path: root/doc/rfc/rfc8276.txt

Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)                           M. Naik
Request for Comments: 8276                                       Nutanix
Category: Standards Track                                       M. Eshel
ISSN: 2070-1721                                              IBM Almaden
                                                           December 2017


                File System Extended Attributes in NFSv4

Abstract

   This document describes an optional feature extending the NFSv4
   protocol.  This feature allows extended attributes (hereinafter also
   referred to as xattrs) to be interrogated and manipulated using NFSv4
   clients.  Xattrs are provided by a file system to associate opaque
   metadata, not interpreted by the file system, with files and
   directories.  Such support is present in many modern local file
   systems.  New file attributes are provided to allow clients to query
   the server for xattr support, with that support consisting of new
   operations to get and set xattrs on file system objects.

Status of This Memo

   This is an Internet Standards Track document.

   This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force
   (IETF).  It represents the consensus of the IETF community.  It has
   received public review and has been approved for publication by the
   Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG).  Further information on
   Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of RFC 7841.

   Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
   and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
   https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8276.

















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Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2017 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.





































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Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
     1.1.  Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
   2.  Uses of Extended Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
   3.  Functional Gaps Due to Lack of NFSv4 Extended Attribute
       Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
   4.  File System Support for Extended Attributes . . . . . . . . .   6
   5.  Namespaces  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
   6.  Relationship with Named Attributes  . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
   7.  XDR Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
     7.1.  Code Components Licensing Notice  . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
     7.2.  XDR for Xattr Extension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
   8.  Protocol Extensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
     8.1.  New Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
     8.2.  New Attribute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
       8.2.1.  xattr_support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
     8.3.  New Error Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
       8.3.1.  NFS4ERR_NOXATTR (Error Code 10095)  . . . . . . . . .  12
       8.3.2.  NFS4ERR_XATTR2BIG (Error Code 10096)  . . . . . . . .  13
     8.4.  New Operations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
       8.4.1.  GETXATTR - Get an Extended Attribute of a File  . . .  14
       8.4.2.  SETXATTR - Set an Extended Attribute of a File  . . .  15
       8.4.3.  LISTXATTRS - List Extended Attributes of a File . . .  17
       8.4.4.  REMOVEXATTR - Remove an Extended Attribute of a File   18
       8.4.5.  Valid Errors  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19
     8.5.  Modifications to Existing Operations  . . . . . . . . . .  21
     8.6.  Numeric Values Assigned to Protocol Extensions  . . . . .  22
     8.7.  Caching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  23
     8.8.  Xattrs and File Locking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  25
     8.9.  pNFS Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  25
   9.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  25
   10. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  25
   11. References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  26
     11.1.  Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  26
     11.2.  Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  27
   Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  28
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  28













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1.  Introduction

   Extended attributes, also called xattrs, are a means to associate
   opaque metadata with file system objects, organized as key/value
   pairs.  They are especially useful when they add information that is
   not, or cannot be, present in the associated object itself.  User-
   space applications can arbitrarily create, interrogate, and modify
   the key/value pairs.

   Extended attributes are file system agnostic; applications use an
   interface not specific to any file system to manipulate them.
   Applications are not concerned about how the key/value pairs are
   stored internally within the underlying file system.  All major
   operating systems provide facilities to access and modify extended
   attributes.  Many user-space tools allow xattrs to be included
   together with regular attributes that need to be preserved when
   objects are updated, moved, or copied.

   Extended attributes have not previously been included within the
   NFSv4 specification.  Some issues that need to be addressed in order
   to be included are that, as with named attributes, some aspects of
   the handling of xattrs are not precisely defined and xattrs are not
   formally documented by any standard such as POSIX [POSIX].
   Nevertheless, it appears that xattrs are widely deployed, and their
   support in modern disk-based file systems is nearly universal.

   There is no current specification of how xattrs could be mapped to
   any existing file attributes defined in the NFSv4 protocol [RFC5661]
   [RFC7530] [RFC7862].  As a result, most NFSv4 client implementations
   ignore application-specified xattrs.  This state of affairs results
   in data loss if one copies, over the NFSv4 protocol, a file with
   xattrs from one file system to another that also supports xattrs.

   There is thus a need to provide a means by which such data loss can
   be avoided.  This will involve exposing xattrs within the NFSv4
   protocol, despite the lack of completely compatible file system
   implementations.

   This document discusses (in Section 5) the reasons that NFSv4-named
   attributes, as currently standardized in [RFC5661], are unsuitable
   for representing xattrs.  Instead, it describes a separate protocol
   mechanism to support xattrs.  As a consequence, xattrs and named
   attributes will both be OPTIONAL features with servers free to
   support either, both, or neither.







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1.1.  Terminology

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
   "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in
   BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
   capitals, as shown here.

2.  Uses of Extended Attributes

   Applications can store tracking information in extended attributes.
   Examples include storing metadata identifying the application that
   created the file, a tag to indicate when the file was last verified
   by a data integrity scrubber, or a tag to hold a checksum/crypto hash
   of the file contents along with the date of that signature.  Xattrs
   can also be used for decorations or annotations.  For example, a file
   downloaded from a web server can be tagged with the URL, which can be
   convenient if its source has to be determined in the future.
   Likewise, an email attachment, when saved, can be tagged with the
   message-id of the email, making it possible to trace the original
   message.

   Applications may need to behave differently when handling files of
   varying types.  For example, file managers, such as GNOMEs, offer
   unique icons, different click behavior, and special lists of
   operations to perform depending on the file format.  This can be
   achieved by looking at the file extension (Windows), or the type can
   be interpreted by inspecting it (Unix MIME type).  Some file managers
   generate this information on the fly; others generate the information
   once and then cache it.  Those that cache the information tend to put
   it in a custom database.  The file manager must work to keep this
   database in sync with the files, which can change without the file
   manager's knowledge.  A better approach is to dispense with the
   custom database and store such metadata in extended attributes.  This
   is easier to maintain, provides faster access, and is readily
   accessible by applications [Love].

3.  Functional Gaps Due to Lack of NFSv4 Extended Attribute Support

   In addition to the prospect of data loss (discussed in Section 1)
   that arises from use of xattrs on local file systems, application use
   of xattrs poses further difficulties given the current lack of xattr
   support within NFSv4.  As a result, certain applications may not be
   supported by NFSv4 or may be supported in an unsatisfactory way.
   Some examples are discussed below.






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   Swift, the OpenStack distributed object store, uses xattrs to store
   an object's metadata along with all the data together in one file.
   Swift-on-File [Swift] transfers the responsibility of maintaining
   object durability and availability to the underlying file system.  At
   the time of writing, this requires a native file system client to
   mount the volumes.  Xattr support in NFSv4 would open up the
   possibility of storing and consuming data from other storage systems
   and facilitate the migration of data between different backend
   storage systems.

   Baloo, the file indexing and search framework for Key Distribution
   Exchange (KDE), has moved to storing metadata such as tags, ratings,
   and comments in file system xattrs instead of a custom database for
   simplicity.  Starting with KDE Plasma 5.1, NFS is no longer supported
   due to its lack of xattr support [KDE].

4.  File System Support for Extended Attributes

   Extended attributes are supported by most modern file systems.

   Some of the file systems that support extended attributes in Linux
   are as follows: ext3, ext4, JFS, XFS, and Btrfs.  The getfattr and
   setfattr utilities can be used to retrieve and set xattrs.  The names
   of the extended attributes must be prefixed by the name of the
   category and a dot; hence, these categories are generally qualified
   as namespaces.  Currently, four namespaces exist: user, trusted,
   security, and system [Linux].  Recommendations on how they should be
   used have been published [freedesktop].

   FreeBSD supports extended attributes in two universal namespaces --
   user and system -- although individual file systems are allowed to
   implement additional namespaces [FreeBSD].

   Some file systems have facilities that are capable of storing both
   extended attributes and named attributes.  For discussion regarding
   the relationship between these features, see Section 5.  Solaris 9
   and later provide file "forks", logically represented as files within
   a hidden directory that is associated with the target file [fsattr].
   In the New Technology File System (NTFS), extended attributes may be
   stored within "file streams" [NTFS].

   Xattrs can be retrieved and set through system calls or shell
   commands and are generally supported by user-space tools that
   preserve other file attributes.  For example, the "rsync" remote copy
   program will correctly preserve user-extended attributes between
   Linux/ext4 and OSX/hfs by stripping off the Linux-specific "user."
   prefix.




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5.  Namespaces

   Operating systems may define multiple "namespaces" in which xattrs
   can be set.  Namespaces are more than organizational classes; the
   operating system may enforce different access policies and allow
   different capabilities depending on the namespace.  Linux, for
   example, defines "security", "system", "trusted", and "user"
   namespaces, the first three being specific to Linux [freedesktop].

   Implementations generally agree on the semantics of a "user"
   namespace, which allows applications to store arbitrary user
   attribute data with file system objects.  Access to this namespace is
   controlled via the normal file system attributes.  As such, getting
   and setting xattrs from the user namespace can be considered
   interoperable across platforms and vendor implementations.
   Attributes from other namespaces are typically platform specific.

   This document provides support for namespaces related to user-managed
   metadata only, thus avoiding the need to specify the semantics
   applicable to particular system-interpreted xattrs.  The values of
   xattrs are considered application data just as the contents of named
   attributes, files, and symbolic links are.  Servers have a
   responsibility to store whatever value the client specifies and to
   return it on demand.  Xattr keys and values MUST NOT be interpreted
   by the NFS clients and servers, as such behavior would lead to
   non-interoperable implementations.  If there were a need to specify
   one or more attributes that servers need to act upon, the appropriate
   semantics would be specified by adding a new attribute for the
   purpose as provided for by [RFC5661] and [RFC8178].

6.  Relationship with Named Attributes

   [RFC7530] defines named attributes as opaque byte streams that are
   associated with a directory or file and referred to by a string name.
   Named attributes are intended to be used by client applications as a
   method to associate application-specific data with a regular file or
   directory.  Although this makes xattrs similar in concept and use to
   named attributes, there are important semantic differences.

   File systems typically define operations to get and set individual
   xattrs as being atomic, although collectively they may be
   independent.  Xattrs generally have size limits ranging from a few
   bytes to several kilobytes; the maximum supported size is not
   universally defined and is usually restricted by the file system.
   Similar to Access Control Lists (ACLs), the amount of xattr data
   exchanged between the client and server for get/set operations can be
   considered to fit in a single COMPOUND request, bounded by the




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   channel's negotiated maximum size for requests.  Named attributes, on
   the other hand, are unbounded data streams and do not impose
   atomicity requirements.

   Individual named attributes are analogous to files and are opened and
   closed just as files are.  Caching of the data for these needs to be
   handled just as data caching is for ordinary files following
   close-to-open semantics.  Xattrs, on the other hand, have caching
   requirements similar to other file attributes.

   Named attributes and xattrs have different semantics and are treated
   by applications as belonging to disjoint namespaces.  As a result,
   mapping from one to the other would be, at best, a compromise.
   Despite these differences, the underlying file system structure used
   to store named attributes is generally capable of storing xattrs.
   However, the converse is typically not the case because of the size
   limits applicable to xattrs.

   While it might be possible to write guidance about how a client can
   use the named attribute mechanism to act like xattrs, such as by
   carving out some namespace and specifying locking primitives to
   enforce atomicity constraints on individual get/set operations, such
   an approach is sufficiently problematic; thus, it will not be
   attempted here.  A client application trying to use xattrs through
   named attributes with a server that supported xattrs directly would
   get a lower level of service and could fail to cooperate on a local
   application running on the server unless the server file system
   defined its own interoperability constraints.  File systems that
   already implement xattrs and named attributes natively would need
   additional guidance such as reserving a named attribute namespace
   specifically for implementation purposes.

7.  XDR Description

   This document contains the External Data Representation (XDR)
   [RFC4506] description of the extended attributes.  The XDR
   description is embedded in this document in a way that makes it
   simple for the reader to extract into a ready-to-compile form.  The
   reader can feed this document into the following shell script to
   produce the machine-readable XDR description of extended attributes:

   <CODE BEGINS>

   #! /bin/sh
   grep '^ *///' $* | sed 's?^ */// ??' | sed 's?^ *///$??'

   <CODE ENDS>




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   That is, if the above script is stored in a file called "extract.sh",
   and this document is in a file called "spec.txt", then the reader can
   do:

   sh extract.sh < spec.txt > xattr_prot.x

   The effect of the script is to remove leading white space from each
   line, plus a sentinel sequence of "///".

   The initial section of the embedded XDR file header follows.
   Subsequent XDR descriptions, with the sentinel sequence, are embedded
   throughout the document.

   Note that the XDR code contained in this document depends on types
   from the NFSv4.2 nfs4_prot.x file [RFC7863].  This includes both nfs
   types that end with a 4, such as nfs_cookie4, count4, etc., as well
   as more-generic types, such as opaque and bool.

   To produce a compilable XDR file, the following procedure is
   suggested:

   o  Extract the file nfs4_prot.x as described in [RFC7863].

   o  Extract xattr_prot.x from this document as described above.

   o  Apply any changes required for other extensions to be included
      together with the xattr extension.

   o  Perform modifications to nfs4_prot.x as described by comments
      within xattr_prot.x.

   o  Extend the unions nfs_argop4 and nfs_resop4 to include cases for
      the new operations defined in this document.

   o  Combine the XDR files for the base NFSv4.2 protocol and all needed
      extensions by either concatenating the relevant XDR files or using
      file inclusion.

7.1.  Code Components Licensing Notice

   Both the XDR description and the scripts used for extracting the XDR
   description are Code Components as described in "Legal Provisions
   Relating to IETF Documents", Section 4 of [LEGAL].  These Code
   Components are licensed according to the terms of that document.







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      <CODE BEGINS>

      /// /*
      ///  * Copyright (c) 2017 IETF Trust and the persons identified
      ///  * as authors of the code.  All rights reserved.
      ///  *
      ///  * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with
      ///  * or without modification, are permitted provided that the
      ///  * following conditions are met:
      ///  *
      ///  * o Redistributions of source code must retain the above
      ///  *   copyright notice, this list of conditions and the
      ///  *   following disclaimer.
      ///  *
      ///  * o Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
      ///  *   copyright notice, this list of conditions and the
      ///  *   following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other
      ///  *   materials provided with the distribution.
      ///  *
      ///  * o Neither the name of Internet Society, IETF or IETF
      ///  *   Trust, nor the names of specific contributors, may be
      ///  *   used to endorse or promote products derived from this
      ///  *   software without specific prior written permission.
      ///  *
      ///  *   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS
      ///  *   AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED
      ///  *   WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
      ///  *   IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS
      ///  *   FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO
      ///  *   EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE
      ///  *   LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL,
      ///  *   EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT
      ///  *   NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR
      ///  *   SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS
      ///  *   INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF
      ///  *   LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY,
      ///  *   OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING
      ///  *   IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF
      ///  *   ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
      ///  *
      ///  * This code was derived from RFC 8276.
      ///  * Please reproduce this note if possible.
      ///  */

      <CODE ENDS>






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7.2.  XDR for Xattr Extension

     <CODE BEGINS>

     /// /*
     ///  * xattr_prot.x
     ///  */

     /// /*
     ///  * The following includes statements that are for example only.
     ///  * The actual XDR definition files are generated separately
     ///  * and independently and are likely to have a different name.
     ///  * %#include <rpc_prot.x>
     ///  * %#include <nfsv42.x>
     ///  */

     <CODE ENDS>

8.  Protocol Extensions

   This section documents extensions to the NFSv4 protocol operations to
   allow xattrs to be queried and modified by clients.  A new attribute
   is added to allow clients to determine if the file system being
   accessed provides support for xattrs.  New operations are defined to
   allow xattr keys and values to be queried and set.  In addition, the
   ACCESS operation is extended by adding new mask bits to provide
   access information relating to xattrs.

   These changes follow applicable guidelines for valid NFSv4 XDR
   protocol extension, as specified in [RFC8178], and obey the rules for
   extensions capable of being made without a change in minor version
   number.

8.1.  New Definitions

      <CODE BEGINS>

      /// typedef component4     xattrkey4;
      /// typedef opaque         xattrvalue4<>;

      <CODE ENDS>

   Each xattr is a key/value pair.  xattrkey4 is a string denoting the
   xattr key name and an attrvalue4, which is a variable-length string
   that identifies the value of the xattr.  The handling of xattrkey4
   with regard to internationalization-related issues is the same as
   that for NFSv4 file names and named attribute names, as described in
   [RFC7530].  Any regular file or directory may have a set of extended



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   attributes, each consisting of a key and associated value.  The NFS
   client or server MUST NOT interpret the contents of xattrkey4 or
   xattrvalue4.

8.2.  New Attribute

   The per-fs read-only attribute described below may be used to
   determine if xattrs are supported.  Servers need not support this
   attribute, and some NFSv4.2 servers may be unaware of its existence.
   Before interrogating this attribute using GETATTR, a client should
   determine whether it is a supported attribute by interrogating the
   supported_attrs attribute.

8.2.1.  xattr_support

   xattr_support is set to True, if the object's file system supports
   extended attributes.

   Since xattr_support is not a REQUIRED attribute, the server need not
   support it.  However, a client may reasonably assume that a server
   (or file system) that does not support the xattr_support attribute
   does not provide xattr support, and it acts on that basis.

   Note that the protocol does not enforce any limits on the number of
   keys, the length of a key, the size of a value, or the total size of
   xattrs that are allowed for a file.  The server file system MAY
   impose additional limits.  In addition, a single xattr key or value
   exchanged between the client and server for get/set operations is
   limited by the channel's negotiated maximum size for requests and
   responses.

8.3.  New Error Definitions

   <CODE BEGINS>

   /// /* Following lines are to be added to enum nfsstat4 */
   /// /*
   ///  NFS4ERR_NOXATTR        = 10095, /* xattr does not exist    */
   ///  NFS4ERR_XATTR2BIG      = 10096  /* xattr value is too big  */
   /// */

   <CODE ENDS>

8.3.1.  NFS4ERR_NOXATTR (Error Code 10095)

   The specified xattr does not exist or the server is unable to
   retrieve it.




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8.3.2.  NFS4ERR_XATTR2BIG (Error Code 10096)

   The size of the xattr value specified as part of a SETXATTR
   operation, or the collective size of all xattrs of the file resulting
   from the SETXATTR operation, is bigger than that supported by the
   underlying file system.

8.4.  New Operations

   Applications need to perform the following operations on a given
   file's extended attributes [Love]:

   o  Given a file, return a list of all of the file's assigned extended
      attribute keys.

   o  Given a file and a key, return the corresponding value.

   o  Given a file, a key, and a value, assign that value to the key.

   o  Given a file and a key, remove that extended attribute from the
      file.

   In order to meet these requirements, this section introduces four new
   OPTIONAL operations: GETXATTR, SETXATTR, LISTXATTRS and REMOVEXATTR.
   These operations are to query, set, list, and remove xattrs,
   respectively.  A server MUST support all four operations when they
   are directed to a file system that supports the xattr_support
   attribute and returns TRUE when it is interrogated.  For file systems
   that either do not support the xattr_support attribute or return
   FALSE when the xattr_support attribute is interrogated, all of the
   above operations MUST NOT be supported.  GETXATTR allows obtaining
   the value of an xattr key, SETXATTR allows creating or replacing an
   xattr key with a value, LISTXATTRS enumerates all the xattrs names,
   and REMOVEXATTR allows deleting a single xattr.

   Note that some server implementations may not be aware of the
   existence of these operations, thereby a client cannot always expect
   that issuing one of them will either succeed or return
   NFS4ERR_NOTSUPP.  In some cases, NFS4ERR_OP_ILLEGAL may be returned
   or the request may encounter an XDR decode error on the server.  As a
   result, clients should only issue these operations after determining
   that support is present.









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8.4.1.  GETXATTR - Get an Extended Attribute of a File

8.4.1.1.  ARGUMENTS

   <CODE BEGINS>

   /// struct GETXATTR4args {
   ///         /* CURRENT_FH: file */
   ///         xattrkey4     gxa_name;
   /// };

   <CODE ENDS>

8.4.1.2.  RESULTS

   <CODE BEGINS>

   /// union GETXATTR4res switch (nfsstat4 gxr_status) {
   ///  case NFS4_OK:
   ///         xattrvalue4   gxr_value;
   ///  default:
   ///         void;
   /// };

   <CODE ENDS>

8.4.1.3.  DESCRIPTION

   The GETXATTR operation will obtain the value for the given extended
   attribute key for the file system object specified by the current
   filehandle.

   The server will fetch the xattr value for the key that the client
   requests if xattrs are supported by the server for the target file
   system.  If the server does not support xattrs on the target file
   system, then it MUST NOT return a value and MUST return the
   NFS4ERR_NOTSUPP error or another error indicating the request was not
   understood.  The server also MUST return NFS4ERR_NOXATTR if it
   supports xattrs on the target but cannot obtain the requested data.
   If the xattr value contained in the server response is such as to
   cause the channel's negotiated maximum response size to be exceeded,
   then the server MUST return NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG in gxr_status.

8.4.1.4.  IMPLEMENTATION

   Clients that have cached an xattr may avoid the need to do a GETXATTR
   by determining if the change attribute is the same as it was when the
   xattr was fetched.  If the client does not hold a delegation for the



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   file in question, it can obtain the change attribute with a GETATTR
   request and compare that change attribute's value to the change
   attribute value fetched when the xattr value was obtained.  This
   handling is similar to how a client would revalidate other file
   attributes such as ACLs.

   When responding to such a GETATTR, the server will, if there is an
   OPEN_DELEGATE_WRITE delegation held by another client for the file in
   question, either obtain the actual current value of these attributes
   from the client holding the delegation by using the CB_GETATTR
   callback or revoke the delegation.  See Section 18.7.4 of [RFC5661]
   for details.

8.4.2.  SETXATTR - Set an Extended Attribute of a File

8.4.2.1.  ARGUMENTS

   <CODE BEGINS>

   /// enum setxattr_option4 {
   ///         SETXATTR4_EITHER      = 0,
   ///         SETXATTR4_CREATE      = 1,
   ///         SETXATTR4_REPLACE     = 2
   /// };

   /// struct SETXATTR4args {
   ///         /* CURRENT_FH: file */
   ///         setxattr_option4 sxa_option;
   ///         xattrkey4        sxa_key;
   ///         xattrvalue4      sxa_value;
   /// };

   <CODE ENDS>

8.4.2.2.  RESULTS

   <CODE BEGINS>

   /// union SETXATTR4res switch (nfsstat4 sxr_status) {
   ///  case NFS4_OK:
   ///         change_info4      sxr_info;
   ///  default:
   ///         void;
   /// };

   <CODE ENDS>





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8.4.2.3.  DESCRIPTION

   The SETXATTR operation changes one extended attribute of a file
   system object.  The change desired is specified by sxa_option.
   SETXATTR4_CREATE is used to associate the given value with the given
   extended attribute key for the file system object specified by the
   current filehandle.  The server MUST return NFS4ERR_EXIST if the
   attribute key already exists.  SETXATTR4_REPLACE is also used to set
   an xattr, but the server MUST return NFS4ERR_NOXATTR if the attribute
   key does not exist.  By default (SETXATTR4_EITHER), the extended
   attribute will be created if need be, or its value will be replaced
   if the attribute exists.

   If the xattr key and value contained in the client request are such
   that the request would exceed the channel's negotiated maximum
   request size, then the server MUST return NFS4ERR_REQ_TOO_BIG in
   sxr_status.  If the server file system imposes additional limits on
   the size of the key name or value, it MAY return NFS4ERR_XATTR2BIG.

   A successful SETXATTR MUST change the file time_metadata and change
   attributes if the xattr is created or the value assigned to xattr
   changes.  However, it is not necessary to change these attributes if
   there has been no actual change in the xattr value.  Avoiding
   attribute change in such situations is desirable as it avoids
   unnecessary cache invalidation.

   On success, the server returns the change_info4 information in
   sxr_info.  With the atomic field of the change_info4 data type, the
   server will indicate if the before and after change attributes were
   obtained atomically with respect to the SETXATTR operation.  This
   allows the client to determine if its cached xattrs are still valid
   after the operation.  See Section 8.7 for a discussion on xattr
   caching.

8.4.2.4.  IMPLEMENTATION

   If the object whose xattr is being changed has a file delegation that
   is held by a client other than the one doing the SETXATTR, the
   delegation(s) must be recalled, and the operation cannot proceed to
   actually change the xattr until each such delegation is returned or
   revoked.  In all cases in which delegations are recalled, the server
   is likely to return one or more NFS4ERR_DELAY errors while the
   delegation(s) remains outstanding, although it might not do that if
   the delegations are returned quickly.







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8.4.3.  LISTXATTRS - List Extended Attributes of a File

8.4.3.1.  ARGUMENTS

   <CODE BEGINS>

   /// struct LISTXATTRS4args {
   ///         /* CURRENT_FH: file */
   ///         nfs_cookie4    lxa_cookie;
   ///         count4         lxa_maxcount;
   /// };

   <CODE ENDS>

8.4.3.2.  RESULTS

   <CODE BEGINS>

   /// struct LISTXATTRS4resok {
   ///         nfs_cookie4    lxr_cookie;
   ///         xattrkey4      lxr_names<>;
   ///         bool           lxr_eof;
   /// };

   /// union LISTXATTRS4res switch (nfsstat4 lxr_status) {
   ///  case NFS4_OK:
   ///         LISTXATTRS4resok  lxr_value;
   ///  default:
   ///         void;
   /// };

   <CODE ENDS>

8.4.3.3.  DESCRIPTION

   The LISTXATTRS operation retrieves a variable number of extended
   attribute keys from the file system object specified by the current
   filehandle, along with information to allow the client to request
   additional attribute keys in a subsequent LISTXATTRS.

   The arguments contain a cookie value that represents where the
   LISTXATTRS should start within the list of xattrs.  A value of 0
   (zero) for lxa_cookie is used to start reading at the beginning of
   the list.  For subsequent LISTXATTRS requests, the client specifies a
   cookie value that is provided by the server on a previous LISTXATTRS
   request.





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   The lxa_maxcount value of the argument is the maximum number of bytes
   for the result.  This maximum size represents all of the data being
   returned within the LISTXATTRS4resok structure and includes the XDR
   overhead.  The server may return less data.  If the server is unable
   to return a single xattr name within the maxcount limit, the error
   NFS4ERR_TOOSMALL will be returned to the client.

   On successful return, the server's response will provide a list of
   extended attribute keys.  The "lxr_eof" flag has a value of TRUE if
   there are no more keys for the object.

   The cookie value is only meaningful to the server and is used as a
   "bookmark" for the xattr key.  As mentioned, this cookie is used by
   the client for subsequent LISTXATTRS operations so that it may
   continue listing keys.  The cookie is similar in concept to a READDIR
   cookie or the READ offset but should not be interpreted as such by
   the client.

   On success, the current filehandle retains its value.

8.4.3.4.  IMPLEMENTATION

   The handling of a cookie is similar to that of the READDIR operation.
   It should be a rare occurrence that a server is unable to continue
   properly listing xattrs with the provided cookie.  The server should
   make every effort to avoid this condition since the application at
   the client may not be able to properly handle this type of failure.

8.4.4.  REMOVEXATTR - Remove an Extended Attribute of a File

8.4.4.1.  ARGUMENTS

   <CODE BEGINS>

   /// struct REMOVEXATTR4args {
   ///         /* CURRENT_FH: file */
   ///         xattrkey4      rxa_name;
   /// };

   <CODE ENDS>











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8.4.4.2.  RESULTS

   <CODE BEGINS>

   /// union REMOVEXATTR4res switch (nfsstat4 rxr_status) {
   ///  case NFS4_OK:
   ///         change_info4      rxr_info;
   ///  default:
   ///         void;
   /// };

   <CODE ENDS>

8.4.4.3.  DESCRIPTION

   The REMOVEXATTR operation deletes one extended attribute of a file
   system object specified by rxa_name.  The server MUST return
   NFS4ERR_NOXATTR if the attribute key does not exist.

   A successful REMOVEXATTR MUST change the file time_metadata and
   change attributes.

   Similar to SETXATTR, the server communicates the value of the change
   attribute immediately prior to, and immediately following, a
   successful REMOVEXATTR operation in rxr_info.  This allows the client
   to determine if its cached xattrs are still valid after the
   operation.  See Section 8.7 for a discussion on xattr caching.

8.4.4.4.  IMPLEMENTATION

   If the object whose xattr is being removed has a file delegation that
   is held by a client other than the one doing the REMOVEXATTR, the
   delegation(s) must be recalled, and the operation cannot proceed to
   delete the xattr until each such delegation is returned or revoked.
   In all cases in which delegations are recalled, the server is likely
   to return one or more NFS4ERR_DELAY errors while the delegation(s)
   remains outstanding, although it might not do that if the delegations
   are returned quickly.

8.4.5.  Valid Errors

   This section contains a table that gives the valid error returns for
   each new protocol operation.  The error code NFS4_OK (indicating no
   error) is not listed but should be understood to be returnable by all
   new operations.  The error values for all other operations are
   defined in Section 13.2 of [RFC7530] and Section 11.2 of [RFC7862].





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   +-------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
   | Operation   | Errors                                              |
   +-------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
   | GETXATTR    | NFS4ERR_ACCESS, NFS4ERR_BADXDR,                     |
   |             | NFS4ERR_DEADSESSION, NFS4ERR_DELAY,                 |
   |             | NFS4ERR_FHEXPIRED, NFS4ERR_INVAL, NFS4ERR_IO,       |
   |             | NFS4ERR_MOVED, NFS4ERR_NAMETOOLONG,                 |
   |             | NFS4ERR_NOFILEHANDLE, NFS4ERR_NOTSUPP,              |
   |             | NFS4ERR_NOXATTR, NFS4ERR_OP_NOT_IN_SESSION,         |
   |             | NFS4ERR_PERM, NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG,                  |
   |             | NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG_TO_CACHE, NFS4ERR_REQ_TOO_BIG,  |
   |             | NFS4ERR_RETRY_UNCACHED_REP, NFS4ERR_SERVERFAULT,    |
   |             | NFS4ERR_STALE, NFS4ERR_TOO_MANY_OPS,                |
   |             | NFS4ERR_WRONG_TYPE                                  |
   | SETXATTR    | NFS4ERR_ACCESS, NFS4ERR_BADCHAR, NFS4ERR_BADXDR,    |
   |             | NFS4ERR_DEADSESSION, NFS4ERR_DELAY, NFS4ERR_DQUOT,  |
   |             | NFS4ERR_EXIST, NFS4ERR_FHEXPIRED, NFS4ERR_INVAL,    |
   |             | NFS4ERR_IO, NFS4ERR_MOVED, NFS4ERR_NAMETOOLONG,     |
   |             | NFS4ERR_NOFILEHANDLE, NFS4ERR_NOSPC,                |
   |             | NFS4ERR_NOXATTR, NFS4ERR_OP_NOT_IN_SESSION,         |
   |             | NFS4ERR_PERM, NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG,                  |
   |             | NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG_TO_CACHE, NFS4ERR_REQ_TOO_BIG,  |
   |             | NFS4ERR_RETRY_UNCACHED_REP, NFS4ERR_ROFS,           |
   |             | NFS4ERR_SERVERFAULT, NFS4ERR_STALE,                 |
   |             | NFS4ERR_TOO_MANY_OPS, NFS4ERR_WRONG_TYPE,           |
   |             | NFS4ERR_XATTR2BIG                                   |
   | LISTXATTRS  | NFS4ERR_ACCESS, NFS4ERR_DEADSESSION, NFS4ERR_DELAY, |
   |             | NFS4ERR_INVAL, NFS4ERR_IO, NFS4ERR_MOVED,           |
   |             | NFS4ERR_NAMETOOLONG, NFS4ERR_NOFILEHANDLE,          |
   |             | NFS4ERR_NOTSUPP, NFS4ERR_NOXATTR,                   |
   |             | NFS4ERR_OP_NOT_IN_SESSION, NFS4ERR_PERM,            |
   |             | NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG, NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG_TO_CACHE,  |
   |             | NFS4ERR_REQ_TOO_BIG, NFS4ERR_RETRY_UNCACHED_REP,    |
   |             | NFS4ERR_SERVERFAULT, NFS4ERR_STALE,                 |
   |             | NFS4ERR_TOO_MANY_OPS, NFS4ERR_WRONG_TYPE            |
   | REMOVEXATTR | NFS4ERR_ACCESS, NFS4ERR_BADCHAR, NFS4ERR_BADXDR,    |
   |             | NFS4ERR_DEADSESSION, NFS4ERR_DELAY, NFS4ERR_DQUOT,  |
   |             | NFS4ERR_EXIST, NFS4ERR_INVAL, NFS4ERR_IO,           |
   |             | NFS4ERR_LOCKED, NFS4ERR_MOVED, NFS4ERR_NAMETOOLONG, |
   |             | NFS4ERR_NOFILEHANDLE, NFS4ERR_NOSPC,                |
   |             | NFS4ERR_NOXATTR,, NFS4ERR_OLD_STATEID,              |
   |             | NFS4ERR_OPENMODE, NFS4ERR_OP_NOT_IN_SESSION,        |
   |             | NFS4ERR_PERM, NFS4ERR_RETRY_UNCACHED_REP,           |
   |             | NFS4ERR_ROFS, NFS4ERR_SERVERFAULT, NFS4ERR_STALE,   |
   |             | NFS4ERR_TOO_MANY_OPS, NFS4ERR_WRONG_TYPE            |
   +-------------+-----------------------------------------------------+

            Valid Error Returns for Each New Protocol Operation



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8.5.  Modifications to Existing Operations

   In order to provide fine-grained access control to query or modify
   extended attributes, new access rights are defined that can be
   checked to determine if the client is permitted to perform the xattr
   operation.

   Note that in general, as explained in Section 18.1.4 of [RFC5661], a
   client cannot reliably perform an access check with only current file
   attributes and must verify access with the server.

   This section extends the semantics of the ACCESS operation documented
   in Section 18.1 of [RFC5661].  Three new access permissions can be
   requested:

   ACCESS4_XAREAD     Query a file or directory for its xattr value
                      given a key.

   ACCESS4_XAWRITE    Modify xattr keys and/or values of a file or
                      directory.

   ACCESS4_XALIST     Query a file or directory to list its xattr keys.


   As with the existing access permissions, the results of ACCESS are
   advisory in nature, with no implication that such access will be
   allowed or denied in the future.

   The rules for the client and server follow:

   o  If the client is sending ACCESS in order to determine if the user
      can read an xattr of the file with GETXATTR, the client should set
      ACCESS4_XAREAD in the request's access field.

   o  If the client is sending ACCESS in order to determine if the user
      can modify an xattr of the file with SETXATTR or REMOVEXATTR, the
      client should set ACCESS4_XAWRITE in the request's access field.

   o  If the client is sending ACCESS in order to determine if the user
      can list the xattr keys of the file with LISTXATTRS, the client
      should set ACCESS4_XALIST in the request's access field.










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8.6.  Numeric Values Assigned to Protocol Extensions

   This section lists the numeric values that are assigned new
   attributes and operations to implement the xattr feature.  To avoid
   inconsistent assignments, these have been checked against the most
   recent protocol version [RFC5661] and the current minor version
   [RFC7862].  Development of interoperable prototypes is possible using
   these values.

   <CODE BEGINS>

   /// /*
   ///  * ACCESS - Check Access Rights
   ///  */
   /// const ACCESS4_XAREAD    = 0x00000040;
   /// const ACCESS4_XAWRITE   = 0x00000080;
   /// const ACCESS4_XALIST    = 0x00000100;

   /// /*
   ///  * New NFSv4 attribute
   ///  */
   /// typedef bool            fattr4_xattr_support;

   /// /*
   ///  * New RECOMMENDED Attribute
   ///  */
   /// const FATTR4_XATTR_SUPPORT = 82;

   /// /*
   ///  * New NFSv4 operations
   ///  */
   /// /* Following lines are to be added to enum nfs_opnum4 */
   /// /*
   /// OP_GETXATTR                = 72,
   /// OP_SETXATTR                = 73,
   /// OP_LISTXATTRS              = 74,
   /// OP_REMOVEXATTR             = 75,
   /// */

   /// /*
   ///  * New cases for Operation arrays
   ///  */
   /// /* Following lines are to be added to nfs_argop4 */
   /// /*
   /// case OP_GETXATTR:      GETXATTR4args opgetxattr;
   /// case OP_SETXATTR:      SETXATTR4args opsetxattr;
   /// case OP_LISTXATTRS:    LISTXATTRS4args oplistxattrs;
   /// case OP_REMOVEXATTR:   REMOVEXATTR4args opremovexattr;



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   /// */

   /// /* Following lines are to be added to nfs_resop4 */
   /// /*
   /// case OP_GETXATTR:      GETXATTR4res opgetxattr;
   /// case OP_SETXATTR:      SETXATTR4res opsetxattr;
   /// case OP_LISTXATTRS:    LISTXATTRS4res oplistxattrs;
   /// case OP_REMOVEXATTR:   REMOVEXATTR4res opremovexattr;
   /// */

   <CODE ENDS>

8.7.  Caching

   The caching behavior for extended attributes is similar to other file
   attributes such as ACLs and is affected by whether or not OPEN
   delegation has been granted to a client.

   Xattrs obtained from, or sent to, the server may be cached and
   clients can use them to avoid subsequent GETXATTR requests, provided
   that the client can ensure that the cached value has not been
   subsequently modified by another client.  Such assurance can be based
   on the client holding a delegation for the file in question or the
   client interrogating the change attribute to make sure that any
   cached value is still valid.  Such caching may be read-only or write-
   through.

   When a delegation is in effect, some operations by a second client to
   a delegated file will cause the server to recall the delegation
   through a callback.  For individual operations, we describe, under
   IMPLEMENTATION, when such operations are required to effect a recall.

   The result of local caching is that the individual xattrs maintained
   on clients may not be up to date.  Changes made in one order on the
   server may be seen in a different order on one client and in a third
   order on another client.  In order to limit problems that may arise
   due to separate operations to obtain individual xattrs and other file
   attributes, a client should treat xattrs just like other file
   attributes with respect to caching as detailed in Section 10.6 of
   [RFC7530].  A client may validate its cached version of an xattr for
   a file by fetching the change attribute and assuming that if the
   change attribute has the same value as it did when the attributes
   were cached, then xattrs have not changed.  If the client holds a
   delegation that ensures that the change attribute cannot be modified
   by another client, it can dispense with actual interrogation of the
   change attribute.





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   When a client is changing xattrs of a file, it needs to determine
   whether there have been changes made to the file by other clients.
   It does this by using the change attribute as reported before and
   after the change operation (SETXATTR or REMOVEXATTR) in the
   associated change_info4 value returned for the operation.  The server
   is able to communicate to the client whether the change_info4 data is
   provided atomically with respect to the change operation.  If the
   change values are provided atomically, the client has a basis for
   determining, given proper care, whether other clients are modifying
   the file in question.

   An effective way to enable the client to make this determination
   simply is for it to serialize all xattr changes made to a specific
   file.  When this is done, and the server provides before and after
   values of the change attribute atomically, the client can simply
   compare the after value of the change attribute from one operation
   with the before value on the subsequent change operation modifying
   the file.  When these are equal, the client is assured that no other
   client is modifying the file in question.

   If the comparison indicates that the file was updated by another
   client, the xattr cache associated with the modified file is purged
   from the client.  If the comparison indicates no modification, the
   xattr cache can be updated on the client to reflect the file
   operation, and the associated timeout can be extended.  The post-
   operation change value needs to be saved as the basis for future
   change_info4 comparisons.

   Xattr caching requires that the client revalidate xattr cache data by
   inspecting the change attribute of a file at the point when an xattr
   was cached.  This requires that the server update the change
   attribute when xattrs are modified.  For a client to use the
   change_info4 information appropriately and correctly, the server must
   report the pre- and post-operation change attribute values
   atomically.  When the server is unable to report the before and after
   values atomically with respect to the xattr update operation, the
   server must indicate that fact in the change_info4 return value.
   When the information is not atomically reported, the client should
   not assume that other clients have not changed the xattrs.

   The protocol does not provide support for write-back caching of
   xattrs.  As such, all modifications to xattrs should be done by
   requests to the server.  The server should perform such updates
   synchronously.







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8.8.  Xattrs and File Locking

   Xattr operations, for the most part, function independent of
   operations related to file locking state.  For example, xattrs can be
   interrogated and modified without a corresponding OPEN operation.
   The server does not need to check for locks that conflict with xattr
   access or modify operations.  For example, another OPEN specified
   with OPEN4_SHARE_DENY_READ or OPEN4_SHARE_DENY_BOTH does not prevent
   access to or modification of xattrs.  Note that the server MUST still
   verify that the client is allowed to perform the xattr operation on
   the basis of access permissions.

   However, the presence of delegations may dictate how xattr operations
   interact with the state-related logic.  Xattrs cannot be modified
   when a delegation for the corresponding file is held by another
   client.  On the other hand, xattrs can be interrogated despite the
   holding of a write delegation by another client since updates are
   write-through to the server.

8.9.  pNFS Considerations

   All xattr operations are sent to the metadata server, which is
   responsible for fetching data from and effecting necessary changes to
   persistent storage.

9.  Security Considerations

   Since xattrs are application data, security issues are exactly the
   same as those relating to the storing of file data and named
   attributes.  Clients MUST NOT accord any system-interpreted semantics
   to xattrs, since their use is restricted to user-managed metadata
   only as explained in Section 5.  Extended attributes are various
   sorts of application data, and the fact that the means of reference
   is slightly different in each case should not be considered security
   relevant.  As such, the additions to the NFS protocol for supporting
   extended attributes do not alter the security considerations of the
   NFSv4 protocol [RFC7530].

10.  IANA Considerations

   The addition of xattr support to the NFSv4 protocol does not require
   any actions by IANA.  This document limits xattr names to the user
   namespace, where application developers are allowed to define and use
   attributes as needed.  Unlike named attributes, there is no namespace
   identifier associated with xattrs that may require registration.






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11.  References

11.1.  Normative References

   [LEGAL]    IETF Trust, "Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents",
              Version 5.0, March 2015, <http://trustee.ietf.org/docs/
              IETF-Trust-License-Policy.pdf>.

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.

   [RFC4506]  Eisler, M., Ed., "XDR: External Data Representation
              Standard", STD 67, RFC 4506, DOI 10.17487/RFC4506, May
              2006, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4506>.

   [RFC5661]  Shepler, S., Ed., Eisler, M., Ed., and D. Noveck, Ed.,
              "Network File System (NFS) Version 4 Minor Version 1
              Protocol", RFC 5661, DOI 10.17487/RFC5661, January 2010,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5661>.

   [RFC7530]  Haynes, T., Ed. and D. Noveck, Ed., "Network File System
              (NFS) Version 4 Protocol", RFC 7530, DOI 10.17487/RFC7530,
              March 2015, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7530>.

   [RFC7862]  Haynes, T., "Network File System (NFS) Version 4 Minor
              Version 2 Protocol", RFC 7862, DOI 10.17487/RFC7862,
              November 2016, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7862>.

   [RFC7863]  Haynes, T., "Network File System (NFS) Version 4 Minor
              Version 2 External Data Representation Standard (XDR)
              Description", RFC 7863, DOI 10.17487/RFC7863, November
              2016, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7863>.

   [RFC8174]  Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
              2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
              May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.

   [RFC8178]  Noveck, D., "Rules for NFSv4 Extensions and Minor
              Versions", RFC 8178, DOI 10.17487/RFC8178, July 2017,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8178>.









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RFC 8276              Extended Attributes in NFSv4         December 2017


11.2.  Informative References

   [FreeBSD]  FreeBSD, "FreeBSD Manual Pages - extattr", FreeBSD System
              Calls Manual, January 2008, <http://www.freebsd.org/
              cgi/man.cgi?query=extattr&sektion=9>.

   [freedesktop]
              freedesktop, "Guidelines for extended attributes", May
              2013, <http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/
              CommonExtendedAttributes>.

   [fsattr]   Oracle, "fsattr - extended file attributes", Man Pages
              Section 5: Standards, Environments, and Macros,
              <http://docs.oracle.com/cd/E19253-01/816-5175/6mbba7f02>.

   [KDE]      Handa, V., "Extended Attributes Updates", August 2014,
              <http://vhanda.in/blog/2014/08/
              extended-attributes-updates/>.

   [Linux]    The Linux man-pages project, "Linux Programmer's Manual:
              xattr(7)", Linux man pages: Section 7, September 2017,
              <http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man7/xattr.7.html>.

   [Love]     Love, R., "Linux System Programming: Talking Directly to
              the Kernel and C Library", O'Reilly Media, Inc., February
              2009.

   [NTFS]     Microsoft, "File Streams", <http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-
              us/library/windows/desktop/aa364404(v=vs.85).aspx>.

   [POSIX]    The Open Group, "System Interfaces of The Open Group Base
              Specifications Issue 7", IEEE Std 1003.1, 2016 Edition
              (HTML Version), ISBN 1937218812, September 2016,
              <http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/>.

   [Swift]    The OpenStack Foundation Wiki, "Swift-on-File", July 2015,
              <https://wiki.openstack.org/wiki/Swiftonfile>.














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RFC 8276              Extended Attributes in NFSv4         December 2017


Acknowledgments

   This document has attempted to capture the discussion on adding
   xattrs to the NFSv4 protocol from many participants on the IETF NFSv4
   mailing list.  Those who provided valuable input and comments on
   draft versions of this document include: Tom Haynes, Christoph
   Hellwig, Nico Williams, Dave Noveck, Benny Halevy, and Andreas
   Gruenbacher.

Authors' Addresses

   Manoj Naik
   Nutanix
   1740 Technology Drive, Suite 150
   San Jose, CA 95110
   United States of America

   Email: manoj.naik@nutanix.com


   Marc Eshel
   IBM Almaden
   650 Harry Road
   San Jose, CA 95120
   United States of America

   Phone: +1 408-927-1894
   Email: eshel@us.ibm.com























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