1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
|
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) M. Baushke
Request for Comments: 8268 Juniper Networks, Inc.
Updates: 4250, 4253 December 2017
Category: Standards Track
ISSN: 2070-1721
More Modular Exponentiation (MODP) Diffie-Hellman (DH)
Key Exchange (KEX) Groups for Secure Shell (SSH)
Abstract
This document defines added Modular Exponentiation (MODP) groups for
the Secure Shell (SSH) protocol using SHA-2 hashes. This document
updates RFC 4250. This document updates RFC 4253 by correcting an
error regarding checking the Peer's DH Public Key.
Status of This Memo
This is an Internet Standards Track document.
This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force
(IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has
received public review and has been approved for publication by the
Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Further information on
Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of RFC 7841.
Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8268.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2017 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
(https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
publication of this document. Please review these documents
carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must
include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
described in the Simplified BSD License.
Baushke Standards Track [Page 1]
^L
RFC 8268 More MODP DH KEX Groups for SSH December 2017
Table of Contents
1. Overview and Rationale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2. Requirements Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3. Key Exchange Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
4. Checking the Peer's DH Public Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
5. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
6. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
7. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
7.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
7.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Author's Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1. Overview and Rationale
Secure Shell (SSH) is a common protocol for secure communication on
the Internet. Security protocols and primitives are an active area
for research and help to suggest updates to SSH.
Section 8 of [RFC4253] contains a small error in point 3 regarding
checking the Peer's DH Public Key. Section 4 of this document
provides the correction.
Due to security concerns with SHA-1 [RFC6194] and with MODP groups
with less than 2048 bits [NIST-SP-800-131Ar1], implementers and users
should request support for larger Diffie-Hellman (DH) MODP group
sizes with data-integrity verification by using the SHA-2 family of
secure hash algorithms and by having MODP groups provide more
security. The use of larger MODP groups and the move to the SHA-2
family of hashes are important features to strengthen the key
exchange algorithms available to the SSH client and server.
DH primes being adopted by this document are all "safe primes" such
that p = 2q + 1 where q is also a prime. New MODP groups are being
introduced starting with the MODP 3072-bit group15. All use SHA512
as the hash algorithm.
The DH 2048-bit MODP group14 is already present in most SSH
implementations and most implementations already have a SHA256
implementation, so "diffie-hellman-group14-sha256" is provided as
easy to implement.
It is intended that these new MODP groups with SHA-2-based hashes
update Section 6.4 of [RFC4253] and Section 4.10 of [RFC4250].
Baushke Standards Track [Page 2]
^L
RFC 8268 More MODP DH KEX Groups for SSH December 2017
The United States Information Assurance Directorate (IAD) at the
National Security Agency (NSA) has published "Commercial National
Security Algorithm Suite and Quantum Computing Frequently Asked
Questions". [MFQ-U-OO-815099-15] is addressed to organizations that
run classified or unclassified national security systems (NSS) and
vendors that build products used in NSS.
This FAQ document indicates that NSS should no longer use:
o Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman (ECDH) and Elliptic Curve Digital
Signature Algorithm (ECDSA) with NIST P-256. (For SSH, this would
suggest avoiding [RFC5656] Key Exchange Algorithm
"ecdh-sha2-nistp256" and Public Key Algorithm
"ecdsa-sha2-nistp256".)
o SHA-256 (For SSH, this would suggest avoiding any Key Exchange
Method using SHA1, SHA224, or SHA256 in favor of using SHA384 or
SHA512.)
o AES-128 (For SSH, this would suggest avoiding Encryption
Algorithms [RFC4253] "aes128-cbc" and [RFC4344] "aes128-ctr".)
o RSA with 2048-bit keys (For SSH, this would suggest avoiding
[RFC4253] "ssh-rsa" using RSA with SHA1 as well as [RFC6187]
"x509v3-rsa2048-sha256" as well as any other RSA key that has a
length less than 3072-bits or uses a hash less than SHA384.)
o Diffie-Hellman with 2048-bit keys (For SSH, this would suggest
avoiding use of [RFC4253] both of "diffie-hellman-group1-sha1" and
"diffie-hellman-group14-sha1" as well as avoiding
"diffie-hellman-group14-sha256" added by this document.)
The FAQ also states that NSS users should select DH groups based upon
well-established and validated parameter sets that comply with the
minimum required sizes. Some specific examples include:
o Elliptic Curves are currently restricted to the NIST P-384 group
only for both ECDH and ECDSA, in accordance with existing NIST and
National Information Assurance Partnership (NIAP) standards. (For
SSH, this means using [RFC5656] "ecdh-sha2-nistp384" for key
exchange and "ecdsa-sha2-nistp384" for Public Key Algorithm
Names.)
o RSA moduli should have a minimum size of 3072 bits (other than the
noted PKI exception), and keys should be generated in accordance
with all relevant NIST standards.
Baushke Standards Track [Page 3]
^L
RFC 8268 More MODP DH KEX Groups for SSH December 2017
o For Diffie-Hellman, use a Diffie-Hellman prime modulus of at least
3072 bits. (For bit sizes as specified in [RFC3526], this would
allow for any of group15, group16, group17, group18 to be used.)
Although SSH may not always be used to protect Top Secret
communications, this document adopts the use of the DH groups
provided as an example in the FAQ as well as the use of SHA512 rather
than SHA256 for the new DH groups.
2. Requirements Language
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
"OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in
BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
capitals, as shown here.
3. Key Exchange Algorithms
This document adds some new Key Exchange Algorithm Method Names to
what originally appeared in [RFC4253] and [RFC4250].
This document adopts the style and conventions of [RFC4253] in
specifying how the use of new data key exchange is indicated in SSH.
The following new key exchange method algorithms are defined:
o diffie-hellman-group14-sha256
o diffie-hellman-group15-sha512
o diffie-hellman-group16-sha512
o diffie-hellman-group17-sha512
o diffie-hellman-group18-sha512
The SHA-2 family of secure hash algorithms is defined in [RFC6234].
The method of key exchange used for the name "diffie-hellman-
group14-sha256" is the same as that for "diffie-hellman-group14-sha1"
except that the SHA256 hash algorithm is used. It is recommended
that "diffie-hellman-group14-sha256" SHOULD be supported to smooth
the transition to newer group sizes.
The group15 through group18 names are the same as those specified in
[RFC3526]: 3072-bit MODP group15, 4096-bit MODP group16, 6144-bit
MODP group17, and 8192-bit MODP group18.
Baushke Standards Track [Page 4]
^L
RFC 8268 More MODP DH KEX Groups for SSH December 2017
The SHA512 algorithm is to be used when "sha512" is specified as a
part of the key exchange method name.
4. Checking the Peer's DH Public Key
Section 8 of [RFC4253] contains a small error in point 3. When
checking e (client Public Key) and f (server Public Key) values, an
incorrect range is provided. The erroneous text is:
Values of 'e' or 'f' that are not in the range [1, p-1] MUST NOT
be sent or accepted by either side. If this condition is
violated, the key exchange fails.
The problem is that the range should have been an open interval
excluding the endpoint values. (i.e., "(1, p-1)"). This document
amends that document text as follows:
DH Public Key values MUST be checked and both conditions:
1 < e < p-1
1 < f < p-1
MUST be true. Values not within these bounds MUST NOT be sent or
accepted by either side. If either one of these conditions is
violated, then the key exchange fails.
This simple check ensures that:
o The remote peer behaves properly.
o The local system is not forced into the two-element subgroup.
5. IANA Considerations
IANA has added the following entries to the "Key Exchange Method
Names" registry [IANA-KEX]:
Method Name Reference
----------------------------- ---------
diffie-hellman-group14-sha256 RFC 8268
diffie-hellman-group15-sha512 RFC 8268
diffie-hellman-group16-sha512 RFC 8268
diffie-hellman-group17-sha512 RFC 8268
diffie-hellman-group18-sha512 RFC 8268
Baushke Standards Track [Page 5]
^L
RFC 8268 More MODP DH KEX Groups for SSH December 2017
6. Security Considerations
The security considerations of [RFC4253] apply to this document.
The security considerations of [RFC3526] suggest that MODP group14
through group18 have security strengths that range between 110 bits
of security through 310 bits of security. They are based on
"Determining Strengths For Public Keys Used For Exchanging Symmetric
Keys" [RFC3766]. Care should be taken to use sufficient entropy and/
or deterministic random-bit generator (DRBG) algorithms to maximize
the true security strength of the key exchange and ciphers selected.
Using a fixed set of Diffie-Hellman parameters makes them a high
value target for pre-computation. Generating additional sets of
primes to be used, or moving to larger values mitigates this issue.
7. References
7.1. Normative References
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.
[RFC3526] Kivinen, T. and M. Kojo, "More Modular Exponential (MODP)
Diffie-Hellman groups for Internet Key Exchange (IKE)",
RFC 3526, DOI 10.17487/RFC3526, May 2003,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3526>.
[RFC4250] Lehtinen, S. and C. Lonvick, Ed., "The Secure Shell (SSH)
Protocol Assigned Numbers", RFC 4250,
DOI 10.17487/RFC4250, January 2006,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4250>.
[RFC4253] Ylonen, T. and C. Lonvick, Ed., "The Secure Shell (SSH)
Transport Layer Protocol", RFC 4253, DOI 10.17487/RFC4253,
January 2006, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4253>.
[RFC6234] Eastlake 3rd, D. and T. Hansen, "US Secure Hash Algorithms
(SHA and SHA-based HMAC and HKDF)", RFC 6234,
DOI 10.17487/RFC6234, May 2011,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6234>.
[RFC8174] Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.
Baushke Standards Track [Page 6]
^L
RFC 8268 More MODP DH KEX Groups for SSH December 2017
7.2. Informative References
[IANA-KEX] IANA, "Secure Shell (SSH) Protocol Parameters",
<http://www.iana.org/assignments/ssh-parameters/>
[MFQ-U-OO-815099-15]
National Security Agency / Central Security Service,
"Commerical National Security Algorithm Suite and Quantum
Computing FAQ", MFQ U/OO/815099-15 , January 2016,
<https://www.iad.gov/iad/library/ia-guidance/
ia-solutions-for-classified/algorithm-
guidance/assets/public/upload/
CNSA-Suite-and-Quantum-Computing-FAQ.pdf>.
[NIST-SP-800-131Ar1]
Barker and Roginsky, "Transitions: Recommendation for the
Transitioning of the Use of Cryptographic Algorithms and
Key Lengths", NIST Special Publication 800-131A,
Revision 1, DOI 10.6028/NIST.SP.800-131Ar1, November 2015,
<http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/NIST.SP.800-131Ar1>.
[RFC3766] Orman, H. and P. Hoffman, "Determining Strengths For
Public Keys Used For Exchanging Symmetric Keys", BCP 86,
RFC 3766, DOI 10.17487/RFC3766, April 2004,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3766>.
[RFC4344] Bellare, M., Kohno, T., and C. Namprempre, "The Secure
Shell (SSH) Transport Layer Encryption Modes", RFC 4344,
DOI 10.17487/RFC4344, January 2006,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4344>.
[RFC5656] Stebila, D. and J. Green, "Elliptic Curve Algorithm
Integration in the Secure Shell Transport Layer",
RFC 5656, DOI 10.17487/RFC5656, December 2009,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5656>.
[RFC6187] Igoe, K. and D. Stebila, "X.509v3 Certificates for Secure
Shell Authentication", RFC 6187, DOI 10.17487/RFC6187,
March 2011, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6187>.
[RFC6194] Polk, T., Chen, L., Turner, S., and P. Hoffman, "Security
Considerations for the SHA-0 and SHA-1 Message-Digest
Algorithms", RFC 6194, DOI 10.17487/RFC6194, March 2011,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6194>.
Baushke Standards Track [Page 7]
^L
RFC 8268 More MODP DH KEX Groups for SSH December 2017
Acknowledgements
Thanks to the following people for review and comments: Denis Bider,
Peter Gutmann, Damien Miller, Niels Moller, Matt Johnston, Iwamoto
Kouichi, Dave Dugal, Daniel Migault, Anna Johnston, Ron Frederick,
Rich Salz, Travis Finkenauer, and Eric Rescorla.
Author's Address
Mark D. Baushke
Juniper Networks, Inc.
1133 Innovation Way
Sunnyvale, CA 94089-1228
United States of America
Phone: +1 408 745 2952
Email: mdb@juniper.net
URI: http://www.juniper.net/
Baushke Standards Track [Page 8]
^L
|
