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1. Function parameters:
sum :: (a: int, b: int) int { return a + b; }
foo :: () { x := sum(1, 2); }
2. Multideclarations:
a, b := 1, 2; /* Multiple assignment */
r, g, b, a: u8; /* Type cascading */
x, y, z: i8 = …; /* Multiple undefined assignment */
3. Strings and arrays:
hello_utf8 := "Hello World";
hello_utf16: u16 = "Hello, World";
hello_utf32: u32 = "Hello, World";
X :: 3;
xs := […]int{1, 2, 3}; /* Implicit length */
ys := [X]int{1, 2, 3}; /* Explicit length */
/* Assign specific indicies */
zs := […]int{
[2] = 123,
[4] = 321,
};
4. Conditionals:
if x > y {
…
} else if y < x {
…
} else {
…
}
/* Shortform */
if x > y
foo();
/* Bad style! */
if x > y foo();
5. Switch statements
if x == {
case 0;
…
case 1;
…
fallthrough; /* Explicit fallthrough; implicit break */
case 2;
…
default;
…
}
6. Loops
loop { … } /* Infinite loop */
/* Shorthand syntax */
loop
foo();
loop x > y … /* While loop */
loop x: xs … /* Range/for loop */
loop i: N…M … /* Loop i from N to M (integers) */
/* Break- and continue a loop iteration */
loop x > y {
if x == 42
break;
if x & 1 == 1
continue;
…
}
/* Labeled break/continue */
outer :: loop {
loop x > y {
if x == 42
break outer;
}
}
7. Multiple return values from functions
swap :: (x, y: int) int, int { return y, x; }
x, y := 1, 2;
x, y = swap(x, y);
/* Note that this is a function that returns a function! The
returned function is one that takes an int and returns nothing */
foo :: () (int) { … }
8. Default parameters
foo :: (x, y: int, flags: Flags = 0) { … }
9. Variadic parameters
foo :: (xs: …int) {
for x: xs { … }
foo(xs…);
}
10. Structure types
City :: struct {
name, country: []u8;
population: int;
european := false;
}
växjö := City{"Växjö", "Sweden", 40'000, true};
são_paulo := City{
name = "São Paulo",
country = "Brazil",
population = 12.33e6,
};
11. Enumerations
Animal :: enum u8 {
BEAR; /* 0 */
CAT; /* 1 */
DOG = 42;
SNAKE; /* 43 */
}
FileFlag :: flag_enum u8 {
READ; /* 0x01 */
WRITE; /* 0x02 */
TRUNC; /* 0x04 */
EXEC = 0b0100'0000; /* 0x40 */
CLOEXEC; /* 0x80 */
RDWR = .READ | .WRITE; /* 0x3 */
}
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