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+Network Working Group                                        D. B. McKay
+Request for Comments: 316                                 A. P. Mulleray
+NIC: 9346                                                            IBM
+                                                  February 23 & 24, 1972
+
+
+               ARPA Network Data Management Working Group
+
+
+   The meeting had two different phases.  The first included
+   presentations of applications of networks and development work in the
+   design to allow data sharing in a computer network, the second was a
+   working meeting in which was discussed what the data management
+   working group should do.
+
+Phase I
+
+   JOHN SENIOR, Univ. of Penn. and National Board of Medical Examiners,
+   Phila., PA., described the use of a network to provide access to
+   models that simulate medical behavior of patients.  These models are
+   used primarily for teaching and testing physicians.  The network
+   provides an interface by which varieties of terminals can connect to
+   and access these models.  Other data bases exist to which access
+   through a network may be desirable; however, these data bases have a
+   "polyglot" of organizations making it presently impossible to use
+   foreign data bases.
+
+   HECTOR MAYNEZ, National Library of Medicine, described the MEDLINE
+   system.  This has 1000 journals on-line to which access can be made
+   via a network.  This network, as the one above, provides the
+   interface for access by various terminals.  In this network are four
+   or five computers with other applications such as CAI, clinical
+   diagnosis, etc.
+
+   RAY BEVERIDGE, MITRE, presented the requirements for the WWMCCS
+   (World Wide Military Command and Control System) Network.  This
+   network will contain 25 nodes and have a data exchange rate of the
+   order of 10,000,000 characters per day.  Three type of data were
+   formulated - query data with response on the order of seconds, daily
+   exchange for updates and reports, and other data for weekly, monthly
+   or as required reports.
+
+   ERICA PEREZ, MITRE, discussed data management for the WWMCCS Network.
+   The two problems are determining the location of desired data, and
+   providing the proper security and reliability for vital data.  The
+   location of data bases will be indicated in directories which may
+   automatically determine which segment is applicable to a query.  The
+   directory will contain lists of data bases, files users and programs.
+
+
+
+McKay & Mulleray                                                [Page 1]
+
+RFC 316              Data Management Working Group         February 1972
+
+
+   The directory can be centralized (all at one location), distributed
+   (split into pieces but where each piece resides at one location)
+   partially replicated (split into pieces but in which certain parts
+   may be replicated at different locations) and completely replicated
+   (the complete directory at all locations).
+
+   The data management system will have to deal with possibly different
+   hardware systems and even different local data managements systems.
+   One solution is to have a standard data management and data
+   description language for transmission of requests and data in the
+   network.
+
+   The system will have to provide capabilities for file transfer,
+   queries, remote batch, and for user communication via a mail box.
+   The security of the data is maintained by checking user id, terminal
+   authorization, process authorization and data authorization.
+
+   BOB BROWN, General Motors Research Lab., described the network of
+   computers at the General Motors Research Center.  This network at
+   present consists of an IBM 360/67, a 360/65, a 370/165, three 1800's
+   and a Sigma 5.  All of these are primarily for graphics use except
+   the 67 and the 165.  An example of how data passes through the
+   network was given.  The styling department develops a design on an
+   1800.  Data on this design is sent to the 67 for stress and shape
+   analysis and the results returned to the 1800.  After a design is
+   developed, it is sent to the 65-1800 combination for detailed
+   analysis for production.  Many of the computers are running GM's own
+   operating systems, and the network control consists of macros added
+   to these operating systems.  Interfacing is done by providing
+   specific conversion modules to the called when the specific
+   conversion is required.  The 67 will eventually be replaced by a
+   hierarchical multiprocessor based on the CDC Star-100.
+
+   PHIL MESSING, MITRE,  is setting up an experiment to test the
+   practicability of interfacing a network standard data management
+   language with local data management systems.  In this experiment, a
+   user will make a request in the network language, this request will
+   be transmitted to a node, and translated to the language of this
+   local node.  At present, three local systems have been selected to be
+   used - MADAM at MIT, LISTAR and Lincoln Labs., and NASIS at
+   NASA/Ames.
+
+   It is not expected that the common data language will be able to
+   handle all possible requests that may be made.  The language should
+   be able to handle the most common requests, otherwise, some means of
+   interaction may be set up in order to allow the transmission of more
+   information to the target system than the common language may allow,
+   or finally, a user can utilize the local target language.
+
+
+
+McKay & Mulleray                                                [Page 2]
+
+RFC 316              Data Management Working Group         February 1972
+
+
+   At a later stage in the experiment, a user will input a query, the
+   local host will determine where the query is to be sent, the
+   transmission takes place, it is accepted by the target node,
+   translated to the target node's local language and processed.
+
+   ERNIE FORMAN, MITRE, is developing a special, simple data management
+   system specifically for the purpose of measuring and testing
+   organizational techniques for control, directories, and files.  The
+   question to be answered is whether each of these three functions
+   should be centralized, or distributed, how, and where.  The initial
+   experimental arrangement is to have the control and directory
+   centralized at the Rand node, and the files to be distributed at
+   UCSB, Rand, and BBN.  The files are each split vertically and
+   distributed, this organization chosen to present the more difficult
+   case.
+
+   DICK WATSON, SRI, described some extensions of NIC (Network
+   Information Center) that he would like to see, and that would involve
+   network data management facilities.  The first would be the ability
+   to process text from one text processor by another.  Second, it would
+   eventually be desirable to distribute the NIC journals.  A first
+   stage of this would be to have several NLS (Network Library System)
+   systems around the network, each with its own journal.  The problems
+   with this first stage would be in coordination of numbering and in
+   organization of the directory.  A second stage would be one in which
+   the journal might reside, in part, on other than NLS systems.
+
+   A third extension is to enable the NLS System to use the results of
+   some other cataloging or citation and bibliographic referencing
+   systems as input to the NLS catalogs.  The fourth extension would be
+   to enable other data management systems to generate data of more
+   general type and be usable by the NLS.
+
+PHASE II
+
+   The second phase of the meeting was a working meeting to try and
+   organize the committee and try and set up an active working interest
+   group.
+
+   The following names presently form the committee.  These are the
+   people who have shown active interest, and are engaged in related
+   activities:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+McKay & Mulleray                                                [Page 3]
+
+RFC 316              Data Management Working Group         February 1972
+
+
+      Douglas B. McKay        IBM Research (Chairman)
+      Abhay Bhushan           MIT
+      Ernie Forman            MITRE
+      Dorothy Hopkin          University of Illinois
+      Phil Messing            MITRE
+      A.P. Mullery            IBM Research
+      Erika Perez             MITRE
+      A. Shoshani             SDC
+      S. Taylor               MITRE
+      Bob Thomas              BBN
+      Frank Ulmer             NBS
+      Dick Watson             SRI
+      Dick Winter             CCA
+
+   It would be very useful in follow-on meetings to have representative
+   from the Form Machine group.  Discussions on various uses of the Form
+   Machine by a Network Data Management facility are bound to come up in
+   later meetings.
+
+   A member of the form machine group would be an asset to the Data
+   Management Committee.
+
+   Discussion on network data management covered many aspects of the
+   problem with a general discussion on just what people want to be able
+   to do with a network data facility.
+
+   The following list, gleamed from the discussion, represents the
+   possible stages of development:
+
+   1.  Transmission Facility - the Network Data Control Facility (DCF)
+       is able to route requests for files to the proper node.  The
+       location and name must be specified.
+
+   2.  Location Catalog- The DCF now has available to it a catalog which
+       contains the locations of the data sets to be used in the
+       network.  Requests for files may be made by name only, the
+       location being determined by the DCF.
+
+   3.  Description Catalog - Descriptions, as well as data sets can be
+       transmitted in the network.  It is assumed these descriptions
+       exist as files at local nodes.  A target node can make use of the
+       description to properly convert the data set to its own format.
+
+   4.  Data Conversion Modules - Data descriptions are received by this
+       module of the DCF.  Based on the descriptions, conversion
+       programs are called or generated which will transform a file to
+       the form required by the target node.
+
+
+
+
+McKay & Mulleray                                                [Page 4]
+
+RFC 316              Data Management Working Group         February 1972
+
+
+   5.  File Access Command Interface - this module is able to convert a
+       request for a file from a network data language to the local
+       language at which the file is located.
+
+   6.  Data Access - This module, an extension of the network data
+       language and the interface modules, allows access to pieces of
+       data as specified in the data language, and generates the proper
+       local access commands.
+
+   7.  Data Management Interface - This is the final stage, at which
+       general types of commands can be interfaced to local data
+       managements systems, providing general interaction among
+       different data amanagement systems at different nodes.
+
+   It was generally agreed that the ability to access all data and
+   different data bases is a goal which is worth achieving.  There was
+   discussion in what is the best way to achieve this goal, and the
+   actual implementation techniques that could be used to achieve this.
+   It was agreed that the data base interfacing problem should be
+   studied in more detail and several people more willing to write
+   reports on a representative problem when they have more results from
+   their work.
+
+   There was also a discussion concerning the data language and whether
+   it is suitable or not.  One fact should be made clear, the results of
+   this committee should not fail or succeed on the outcome of the data
+   language question.  The initial proposal recommends the Datalanguage
+   as de facto standard that will be adopted in the network because of
+   its support and availability.  The group should be able to recommend
+   changes when changes are shown to be necessary.
+
+   The Datalanguage discussion did point out the need for having data
+   set descriptions cataloged and referable by name - D. Winter, said
+   that he would look into this problem.
+
+   The proposal (RFC 304) for a network data facility should be read
+   again and discussed in more detail at our next meeting.  The proposal
+   says we can implement and achieve a stage 3 capability with what we
+   know today.  It would be a useful stepping stone to a stage 5 and
+   stage 6 capability.
+
+   Related to the stages of development described above the following
+   studies are now in progress and will help us answer pertinent
+   questions.
+
+   A. Bhushan is studying a stage 1 type of network operation with
+   extension in local catalogs to contain entries of network data sets
+   of interest locally, to enable automatic calls to foreign data sets.
+
+
+
+McKay & Mulleray                                                [Page 5]
+
+RFC 316              Data Management Working Group         February 1972
+
+
+   E. Perez will be studying the network catalog structure in more
+   detail and will publish an RFC on her work.
+
+   Many questions were raised about the use of the data language as a
+   network standard.  There are two people that have volunteered writing
+   up their investigations of this important study.
+
+   Frank Ulmer will be looking at various data management systems to see
+   if their data structures are describable in terms of the
+   Datalanguage.  In addition, the NIC represents one important network
+   data base that could be distributed through the network.  Dick Watson
+   will try to describe the NLS Journal structure in terms of the
+   Datalanguage.
+
+   If there are any other people in the ARPA network or outside within
+   hearing distance of this memo who may know about any real or
+   potential applications of data sharing in a network, please submit an
+   RFC in a letter to someone associated with the Data Management
+   committee describing it.
+
+Appendix -- Meeting Attendees
+
+   William Benedict     USAFETAC Bldg. 159 Navy Yard Annex Wash. D.C.
+
+   Roy Beveridge        MITRE
+
+   Abhay Bhushan        MIT, Project Mac, Cambridge, Mass.
+
+   Bob Brown            General Motors Research Lab.
+
+   Elizabeth Fong       National Bureau of Standards, Wash. D.C.
+
+   Ernie Forman         MITRE
+
+   Glen Grazier         USAFETAC Bldg. 159 Navy Yard Annex Wash. D.C.
+
+   Dorothy Hopkin       U. of Ill., Adv. Comp. Bldg., Urbana, Ill.
+
+   Hector S. Maynez     National Library of Medicine
+
+   Doug B. McKay        IBM Research Center
+
+   Phil Messing         MITRE
+
+   Al Mullery           IBM Research Center
+
+   Erika Perez          MITRE
+
+
+
+
+McKay & Mulleray                                                [Page 6]
+
+RFC 316              Data Management Working Group         February 1972
+
+
+   John Senior          Univ. of Penn. and National Board of Medical
+                        Examiners, Phila. PA.
+
+   Arie Shoshani        SDC, 2500 Colorado Ave., Santa Monica, Cal.
+
+   Martin Snyderman     Smithsonian Science Info. Exch., Wash. D.C.
+
+   Eric Swarthe         National Bureau of Standards, Wash. D.C.
+
+   Suzanne Taylor       MITRE
+
+   Bob Thomas           BBN
+
+   Frank Ulmer          National Bureau of Standards, Wash. D.C.
+
+   Dick Watson          SRI
+
+   Richard Winter       Computer Corporation of America
+
+
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+
+        [This RFC was put into machine readable form for entry]
+     [into the online RFC archives by Hélène Morin, Viagénie 10/99]
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+McKay & Mulleray                                                [Page 7]
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