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author | Thomas Voss <mail@thomasvoss.com> | 2024-11-27 20:54:24 +0100 |
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committer | Thomas Voss <mail@thomasvoss.com> | 2024-11-27 20:54:24 +0100 |
commit | 4bfd864f10b68b71482b35c818559068ef8d5797 (patch) | |
tree | e3989f47a7994642eb325063d46e8f08ffa681dc /doc/rfc/rfc1607.txt | |
parent | ea76e11061bda059ae9f9ad130a9895cc85607db (diff) |
doc: Add RFC documents
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diff --git a/doc/rfc/rfc1607.txt b/doc/rfc/rfc1607.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ccd911c --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/rfc/rfc1607.txt @@ -0,0 +1,787 @@ + + + + + + +Network Working Group V. Cerf +Request for Comments: 1607 Internet Society +Category: Informational 1 April 1994 + + + A VIEW FROM THE 21ST CENTURY + +Status of this Memo + + This memo provides information for the Internet community. This memo + does not specify an Internet standard of any kind. Distribution of + this memo is unlimited. + +A NOTE TO THE READER + + The letters below were discovered in September 1993 in a reverse + time-capsule apparently sent from 2023. The author of this paper + cannot vouch for the accuracy of the letter contents, but spectral + and radiation analysis are consistent with origin later than 2020. It + is not known what, if any, effect will arise if readers take actions + based on the future history contained in these documents. I trust + you will be particularly careful with our collective futures! + +THE LETTERS + + To: "Jonathan Bradel" <jbradel@astro.luna.edu> + CC: "Therese Troisema" <ttroisema@inria.fr> + From: "David Kenter" <dkenter@xob.isea.mr> + Date: September 8, 2023 08:47.01 MT + Subject: Hello from the Exobiology Lab! + + + Hi Jonathan! + + I just wanted to let you know that I have settled in my new + offices at the Exobiology Lab at the Interplanetary Space + Exploration Agency's base here on Mars. The trip out was + uneventful and did let me get through an awful lot of + reading in preparation for my three year term here. There + is an excellent library of material here at the lab and + reasonable communications back home, thanks to the CommRing + satellites that were put up last year here. The transfer + rates are only a few terabits per second, but this is + usually adequate for the most part. + + We've been doing some simulation work to test various + theories of bio-history on Mars and I have attached the + output of one of the more interesting runs. The results are + + + +Cerf [Page 1] + +RFC 1607 A View from the 21st Century 1 April 1994 + + + best viewed with a model VR-95HR/OS headset with the + peripheral glove adapter. I would recommend finding an + outdoor location if you activate the olfactory simulator + since some of the outputs are pretty rank! You'll notice + that atmospheric outgassing seriously interfered with any + potential complex life form development. + + We tried a few runs to see what would happen if an + atmospheric confinement/replenishment system had been in + place, but the results are too speculative to be more than + entertaining at this point. There has been some serious + discussion of terra-forming options, but the economics are + still very unclear, as are the time-frames for realizing + any useful results. + + I have also been trying out some new exercises to recover + from the effects of the long trip out. I've attached a + sample neuroscan clip which will give you some feeling for + the kinds of gymnastics that are possible in this gravity + field. My timing is still pretty lousy, but I hope it will + improve with practice. + + I'd appreciate it very much if you could track down the + latest NanoConstructor ToolKit from MIT. I have need of + some lab gear which isn't available here and which would be + a lot easier to fabricate with the tool kit. The version I + have is NTK-R5 (2020) and I know there has been a lot added + since then. + + Therese, + + I wanted you to see the simulation runs, too. You may be + able to coax better results from the EXAFLOP array at CERN, + if you still have an account there. We're still limping + along with the 50 PFLOP system that Danny Hillis donated to + the agency a few years back. + + The attached HD video clip shows the greenhouse efforts + here to grow grapes from the cuttings that were brought out + five years ago. We're still a long ways from '82 + Beaucastel! + + Gotta get ready for a sampling trip to Olympus Mons, so + will send this off for now. + + Warmest regards, + + David + + + +Cerf [Page 2] + +RFC 1607 A View from the 21st Century 1 April 1994 + + + -=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- + + + To: "David Kenter" <dkenter@xob.isea.mr> + CC: "Therese Troisema" <ttroisema@inria.fr> + From: "Jonathan Bradel" <jbradel@astro.luna.edu> + Date: September 10, 2023 12:30:14 LT + Subject: Re: Hello from the Exobiology Lab! + + David, + + Many thanks for your note and all its news and interesting + data! Melanie and I are glad to know you are settled now + and back at work. We've been making heavy use of the new + darkside reflector telescope and, thanks to the new petabit + fiber links that were introduced last year, we have very + effective controls from Luna City. We've been able to run + some really interesting synthetic aperture observations by + linking the results from the darkside array and the Earth- + orbiting telescopes, giving us an effective diameter of + about 200,000 miles. I can hardly wait to see what we can + make of some of the most distant Quasars with this set-up. + + We had quite a scare last month when Melanie complained of + a recurring vertigo. None of the usual treatments seemed to + help so a molecular-level brain bioscan was done. An + unexpectedly high level of localized neuro-transmitter + synthesis was discovered but has now been corrected by + auto-gene therapy. + + As you requested, I have attached the latest + NanoConstructor ToolKit from MIT. This version integrates + the Knowbot control subsystem which allows the NanoSystem + to be fully linked to the Internet for control, data + sharing and inter-system communication. By the way, the + Internet Society has negotiated a nice discount for nano- + fab services if you need something more elaborate than the + ISEA folks have available at XOB. I could put the + NanoSystem on the Solex Mars/Luna run and have it to you + pretty quickly. + + Keep in touch! + + Jon and Melanie + + + -=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- + + + + +Cerf [Page 3] + +RFC 1607 A View from the 21st Century 1 April 1994 + + + To: "David Kenter" <dkenter@xob.isea.mr> + CC: "Jonathan Bradel" <jbradel@astro.luna.edu> + CC: "Troisema" <rm1023@geosync.hyatt.com> + From: "Therese Troisema" <ttroisema@inria.fr> + Date: September 10, 2023 12:30:14 UT + Subject: Re: Hello from the Exobiology Lab! + + Bon Jour, David! + + I am writing to you from the Hyatt Geosync where your email + was forwarded to me from INRIA. Louis and I are here + vacationing for two weeks. I have some time available and + will set up a simulation run on my EXAFLOP account. They + have the VR-95HR/OS headsets here for entertainment + purposes, but they will work fine for examining the results + of the simulation. + + I have been taking time to do some research on the + development of the Interplanetary Internet and have found + some rather interesting results. I guess this counts as a + kind of paleo-networking effort, since some of the early + days reach back to the 1960s. It's hard to believe that + anyone even knew what a computer network was back then! + + Did you know that the original work on Internet was + intended for military network use? One would never guess it + from the current state of affairs, but a lot of the + original packet switching work on ARPANET was done under + the sponsorship of something called the Advanced Research + Projects Agency of the US Department of Defense back in + 1968. During the 1970s, a number of packet networks were + built by ARPA and others (including work by the predecessor + to INRIA, IRIA, which developed a packet network called + CIGALE on which the CYCLADES network operating system was + built). There was also work done by the French PTT on an + experimental system called RCP that later became a + commercial system called TRANSPAC. Some seminal work was + done in the mid-late 1960s in England at the National + Physical Laboratory on a single node switch that apparently + served as the first local area network! It's very hard to + believe that this all happened over 50 years ago. + + A radio-based network was developed in the same 1960s/early + 1970s time period called ALOHANET which featured use of a + randomly-shared radio channel. This idea was later realized + on a coaxial cable at XEROX PARC and called Ethernet. By + 1978, the Internet research effort had produced 4 versions + of a set of protocols called "TCP/IP" (Transmission Control + + + +Cerf [Page 4] + +RFC 1607 A View from the 21st Century 1 April 1994 + + + Protocol/Internet Protocol"). These were used in + conjunction with devices called gateways, back then, but + which became known as "routers". The gateways connected + packet networks to each other. The combination of gateways + and TCP/IP software was implemented on a lot of different + operating systems, especially something called UNIX. There + was enough confidence in the resulting implementations that + all the computers on the ARPANET and any networks linked to + the ARPANET by gateways were required to switch over to use + TCP/IP at the beginning of 1983. For many historians, 1983 + marks the start of global Internet growth although it had + its origins in the research effort started at Stanford + University in 1973, ten years earlier. + + I am going to read more about this and, if you are + interested, I can report on what happened after 1983. + + I will leave any simulation results from the EXAFLOP runs + in the private access directory in the CERN TERAFLEX + archive. It will be accessible using the JIT-ticket I have + attached, protected with your public key. + + Au revoir, mon ami, Therese + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Cerf [Page 5] + +RFC 1607 A View from the 21st Century 1 April 1994 + + + -=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- + + + To: "Troisema" <rm1023@geosync.hyatt.com> + CC: "Jonathan Bradel" <jbradel@astro.luna.edu> + CC: "Therese Troisema" <ttroisema@inria.fr> + From: "David Kenter" <dkenter@xob.isea.mr> + Date: September 10, 2023 17:26:35 MT + Subject: Internet History + + Dear Therese, + + I am so glad you have had a chance to take a short + vacation; you and Louis work too hard! I changed the + subject line to reflect the new thread this discussion + seems to be leading in. It sounds as if the whole system + started pretty small. How did it ever get to the size it is + now? + + David + + + -=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- + + + To: "David Kenter" <dkenter@xob.isea.mr> + CC: "Therese Troisema" <ttroisema@inria.fr> + CC: "Troisema" <rm1023@geosync.hyatt.com> + From: "Jonathan Bradel" <jbradel@astro.luna.edu> + Date: September 11, 2023 09:45:26 LT + Subject: Re: Internet History + + Hello everyone! I have been following the discussion with + great interest. I seem to remember that there was an effort + to connect what people thought were "super computers" back + in the mid-1980's and that had something to do with the way + in which the system evolved. Therese, did your research + tell you anything about that? + + Jon + + + + + + + + + + + +Cerf [Page 6] + +RFC 1607 A View from the 21st Century 1 April 1994 + + + -=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- + + + To: "Jonathan Bradel" <jbradel@astro.luna.edu> + CC: "David Kenter" <dkenter@xob.isea.mr> + CC: "Troisema" <rm1023@geosync.hyatt.com> + From: "Therese Troisema" <ttroisema@inria.fr> + Date: September 12, 2023 16:05:02 UT + Subject: Re: Internet History + + + Jon, + + Yes, the US National Science Foundation (NSF) set up 5 + super computer centers around the US and also provided some + seed funding for what they called "intermediate level" + packet networks which were, in turn, connected to a + national backbone network they called "NSFNET." The + intermediate level nets connected the user community + networks (mostly in research labs and universities at that + time) to the backbone to which the super computer sites + were linked. According to my notes, NSF planned to reduce + funding for the various networking activities over time on + the presumption that they could become self-sustaining. + Many of the intermediate level networks sought to create a + larger market by turning to industry, which NSF permitted. + There was a rapid growth in the equipment market during the + last half of the 1980s, for routers (the new name for + gateways), work stations, network servers, and local area + networks. The penetration of the equipment market led to a + new market in commercial Internet services. Some of the + intermediate networks became commercial services, joining + others that were created to meet a growing demand for + Internet access. + + By mid-1993, the system had grown to include over 15,000 + networks, world-wide, and over 2 million computers. They + must have thought this was a pretty big system, back then. + Actually, it was, at the time, the largest collection of + networks and computers ever interconnected. Looking back + from our perspective, though, this sounds like a very + modest beginning, doesn't it? Nobody knew, at the time, + just how many users there were, but the system was doubling + annually and that attracted a lot of attention in many + different quarters. + + There was an interesting report produced by the US National + Academy of Science about something they called + + + +Cerf [Page 7] + +RFC 1607 A View from the 21st Century 1 April 1994 + + + "Collaboratories" which was intended to convey the idea + that people and computers could carry out various kinds of + collaborative work if they had the right kinds of networks + to link their computer systems and the right kinds of + applications to deal with distributed applications. Of + course, we take that sort of thing for granted now, but it + was new and often complicated 30 years ago. + + I am going to try to find out how they dealt with the + problem of explosive growth. + + Louis and I will be leaving shortly for a three-day + excursion to the new vari-grav habitat but I will let you + know what I find out about the 1990s period in Internet + history when we get back. + + Therese + + + -=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- + + + To: "Troisema" <rm1023@geosync.hyatt.com> + CC: "David Kenter" <dkenter@xob.isea.mr> + CC: "Therese Troisema" <ttroisema@inria.fr> + From: "Jonathan Bradel" <jbradel@astro.luna.edu> + Date: September 13, 2023 10:34:05 LT + Subject: Re: Internet History + + Therese, + + I sent a few Knowbot programs out looking for Internet + background and found an interesting archive at the Postel + Historical Institute in Pacific Palisades, California. + These folks have an incredible collection of old documents, + some of them actually still on paper, dating as far back as + 1962! This stuff gets addicting after a while. + + Postel apparently edited a series of reports called + "Request for Comments" or "RFC" for short. These seem to be + one of the principal means by which the technology of the + Internet has been documented, and also, as nearly as I can + tell, a lot of its culture. The Institute also has a + phenomenal archive of electronic mail going back to about + 1970 (do you believe it? Email from over 50 years ago!). I + don't have time to set up a really good automatic analysis + of the contents, but I did leave a couple of Knowbots + running to find things related to growth, scaling, and + + + +Cerf [Page 8] + +RFC 1607 A View from the 21st Century 1 April 1994 + + + increased capacity of the Internet. + + It turns out that the technical committee called the + Internet Engineering Task Force was very pre-occupied in + the 1991-1994 period with the whole problem of + accommodating exponential growth in the size of the + Internet. They had a bunch of different options for re- + placing the then-existing IP layer with something that + could support a larger address space. There were a lot of + arguments about how soon they would run out of addresses + and a lot of uncertainty about how much functionality to + add on while solving the primary growth problem. Some folks + thought the scaling problem was so critical that it should + take priority while others thought there was still some + time and that new functionality would help motivate the + massive effort needed to replace the then-current version 4 + IP. + + As it happens, they were able to achieve multiple + objectives, as we now know. They found a way to increase + the space for identifying logical end-points in the system + as well increasing the address space needed to identify + physical end-points. That gave them a hook on which to base + the mobile, dynamic addressing capability that we now rely + on so heavily in the Internet. According to the notes I + have seen, they were also experimenting with new kinds of + applications that required different kinds of service than + the usual "best efforts" they were able to obtain from the + conventional router systems. + + I found an absolutely hilarious "packet video clip" in one + of the archives. It's a black-and-white, 6 frame per second + shot of some guy taking off his coat, shirt and tie at one + of the engineering committee meetings. His T-shirt says "IP + on everything" which must have been some kind of slogan for + Internet expansion back then. Right at the end, some big + bearded guy comes up and stuffs some paper money in the + other guy's waistband. Apparently, there are quite a few + other archives of the early packet video squirreled away at + the PHI. I can't believe how primitive all this stuff + looks. I have attached a sample for you to enjoy. They + didn't have TDV back then, so you can't move the point of + view around the room or anything. You just have to watch + the figures move jerkily across the screen. + + You can dig into this stuff if you send a Knowbot program + to concierge@phi.pacpal.ca.us. This Postel character must + have never thrown anything away!! + + + +Cerf [Page 9] + +RFC 1607 A View from the 21st Century 1 April 1994 + + + Jon + + + -=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- + + + To: "Jonathan Bradel" <jbradel@astro.luna.edu> + CC: "David Kenter" <dkenter@xob.isea.mr> + CC: "Troisema" <rm1023@geosync.hyatt.com> + From: "Therese Troisema" <ttroisema@inria.fr> + Date: September 15, 2023 07:55:45 UT + Subject: Re: Internet History + + + Jon, + + thanks for the pointer. I pulled up a lot of very useful + material from PHI. You're right, they did manage to solve a + lot of problems at once with the new IP. Once they got the + bugs out of the prototype implementations, it spread very + quickly from the transit service companies outward towards + all the host computers in the system. I also discovered + that they were doing research on primitive gigabit-per- + second networks at that same general time. They had been + relying on unbelievably slow transmission systems around + 100 megabits-per-second and below. Can you imagine how long + it would take to send a typical 3DV image at those glacial + speeds? + + According to the notes I found, a lot of the wide-area + system was moved over to operate on top of something they + called Asynchronous Transfer Mode Cell Switching or ATM for + short. Towards the end of the decade, they managed to get + end to end transfer rates on the order of a gigabyte per + second which was fairly respectable, given the technology + they had at the time. Of course, the telecommunications + business had been turned totally upside down in the process + of getting to that point. + + It used to be the case that broadcast and cable television, + telephone and publishing were different businesses. In some + countries, television and telephone were monopolies + operated by the government or operated in the private + sector with government regulation. That started changing + drastically as the 1990s unfolded, especially in the United + States where telephone companies bought cable companies, + publishers owned various communication companies and it got + to be very hard to figure out just what kind of company it + + + +Cerf [Page 10] + +RFC 1607 A View from the 21st Century 1 April 1994 + + + was that should or could be regulated. There grew up an + amazing number of competing ways to deliver information in + digital form. The same company might offer a variety of + information and communication services. + + With regard to the Internet, it was possible to reach it + through mobile digital radio, satellite, conventional wire + line access (quaintly called "dial-up") using Integrated + Services Digital Networking, specially-designed modems, + special data services on television cable, and new fiber- + based services that eventually made it even into + residential settings. All the bulletin board systems got + connected to the Internet and surprised everyone, including + themselves, when the linkage created a new kind of + publishing environment in which authors took direct re- + sponsibility for making their work accessible. + + Interestingly, this didn't do away either with the need for + traditional publishers, who filter and evaluate material + prior to publication, nor for a continuing interest in + paper and CD-ROM. As display technology got better and more + portable, though, paper became much more of a specialty + item. Most documents were published on-line or on high- + density digital storage media. The basic publishing + process retained a heavy emphasis on editorial selection, + but the mechanics shifted largely in the direction of the + author - with help from experts in layout and + accessibility. Of course, it helped to have a universal + reference numbering plan which allowed authors to register + documents in permanent archives. References could be made + to these from any other on-line context and the documents + retrieved readily, possiblyat some cost for copying rights. + + By the end of the decade, "multimedia" was no longer a + buzz-word but a normal way of preparing and presenting + information. One unexpected angle: multimedia had been + thought to be confined to presentation in visual and + audible forms for human consumption, but it turned out that + including computers as senders and recipients of these + messages allowed them to use the digital email medium as an + enabling technology for deferred, inter-computer + interaction. + + Just based on what I have been reading, one of the toughest + technical problems was finding good standards to represent + all these different modalities. Copyright questions, which + had been thought to be what they called "show-stoppers," + turned out to be susceptible to largely-established case + + + +Cerf [Page 11] + +RFC 1607 A View from the 21st Century 1 April 1994 + + + law. Abusing access to digital information was impeded in + large degree by wrapping publications in software shields, + but in the end, abuses were still possible and abusers were + prosecuted. + + On the policy side, there was a strong need to apply + cryptography for authentication and for privacy. This was a + big struggle for many governments, including ours here in + France, where there are very strong views and laws on this + subject, but ultimately, the need for commonality on a + global basis outweighed many of the considerations that + inhibited the use of this valuable technology. + + Well, that takes us up to about 20 years ago, which still + seems a far cry from our current state of technology. With + over a billion computers in the system and most of the + populations of information-intensive countries fully + linked, some of the more technically-astute back at the + turn of the millennium may have had some inkling of what + was in store for the next two decades. + + Therese + + -=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- + + + To: "Therese Troisema" <ttroisema@inria.fr> + CC: "Jonathan Bradel" <jbradel@astro.luna.edu> + From: "David Kenter" <dkenter@xob.isea.mr> + Date: September 17, 2023 06:43:13 MT + Subject: Re: Internet History + + Therese and Jon, + + This is really fascinating! I found some more material, + thanks to the Internet Society, which summarizes the + technical developments over the last 20 years. Apparently + one of the key events was the development of all-optical + transmission, switching and computing in a cost-effective + way. For a long time, this technology involved rather + bulky equipment - some of the early 3DV clips from 2000- + 2005 showed rooms full of gear required to steer beams + around. A very interesting combination of fiber optics and + three-dimensional electro-optical integrated circuits + collapsed a lot of this to sizes more like what we are + accustomed to today. Using pico- and femto- molecular + fabrication methods, it has been possible to build very + compact, extremely high speed computing and communication + + + +Cerf [Page 12] + +RFC 1607 A View from the 21st Century 1 April 1994 + + + devices. + + I guess those guys at Xerox PARC who imagined that there + might be hundreds of millions of computers in the world, + hundreds or even thousands of them for each person, would + be pleased to see how clear their vision was. The only + really bad thing, as I see it, is that those guys who were + trying to figure out how to deal with Internet expansion + really blew it when they picked a measly 64 bit address + space. I hear we are running really tight again. I wonder + why they didn't have enough sense just to allocate at least + 1024 bits to make sure we'd have enough room for the + obvious applications we can see we want, now? + + + David + + + -=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- + + +Final Comments + + The letters end here, so we are left to speculate about many of the + loose ends not tied up in this informal exchange. Obviously, our + current struggles ultimately will be resolved and a very different, + information-intensive world will evolve from the present. There are a + great many policy, technical and economic questions that remain to be + answered to guide our progress towards the environment described in + part in these messages. It will be an interesting two or three + decades ahead! + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Cerf [Page 13] + +RFC 1607 A View from the 21st Century 1 April 1994 + + +Security Considerations + + Security issues are not discussed in this memo. + +Author's Address + + Vinton Cerf + President, Internet Society + 12020 Sunrise Valley Drive, Suite 270 + Reston, VA 22091 + + EMail: +1 703 648 9888 + Fax: +1 703 648 9887 + EMail: vcerf@isoc.org + + or + + Vinton Cerf + Sr. VP Data Architecture + MCI Data Services Division + 2100 Reston Parkway, Room 6001 + Reston, VA 22091 + + Phone: +1 703 715 7432 + Fax: +1 703 715 7436 + EMail: vinton_cerf@mcimail.com + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Cerf [Page 14] + |