 8B DD D0 76 6D 9C 46 73 C1 44 A0 10 FF 16 A4 83
: 74 85 21 74 7D E0 FD 42 C0 97 00 82 A2 80 81 22
: 9C A2 82 0A 85 F0 68 EF 9A D7 6D 1D 24 2B A9 5E
: B3 9A A0 3E A7 D9 1D 1C D7 42 CB 6F A5 81 66 23
: 28 00 7C 99 6A B6 03 3F 7E F6 48 EA 91 49 35 F1
: FD 40 54 5D AC F7 84 EA 3F 27 43 FD DE E2 10 DD
: 63 C4 35 4A 13 63 0B 6D 0D 9A D5 AB 72 39 69 8C
: 65 4C 44 C4 A3 31 60 79 B9 A8 A3 A1 03 FD 41 25
: 12 E5 F3 F8 47 CE 8C 42 D9 26 77 A5 57 AF 1A 95
: BF 05 A5 E9 47 F2 D1 AE DC 13 7E 1B 83 5C 8C C4
: 1F 31 BC 59 E6 FD 6E 9A B0 91 EC 71 A6 7F 28 3E
: 23 1B 40 E2 C0 60 CF 5E 5B 86 08 06 82 B4 B7 DB
: 00 DD AC 3A 39 27 E2 7C 96 AD 8A E9 C3 B8 06 5E
: }
: }
439 124: SEQUENCE {
441 9: OBJECT IDENTIFIER data (1 2 840 113549 1 7 1)
452 29: SEQUENCE {
454 9: OBJECT IDENTIFIER
: aes128-CBC (2 16 840 1 101 3 4 1 2)
465 16: OCTET STRING
: 88 9B 13 75 A7 66 14 C3 CF CD C6 FF D2 91 5D A0
: }
483 80: [0]
: 80 0B A3 B7 57 89 B4 F4 70 AE 1D 14 A9 35 DD F9
: 1D 66 29 46 52 40 13 E1 3B 4A 23 E5 EC AB F9 35
: A6 B6 A4 BE C0 02 31 06 19 C4 39 22 7D 10 4C 0D
: F4 96 04 78 11 85 4E 7E E3 C3 BC B2 DF 55 17 79
: 5F F2 4E E5 25 42 37 45 39 5D F6 DA 57 9A 4E 0B
: }
: }
: }
: }
Jennings, et al. Informational [Page 25]
^L
RFC 6216 SIP Secure Call Flows April 2011
Below is the ASN.1 parsing of "BINARY BLOB 4".
0 472: SEQUENCE {
4 9: OBJECT IDENTIFIER signedData (1 2 840 113549 1 7 2)
15 457: [0] {
19 453: SEQUENCE {
23 1: INTEGER 1
26 11: SET {
28 9: SEQUENCE {
30 5: OBJECT IDENTIFIER sha1 (1 3 14 3 2 26)
37 0: NULL
: }
: }
39 11: SEQUENCE {
41 9: OBJECT IDENTIFIER data (1 2 840 113549 1 7 1)
: }
52 420: SET {
56 416: SEQUENCE {
60 1: INTEGER 1
63 125: SEQUENCE {
65 112: SEQUENCE {
67 11: SET {
69 9: SEQUENCE {
71 3: OBJECT IDENTIFIER countryName (2 5 4 6)
76 2: PrintableString 'US'
: }
: }
80 19: SET {
82 17: SEQUENCE {
84 3: OBJECT IDENTIFIER
: stateOrProvinceName (2 5 4 8)
89 10: UTF8String 'California'
: }
: }
101 17: SET {
103 15: SEQUENCE {
105 3: OBJECT IDENTIFIER localityName (2 5 4 7)
110 8: UTF8String 'San Jose'
: }
: }
120 14: SET {
122 12: SEQUENCE {
124 3: OBJECT IDENTIFIER
: organizationName (2 5 4 10)
129 5: UTF8String 'sipit'
: }
: }
136 41: SET {
Jennings, et al. Informational [Page 26]
^L
RFC 6216 SIP Secure Call Flows April 2011
138 39: SEQUENCE {
140 3: OBJECT IDENTIFIER
: organizationalUnitName (2 5 4 11)
145 32: UTF8String 'Sipit Test Certificate
Authority'
: }
: }
: }
179 9: INTEGER 00 96 A3 84 17 4E EF 8A 4D
: }
190 9: SEQUENCE {
192 5: OBJECT IDENTIFIER sha1 (1 3 14 3 2 26)
199 0: NULL
: }
201 13: SEQUENCE {
203 9: OBJECT IDENTIFIER
: rsaEncryption (1 2 840 113549 1 1 1)
214 0: NULL
: }
216 256: OCTET STRING
: 6E 51 AC 24 2E BA 7C A1 EE 80 A8 55 BC D4 64 5D
: E5 29 09 5F B2 AF AA 6F 91 D2 97 79 32 5B AF CA
: FE A1 73 FC E5 57 4E C6 3B 67 35 AA E4 78 1E 59
: 93 EE 67 63 77 1E 7A 82 BC 1E 26 0F 39 75 0C A6
: 26 92 01 6A B7 5D F0 C0 2C 51 46 FB A7 36 44 E3
: 64 C6 11 CB 0B 6B FD F3 6D 7C FD 3E AE 2E 91 BB
: 78 9E F4 1B A1 20 68 B9 DE D3 E3 0C FC F7 14 9A
: 2C 64 AB 27 52 BD 52 EC 27 88 14 BD DB C3 54 C7
: EA 48 DB 07 E9 9B 2E C8 BE 62 A2 76 83 53 37 E8
: 02 4B D1 86 E9 DF 2E BD 93 39 EC 2F 01 53 A0 7F
: 1A B9 A6 31 FC E7 91 1C DB 22 4A 67 83 94 B2 4E
: 28 A9 CD DE 4A 04 6A E0 86 90 7B 58 5F DB 7A 96
: 96 A0 25 61 C2 58 A2 28 E5 B3 B2 F1 6D 51 06 9C
: 78 61 0D D8 3A A7 9F A3 B5 87 0B 80 11 C2 A9 1A
: E5 17 1C EB 82 55 AB CD 04 E7 D9 5B 11 E8 B7 47
: FE FD CC B7 DB 47 6F 77 85 9E 24 D8 11 E1 E4 7D
: }
: }
: }
: }
: }
5. Observed Interoperability Issues
This section describes some common interoperability problems. These
were observed by the authors at SIPit interoperability events.
Implementers should be careful to verify that their systems do not
introduce these common problems, and, when possible, make their
Jennings, et al. Informational [Page 27]
^L
RFC 6216 SIP Secure Call Flows April 2011
clients forgiving in what they receive. Implementations should take
extra care to produce reasonable error messages when interacting with
software that has these problems.
Some SIP clients incorrectly only do SSLv3 and do not support TLS.
See Section 26.2.1 of [RFC3261].
Many SIP clients were found to accept expired certificates with no
warning or error. See Section 4.1.2.5 of [RFC5280].
When used with SIP, TLS and S/MIME provide the identity of the peer
that a client is communicating with in the Subject Alternative Name
in the certificate. The software checks that this name corresponds
to the identity the server is trying to contact. Normative text
describing path validation can be found in Section 7 of [RFC5922] and
Section 6 of [RFC5280]. If a client is trying to set up a TLS
connection to good.example.com and it gets a TLS connection set up
with a server that presents a valid certificate but with the name
evil.example.com, it will typically generate an error or warning of
some type. Similarly with S/MIME, if a user is trying to communicate
with sip:fluffy@example.com, one of the items in the Subject
Alternate Name set in the certificate will need to match according to
the certificate validation rules in Section 23 of [RFC3261] and
Section 6 of [RFC5280].
Some implementations used binary MIME encodings while others used
base64. It is advisable that implementations send only binary and
are prepared to receive either. See Section 3.2 of [RFC5621].
In several places in this document, the messages contain the encoding
for the SHA-1 digest algorithm identifier. The preferred form for
encoding as set out in Section 2 of [RFC3370] is the form in which
the optional AlgorithmIdentifier parameter field is omitted.
However, [RFC3370] also says the recipients need to be able to
receive the form in which the AlgorithmIdentifier parameter field is
present and set to NULL. Examples of the form using NULL can be
found in Section 4.2 of [RFC4134]. Receivers really do need to be
able to receive the form that includes the NULL because the NULL
form, while not preferred, is what was observed as being generated by
most implementations. Implementers should also note that if the
algorithm is MD5 instead of SHA-1, then the form that omits the
AlgorithmIdentifier parameters field is not allowed and the sender
has to use the form where the NULL is included.
The preferred encryption algorithm for S/MIME in SIP is AES as
defined in [RFC3853].
Jennings, et al. Informational [Page 28]
^L
RFC 6216 SIP Secure Call Flows April 2011
Observed S/MIME interoperability has been better when UAs did not
attach the senders' certificates. Attaching the certificates
significantly increases the size of the messages, which should be
considered when sending over UDP. Furthermore, the receiver cannot
rely on the sender to always send the certificate, so it does not
turn out to be useful in most situations.
Please note that the certificate path validation algorithm described
in Section 6 of [RFC5280] is a complex algorithm for which all of the
details matter. There are numerous ways in which failing to
precisely implement the algorithm as specified in Section 6 of
[RFC5280] can create a security flaw, a simple example of which is
the failure to check the expiration date that is already mentioned
above. It is important for developers to ensure that this validation
is performed and that the results are verified by their applications
or any libraries that they use.
6. Additional Test Scenarios
This section provides a non-exhaustive list of tests that
implementations should perform while developing systems that use
S/MIME and TLS for SIP.
Much of the required behavior for inspecting certificates when using
S/MIME and TLS with SIP is currently underspecified. The non-
normative recommendations in this document capture the current
folklore around that required behavior, guided by both related
normative works such as [RFC4474] (particularly, Section 13.4 Domain
Names and Subordination) and informative works such as [RFC2818],
Section 3.1. To summarize, test plans should:
o For S/MIME secured bodies, ensure that the peer's URI (address-of-
record, as per [RFC3261], Section 23.3) appears in the
subjectAltName of the peer's certificate as a
uniformResourceIdentifier field.
o For TLS, ensure that the peer's hostname appears as described in
[RFC5922]. Also:
* ensure an exact match in a dNSName entry in the subjectAltName
if there are any dNSNames in the subjectAltName. Wildcard
matching is not allowed against these dNSName entries. See
Section 7.1 of [RFC5922].
* ensure that the most specific CommonName in the Subject field
matches if there are no dNSName entries in the subjectAltName
at all (which is not the same as there being no matching
Jennings, et al. Informational [Page 29]
^L
RFC 6216 SIP Secure Call Flows April 2011
dNSName entries). This match can be either exact, or against
an entry that uses the wildcard matching character '*'.
The peer's hostname is discovered from the initial DNS query in
the server location process [RFC3263].
o IP addresses can appear in subjectAltName ([RFC5280]) of the
peer's certificate, e.g., "IP:192.168.0.1". Note that if IP
addresses are used in subjectAltName, there are important
ramifications regarding the use of Record-Route headers that also
need to be considered. See Section 7.5 of [RFC5922]. Use of IP
addresses instead of domain names is inadvisable.
For each of these tests, an implementation will proceed past the
verification point only if the certificate is "good". S/MIME
protected requests presenting bad certificate data will be rejected.
S/MIME protected responses presenting bad certificate information
will be ignored. TLS connections involving bad certificate data will
not be completed.
1. S/MIME : Good peer certificate
2. S/MIME : Bad peer certificate (peer URI does not appear in
subjectAltName)
3. S/MIME : Bad peer certificate (valid authority chain does not
end at a trusted CA)
4. S/MIME : Bad peer certificate (incomplete authority chain)
5. S/MIME : Bad peer certificate (the current time does not fall
within the period of validity)
6. S/MIME : Bad peer certificate (certificate, or certificate in
authority chain, has been revoked)
7. S/MIME : Bad peer certificate ("Digital Signature" is not
specified as an X509v3 Key Usage)
8. TLS : Good peer certificate (hostname appears in dNSName in
subjectAltName)
9. TLS : Good peer certificate (no dNSNames in subjectAltName,
hostname appears in Common Name (CN) of Subject)
Jennings, et al. Informational [Page 30]
^L
RFC 6216 SIP Secure Call Flows April 2011
10. TLS : Good peer certificate (CN of Subject empty, and
subjectAltName extension contains an iPAddress stored in the
octet string in network byte order form as specified in RFC 791
[RFC0791])
11. TLS : Bad peer certificate (no match in dNSNames or in the
Subject CN)
12. TLS : Bad peer certificate (valid authority chain does not end
at a trusted CA)
13. TLS : Bad peer certificate (incomplete authority chain)
14. TLS : Bad peer certificate (the current time does not fall
within the period of validity)
15. TLS : Bad peer certificate (certificate, or certificate in
authority chain, has been revoked)
16. TLS : Bad peer certificate ("TLS Web Server Authentication" is
not specified as an X509v3 Key Usage)
17. TLS : Bad peer certificate (Neither "SIP Domain" nor "Any
Extended Key Usage" specified as an X509v3 Extended Key Usage,
and X509v3 Extended Key Usage is present)
7. Acknowledgments
Many thanks to the developers of all the open source software used to
create these call flows. This includes the underlying crypto and TLS
software used from openssl.org, the SIP stack from
www.resiprocate.org, and the SIP for Instant Messaging and Presence
Leveraging Extensions (SIMPLE) Instant Messaging and Presence
Protocol (IMPP) agent from www.sipimp.org. The TLS flow dumps were
done with SSLDump from http://www.rtfm.com/ssldump. The book "SSL
and TLS" [EKR-TLS] was a huge help in developing the code for these
flows. It's sad there is no second edition.
Thanks to Jim Schaad, Russ Housley, Eric Rescorla, Dan Wing, Tat
Chan, and Lyndsay Campbell, who all helped find and correct mistakes
in this document.
Vijay Gurbani and Alan Jeffrey contributed much of the additional
test scenario content.
Jennings, et al. Informational [Page 31]
^L
RFC 6216 SIP Secure Call Flows April 2011
8. Security Considerations
Implementers must never use any of the certificates provided in this
document in anything but a test environment. Installing the CA root
certificates used in this document as a trusted root in operational
software would completely destroy the security of the system while
giving the user the impression that the system was operating
securely.
This document recommends some things that implementers might test or
verify to improve the security of their implementations. It is
impossible to make a comprehensive list of these, and this document
only suggests some of the most common mistakes that have been seen at
the SIPit interoperability events. Just because an implementation
does everything this document recommends does not make it secure.
This document does not show any messages to check certificate
revocation status (see Sections 3.3 and 6.3 of [RFC5280]) as that is
not part of the SIP call flow. The expectation is that revocation
status is checked regularly to protect against the possibility of
certificate compromise or repudiation. For more information on how
certificate revocation status can be checked, see [RFC2560] (Online
Certificate Status Protocol) and [RFC5055] (Server-Based Certificate
Validation Protocol).
9. References
9.1. Normative References
[RFC0791] Postel, J., "Internet Protocol", STD 5, RFC 791,
September 1981.
[RFC2560] Myers, M., Ankney, R., Malpani, A., Galperin, S.,
and C. Adams, "X.509 Internet Public Key
Infrastructure Online Certificate Status Protocol
- OCSP", RFC 2560, June 1999.
[RFC3261] Rosenberg, J., Schulzrinne, H., Camarillo, G.,
Johnston, A., Peterson, J., Sparks, R., Handley,
M., and E. Schooler, "SIP: Session Initiation
Protocol", RFC 3261, June 2002.
[RFC3263] Rosenberg, J. and H. Schulzrinne, "Session
Initiation Protocol (SIP): Locating SIP Servers",
RFC 3263, June 2002.
[RFC3370] Housley, R., "Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS)
Algorithms", RFC 3370, August 2002.
Jennings, et al. Informational [Page 32]
^L
RFC 6216 SIP Secure Call Flows April 2011
[RFC3428] Campbell, B., Rosenberg, J., Schulzrinne, H.,
Huitema, C., and D. Gurle, "Session Initiation
Protocol (SIP) Extension for Instant Messaging",
RFC 3428, December 2002.
[RFC3853] Peterson, J., "S/MIME Advanced Encryption Standard
(AES) Requirement for the Session Initiation
Protocol (SIP)", RFC 3853, July 2004.
[RFC4474] Peterson, J. and C. Jennings, "Enhancements for
Authenticated Identity Management in the Session
Initiation Protocol (SIP)", RFC 4474, August 2006.
[RFC5055] Freeman, T., Housley, R., Malpani, A., Cooper, D.,
and W. Polk, "Server-Based Certificate Validation
Protocol (SCVP)", RFC 5055, December 2007.
[RFC5246] Dierks, T. and E. Rescorla, "The Transport Layer
Security (TLS) Protocol Version 1.2", RFC 5246,
August 2008.
[RFC5280] Cooper, D., Santesson, S., Farrell, S., Boeyen,
S., Housley, R., and W. Polk, "Internet X.509
Public Key Infrastructure Certificate and
Certificate Revocation List (CRL) Profile",
RFC 5280, May 2008.
[RFC5621] Camarillo, G., "Message Body Handling in the
Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)", RFC 5621,
September 2009.
[RFC5652] Housley, R., "Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS)",
STD 70, RFC 5652, September 2009.
[RFC5751] Ramsdell, B. and S. Turner, "Secure/Multipurpose
Internet Mail Extensions (S/MIME) Version 3.2
Message Specification", RFC 5751, January 2010.
[RFC5922] Gurbani, V., Lawrence, S., and A. Jeffrey, "Domain
Certificates in the Session Initiation Protocol
(SIP)", RFC 5922, June 2010.
[RFC5923] Gurbani, V., Mahy, R., and B. Tate, "Connection
Reuse in the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)",
RFC 5923, June 2010.
Jennings, et al. Informational [Page 33]
^L
RFC 6216 SIP Secure Call Flows April 2011
[RFC5924] Lawrence, S. and V. Gurbani, "Extended Key Usage
(EKU) for Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) X.509
Certificates", RFC 5924, June 2010.
[X.509] International Telecommunications Union,
"Information technology - Open Systems
Interconnection - The Directory: Public-key and
attribute certificate frameworks",
ITU-T Recommendation X.509 (2005), ISO/
IEC 9594-8:2005.
[X.683] International Telecommunications Union,
"Information technology - Abstract Syntax Notation
One (ASN.1): Parameterization of ASN.1
specifications", ITU-T Recommendation X.683
(2002), ISO/IEC 8824-4:2002, 2002.
9.2. Informative References
[EKR-TLS] Rescorla, E., "SSL and TLS - Designing and
Building Secure Systems", Addison-Wesley, ISBN
0-201-61598-3, 2001.
[RFC2818] Rescorla, E., "HTTP Over TLS", RFC 2818, May 2000.
[RFC4134] Hoffman, P., "Examples of S/MIME Messages",
RFC 4134, July 2005.
[RFC4475] Sparks, R., Hawrylyshen, A., Johnston, A.,
Rosenberg, J., and H. Schulzrinne, "Session
Initiation Protocol (SIP) Torture Test Messages",
RFC 4475, May 2006.
[RFC4514] Zeilenga, K., "Lightweight Directory Access
Protocol (LDAP): String Representation of
Distinguished Names", RFC 4514, June 2006.
[ssldump-manpage] Rescorla, E., "SSLDump manpage",
<http://www.rtfm.com/ssldump/Ssldump.html>.
Jennings, et al. Informational [Page 34]
^L
RFC 6216 SIP Secure Call Flows April 2011
Appendix A. Making Test Certificates
These scripts allow you to make certificates for test purposes. The
certificates will all share a common CA root so that everyone running
these scripts can have interoperable certificates. WARNING - these
certificates are totally insecure and are for test purposes only.
All the CAs created by this script share the same private key to
facilitate interoperability testing, but this totally breaks the
security since the private key of the CA is well known.
The instructions assume a Unix-like environment with openssl
installed, but openssl does work in Windows too. OpenSSL version
0.9.8j was used to generate the certificates used in this document.
Make sure you have openssl installed by trying to run "openssl". Run
the makeCA script found in Appendix A.1; this creates a subdirectory
called demoCA. If the makeCA script cannot find where your openssl
is installed you will have to set an environment variable called
OPENSSLDIR to whatever directory contains the file openssl.cnf. You
can find this with a "locate openssl.cnf". You are now ready to make
certificates.
To create certificates for use with TLS, run the makeCert script
found in Appendix A.2 with the fully qualified domain name of the
proxy you are making the certificate for, e.g., "makeCert
host.example.net domain eku". This will generate a private key and a
certificate. The private key will be left in a file named
domain_key_example.net.pem in Privacy Enhanced Mail (PEM) format.
The certificate will be in domain_cert_example.net.pem. Some
programs expect both the certificate and private key combined
together in a Public-Key Cryptography Standards (PKCS) #12 format
file. This is created by the script and left in a file named
example.net.p12. Some programs expect this file to have a .pfx
extension instead of .p12 -- just rename the file if needed. A file
with a certificate signing request, called example.net.csr, is also
created and can be used to get the certificate signed by another CA.
A second argument indicating the number of days for which the
certificate should be valid can be passed to the makeCert script. It
is possible to make an expired certificate using the command
"makeCert host.example.net 0".
Anywhere that a password is used to protect a certificate, the
password is set to the string "password".
The root certificate for the CA is in the file
root_cert_fluffyCA.pem.
Jennings, et al. Informational [Page 35]
^L
RFC 6216 SIP Secure Call Flows April 2011
For things that need DER format certificates, a certificate can be
converted from PEM to DER with "openssl x509 -in cert.pem -inform PEM
-out cert.der -outform DER".
Some programs expect certificates in PKCS #7 format (with a file
extension of .p7c). You can convert these from PEM format to PKCS #7
with "openssl crl2pkcs7 -nocrl -certfile cert.pem -certfile demoCA/
cacert.pem -outform DER -out cert.p7c".
IE (version 8), Outlook Express (version 6), and Firefox (version
3.5) can import and export .p12 files and .p7c files. You can
convert a PKCS #7 certificate to PEM format with "openssl pkcs7 -in
cert.p7c -inform DER -outform PEM -out cert.pem".
The private key can be converted to PKCS #8 format with "openssl
pkcs8 -in a_key.pem -topk8 -outform DER -out a_key.p8c".
In general, a TLS client will just need the root certificate of the
CA. A TLS server will need its private key and its certificate.
These could be in two PEM files, a single file with both certificate
and private key PEM sections, or a single .p12 file. An S/MIME
program will need its private key and certificate, the root
certificate of the CA, and the certificate for every other user it
communicates with.
A.1. makeCA script
#!/bin/sh
set -x
rm -rf demoCA
mkdir demoCA
mkdir demoCA/certs
mkdir demoCA/crl
mkdir demoCA/newcerts
mkdir demoCA/private
# This is done to generate the exact serial number used for the RFC
echo "4902110184015C" > demoCA/serial
touch demoCA/index.txt
# You may need to modify this for where your default file is
# you can find where yours in by typing "openssl ca"
for D in /etc/ssl /usr/local/ssl /sw/etc/ssl /sw/share/ssl; do
CONF=${OPENSSLDIR:=$D}/openssl.cnf
[ -f ${CONF} ] && break
done
Jennings, et al. Informational [Page 36]
^L
RFC 6216 SIP Secure Call Flows April 2011
CONF=${OPENSSLDIR}/openssl.cnf
if [ ! -f $CONF ]; then
echo "Can not find file $CONF - set your OPENSSLDIR variable"
exit
fi
cp $CONF openssl.cnf
cat >> openssl.cnf <<EOF
[ sipdomain_cert ]
subjectAltName=\${ENV::ALTNAME}
basicConstraints=CA:FALSE
subjectKeyIdentifier=hash
authorityKeyIdentifier=keyid,issuer
keyUsage = nonRepudiation,digitalSignature,keyEncipherment
extendedKeyUsage=serverAuth,1.3.6.1.5.5.7.3.20
[ sipdomain_req ]
basicConstraints = CA:FALSE
subjectAltName=\${ENV::ALTNAME}
subjectKeyIdentifier=hash
[ sipuser_cert ]
subjectAltName=\${ENV::ALTNAME}
basicConstraints=CA:FALSE
subjectKeyIdentifier=hash
authorityKeyIdentifier=keyid,issuer
keyUsage = nonRepudiation,digitalSignature,keyEncipherment
extendedKeyUsage=emailProtection,1.3.6.1.5.5.7.3.20
[ sipuser_req ]
basicConstraints = CA:FALSE
subjectAltName=\${ENV::ALTNAME}
subjectKeyIdentifier=hash
[ sipdomain_noeku_cert ]
subjectAltName=\${ENV::ALTNAME}
basicConstraints=CA:FALSE
subjectKeyIdentifier=hash
authorityKeyIdentifier=keyid,issuer
keyUsage = nonRepudiation,digitalSignature,keyEncipherment
[ sipdomain_noeku_req ]
basicConstraints = CA:FALSE
subjectAltName=\${ENV::ALTNAME}
subjectKeyIdentifier=hash
Jennings, et al. Informational [Page 37]
^L
RFC 6216 SIP Secure Call Flows April 2011
[ sipuser_noeku_cert ]
subjectAltName=\${ENV::ALTNAME}
basicConstraints=CA:FALSE
subjectKeyIdentifier=hash
authorityKeyIdentifier=keyid,issuer
keyUsage = nonRepudiation,digitalSignature,keyEncipherment
[ sipuser_noeku_req ]
basicConstraints = CA:FALSE
subjectAltName=\${ENV::ALTNAME}
subjectKeyIdentifier=hash
EOF
cat > demoCA/private/cakey.pem <<EOF
-----BEGIN ENCRYPTED PRIVATE KEY-----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-----END ENCRYPTED PRIVATE KEY-----
EOF
Jennings, et al. Informational [Page 38]
^L
RFC 6216 SIP Secure Call Flows April 2011
cat > demoCA/cacert.pem <<EOF
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----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-----END CERTIFICATE-----
EOF
# uncomment the following lines to generate your own key pair
# openssl req -newkey rsa:2048 -passin pass:password \
# -passout pass:password -set_serial 0x96a384174eef8a4c \
# -sha1 -x509 -keyout demoCA/private/cakey.pem \
# -out demoCA/cacert.pem -days 36500 -config ${CONF} <<EOF
# US
# California
# San Jose
# sipit
# Sipit Test Certificate Authority
#
#
# EOF
# either randomly generate a serial number, or set it manually
# hexdump -n 4 -e '4/1 "%04u"' /dev/random > demoCA/serial
echo 96a384174eef8a4d > demoCA/serial
Jennings, et al. Informational [Page 39]
^L
RFC 6216 SIP Secure Call Flows April 2011
openssl crl2pkcs7 -nocrl -certfile demoCA/cacert.pem \
-outform DER -out demoCA/cacert.p7c
cp demoCA/cacert.pem root_cert_fluffyCA.pem
A.2. makeCert script
#!/bin/sh
set -x
# Make a symbolic link to this file called "makeUserCert"
# if you wish to use it to make certs for users.
# ExecName=$(basename $0)
#
# if [ ${ExecName} == "makeUserCert" ]; then
# ExtPrefix="sipuser"
# elif [ ${ExecName} == "makeEkuUserCert" ]; then
# ExtPrefix="sipuser_eku"
# elif [ ${ExecName} == "makeEkuCert" ]; then
# ExtPrefix="sipdomain_eku"
# else
# ExtPrefix="sipdomain"
# fi
if [ $# == 3 ]; then
DAYS=36500
elif [ $# == 4 ]; then
DAYS=$4
else
echo "Usage: makeCert test.example.org user|domain eku|noeku [days]"
echo " makeCert alice@example.org [days]"
echo "days is how long the certificate is valid"
echo "days set to 0 generates an invalid certificate"
exit 0
fi
ExtPrefix="sip"${2}
if [ $3 == "noeku" ]; then
ExtPrefix=${ExtPrefix}"_noeku"
fi
DOMAIN=`echo $1 | perl -ne '{print "$1\n" if (/(\w+\..*)$/)}' `
USER=`echo $1 | perl -ne '{print "$1\n" if (/(\w+)\@(\w+\..*)$/)}' `
ADDR=$1
echo "making cert for $DOMAIN ${ADDR}"
Jennings, et al. Informational [Page 40]
^L
RFC 6216 SIP Secure Call Flows April 2011
if [ $2 == "user" ]; then
CNVALUE=$USER
else
CNVALUE=$DOMAIN
fi
rm -f ${ADDR}_*.pem
rm -f ${ADDR}.p12
case ${ADDR} in
*:*) ALTNAME="URI:${ADDR}" ;;
*@*) ALTNAME="URI:sip:${ADDR},URI:im:${ADDR},URI:pres:${ADDR}" ;;
*) ALTNAME="DNS:${DOMAIN},URI:sip:${ADDR}" ;;
esac
rm -f demoCA/index.txt
touch demoCA/index.txt
rm -f demoCA/newcerts/*
export ALTNAME
openssl genrsa -out ${ADDR}_key.pem 2048
openssl req -new -config openssl.cnf -reqexts ${ExtPrefix}_req \
-sha1 -key ${ADDR}_key.pem \
-out ${ADDR}.csr -days ${DAYS} <<EOF
US
California
San Jose
sipit
${CNVALUE}
EOF
if [ $DAYS == 0 ]; then
openssl ca -extensions ${ExtPrefix}_cert -config openssl.cnf \
-passin pass:password -policy policy_anything \
-md sha1 -batch -notext -out ${ADDR}_cert.pem \
-startdate 990101000000Z \
-enddate 000101000000Z \
-infiles ${ADDR}.csr
else
openssl ca -extensions ${ExtPrefix}_cert -config openssl.cnf \
-passin pass:password -policy policy_anything \
-md sha1 -days ${DAYS} -batch -notext -out ${ADDR}_cert.pem \
-infiles ${ADDR}.csr
fi
Jennings, et al. Informational [Page 41]
^L
RFC 6216 SIP Secure Call Flows April 2011
openssl pkcs12 -passin pass:password \
-passout pass:password -export \
-out ${ADDR}.p12 -in ${ADDR}_cert.pem \
-inkey ${ADDR}_key.pem -name ${ADDR} -certfile demoCA/cacert.pem
openssl x509 -in ${ADDR}_cert.pem -noout -text
case ${ADDR} in
*@*) mv ${ADDR}_key.pem user_key_${ADDR}.pem; \
mv ${ADDR}_cert.pem user_cert_${ADDR}.pem ;;
*) mv ${ADDR}_key.pem domain_key_${ADDR}.pem; \
mv ${ADDR}_cert.pem domain_cert_${ADDR}.pem ;;
esac
Appendix B. Certificates for Testing
This section contains various certificates used for testing in PEM
format.
B.1. Certificates Using EKU
These certificates make use of the EKU specification described in
[RFC5924].
Jennings, et al. Informational [Page 42]
^L
RFC 6216 SIP Secure Call Flows April 2011
Fluffy's user certificate for example.com:
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----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-----END CERTIFICATE-----
Jennings, et al. Informational [Page 43]
^L
RFC 6216 SIP Secure Call Flows April 2011
Fluffy's private key for user certificate for example.com:
-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----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-----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
Jennings, et al. Informational [Page 44]
^L
RFC 6216 SIP Secure Call Flows April 2011
Kumiko's user certificate for example.net:
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----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-----END CERTIFICATE-----
Jennings, et al. Informational [Page 45]
^L
RFC 6216 SIP Secure Call Flows April 2011
Kumiko's private key for user certificate for example.net:
-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----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-----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
Jennings, et al. Informational [Page 46]
^L
RFC 6216 SIP Secure Call Flows April 2011
Domain certificate for example.com:
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----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-----END CERTIFICATE-----
Jennings, et al. Informational [Page 47]
^L
RFC 6216 SIP Secure Call Flows April 2011
Private key for domain certificate for example.com:
-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----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-----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
Jennings, et al. Informational [Page 48]
^L
RFC 6216 SIP Secure Call Flows April 2011
Domain certificate for example.net:
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
MIID9DCCAtygAwIBAgIJAJajhBdO74pQMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBBQUAMHAxCzAJBgNV
BAYTAlVTMRMwEQYDVQQIDApDYWxpZm9ybmlhMREwDwYDVQQHDAhTYW4gSm9zZTEO
MAwGA1UECgwFc2lwaXQxKTAnBgNVBAsMIFNpcGl0IFRlc3QgQ2VydGlmaWNhdGUg
QXV0aG9yaXR5MCAXDTExMDIwNzE5MzIxOFoYDzIxMTEwMTE0MTkzMjE4WjBbMQsw
CQYDVQQGEwJVUzETMBEGA1UECBMKQ2FsaWZvcm5pYTERMA8GA1UEBxMIU2FuIEpv
c2UxDjAMBgNVBAoTBXNpcGl0MRQwEgYDVQQDEwtleGFtcGxlLm5ldDCCASIwDQYJ
KoZIhvcNAQEBBQADggEPADCCAQoCggEBAOwsdgPVSPMweLWsBDHUSXJS6Vk6pu6K
sVg8IWMf1g0TWTPc5jUAQlWlLNtmN4gcSzq5z1ecvf3rLMomJPZaWbektTTg1KZl
2wQgyP+vx/Hf1BByj3s2DE/KZoLnQjFQawHHMc+kCtSa6dCFTmD9nA5cYDVxNmKG
Kz/+5HYxe6ByI6NZGNlSB8ADPULcFg6UchO06JvrGFt1n9tAtMf5C31+YYGpqXBl
qZOV8Wo0Gp6Vlnd4LrvDZkwjpQ/o7EuFbiK34Gvh3cuh9EkMbk+IPgVv7ohjWPDl
6WygTkE2VXHDhhdN4MXPKyenXX35sB52fNytN+2qM8bo4QPfTZlGrx0CAwEAAaOB
ozCBoDAnBgNVHREEIDAeggtleGFtcGxlLm5ldIYPc2lwOmV4YW1wbGUubmV0MAkG
A1UdEwQCMAAwHQYDVR0OBBYEFNiNYjKOu6f046JHy28GDRVMeR7sMB8GA1UdIwQY
MBaAFJVFfl8r6mWYEpEE82PHaJpYFncnMAsGA1UdDwQEAwIF4DAdBgNVHSUEFjAU
BggrBgEFBQcDAQYIKwYBBQUHAxQwDQYJKoZIhvcNAQEFBQADggEBAHUzR2H2IWrQ
ls3iqNlG7815mOjm9mgQX6WP2ILwBOTOqtPJ9uE2XZU9qw6d9vdcbAgLpp4Em4T7
Whcs0zVTrgKpWjDlho/boRS1gP2Qu9I86zJzf2R3mhTHUsbpxIwMCcHQg/fdIIeP
5Ar8R5DZXx/Q9zdQLE+cjMSjxo7q7uOV8DRkgMpYtp7BURg5ZXhnkAhEHxa3/SbU
YGfy3PzRoAMQmRZieAXArsIxEfkaC4Dtox/D4XLvY7njBFv8H6wqlvQyDsKXWlUH
8dS9i/3wFEpQtymUUeXwk8gzf2ytT6hgrX70s6BLy/IeRU+wLJ3k5YZpopQZjDm1
fNQG/O8TJlQ=
-----END CERTIFICATE-----
Jennings, et al. Informational [Page 49]
^L
RFC 6216 SIP Secure Call Flows April 2011
Private key for domain certificate for example.net:
-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----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-----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
Jennings, et al. Informational [Page 50]
^L
RFC 6216 SIP Secure Call Flows April 2011
B.2. Certificates NOT Using EKU
These certificates do not make use of the EKU specification described
in [RFC5924]. Most existing certificates fall in this category.
Fluffy's user certificate for example.com:
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----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-----END CERTIFICATE-----
Jennings, et al. Informational [Page 51]
^L
RFC 6216 SIP Secure Call Flows April 2011
Fluffy's private key for user certificate for example.com:
-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----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-----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
Jennings, et al. Informational [Page 52]
^L
RFC 6216 SIP Secure Call Flows April 2011
Kumiko's user certificate for example.net:
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----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-----END CERTIFICATE-----
Jennings, et al. Informational [Page 53]
^L
RFC 6216 SIP Secure Call Flows April 2011
Kumiko's private key for user certificate for example.net:
-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----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-----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
Jennings, et al. Informational [Page 54]
^L
RFC 6216 SIP Secure Call Flows April 2011
Domain certificate for example.com:
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----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-----END CERTIFICATE-----
Jennings, et al. Informational [Page 55]
^L
RFC 6216 SIP Secure Call Flows April 2011
Private key for domain certificate for example.com:
-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----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-----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
Jennings, et al. Informational [Page 56]
^L
RFC 6216 SIP Secure Call Flows April 2011
Domain certificate for example.net:
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----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-----END CERTIFICATE-----
Jennings, et al. Informational [Page 57]
^L
RFC 6216 SIP Secure Call Flows April 2011
Private key for domain certificate for example.net:
-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----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-----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
B.3. Certificate Chaining with a Non-Root CA
Following is a certificate for a non-root CA in example.net. The
certificate was signed by the root CA shown in Section 2.1. As
indicated in Sections 4.2.1.9 and 4.2.1.3 [RFC5280], "cA" is set in
Basic Constraints, and "keyCertSign" is set in Key Usage. This
identifies the certificate holder as a signing authority.
Version: 3 (0x2)
Serial Number:
96:a3:84:17:4e:ef:8a:52
Signature Algorithm: sha1WithRSAEncryption
Issuer: C=US, ST=California, L=San Jose, O=sipit,
OU=Sipit Test Certificate Authority
Validity
Not Before: Feb 7 20:21:13 2011 GMT
Not After : Jan 14 20:21:13 2111 GMT
Subject: C=US, ST=California, L=San Jose, O=sipit,
Jennings, et al. Informational [Page 58]
^L
RFC 6216 SIP Secure Call Flows April 2011
OU=Test CA for example.net, CN=example.net
Subject Public Key Info:
Public Key Algorithm: rsaEncryption
RSA Public Key: (2048 bit)
Modulus (2048 bit):
00:d4:46:65:51:f8:84:1c:b5:93:47:a5:15:14:06:
ec:dc:2a:77:93:11:5e:75:14:d2:88:54:bd:16:50:
dd:41:3f:7e:2a:e4:26:d5:a3:33:b0:5e:37:1d:e5:
96:37:1c:1c:69:80:a4:ef:fd:22:78:d7:ce:d3:c3:
de:96:fb:87:30:88:bc:06:14:80:5d:f3:ab:d7:64:
3e:07:31:dc:97:c5:d6:19:26:bc:7d:0b:f8:de:5e:
f9:0f:dc:9a:45:0f:28:8d:dd:fa:15:56:d5:35:17:
28:80:d2:fc:1f:d6:95:95:42:0e:2c:47:38:53:ad:
fd:0e:24:fd:a3:43:33:83:52:65:54:da:48:d8:dc:
86:42:d5:26:ac:1d:52:54:08:52:e5:3f:4a:76:95:
77:8d:c6:f2:33:f0:18:87:c8:fc:5b:54:5d:dd:65:
f1:5c:f5:c8:f4:36:54:8a:b6:7b:6f:f8:55:f8:d8:
d8:df:a9:7b:40:45:4c:92:0f:aa:b2:2c:a1:a8:64:
d5:99:22:1e:28:78:a0:d8:e5:51:64:3f:03:14:a9:
12:47:61:84:d6:b0:69:1a:6b:a3:6e:d8:ca:ce:43:
50:ad:57:96:2b:87:15:d9:c2:11:03:b0:82:d4:f0:
80:bf:dd:44:f4:f6:39:0a:2b:e3:4d:d3:f5:e7:aa:
34:e5
Exponent: 65537 (0x10001)
X509v3 extensions:
X509v3 Basic Constraints:
CA:TRUE
X509v3 Subject Key Identifier:
72:70:CF:66:1E:23:A5:38:FC:6F:40:8F:86:8A:AF:E0:B9:6F:E9:C3
X509v3 Authority Key Identifier:
95:45:7E:5F:2B:EA:65:98:12:91:04:F3:63:C7:68:9A:58:16:77:27
X509v3 Key Usage:
Certificate Sign
Signature Algorithm: sha1WithRSAEncryption
70:73:c0:65:9c:2f:09:39:39:d6:a4:5b:95:e7:7b:43:34:b5:
b9:b2:5d:76:eb:ef:87:e0:25:b6:68:ab:ee:f8:f7:85:c4:21:
47:bb:6c:68:62:ff:f8:84:1e:44:5a:30:4e:ce:97:91:cc:3d:
43:4a:8b:b7:25:26:08:63:c6:71:4a:c1:94:35:81:66:de:23:
9d:e3:37:de:31:80:ed:58:b7:07:a7:ea:87:d3:cc:da:1b:62:
c9:82:c2:17:e6:2d:20:e4:b2:69:14:cb:05:43:34:6f:b5:2c:
60:d8:44:43:f9:e6:e9:3d:7c:54:a2:b9:d9:1e:7d:67:bb:3f:
32:31:0d:c1:88:78:a8:67:39:f5:d2:3e:08:f7:38:84:a6:8f:
c2:3e:00:ce:5f:b4:c8:da:a1:b5:2f:c2:89:60:a4:3a:2b:be:
98:e0:44:34:af:ec:7f:73:26:f1:94:5b:39:09:b9:9f:93:c2:
9d:7a:96:2f:82:66:c8:4d:f6:db:87:00:8e:bc:2a:b9:51:73:
6c:cc:ff:e5:31:25:b1:4a:d0:9a:a9:c3:65:35:21:89:76:3d:
39:f8:84:42:a6:03:0e:b5:c9:2f:5d:18:bc:9d:b9:82:f6:83:
Jennings, et al. Informational [Page 59]
^L
RFC 6216 SIP Secure Call Flows April 2011
dd:2b:29:6c:8d:2c:8c:47:d4:7d:be:de:32:13:85:92:32:bc:
61:62:6b:e5
Robert's certificate was signed by the non-root CA in example.net:
Version: 3 (0x2)
Serial Number:
96:a3:84:17:4e:ef:8a:53
Signature Algorithm: sha1WithRSAEncryption
Issuer: C=US, ST=California, L=San Jose, O=sipit,
OU=Test CA for example.net,
CN=example.net
Validity
Not Before: Feb 7 20:21:13 2011 GMT
Not After : Jan 14 20:21:13 2111 GMT
Subject: C=US, ST=California, L=San Jose, O=sipit, CN=robert
Subject Public Key Info:
Public Key Algorithm: rsaEncryption
RSA Public Key: (2048 bit)
Modulus (2048 bit):
00:d3:dc:14:69:6b:71:09:2c:0b:0f:9d:95:08:c1:
64:20:66:ef:9f:9c:30:06:30:39:eb:14:16:da:19:
cc:41:4d:b1:cf:f8:53:5b:a5:0d:76:ec:97:ba:16:
10:9f:ed:57:b5:fb:6d:4b:9f:8f:d0:9f:0e:15:a7:
3e:88:c4:e4:ef:35:d1:63:91:20:68:18:f4:8e:3b:
b4:0f:03:3e:a0:00:d6:c3:26:e7:57:8e:21:92:a3:
7a:2d:21:44:48:db:01:b9:54:e8:dc:d6:e3:d1:b3:
f2:4b:26:0f:3f:d4:99:63:e4:7e:14:0a:b2:73:1c:
5f:3b:41:36:e9:9a:70:be:f7:4f:08:6b:4a:db:44:
02:e8:bb:50:66:2c:98:94:45:9e:7e:01:0e:9d:c3:
a9:03:b7:28:15:28:c3:cd:a2:ad:ab:07:f6:ff:69:
f4:ec:ba:7f:4b:bd:9b:28:8c:0d:87:e2:66:d1:24:
34:e5:77:be:89:f1:c9:76:4c:37:34:3a:bc:d9:9c:
36:f5:28:60:01:29:5c:f4:1e:7a:15:19:34:81:1c:
cf:1a:06:5c:0f:f9:81:67:dc:50:09:e2:a8:d7:9d:
9f:35:6e:ff:a6:a8:80:74:6c:f8:a1:0a:f3:bb:2b:
b6:51:8c:21:bc:06:72:59:d0:95:42:d3:02:2c:ce:
f9:23
Exponent: 65537 (0x10001)
X509v3 extensions:
X509v3 Subject Alternative Name:
URI:sip:robert@example.net, URI:im:robert@example.net,
URI:pres:robert@example.net
X509v3 Basic Constraints:
CA:FALSE
X509v3 Subject Key Identifier:
A6:42:BD:62:0D:6B:BF:EE:67:D4:C7:BC:09:3F:0B:3A:12:AB:19:CE
X509v3 Authority Key Identifier:
Jennings, et al. Informational [Page 60]
^L
RFC 6216 SIP Secure Call Flows April 2011
72:70:CF:66:1E:23:A5:38:FC:6F:40:8F:86:8A:AF:E0:B9:6F:E9:C3
X509v3 Key Usage:
Digital Signature, Non Repudiation, Key Encipherment
X509v3 Extended Key Usage:
E-mail Protection, 1.3.6.1.5.5.7.3.20
Signature Algorithm: sha1WithRSAEncryption
25:99:ea:1a:1e:96:6d:4e:b1:9c:5a:43:77:ea:3a:a7:a1:b7:
22:db:b9:d4:9a:1e:17:f7:13:2e:b2:ca:80:dd:c9:a5:db:61:
41:c6:8b:65:ae:0e:fc:9a:46:77:16:e0:e2:3d:1d:20:3c:e5:
d5:e0:b8:03:41:4f:e7:69:bf:e0:4c:dd:cc:c4:51:b1:da:2f:
ad:58:e1:ed:c6:5b:04:ea:1e:af:9a:89:cd:be:60:3c:9a:30:
51:7f:99:5a:6b:5c:8f:5a:d4:b8:ce:b5:8b:31:74:70:b3:cc:
5c:04:90:d8:8d:b6:75:55:fb:c1:d8:e8:db:cf:3d:80:e4:8d:
2f:7e:b9:2b:a2:9e:9f:1e:6f:d0:4e:6e:f7:f0:a6:61:3b:9e:
9b:4b:78:6b:84:37:ad:93:19:0d:7f:46:5a:18:74:89:8b:a8:
1a:75:bf:db:df:25:43:4b:57:ab:a1:19:2e:7c:7b:b9:b5:50:
ef:2c:1f:5c:18:8f:6c:66:83:61:eb:25:a3:21:81:2c:61:3b:
ee:8c:18:1a:89:9a:29:0d:5c:5b:38:f3:71:3d:61:f0:3f:80:
33:90:f2:60:53:48:fb:7a:65:c9:5f:1f:a3:e8:75:42:42:f5:
ad:db:60:29:c6:0f:3c:68:00:7a:2b:38:db:c7:17:b9:4e:d8:
90:d8:52:bc
Certificate for CA for example.net in PEM format:
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----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-----END CERTIFICATE-----
Jennings, et al. Informational [Page 61]
^L
RFC 6216 SIP Secure Call Flows April 2011
Private key for CA for example.net:
-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----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-----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
Jennings, et al. Informational [Page 62]
^L
RFC 6216 SIP Secure Call Flows April 2011
Robert's certificate:
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----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-----END CERTIFICATE-----
Jennings, et al. Informational [Page 63]
^L
RFC 6216 SIP Secure Call Flows April 2011
Robert's private key:
-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----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-----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
Appendix C. Message Dumps
This section contains a base64-encoded, gzipped, compressed tar file
of various Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS) messages used in this
document. Saving the data in a file foo.tgz.b64 then running a
command like "openssl base64 -d -in foo.tgz.b64 | tar xfz -" would
recover the CMS messages and allow them to be used as test vectors.
-- BEGIN MESSAGE ARCHIVE --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, et al. Informational [Page 64]
^L
RFC 6216 SIP Secure Call Flows April 2011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, et al. Informational [Page 65]
^L
RFC 6216 SIP Secure Call Flows April 2011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, et al. Informational [Page 66]
^L
RFC 6216 SIP Secure Call Flows April 2011
wNSEMOLlFDBVBGMnFhJsYAABZ4LuJUwkJZCgoQQDdcB7Gv768/VRHG01vNNt
emZ7DOdvjHOoX11ffrLl2/wL8wbDIgAAAAAAAAAAAJBchjiJbgB4AAA=
-- END MESSAGE ARCHIVE --
Authors' Addresses
Cullen Jennings
Cisco Systems
170 West Tasman Drive
Mailstop SJC-21/2
San Jose, CA 95134
USA
Phone: +1 408 421 9990
EMail: fluffy@cisco.com
Kumiko Ono
Columbia University
1214 Amsterdam Avenue
MC 0401
New York, NY 10027
USA
EMail: kumiko@cs.columbia.edu
Robert Sparks
Tekelec
17210 Campbell Road
Suite 250
Dallas, TX 75252
USA
EMail: Robert.Sparks@tekelec.com
Brian Hibbard (editor)
Tekelec
17210 Campbell Road
Suite 250
Dallas, TX 75252
USA
EMail: Brian.Hibbard@tekelec.com
Jennings, et al. Informational [Page 67]
^L
|
