path: root/doc/rfc/rfc7628.txt

Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)                          W. Mills
Request for Comments: 7628                                     Microsoft
Category: Standards Track                                   T. Showalter
ISSN: 2070-1721
                                                           H. Tschofenig
                                                                ARM Ltd.
                                                             August 2015


  A Set of Simple Authentication and Security Layer (SASL) Mechanisms
                               for OAuth

Abstract

   OAuth enables a third-party application to obtain limited access to a
   protected resource, either on behalf of a resource owner by
   orchestrating an approval interaction or by allowing the third-party
   application to obtain access on its own behalf.

   This document defines how an application client uses credentials
   obtained via OAuth over the Simple Authentication and Security Layer
   (SASL) to access a protected resource at a resource server.  Thereby,
   it enables schemes defined within the OAuth framework for non-HTTP-
   based application protocols.

   Clients typically store the user's long-term credential.  This does,
   however, lead to significant security vulnerabilities, for example,
   when such a credential leaks.  A significant benefit of OAuth for
   usage in those clients is that the password is replaced by a shared
   secret with higher entropy, i.e., the token.  Tokens typically
   provide limited access rights and can be managed and revoked
   separately from the user's long-term password.

Status of This Memo

   This is an Internet Standards Track document.

   This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force
   (IETF).  It represents the consensus of the IETF community.  It has
   received public review and has been approved for publication by the
   Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG).  Further information on
   Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of RFC 5741.

   Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
   and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
   http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7628.





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Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2015 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
   2.  Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
   3.  OAuth SASL Mechanism Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
     3.1.  Initial Client Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
       3.1.1.  Reserved Key/Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
     3.2.  Server's Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
       3.2.1.  OAuth Identifiers in the SASL Context . . . . . . . .   9
       3.2.2.  Server Response to Failed Authentication  . . . . . .   9
       3.2.3.  Completing an Error Message Sequence  . . . . . . . .  10
     3.3.  OAuth Access Token Types using Keyed Message Digests  . .  11
   4.  Examples  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
     4.1.  Successful Bearer Token Exchange  . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
     4.2.  Successful OAuth 1.0a Token Exchange  . . . . . . . . . .  13
     4.3.  Failed Exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
     4.4.  SMTP Example of a Failed Negotiation  . . . . . . . . . .  15
   5.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
   6.  Internationalization Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
   7.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
     7.1.  SASL Registration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
   8.  References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19
     8.1.  Normative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19
     8.2.  Informative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  20
   Acknowledgements  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  21
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  21










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1.  Introduction

   OAuth 1.0a [RFC5849] and OAuth 2.0 [RFC6749] are protocol frameworks
   that enable a third-party application to obtain limited access to a
   protected resource, either by orchestrating an approval interaction
   on behalf of a resource owner or by allowing the third-party
   application to obtain access on its own behalf.

   The core OAuth 2.0 specification [RFC6749] specifies the interaction
   between the OAuth client and the authorization server; it does not
   define the interaction between the OAuth client and the resource
   server for the access to a protected resource using an access token.
   Instead, the OAuth client to resource server interaction is described
   in separate specifications, such as the bearer token specification
   [RFC6750].  OAuth 1.0a includes the protocol specification for the
   communication between the OAuth client and the resource server in
   [RFC5849].

   The main use cases for OAuth 1.0a and OAuth 2.0 have so far focused
   on an HTTP-based [RFC7230] environment only.  This document
   integrates OAuth 1.0a and OAuth 2.0 into non-HTTP-based applications
   using the integration into the Simple Authentication and Security
   Layer (SASL) [RFC4422].  Hence, this document takes advantage of the
   OAuth protocol and its deployment base to provide a way to use SASL
   to gain access to resources when using non-HTTP-based protocols, such
   as the Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) [RFC3501] and the
   Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) [RFC5321].  This document gives
   examples of use in IMAP and SMTP.

   To illustrate the impact of integrating this specification into an
   OAuth-enabled application environment, Figure 1 shows the abstract
   message flow of OAuth 2.0 [RFC6749].  As indicated in the figure,
   this document impacts the exchange of messages (E) and (F) since SASL
   is used for interaction between the client and the resource server
   instead of HTTP.
















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                                                              ----+
   +--------+                                  +---------------+  |
   |        |--(A)-- Authorization Request --->|   Resource    |  |
   |        |                                  |    Owner      |  |Plain
   |        |<-(B)------ Access Grant ---------|               |  |OAuth
   |        |                                  +---------------+  |2.0
   |        |                                                     |
   |        |         Client Credentials &     +---------------+  |
   |        |--(C)------ Access Grant -------->| Authorization |  |
   | Client |                                  |    Server     |  |
   |        |<-(D)------ Access Token ---------|               |  |
   |        |      (w/ Optional Refresh Token) +---------------+  |
   |        |                                                 ----+
   |        |                                                 ----+
   |        |                                  +---------------+  |
   |        |                                  |               |  |OAuth
   |        |--(E)------ Access Token -------->|   Resource    |  |over
   |        |                                  |    Server     |  |SASL
   |        |<-(F)---- Protected Resource -----|               |  |
   |        |                                  |               |  |
   +--------+                                  +---------------+  |
                                                              ----+

                     Figure 1: OAuth 2.0 Protocol Flow

   SASL is a framework for providing authentication and data security
   services in connection-oriented protocols via replaceable
   authentication mechanisms.  It provides a structured interface
   between protocols and mechanisms.  The resulting framework allows new
   protocols to reuse existing authentication mechanisms and allows old
   protocols to make use of new authentication mechanisms.  The
   framework also provides a protocol for securing subsequent exchanges
   within a data security layer.

   When OAuth is integrated into SASL, the high-level steps are as
   follows:

   (A)  The client requests authorization from the resource owner.  The
        authorization request can be made directly to the resource owner
        (as shown) or indirectly via the authorization server as an
        intermediary.

   (B)  The client receives an authorization grant, which is a
        credential representing the resource owner's authorization,
        expressed using one of the grant types defined in [RFC6749] or
        [RFC5849] or using an extension grant type.  The authorization
        grant type depends on the method used by the client to request




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        authorization and the types supported by the authorization
        server.

   (C)  The client requests an access token by authenticating with the
        authorization server and presenting the authorization grant.

   (D)  The authorization server authenticates the client and validates
        the authorization grant, and if valid, it issues an access
        token.

   (E)  The client requests the protected resource from the resource
        server and authenticates it by presenting the access token.

   (F)  The resource server validates the access token, and if valid, it
        indicates a successful authentication.

   Again, steps (E) and (F) are not defined in [RFC6749] (but are
   described in, for example, [RFC6750] for the OAuth bearer token
   instead) and are the main functionality specified within this
   document.  Consequently, the message exchange shown in Figure 1 is
   the result of this specification.  The client will generally need to
   determine the authentication endpoints (and perhaps the service
   endpoints) before the OAuth 2.0 protocol exchange messages in steps
   (A)-(D) are executed.  The discovery of the resource owner,
   authorization server endpoints, and client registration are outside
   the scope of this specification.  The client must discover the
   authorization endpoints using a discovery mechanism such as OpenID
   Connect Discovery (OIDCD) [OpenID.Discovery] or WebFinger using host-
   meta [RFC7033].  Once credentials are obtained, the client proceeds
   to steps (E) and (F) defined in this specification.  Authorization
   endpoints MAY require client registration, and generic clients SHOULD
   support the Dynamic Client Registration protocol [RFC7591].

   OAuth 1.0a follows a similar model but uses a different terminology
   and does not separate the resource server from the authorization
   server.

2.  Terminology

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
   "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in
   [RFC2119].

   The reader is assumed to be familiar with the terms used in the OAuth
   2.0 specification [RFC6749] and SASL [RFC4422].





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   In examples, "C:" and "S:" indicate lines sent by the client and
   server, respectively.  Line breaks have been inserted for
   readability.

   Note that the IMAP SASL specification requires base64 encoding, as
   specified in Section 4 of [RFC4648].

3.  OAuth SASL Mechanism Specifications

   SASL is used as an authentication framework in a variety of
   application-layer protocols.  This document defines the following
   SASL mechanisms for usage with OAuth:

      OAUTHBEARER:  OAuth 2.0 bearer tokens, as described in [RFC6750].
         RFC 6750 uses Transport Layer Security (TLS) [RFC5246] to
         secure the protocol interaction between the client and the
         resource server.

      OAUTH10A:  OAuth 1.0a Message Authentication Code (MAC) tokens
         (using the HMAC-SHA1 keyed message digest), as described in
         Section 3.4.2 of [RFC5849].

   New extensions may be defined to add additional OAuth Access Token
   Types.  Such a new SASL OAuth mechanism can be added by registering
   the new name(s) with IANA in the SASL Mechanisms registry and citing
   this specification for the further definition.

   SASL mechanisms using this document as their definition do not
   provide a data security layer; that is, they cannot provide integrity
   or confidentiality protection for application messages after the
   initial authentication.  If such protection is needed, TLS or some
   similar solution should be used.  Additionally, for the two
   mechanisms specified in this document, TLS MUST be used for
   OAUTHBEARER to protect the bearer token; for OAUTH10A, the use of TLS
   is RECOMMENDED.

   These mechanisms are client initiated and in lockstep, with the
   server always replying to a client message.  In the case where the
   client has and correctly uses a valid token, the flow is:

   1.  Client sends a valid and correct initial client response.

   2.  Server responds with a successful authentication.

   In the case where authentication fails, the server sends an error
   result; the client MUST then send an additional message to the server
   in order to allow the server to finish the exchange.  Some protocols
   and common SASL implementations do not support both sending a SASL



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   message and finalizing a SASL negotiation.  The additional client
   message in the error case deals with this problem.  This exchange is:

   1.  Client sends an invalid initial client response.

   2.  Server responds with an error message.

   3.  Client sends a dummy client response.

   4.  Server fails the authentication.

3.1.  Initial Client Response

   Client responses are a GS2 [RFC5801] header followed by zero or more
   key/value pairs, or it may be empty.  The gs2-header rule is defined
   here as a placeholder for compatibility with GS2 if a GS2 mechanism
   is formally defined, but this document does not define one.  The key/
   value pairs take the place of the corresponding HTTP headers and
   values to convey the information necessary to complete an OAuth-style
   HTTP authorization.  Unknown key/value pairs MUST be ignored by the
   server.  The ABNF [RFC5234] syntax is:

     kvsep          = %x01
     key            = 1*(ALPHA)
     value          = *(VCHAR / SP / HTAB / CR / LF )
     kvpair         = key "=" value kvsep
   ;;gs2-header     = See RFC 5801
     client-resp    = (gs2-header kvsep *kvpair kvsep) / kvsep

   The GS2 header MAY include the username associated with the resource
   being accessed, the "authzid".  It is worth noting that application
   protocols are allowed to require an authzid, as are specific server
   implementations.

   The client response consisting of only a single kvsep is used only
   when authentication fails and is only valid in that context.  If sent
   as the first message from the client, the server MAY simply fail the
   authentication without returning discovery information since there is
   no user or server name indication.

   The following keys and corresponding values are defined in the client
   response:

      auth (REQUIRED):  The payload that would be in the HTTP
         Authorization header if this OAuth exchange was being carried
         out over HTTP.





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      host:  Contains the hostname to which the client connected.  In an
         HTTP context, this is the value of the HTTP Host header.

      port:  Contains the destination port that the client connected to,
         represented as a decimal positive integer string without
         leading zeros.

   For OAuth token types such as OAuth 1.0a that use keyed message
   digests, the client MUST send host and port number key/values, and
   the server MUST fail an authorization request requiring keyed message
   digests that are not accompanied by host and port values.  In OAuth
   1.0a, for example, the so-called "signature base string calculation"
   includes the reconstructed HTTP URL.

3.1.1.  Reserved Key/Values

   In these mechanisms, values for path, query string and post body are
   assigned default values.  OAuth authorization schemes MAY define
   usage of these in the SASL context and extend this specification.
   For OAuth Access Token Types that include a keyed message digest of
   the request, the default values MUST be used unless explicit values
   are provided in the client response.  The following key values are
   reserved for future use:

      mthd (RESERVED):  HTTP method; the default value is "POST".

      path (RESERVED):  HTTP path data; the default value is "/".

      post (RESERVED):  HTTP post data; the default value is the empty
         string ("").

      qs (RESERVED):  The HTTP query string; the default value is the
         empty string ("").

3.2.  Server's Response

   The server validates the response according to the specification for
   the OAuth Access Token Types used.  If the OAuth Access Token Type
   utilizes a keyed message digest of the request parameters, then the
   client must provide a client response that satisfies the data
   requirements for the scheme in use.

   The server fully validates the client response before generating a
   server response; this will necessarily include the validation steps
   listed in the specification for the OAuth Access Token Type used.
   However, additional validation steps may be needed, depending on the
   particular application protocol making use of SASL.  In particular,
   values included as kvpairs in the client response (such as host and



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   port) that correspond to values known to the application server by
   some other mechanism (such as an application protocol data unit or
   preconfigured values) MUST be validated to match between the initial
   client response and the other source(s) of such information.  As a
   concrete example, when SASL is used over IMAP to an IMAP server for a
   single domain, the hostname can be available via configuration; this
   hostname must be validated to match the value sent in the 'host'
   kvpair.

   The server responds to a successfully verified client message by
   completing the SASL negotiation.  The authenticated identity reported
   by the SASL mechanism is the identity securely established for the
   client with the OAuth credential.  The application, not the SASL
   mechanism, based on local access policy determines whether the
   identity reported by the mechanism is allowed access to the requested
   resource.  Note that the semantics of the authzid are specified by
   the SASL framework [RFC4422].

3.2.1.  OAuth Identifiers in the SASL Context

   In the OAuth framework, the client may be authenticated by the
   authorization server, and the resource owner is authenticated to the
   authorization server.  OAuth access tokens may contain information
   about the authentication of the resource owner and about the client
   and may therefore make this information accessible to the resource
   server.

   If both identifiers are needed by an application the developer will
   need to provide a way to communicate that from the SASL mechanism
   back to the application.

3.2.2.  Server Response to Failed Authentication

   For a failed authentication, the server returns an error result in
   JSON [RFC7159] format and fails the authentication.  The error result
   consists of the following values:

      status (REQUIRED):  The authorization error code.  Valid error
         codes are defined in the IANA "OAuth Extensions Error Registry"
         as specified in the OAuth 2.0 core specification.

      scope (OPTIONAL):  An OAuth scope that is valid to access the
         service.  This may be omitted, which implies that unscoped
         tokens are required.  If a scope is specified, then a single
         scope is preferred.  At the time this document was written,
         there are several implementations that do not properly support
         space-separated lists of scopes, so the use of a space-
         separated list of scopes is NOT RECOMMENDED.



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      openid-configuration (OPTIONAL):  The URL for a document following
         the OpenID Provider Configuration Information schema as
         described in OIDCD [OpenID.Discovery], Section 3 that is
         appropriate for the user.  As specified in OIDCD, this will
         have the "https" URL scheme.  This document MUST have all
         OAuth-related data elements populated.  The server MAY return
         different URLs for users in different domains, and the client
         SHOULD NOT cache a single returned value and assume it applies
         for all users/domains that the server supports.  The returned
         discovery document SHOULD have all data elements required by
         the OpenID Connect Discovery specification populated.  In
         addition, the discovery document SHOULD contain the
         'registration_endpoint' element to identify the endpoint to be
         used with the Dynamic Client Registration protocol [RFC7591] to
         obtain the minimum number of parameters necessary for the OAuth
         protocol exchange to function.  Another comparable discovery or
         client registration mechanism MAY be used if available.

         The use of the 'offline_access' scope, as defined in
         [OpenID.Core], is RECOMMENDED to give clients the capability to
         explicitly request a refresh token.

   If the resource server provides a scope, then the client MUST always
   request scoped tokens from the token endpoint.  If the resource
   server does not return a scope, the client SHOULD presume an unscoped
   token is required to access the resource.

   Since clients may interact with a number of application servers, such
   as email servers and Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol
   (XMPP) [RFC6120] servers, they need to have a way to determine
   whether dynamic client registration has been performed already and
   whether an already available refresh token can be reused to obtain an
   access token for the desired resource server.  This specification
   RECOMMENDS that a client uses the information in the 'iss' element
   defined in OpenID Connect Core [OpenID.Core] to make this
   determination.

3.2.3.  Completing an Error Message Sequence

   Section 3.6 of SASL [RFC4422] explicitly prohibits additional
   information in an unsuccessful authentication outcome.  Therefore,
   the error message is sent in a normal message.  The client MUST then
   send either an additional client response consisting of a single %x01
   (control A) character to the server in order to allow the server to
   finish the exchange or a SASL abort message as generally defined in
   Section 3.5 of SASL [RFC4422].  A specific example of an abort
   message is the "BAD" response to an AUTHENTICATE in IMAP [RFC3501],
   Section 6.2.2.



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3.3.  OAuth Access Token Types using Keyed Message Digests

   OAuth Access Token Types may use keyed message digests, and the
   client and the resource server may need to perform a cryptographic
   computation for integrity protection and data origin authentication.

   OAuth is designed for access to resources identified by URIs.  SASL
   is designed for user authentication and has no facility for more
   fine-grained access control.  In this specification, we require or
   define default values for the data elements from an HTTP request that
   allows the signature base string to be constructed properly.  The
   default HTTP path is "/", and the default post body is empty.  These
   atoms are defined as extension points so that no changes are needed
   if there is a revision of SASL that supports more specific resource
   authorization, e.g., IMAP access to a specific folder or FTP access
   limited to a specific directory.

   Using the example in the OAuth 1.0a specification as a starting
   point, below is the authorization request in OAuth 1.0a style (with
   %x01 shown as ^A and line breaks added for readability), assuming it
   is on an IMAP server running on port 143:

   n,a=user@example.com,^A
   host=example.com^A
   port=143^A
   auth=OAuth realm="Example",
              oauth_consumer_key="9djdj82h48djs9d2",
              oauth_token="kkk9d7dh3k39sjv7",
              oauth_signature_method="HMAC-SHA1",
              oauth_timestamp="137131201",
              oauth_nonce="7d8f3e4a",
              oauth_signature="Tm90IGEgcmVhbCBzaWduYXR1cmU"^A^A

   The signature base string would be constructed per the OAuth 1.0a
   specification [RFC5849] with the following things noted:

   o  The method value is defaulted to POST.

   o  The scheme defaults to be "http", and any port number other than
      80 is included.

   o  The path defaults to "/".

   o  The query string defaults to "".







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   In this example, the signature base string with line breaks added for
   readability would be:

   POST&http%3A%2F%2Fexample.com:143%2F&oauth_consumer_key%3D9djdj82h4
   8djs9d2%26oauth_nonce%3D7d8f3e4a%26oauth_signature_method%3DHMAC-SH
   A1%26oauth_timestamp%3D137131201%26oauth_token%3Dkkk9d7dh3k39sjv7

4.  Examples

   These examples illustrate exchanges between IMAP and SMTP clients and
   servers.  All IMAP examples use SASL-IR [RFC4959] and send payload in
   the initial client response.  The bearer token examples assume
   encrypted transport; if the underlying connection is not already TLS,
   then STARTTLS MUST be used as TLS is required in the bearer token
   specification.

   Note to implementers: The SASL OAuth method names are case
   insensitive.  One example uses "Bearer" but that could as easily be
   "bearer", "BEARER", or "BeArEr".

4.1.  Successful Bearer Token Exchange

   This example shows a successful OAuth 2.0 bearer token exchange in
   IMAP.  Note that line breaks are inserted for readability.

   [Initial connection and TLS establishment...]
   S: * OK IMAP4rev1 Server Ready
   C: t0 CAPABILITY
   S: * CAPABILITY IMAP4rev1 AUTH=OAUTHBEARER SASL-IR
   S: t0 OK Completed
   C: t1 AUTHENTICATE OAUTHBEARER bixhPXVzZXJAZXhhbXBsZS5jb20sAWhv
         c3Q9c2VydmVyLmV4YW1wbGUuY29tAXBvcnQ9MTQzAWF1dGg9QmVhcmVyI
         HZGOWRmdDRxbVRjMk52YjNSbGNrQmhiSFJoZG1semRHRXVZMjl0Q2c9PQ
         EB
   S: t1 OK SASL authentication succeeded

   As required by IMAP [RFC3501], the payloads are base64 encoded.  The
   decoded initial client response (with %x01 represented as ^A and long
   lines wrapped for readability) is:

   n,a=user@example.com,^Ahost=server.example.com^Aport=143^A
   auth=Bearer vF9dft4qmTc2Nvb3RlckBhbHRhdmlzdGEuY29tCg==^A^A









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   The same credential used in an SMTP exchange is shown below.  Again,
   this example assumes that TLS is already established per the bearer
   token specification requirements.

   [connection begins]
   S: 220 mx.example.com ESMTP 12sm2095603fks.9
   C: EHLO sender.example.com
   S: 250-mx.example.com at your service,[172.31.135.47]
   S: 250-SIZE 35651584
   S: 250-8BITMIME
   S: 250-AUTH LOGIN PLAIN OAUTHBEARER
   S: 250-ENHANCEDSTATUSCODES
   S: 250-STARTTLS
   S: 250 PIPELINING
   [Negotiate TLS...]
   C: t1 AUTH OAUTHBEARER bixhPXVzZXJAZXhhbXBsZS5jb20sAWhvc3Q9c2Vy
         dmVyLmV4YW1wbGUuY29tAXBvcnQ9NTg3AWF1dGg9QmVhcmVyIHZGOWRmd
         DRxbVRjMk52YjNSbGNrQmhiSFJoZG1semRHRXVZMjl0Q2c9PQEB
   S: 235 Authentication successful.
   [connection continues...]

   The decoded initial client response is:

   n,a=user@example.com,^Ahost=server.example.com^Aport=587^A
   auth=Bearer vF9dft4qmTc2Nvb3RlckBhbHRhdmlzdGEuY29tCg==^A^A

4.2.  Successful OAuth 1.0a Token Exchange

   This IMAP example shows a successful OAuth 1.0a token exchange.  Note
   that line breaks are inserted for readability.  This example assumes
   that TLS is already established.  Signature computation is discussed
   in Section 3.3.

   S: * OK IMAP4rev1 Server Ready
   C: t0 CAPABILITY
   S: * CAPABILITY IMAP4rev1 AUTH=OAUTHBEARER AUTH=OAUTH10A SASL-IR
   S: t0 OK Completed
   C: t1 AUTHENTICATE OAUTH10A bixhPXVzZXJAZXhhbXBsZS5jb20sAWhvc3Q9ZXhhb
         XBsZS5jb20BcG9ydD0xNDMBYXV0aD1PQXV0aCByZWFsbT0iRXhhbXBsZSIsb2F1
         dGhfY29uc3VtZXJfa2V5PSI5ZGpkajgyaDQ4ZGpzOWQyIixvYXV0aF90b2tlbj0
         ia2trOWQ3ZGgzazM5c2p2NyIsb2F1dGhfc2lnbmF0dXJlX21ldGhvZD0iSE1BQy
         1TSEExIixvYXV0aF90aW1lc3RhbXA9IjEzNzEzMTIwMSIsb2F1dGhfbm9uY2U9I
         jdkOGYzZTRhIixvYXV0aF9zaWduYXR1cmU9IlRtOTBJR0VnY21WaGJDQnphV2R1
         WVhSMWNtVSUzRCIBAQ==
   S: t1 OK SASL authentication succeeded






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   As required by IMAP [RFC3501], the payloads are base64 encoded.  The
   decoded initial client response (with %x01 represented as ^A and
   lines wrapped for readability) is:

   n,a=user@example.com,^A
   host=example.com^A
   port=143^A
   auth=OAuth realm="Example",
              oauth_consumer_key="9djdj82h48djs9d2",
              oauth_token="kkk9d7dh3k39sjv7",
              oauth_signature_method="HMAC-SHA1",
              oauth_timestamp="137131201",
              oauth_nonce="7d8f3e4a",
              oauth_signature="SSdtIGEgbGl0dGxlIHRlYSBwb3Qu"^A^A

4.3.  Failed Exchange

   This IMAP example shows a failed exchange because of the empty
   Authorization header, which is how a client can query for the needed
   scope.  Note that line breaks are inserted for readability.

   S: * OK IMAP4rev1 Server Ready
   C: t0 CAPABILITY
   S: * CAPABILITY IMAP4rev1 AUTH=OAUTHBEARER SASL-IR
   S: t0 OK Completed
   C: t1 AUTHENTICATE OAUTHBEARER bixhPXVzZXJAZXhhbXBsZS5jb20sAW
         hvc3Q9c2VydmVyLmV4YW1wbGUuY29tAXBvcnQ9MTQzAWF1dGg9AQE=
   S: + eyJzdGF0dXMiOiJpbnZhbGlkX3Rva2VuIiwic2NvcGUiOiJleGFtcGxl
        X3Njb3BlIiwib3BlbmlkLWNvbmZpZ3VyYXRpb24iOiJodHRwczovL2V4
        YW1wbGUuY29tLy53ZWxsLWtub3duL29wZW5pZC1jb25maWd1cmF0aW9u
        In0=
   C: AQ==
   S: t1 NO SASL authentication failed

   The decoded initial client response is:

   n,a=user@example.com,^Ahost=server.example.com^A
   port=143^Aauth=^A^A

   The decoded server error response is:

  {
  "status":"invalid_token",
  "scope":"example_scope",
  "openid-configuration":"https://example.com/.well-known/openid-config"
  }





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   The client responds with the required dummy response; "AQ==" is the
   base64 encoding of the ASCII value 0x01.  The same exchange using the
   IMAP-specific method of canceling an AUTHENTICATE command sends "*"
   and is shown below.

   S: * OK IMAP4rev1 Server Ready
   C: t0 CAPABILITY
   S: * CAPABILITY IMAP4rev1 AUTH=OAUTHBEARER SASL-IR IMAP4rev1
   S: t0 OK Completed
   C: t1 AUTHENTICATE OAUTHBEARER bixhPXVzZXJAZXhhbXBsZS5jb20sAW
        hvc3Q9c2VydmVyLmV4YW1wbGUuY29tAXBvcnQ9MTQzAWF1dGg9AQE=
   S: + eyJzdGF0dXMiOiJpbnZhbGlkX3Rva2VuIiwic2NvcGUiOiJleGFtcGxl
        X3Njb3BlIiwib3BlbmlkLWNvbmZpZ3VyYXRpb24iOiJodHRwczovL2V4
        YW1wbGUuY29tLy53ZWxsLWtub3duL29wZW5pZC1jb25maWd1cmF0aW9u
        In0=
   C: *
   S: t1 NO SASL authentication failed

4.4.  SMTP Example of a Failed Negotiation

   This example shows an authorization failure in an SMTP exchange.  TLS
   negotiation is not shown, but as noted above, it is required for the
   use of bearer tokens.

[connection begins]
S: 220 mx.example.com ESMTP 12sm2095603fks.9
C: EHLO sender.example.com
S: 250-mx.example.com at your service,[172.31.135.47]
S: 250-SIZE 35651584
S: 250-8BITMIME
S: 250-AUTH LOGIN PLAIN OAUTHBEARER
S: 250-ENHANCEDSTATUSCODES
S: 250 PIPELINING
[Negotiate TLS...]
C: AUTH OAUTHBEARER bix1c2VyPXNvbWV1c2VyQGV4YW1wbGUuY29tLAFhdXRoPUJlYXJl
       ciB2RjlkZnQ0cW1UYzJOdmIzUmxja0JoZEhSaGRtbHpkR0V1WTI5dENnPT0BAQ==
S: 334 eyJzdGF0dXMiOiJpbnZhbGlkX3Rva2VuIiwic2NoZW1lcyI6ImJlYXJlciBtYWMiL
       CJzY29wZSI6Imh0dHBzOi8vbWFpbC5leGFtcGxlLmNvbS8ifQ==
C: AQ==
S: 535-5.7.1 Username and Password not accepted. Learn more at
S: 535 5.7.1 http://support.example.com/mail/oauth
[connection continues...]

   The initial client response is:

   n,user=someuser@example.com,^A
   auth=Bearer vF9dft4qmTc2Nvb3RlckBhdHRhdmlzdGEuY29tCg==^A^A




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   The server returned an error message in the 334 SASL message; the
   client responds with the required dummy response, and the server
   finalizes the negotiation.

   {
       "status":"invalid_token",
       "schemes":"bearer mac",
       "scope":"https://mail.example.com/"
   }

5.  Security Considerations

   OAuth 1.0a and OAuth 2.0 allow for a variety of deployment scenarios,
   and the security properties of these profiles vary.  As shown in
   Figure 1, this specification is aimed to be integrated into a larger
   OAuth deployment.  Application developers therefore need to
   understand their security requirements based on a threat assessment
   before selecting a specific SASL OAuth mechanism.  For OAuth 2.0, a
   detailed security document [RFC6819] provides guidance to select
   those OAuth 2.0 components that help to mitigate threats for a given
   deployment.  For OAuth 1.0a, Section 4 of [RFC5849] provides guidance
   specific to OAuth 1.0a.

   This document specifies two SASL Mechanisms for OAuth and each comes
   with different security properties.

   OAUTHBEARER:  This mechanism borrows from OAuth 2.0 bearer tokens
      [RFC6750].  It relies on the application using TLS to protect the
      OAuth 2.0 bearer token exchange; without TLS usage at the
      application layer, this method is completely insecure.
      Consequently, TLS MUST be provided by the application when
      choosing this authentication mechanism.

   OAUTH10A:  This mechanism reuses OAuth 1.0a MAC tokens (using the
      HMAC-SHA1 keyed message digest), as described in Section 3.4.2 of
      [RFC5849].  To compute the keyed message digest in the same way as
      in RFC 5839, this specification conveys additional parameters
      between the client and the server.  This SASL mechanism only
      supports client authentication.  If server-side authentication is
      desirable, then it must be provided by the application underneath
      the SASL layer.  The use of TLS is strongly RECOMMENDED.










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   Additionally, the following aspects are worth pointing out:

   An access token is not equivalent to the user's long term password.

      Care has to be taken when these OAuth credentials are used for
      actions like changing passwords (as it is possible with some
      protocols, e.g., XMPP [RFC6120]).  The resource server should
      ensure that actions taken in the authenticated channel are
      appropriate to the strength of the presented credential.

   Lifetime of the application sessions.

      It is possible that SASL will be used to authenticate a
      connection, and the life of that connection may outlast the life
      of the access token used to establish it.  This is a common
      problem in application protocols where connections are long lived
      and not a problem with this mechanism, per se.  Resource servers
      may unilaterally disconnect clients in accordance with the
      application protocol.

   Access tokens have a lifetime.

      Reducing the lifetime of an access token provides security
      benefits, and OAuth 2.0 introduces refresh tokens to obtain new
      access tokens on the fly without any need for human interaction.
      Additionally, a previously obtained access token might be revoked
      or rendered invalid at any time.  The client MAY request a new
      access token for each connection to a resource server, but it
      SHOULD cache and reuse valid credentials.

6.  Internationalization Considerations

   The identifier asserted by the OAuth authorization server about the
   resource owner inside the access token may be displayed to a human.
   For example, when SASL is used in the context of IMAP, the client may
   assert the resource owner's email address to the IMAP server for
   usage in an email-based application.  The identifier may therefore
   contain internationalized characters, and an application needs to
   ensure that the mapping between the identifier provided by OAuth is
   suitable for use with the application-layer protocol SASL is
   incorporated into.  An example of a SASL-compatible container is the
   JSON Web Token (JWT) [RFC7519], which provides a standardized format
   for exchanging authorization and identity information that supports
   internationalized characters.







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7.  IANA Considerations

7.1.  SASL Registration

   The IANA has registered the following entry in the SASL Mechanisms
   registry:

      SASL mechanism name: OAUTHBEARER

      Security Considerations: See this document

      Published Specification: See this document

      For further information: Contact the authors of this document.

      Intended usage: COMMON

      Owner/Change controller: the IESG

      Note: None

   The IANA has registered the following entry in the SASL Mechanisms
   registry:

      SASL mechanism name: OAUTH10A

      Security Considerations: See this document

      Published Specification: See this document

      For further information: Contact the authors of this document.

      Intended usage: COMMON

      Owner/Change controller: the IESG

      Note: None














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8.  References

8.1.  Normative References

   [OpenID.Core]
              Sakimura, N., Bradley, J., Jones, M., de Medeiros, B., and
              C. Mortimore, "OpenID Connect Core 1.0", November 2014,
              <http://openid.net/specs/openid-connect-core-1_0.html>.

   [OpenID.Discovery]
              Sakimura, N., Bradley, J., Jones, M., and E. Jay, "OpenID
              Connect Discovery 1.0", November 2014,
              <http://openid.net/specs/
              openid-connect-discovery-1_0.html>.

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.

   [RFC4422]  Melnikov, A., Ed. and K. Zeilenga, Ed., "Simple
              Authentication and Security Layer (SASL)", RFC 4422,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC4422, June 2006,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4422>.

   [RFC4648]  Josefsson, S., "The Base16, Base32, and Base64 Data
              Encodings", RFC 4648, DOI 10.17487/RFC4648, October 2006,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4648>.

   [RFC5234]  Crocker, D., Ed. and P. Overell, "Augmented BNF for Syntax
              Specifications: ABNF", STD 68, RFC 5234,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC5234, January 2008,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5234>.

   [RFC5246]  Dierks, T. and E. Rescorla, "The Transport Layer Security
              (TLS) Protocol Version 1.2", RFC 5246,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC5246, August 2008,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5246>.

   [RFC5801]  Josefsson, S. and N. Williams, "Using Generic Security
              Service Application Program Interface (GSS-API) Mechanisms
              in Simple Authentication and Security Layer (SASL): The
              GS2 Mechanism Family", RFC 5801, DOI 10.17487/RFC5801,
              July 2010, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5801>.

   [RFC5849]  Hammer-Lahav, E., Ed., "The OAuth 1.0 Protocol", RFC 5849,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC5849, April 2010,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5849>.



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   [RFC6749]  Hardt, D., Ed., "The OAuth 2.0 Authorization Framework",
              RFC 6749, DOI 10.17487/RFC6749, October 2012,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6749>.

   [RFC6750]  Jones, M. and D. Hardt, "The OAuth 2.0 Authorization
              Framework: Bearer Token Usage", RFC 6750,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC6750, October 2012,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6750>.

   [RFC7159]  Bray, T., Ed., "The JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) Data
              Interchange Format", RFC 7159, DOI 10.17487/RFC7159, March
              2014, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7159>.

   [RFC7591]  Richer, J., Ed., Jones, M., Bradley, J., Machulak, M., and
              P. Hunt, "OAuth 2.0 Dynamic Client Registration Protocol",
              RFC 7591, DOI 10.17487/RFC7591, July 2015,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7591>.

8.2.  Informative References

   [RFC3501]  Crispin, M., "INTERNET MESSAGE ACCESS PROTOCOL - VERSION
              4rev1", RFC 3501, DOI 10.17487/RFC3501, March 2003,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3501>.

   [RFC4959]  Siemborski, R. and A. Gulbrandsen, "IMAP Extension for
              Simple Authentication and Security Layer (SASL) Initial
              Client Response", RFC 4959, DOI 10.17487/RFC4959,
              September 2007, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4959>.

   [RFC5321]  Klensin, J., "Simple Mail Transfer Protocol", RFC 5321,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC5321, October 2008,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5321>.

   [RFC6120]  Saint-Andre, P., "Extensible Messaging and Presence
              Protocol (XMPP): Core", RFC 6120, DOI 10.17487/RFC6120,
              March 2011, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6120>.

   [RFC6819]  Lodderstedt, T., Ed., McGloin, M., and P. Hunt, "OAuth 2.0
              Threat Model and Security Considerations", RFC 6819,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC6819, January 2013,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6819>.

   [RFC7033]  Jones, P., Salgueiro, G., Jones, M., and J. Smarr,
              "WebFinger", RFC 7033, DOI 10.17487/RFC7033, September
              2013, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7033>.






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   [RFC7230]  Fielding, R., Ed. and J. Reschke, Ed., "Hypertext Transfer
              Protocol (HTTP/1.1): Message Syntax and Routing",
              RFC 7230, DOI 10.17487/RFC7230, June 2014,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7230>.

   [RFC7519]  Jones, M., Bradley, J., and N. Sakimura, "JSON Web Token
              (JWT)", RFC 7519, DOI 10.17487/RFC7519, May 2015,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7519>.

Acknowledgements

   The authors would like to thank the members of the KITTEN working
   group and in addition and specifically: Simon Josefson, Torsten
   Lodderstadt, Ryan Troll, Alexey Melnikov, Jeffrey Hutzelman, Nico
   Williams, Matt Miller, and Benjamin Kaduk.

   This document was produced under the chairmanship of Alexey Melnikov,
   Tom Yu, Shawn Emery, Josh Howlett, Sam Hartman, Matthew Miller, and
   Benjamin Kaduk.  The supervising Area Director was Stephen Farrell.

Authors' Addresses

   William Mills
   Microsoft

   Email: wmills_92105@yahoo.com


   Tim Showalter

   Email: tjs@psaux.com


   Hannes Tschofenig
   ARM Ltd.
   110 Fulbourn Rd
   Cambridge  CB1 9NJ
   United Kingdom

   Email: Hannes.tschofenig@gmx.net
   URI:   http://www.tschofenig.priv.at










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